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OFDMA Cellular Access and LTE Marceau Coupechoux 10 Feb. 2021 MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb. 2021 1 / 81

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OFDMA Cellular Access and LTE

Marceau Coupechoux

10 Feb 2021

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 1 81

Outline I1 Introduction

2 How to reduce latency

3 How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layerMulticarrier transmissionsMultiple antenna techniques

4 Radio resource organizationFrame StructureReference SignalsResource elements and blocksDownlink channelsUplink channels

5 How to synchronize ObjectifsCell search

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 2 81

Outline II6 How to access the network

ObjectivesRandom access

7 How to send and receive data ObjectivesResource allocationSchedulingError controlMeasurements

8 Terminals categories

9 Summary on channels

10 Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 3 81

Introduction

Section 1

Introduction

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 4 81

Introduction

Introduction

LTE a 3GPP standard frozen in Dec 2008Many concepts are coming from the preceding standardsImportant changes however

Multi-carrier transmissionSimplified architecture

LTE-Advanced fulfills the requirements of IMT-Advanced (4G)Standardization is evolving in parallel with the evolutions of HSPA+(releases R7 and R8)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 5 81

Introduction

3GPP standard evolution

Release Date Main evolutions

R99 Mar 2000WCDMAUTRAN radio interfaceATM transport network

R4 Mar 2001 IP in the transport network of UTRANR5 June 2002 HSDPA on the downlinkR6 March 2005 HSUPA on the uplinkR7 Dec 2007 HSPA+ and MIMO techniques

R8 Dec 2008 HSPA+ evolutionsLTE definition

R9 Dec 2009 MBMS for LTE

R10 June 2011 LTE-Advanced definitionCarrier aggregation relays HetNets

R11 Mar 2013 LTE-Advanced further enhancementsCoMP energy saving

R12 Mar 2015LTE-Advanced further enhancementsMachine Type Communications D2Dmission critical communications

R13 Mar 2016 LTE-Advanced ProLicensed Assisted Access 3D beamforming

Table ndash Evolution of 3GPP releases (source httpwww3gpporgspecsreleaseshtm)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 6 81

How to reduce latency

Section 2

How to reduce latency

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 7 81

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture I

Answer flat architecture smarter BS and frequent radio resourceallocation (TTI = 1 ms vs 20 ms in UMTS and 2 ms in HSPA)

The radio access network is called Evolved-UTRAN

E-UTRAN = eNodes-B interconnected via X2 interface

E-UTRAN is connected to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) via S1interface

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 8 81

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture II

S1

S1S1

S1

X2

X2X2

E-UTRANeNB

eNB

eNB

MMES-GW MMES-GW

Figure ndash E-UTRAN architecture (from [2])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 9 81

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture III

Mobility Management Entity (MME) = control plane

Serving Gateway (S-GW) = user planeRNC disappears and the base station (eNB) gets augmentedfonctionalities

PHY and MAC layers (typical since GSM)Fast scheduling and HARQ (like in HSPA)New RLC PDCP RRC

Consequence scheduling retransmissions link adaptation (ie ofdata rates as a function of the radio conditions) and reconfigurationdecisions are taken closer to the radio link

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 10 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack I

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

user plane

control plane

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

RRC

NAS NAS

MME

RRC

Figure ndash Protocol stack in user and control place of E-UTRAN (from [2])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 11 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack II

PHY RF processingError detection correctionTransmission techniques (multi-carrier modulation MIMO)Synchronization (time frequency)Measurements

MAC Mapping of logical channels to transport channelsMultiplexing demultiplexing of transport channelsFast scheduling every 1 msHARQ retransmissionsRandom accessTiming advanceTransport format selectionPriority management between logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 12 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack IIIRLC

ARQ retransmissions (mode AM)Concatenation segmentation reassembling of RLC SDUsResegmentation of RLC PDUs in case of retransmissionIn sequence delivery of higher layers PDUsDetection of duplicated RLC PDUs

PDCP IP header compression decompression (ROHC)In sequence delivery (RLC AM)Duplicatas detectionRetransmission of PDCP PDUs in case of handover (RLC AM)Cyphering decyphering of data

RRC Radio resource managementMobility managementMeasurements feedbacksRadio bearer control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 13 81

How to reduce latency

Remember

Network latency Keep this in mind Flat architecture no more RNCE-UTRAN = eNB EPC = MME and SGW X2 and S1 interfacesPHY layer fast scheduling retransmissions in the eNBTTI = 1 ms

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 14 81

How to increase data rates

Section 3

How to increase data rates

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 15 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 16 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 17 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

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Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

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Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

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Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

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Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Outline I1 Introduction

2 How to reduce latency

3 How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layerMulticarrier transmissionsMultiple antenna techniques

4 Radio resource organizationFrame StructureReference SignalsResource elements and blocksDownlink channelsUplink channels

5 How to synchronize ObjectifsCell search

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Outline II6 How to access the network

ObjectivesRandom access

7 How to send and receive data ObjectivesResource allocationSchedulingError controlMeasurements

8 Terminals categories

9 Summary on channels

10 Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 3 81

Introduction

Section 1

Introduction

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 4 81

Introduction

Introduction

LTE a 3GPP standard frozen in Dec 2008Many concepts are coming from the preceding standardsImportant changes however

Multi-carrier transmissionSimplified architecture

LTE-Advanced fulfills the requirements of IMT-Advanced (4G)Standardization is evolving in parallel with the evolutions of HSPA+(releases R7 and R8)

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Introduction

3GPP standard evolution

Release Date Main evolutions

R99 Mar 2000WCDMAUTRAN radio interfaceATM transport network

R4 Mar 2001 IP in the transport network of UTRANR5 June 2002 HSDPA on the downlinkR6 March 2005 HSUPA on the uplinkR7 Dec 2007 HSPA+ and MIMO techniques

R8 Dec 2008 HSPA+ evolutionsLTE definition

R9 Dec 2009 MBMS for LTE

R10 June 2011 LTE-Advanced definitionCarrier aggregation relays HetNets

R11 Mar 2013 LTE-Advanced further enhancementsCoMP energy saving

R12 Mar 2015LTE-Advanced further enhancementsMachine Type Communications D2Dmission critical communications

R13 Mar 2016 LTE-Advanced ProLicensed Assisted Access 3D beamforming

Table ndash Evolution of 3GPP releases (source httpwww3gpporgspecsreleaseshtm)

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How to reduce latency

Section 2

How to reduce latency

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 7 81

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture I

Answer flat architecture smarter BS and frequent radio resourceallocation (TTI = 1 ms vs 20 ms in UMTS and 2 ms in HSPA)

The radio access network is called Evolved-UTRAN

E-UTRAN = eNodes-B interconnected via X2 interface

E-UTRAN is connected to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) via S1interface

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How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture II

S1

S1S1

S1

X2

X2X2

E-UTRANeNB

eNB

eNB

MMES-GW MMES-GW

Figure ndash E-UTRAN architecture (from [2])

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How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture III

Mobility Management Entity (MME) = control plane

Serving Gateway (S-GW) = user planeRNC disappears and the base station (eNB) gets augmentedfonctionalities

PHY and MAC layers (typical since GSM)Fast scheduling and HARQ (like in HSPA)New RLC PDCP RRC

Consequence scheduling retransmissions link adaptation (ie ofdata rates as a function of the radio conditions) and reconfigurationdecisions are taken closer to the radio link

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How to reduce latency

Protocol stack I

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

user plane

control plane

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

RRC

NAS NAS

MME

RRC

Figure ndash Protocol stack in user and control place of E-UTRAN (from [2])

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How to reduce latency

Protocol stack II

PHY RF processingError detection correctionTransmission techniques (multi-carrier modulation MIMO)Synchronization (time frequency)Measurements

MAC Mapping of logical channels to transport channelsMultiplexing demultiplexing of transport channelsFast scheduling every 1 msHARQ retransmissionsRandom accessTiming advanceTransport format selectionPriority management between logical channels

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How to reduce latency

Protocol stack IIIRLC

ARQ retransmissions (mode AM)Concatenation segmentation reassembling of RLC SDUsResegmentation of RLC PDUs in case of retransmissionIn sequence delivery of higher layers PDUsDetection of duplicated RLC PDUs

PDCP IP header compression decompression (ROHC)In sequence delivery (RLC AM)Duplicatas detectionRetransmission of PDCP PDUs in case of handover (RLC AM)Cyphering decyphering of data

RRC Radio resource managementMobility managementMeasurements feedbacksRadio bearer control

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How to reduce latency

Remember

Network latency Keep this in mind Flat architecture no more RNCE-UTRAN = eNB EPC = MME and SGW X2 and S1 interfacesPHY layer fast scheduling retransmissions in the eNBTTI = 1 ms

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How to increase data rates

Section 3

How to increase data rates

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 15 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 16 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

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How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

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How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

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How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

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How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

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How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

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Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

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Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

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Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

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How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

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Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

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Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

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Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

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Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

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Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

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Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

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Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Outline II6 How to access the network

ObjectivesRandom access

7 How to send and receive data ObjectivesResource allocationSchedulingError controlMeasurements

8 Terminals categories

9 Summary on channels

10 Conclusion

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Introduction

Section 1

Introduction

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 4 81

Introduction

Introduction

LTE a 3GPP standard frozen in Dec 2008Many concepts are coming from the preceding standardsImportant changes however

Multi-carrier transmissionSimplified architecture

LTE-Advanced fulfills the requirements of IMT-Advanced (4G)Standardization is evolving in parallel with the evolutions of HSPA+(releases R7 and R8)

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Introduction

3GPP standard evolution

Release Date Main evolutions

R99 Mar 2000WCDMAUTRAN radio interfaceATM transport network

R4 Mar 2001 IP in the transport network of UTRANR5 June 2002 HSDPA on the downlinkR6 March 2005 HSUPA on the uplinkR7 Dec 2007 HSPA+ and MIMO techniques

R8 Dec 2008 HSPA+ evolutionsLTE definition

R9 Dec 2009 MBMS for LTE

R10 June 2011 LTE-Advanced definitionCarrier aggregation relays HetNets

R11 Mar 2013 LTE-Advanced further enhancementsCoMP energy saving

R12 Mar 2015LTE-Advanced further enhancementsMachine Type Communications D2Dmission critical communications

R13 Mar 2016 LTE-Advanced ProLicensed Assisted Access 3D beamforming

Table ndash Evolution of 3GPP releases (source httpwww3gpporgspecsreleaseshtm)

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How to reduce latency

Section 2

How to reduce latency

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 7 81

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture I

Answer flat architecture smarter BS and frequent radio resourceallocation (TTI = 1 ms vs 20 ms in UMTS and 2 ms in HSPA)

The radio access network is called Evolved-UTRAN

E-UTRAN = eNodes-B interconnected via X2 interface

E-UTRAN is connected to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) via S1interface

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How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture II

S1

S1S1

S1

X2

X2X2

E-UTRANeNB

eNB

eNB

MMES-GW MMES-GW

Figure ndash E-UTRAN architecture (from [2])

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How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture III

Mobility Management Entity (MME) = control plane

Serving Gateway (S-GW) = user planeRNC disappears and the base station (eNB) gets augmentedfonctionalities

PHY and MAC layers (typical since GSM)Fast scheduling and HARQ (like in HSPA)New RLC PDCP RRC

Consequence scheduling retransmissions link adaptation (ie ofdata rates as a function of the radio conditions) and reconfigurationdecisions are taken closer to the radio link

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How to reduce latency

Protocol stack I

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

user plane

control plane

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

RRC

NAS NAS

MME

RRC

Figure ndash Protocol stack in user and control place of E-UTRAN (from [2])

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How to reduce latency

Protocol stack II

PHY RF processingError detection correctionTransmission techniques (multi-carrier modulation MIMO)Synchronization (time frequency)Measurements

MAC Mapping of logical channels to transport channelsMultiplexing demultiplexing of transport channelsFast scheduling every 1 msHARQ retransmissionsRandom accessTiming advanceTransport format selectionPriority management between logical channels

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How to reduce latency

Protocol stack IIIRLC

ARQ retransmissions (mode AM)Concatenation segmentation reassembling of RLC SDUsResegmentation of RLC PDUs in case of retransmissionIn sequence delivery of higher layers PDUsDetection of duplicated RLC PDUs

PDCP IP header compression decompression (ROHC)In sequence delivery (RLC AM)Duplicatas detectionRetransmission of PDCP PDUs in case of handover (RLC AM)Cyphering decyphering of data

RRC Radio resource managementMobility managementMeasurements feedbacksRadio bearer control

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How to reduce latency

Remember

Network latency Keep this in mind Flat architecture no more RNCE-UTRAN = eNB EPC = MME and SGW X2 and S1 interfacesPHY layer fast scheduling retransmissions in the eNBTTI = 1 ms

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How to increase data rates

Section 3

How to increase data rates

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 15 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

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How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 17 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

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How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

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How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

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How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Introduction

Section 1

Introduction

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 4 81

Introduction

Introduction

LTE a 3GPP standard frozen in Dec 2008Many concepts are coming from the preceding standardsImportant changes however

Multi-carrier transmissionSimplified architecture

LTE-Advanced fulfills the requirements of IMT-Advanced (4G)Standardization is evolving in parallel with the evolutions of HSPA+(releases R7 and R8)

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Introduction

3GPP standard evolution

Release Date Main evolutions

R99 Mar 2000WCDMAUTRAN radio interfaceATM transport network

R4 Mar 2001 IP in the transport network of UTRANR5 June 2002 HSDPA on the downlinkR6 March 2005 HSUPA on the uplinkR7 Dec 2007 HSPA+ and MIMO techniques

R8 Dec 2008 HSPA+ evolutionsLTE definition

R9 Dec 2009 MBMS for LTE

R10 June 2011 LTE-Advanced definitionCarrier aggregation relays HetNets

R11 Mar 2013 LTE-Advanced further enhancementsCoMP energy saving

R12 Mar 2015LTE-Advanced further enhancementsMachine Type Communications D2Dmission critical communications

R13 Mar 2016 LTE-Advanced ProLicensed Assisted Access 3D beamforming

Table ndash Evolution of 3GPP releases (source httpwww3gpporgspecsreleaseshtm)

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How to reduce latency

Section 2

How to reduce latency

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 7 81

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture I

Answer flat architecture smarter BS and frequent radio resourceallocation (TTI = 1 ms vs 20 ms in UMTS and 2 ms in HSPA)

The radio access network is called Evolved-UTRAN

E-UTRAN = eNodes-B interconnected via X2 interface

E-UTRAN is connected to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) via S1interface

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How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture II

S1

S1S1

S1

X2

X2X2

E-UTRANeNB

eNB

eNB

MMES-GW MMES-GW

Figure ndash E-UTRAN architecture (from [2])

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How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture III

Mobility Management Entity (MME) = control plane

Serving Gateway (S-GW) = user planeRNC disappears and the base station (eNB) gets augmentedfonctionalities

PHY and MAC layers (typical since GSM)Fast scheduling and HARQ (like in HSPA)New RLC PDCP RRC

Consequence scheduling retransmissions link adaptation (ie ofdata rates as a function of the radio conditions) and reconfigurationdecisions are taken closer to the radio link

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How to reduce latency

Protocol stack I

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

user plane

control plane

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

RRC

NAS NAS

MME

RRC

Figure ndash Protocol stack in user and control place of E-UTRAN (from [2])

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How to reduce latency

Protocol stack II

PHY RF processingError detection correctionTransmission techniques (multi-carrier modulation MIMO)Synchronization (time frequency)Measurements

MAC Mapping of logical channels to transport channelsMultiplexing demultiplexing of transport channelsFast scheduling every 1 msHARQ retransmissionsRandom accessTiming advanceTransport format selectionPriority management between logical channels

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How to reduce latency

Protocol stack IIIRLC

ARQ retransmissions (mode AM)Concatenation segmentation reassembling of RLC SDUsResegmentation of RLC PDUs in case of retransmissionIn sequence delivery of higher layers PDUsDetection of duplicated RLC PDUs

PDCP IP header compression decompression (ROHC)In sequence delivery (RLC AM)Duplicatas detectionRetransmission of PDCP PDUs in case of handover (RLC AM)Cyphering decyphering of data

RRC Radio resource managementMobility managementMeasurements feedbacksRadio bearer control

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How to reduce latency

Remember

Network latency Keep this in mind Flat architecture no more RNCE-UTRAN = eNB EPC = MME and SGW X2 and S1 interfacesPHY layer fast scheduling retransmissions in the eNBTTI = 1 ms

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How to increase data rates

Section 3

How to increase data rates

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How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

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How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

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How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Introduction

Introduction

LTE a 3GPP standard frozen in Dec 2008Many concepts are coming from the preceding standardsImportant changes however

Multi-carrier transmissionSimplified architecture

LTE-Advanced fulfills the requirements of IMT-Advanced (4G)Standardization is evolving in parallel with the evolutions of HSPA+(releases R7 and R8)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 5 81

Introduction

3GPP standard evolution

Release Date Main evolutions

R99 Mar 2000WCDMAUTRAN radio interfaceATM transport network

R4 Mar 2001 IP in the transport network of UTRANR5 June 2002 HSDPA on the downlinkR6 March 2005 HSUPA on the uplinkR7 Dec 2007 HSPA+ and MIMO techniques

R8 Dec 2008 HSPA+ evolutionsLTE definition

R9 Dec 2009 MBMS for LTE

R10 June 2011 LTE-Advanced definitionCarrier aggregation relays HetNets

R11 Mar 2013 LTE-Advanced further enhancementsCoMP energy saving

R12 Mar 2015LTE-Advanced further enhancementsMachine Type Communications D2Dmission critical communications

R13 Mar 2016 LTE-Advanced ProLicensed Assisted Access 3D beamforming

Table ndash Evolution of 3GPP releases (source httpwww3gpporgspecsreleaseshtm)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 6 81

How to reduce latency

Section 2

How to reduce latency

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 7 81

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture I

Answer flat architecture smarter BS and frequent radio resourceallocation (TTI = 1 ms vs 20 ms in UMTS and 2 ms in HSPA)

The radio access network is called Evolved-UTRAN

E-UTRAN = eNodes-B interconnected via X2 interface

E-UTRAN is connected to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) via S1interface

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 8 81

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture II

S1

S1S1

S1

X2

X2X2

E-UTRANeNB

eNB

eNB

MMES-GW MMES-GW

Figure ndash E-UTRAN architecture (from [2])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 9 81

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture III

Mobility Management Entity (MME) = control plane

Serving Gateway (S-GW) = user planeRNC disappears and the base station (eNB) gets augmentedfonctionalities

PHY and MAC layers (typical since GSM)Fast scheduling and HARQ (like in HSPA)New RLC PDCP RRC

Consequence scheduling retransmissions link adaptation (ie ofdata rates as a function of the radio conditions) and reconfigurationdecisions are taken closer to the radio link

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 10 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack I

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

user plane

control plane

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

RRC

NAS NAS

MME

RRC

Figure ndash Protocol stack in user and control place of E-UTRAN (from [2])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 11 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack II

PHY RF processingError detection correctionTransmission techniques (multi-carrier modulation MIMO)Synchronization (time frequency)Measurements

MAC Mapping of logical channels to transport channelsMultiplexing demultiplexing of transport channelsFast scheduling every 1 msHARQ retransmissionsRandom accessTiming advanceTransport format selectionPriority management between logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 12 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack IIIRLC

ARQ retransmissions (mode AM)Concatenation segmentation reassembling of RLC SDUsResegmentation of RLC PDUs in case of retransmissionIn sequence delivery of higher layers PDUsDetection of duplicated RLC PDUs

PDCP IP header compression decompression (ROHC)In sequence delivery (RLC AM)Duplicatas detectionRetransmission of PDCP PDUs in case of handover (RLC AM)Cyphering decyphering of data

RRC Radio resource managementMobility managementMeasurements feedbacksRadio bearer control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 13 81

How to reduce latency

Remember

Network latency Keep this in mind Flat architecture no more RNCE-UTRAN = eNB EPC = MME and SGW X2 and S1 interfacesPHY layer fast scheduling retransmissions in the eNBTTI = 1 ms

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 14 81

How to increase data rates

Section 3

How to increase data rates

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 15 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 16 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 17 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

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Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

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Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Introduction

3GPP standard evolution

Release Date Main evolutions

R99 Mar 2000WCDMAUTRAN radio interfaceATM transport network

R4 Mar 2001 IP in the transport network of UTRANR5 June 2002 HSDPA on the downlinkR6 March 2005 HSUPA on the uplinkR7 Dec 2007 HSPA+ and MIMO techniques

R8 Dec 2008 HSPA+ evolutionsLTE definition

R9 Dec 2009 MBMS for LTE

R10 June 2011 LTE-Advanced definitionCarrier aggregation relays HetNets

R11 Mar 2013 LTE-Advanced further enhancementsCoMP energy saving

R12 Mar 2015LTE-Advanced further enhancementsMachine Type Communications D2Dmission critical communications

R13 Mar 2016 LTE-Advanced ProLicensed Assisted Access 3D beamforming

Table ndash Evolution of 3GPP releases (source httpwww3gpporgspecsreleaseshtm)

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How to reduce latency

Section 2

How to reduce latency

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 7 81

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture I

Answer flat architecture smarter BS and frequent radio resourceallocation (TTI = 1 ms vs 20 ms in UMTS and 2 ms in HSPA)

The radio access network is called Evolved-UTRAN

E-UTRAN = eNodes-B interconnected via X2 interface

E-UTRAN is connected to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) via S1interface

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How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture II

S1

S1S1

S1

X2

X2X2

E-UTRANeNB

eNB

eNB

MMES-GW MMES-GW

Figure ndash E-UTRAN architecture (from [2])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 9 81

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture III

Mobility Management Entity (MME) = control plane

Serving Gateway (S-GW) = user planeRNC disappears and the base station (eNB) gets augmentedfonctionalities

PHY and MAC layers (typical since GSM)Fast scheduling and HARQ (like in HSPA)New RLC PDCP RRC

Consequence scheduling retransmissions link adaptation (ie ofdata rates as a function of the radio conditions) and reconfigurationdecisions are taken closer to the radio link

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 10 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack I

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

user plane

control plane

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

RRC

NAS NAS

MME

RRC

Figure ndash Protocol stack in user and control place of E-UTRAN (from [2])

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How to reduce latency

Protocol stack II

PHY RF processingError detection correctionTransmission techniques (multi-carrier modulation MIMO)Synchronization (time frequency)Measurements

MAC Mapping of logical channels to transport channelsMultiplexing demultiplexing of transport channelsFast scheduling every 1 msHARQ retransmissionsRandom accessTiming advanceTransport format selectionPriority management between logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 12 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack IIIRLC

ARQ retransmissions (mode AM)Concatenation segmentation reassembling of RLC SDUsResegmentation of RLC PDUs in case of retransmissionIn sequence delivery of higher layers PDUsDetection of duplicated RLC PDUs

PDCP IP header compression decompression (ROHC)In sequence delivery (RLC AM)Duplicatas detectionRetransmission of PDCP PDUs in case of handover (RLC AM)Cyphering decyphering of data

RRC Radio resource managementMobility managementMeasurements feedbacksRadio bearer control

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How to reduce latency

Remember

Network latency Keep this in mind Flat architecture no more RNCE-UTRAN = eNB EPC = MME and SGW X2 and S1 interfacesPHY layer fast scheduling retransmissions in the eNBTTI = 1 ms

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How to increase data rates

Section 3

How to increase data rates

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 15 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 16 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 17 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

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How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

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How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

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How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

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How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

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How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

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Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

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Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

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Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

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Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

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Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

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Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

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Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

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Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

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Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

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Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to reduce latency

Section 2

How to reduce latency

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How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture I

Answer flat architecture smarter BS and frequent radio resourceallocation (TTI = 1 ms vs 20 ms in UMTS and 2 ms in HSPA)

The radio access network is called Evolved-UTRAN

E-UTRAN = eNodes-B interconnected via X2 interface

E-UTRAN is connected to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) via S1interface

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 8 81

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture II

S1

S1S1

S1

X2

X2X2

E-UTRANeNB

eNB

eNB

MMES-GW MMES-GW

Figure ndash E-UTRAN architecture (from [2])

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How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture III

Mobility Management Entity (MME) = control plane

Serving Gateway (S-GW) = user planeRNC disappears and the base station (eNB) gets augmentedfonctionalities

PHY and MAC layers (typical since GSM)Fast scheduling and HARQ (like in HSPA)New RLC PDCP RRC

Consequence scheduling retransmissions link adaptation (ie ofdata rates as a function of the radio conditions) and reconfigurationdecisions are taken closer to the radio link

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How to reduce latency

Protocol stack I

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

user plane

control plane

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

RRC

NAS NAS

MME

RRC

Figure ndash Protocol stack in user and control place of E-UTRAN (from [2])

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How to reduce latency

Protocol stack II

PHY RF processingError detection correctionTransmission techniques (multi-carrier modulation MIMO)Synchronization (time frequency)Measurements

MAC Mapping of logical channels to transport channelsMultiplexing demultiplexing of transport channelsFast scheduling every 1 msHARQ retransmissionsRandom accessTiming advanceTransport format selectionPriority management between logical channels

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How to reduce latency

Protocol stack IIIRLC

ARQ retransmissions (mode AM)Concatenation segmentation reassembling of RLC SDUsResegmentation of RLC PDUs in case of retransmissionIn sequence delivery of higher layers PDUsDetection of duplicated RLC PDUs

PDCP IP header compression decompression (ROHC)In sequence delivery (RLC AM)Duplicatas detectionRetransmission of PDCP PDUs in case of handover (RLC AM)Cyphering decyphering of data

RRC Radio resource managementMobility managementMeasurements feedbacksRadio bearer control

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How to reduce latency

Remember

Network latency Keep this in mind Flat architecture no more RNCE-UTRAN = eNB EPC = MME and SGW X2 and S1 interfacesPHY layer fast scheduling retransmissions in the eNBTTI = 1 ms

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 14 81

How to increase data rates

Section 3

How to increase data rates

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 15 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

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How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 17 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

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How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

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How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

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How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

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How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture I

Answer flat architecture smarter BS and frequent radio resourceallocation (TTI = 1 ms vs 20 ms in UMTS and 2 ms in HSPA)

The radio access network is called Evolved-UTRAN

E-UTRAN = eNodes-B interconnected via X2 interface

E-UTRAN is connected to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) via S1interface

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How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture II

S1

S1S1

S1

X2

X2X2

E-UTRANeNB

eNB

eNB

MMES-GW MMES-GW

Figure ndash E-UTRAN architecture (from [2])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 9 81

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture III

Mobility Management Entity (MME) = control plane

Serving Gateway (S-GW) = user planeRNC disappears and the base station (eNB) gets augmentedfonctionalities

PHY and MAC layers (typical since GSM)Fast scheduling and HARQ (like in HSPA)New RLC PDCP RRC

Consequence scheduling retransmissions link adaptation (ie ofdata rates as a function of the radio conditions) and reconfigurationdecisions are taken closer to the radio link

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 10 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack I

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

user plane

control plane

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

RRC

NAS NAS

MME

RRC

Figure ndash Protocol stack in user and control place of E-UTRAN (from [2])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 11 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack II

PHY RF processingError detection correctionTransmission techniques (multi-carrier modulation MIMO)Synchronization (time frequency)Measurements

MAC Mapping of logical channels to transport channelsMultiplexing demultiplexing of transport channelsFast scheduling every 1 msHARQ retransmissionsRandom accessTiming advanceTransport format selectionPriority management between logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 12 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack IIIRLC

ARQ retransmissions (mode AM)Concatenation segmentation reassembling of RLC SDUsResegmentation of RLC PDUs in case of retransmissionIn sequence delivery of higher layers PDUsDetection of duplicated RLC PDUs

PDCP IP header compression decompression (ROHC)In sequence delivery (RLC AM)Duplicatas detectionRetransmission of PDCP PDUs in case of handover (RLC AM)Cyphering decyphering of data

RRC Radio resource managementMobility managementMeasurements feedbacksRadio bearer control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 13 81

How to reduce latency

Remember

Network latency Keep this in mind Flat architecture no more RNCE-UTRAN = eNB EPC = MME and SGW X2 and S1 interfacesPHY layer fast scheduling retransmissions in the eNBTTI = 1 ms

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 14 81

How to increase data rates

Section 3

How to increase data rates

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 15 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

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How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 17 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture II

S1

S1S1

S1

X2

X2X2

E-UTRANeNB

eNB

eNB

MMES-GW MMES-GW

Figure ndash E-UTRAN architecture (from [2])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 9 81

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture III

Mobility Management Entity (MME) = control plane

Serving Gateway (S-GW) = user planeRNC disappears and the base station (eNB) gets augmentedfonctionalities

PHY and MAC layers (typical since GSM)Fast scheduling and HARQ (like in HSPA)New RLC PDCP RRC

Consequence scheduling retransmissions link adaptation (ie ofdata rates as a function of the radio conditions) and reconfigurationdecisions are taken closer to the radio link

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 10 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack I

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

user plane

control plane

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

RRC

NAS NAS

MME

RRC

Figure ndash Protocol stack in user and control place of E-UTRAN (from [2])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 11 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack II

PHY RF processingError detection correctionTransmission techniques (multi-carrier modulation MIMO)Synchronization (time frequency)Measurements

MAC Mapping of logical channels to transport channelsMultiplexing demultiplexing of transport channelsFast scheduling every 1 msHARQ retransmissionsRandom accessTiming advanceTransport format selectionPriority management between logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 12 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack IIIRLC

ARQ retransmissions (mode AM)Concatenation segmentation reassembling of RLC SDUsResegmentation of RLC PDUs in case of retransmissionIn sequence delivery of higher layers PDUsDetection of duplicated RLC PDUs

PDCP IP header compression decompression (ROHC)In sequence delivery (RLC AM)Duplicatas detectionRetransmission of PDCP PDUs in case of handover (RLC AM)Cyphering decyphering of data

RRC Radio resource managementMobility managementMeasurements feedbacksRadio bearer control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 13 81

How to reduce latency

Remember

Network latency Keep this in mind Flat architecture no more RNCE-UTRAN = eNB EPC = MME and SGW X2 and S1 interfacesPHY layer fast scheduling retransmissions in the eNBTTI = 1 ms

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 14 81

How to increase data rates

Section 3

How to increase data rates

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 15 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 16 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 17 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to reduce latency

E-UTRAN architecture III

Mobility Management Entity (MME) = control plane

Serving Gateway (S-GW) = user planeRNC disappears and the base station (eNB) gets augmentedfonctionalities

PHY and MAC layers (typical since GSM)Fast scheduling and HARQ (like in HSPA)New RLC PDCP RRC

Consequence scheduling retransmissions link adaptation (ie ofdata rates as a function of the radio conditions) and reconfigurationdecisions are taken closer to the radio link

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 10 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack I

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

user plane

control plane

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

RRC

NAS NAS

MME

RRC

Figure ndash Protocol stack in user and control place of E-UTRAN (from [2])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 11 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack II

PHY RF processingError detection correctionTransmission techniques (multi-carrier modulation MIMO)Synchronization (time frequency)Measurements

MAC Mapping of logical channels to transport channelsMultiplexing demultiplexing of transport channelsFast scheduling every 1 msHARQ retransmissionsRandom accessTiming advanceTransport format selectionPriority management between logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 12 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack IIIRLC

ARQ retransmissions (mode AM)Concatenation segmentation reassembling of RLC SDUsResegmentation of RLC PDUs in case of retransmissionIn sequence delivery of higher layers PDUsDetection of duplicated RLC PDUs

PDCP IP header compression decompression (ROHC)In sequence delivery (RLC AM)Duplicatas detectionRetransmission of PDCP PDUs in case of handover (RLC AM)Cyphering decyphering of data

RRC Radio resource managementMobility managementMeasurements feedbacksRadio bearer control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 13 81

How to reduce latency

Remember

Network latency Keep this in mind Flat architecture no more RNCE-UTRAN = eNB EPC = MME and SGW X2 and S1 interfacesPHY layer fast scheduling retransmissions in the eNBTTI = 1 ms

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 14 81

How to increase data rates

Section 3

How to increase data rates

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 15 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 16 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 17 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

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Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack I

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

user plane

control plane

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

PDCP

RLC

MAC

PHY

UE eNode-B

RRC

NAS NAS

MME

RRC

Figure ndash Protocol stack in user and control place of E-UTRAN (from [2])

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How to reduce latency

Protocol stack II

PHY RF processingError detection correctionTransmission techniques (multi-carrier modulation MIMO)Synchronization (time frequency)Measurements

MAC Mapping of logical channels to transport channelsMultiplexing demultiplexing of transport channelsFast scheduling every 1 msHARQ retransmissionsRandom accessTiming advanceTransport format selectionPriority management between logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 12 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack IIIRLC

ARQ retransmissions (mode AM)Concatenation segmentation reassembling of RLC SDUsResegmentation of RLC PDUs in case of retransmissionIn sequence delivery of higher layers PDUsDetection of duplicated RLC PDUs

PDCP IP header compression decompression (ROHC)In sequence delivery (RLC AM)Duplicatas detectionRetransmission of PDCP PDUs in case of handover (RLC AM)Cyphering decyphering of data

RRC Radio resource managementMobility managementMeasurements feedbacksRadio bearer control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 13 81

How to reduce latency

Remember

Network latency Keep this in mind Flat architecture no more RNCE-UTRAN = eNB EPC = MME and SGW X2 and S1 interfacesPHY layer fast scheduling retransmissions in the eNBTTI = 1 ms

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How to increase data rates

Section 3

How to increase data rates

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 15 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 16 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 17 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

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Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack II

PHY RF processingError detection correctionTransmission techniques (multi-carrier modulation MIMO)Synchronization (time frequency)Measurements

MAC Mapping of logical channels to transport channelsMultiplexing demultiplexing of transport channelsFast scheduling every 1 msHARQ retransmissionsRandom accessTiming advanceTransport format selectionPriority management between logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 12 81

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack IIIRLC

ARQ retransmissions (mode AM)Concatenation segmentation reassembling of RLC SDUsResegmentation of RLC PDUs in case of retransmissionIn sequence delivery of higher layers PDUsDetection of duplicated RLC PDUs

PDCP IP header compression decompression (ROHC)In sequence delivery (RLC AM)Duplicatas detectionRetransmission of PDCP PDUs in case of handover (RLC AM)Cyphering decyphering of data

RRC Radio resource managementMobility managementMeasurements feedbacksRadio bearer control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 13 81

How to reduce latency

Remember

Network latency Keep this in mind Flat architecture no more RNCE-UTRAN = eNB EPC = MME and SGW X2 and S1 interfacesPHY layer fast scheduling retransmissions in the eNBTTI = 1 ms

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 14 81

How to increase data rates

Section 3

How to increase data rates

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 15 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 16 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 17 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to reduce latency

Protocol stack IIIRLC

ARQ retransmissions (mode AM)Concatenation segmentation reassembling of RLC SDUsResegmentation of RLC PDUs in case of retransmissionIn sequence delivery of higher layers PDUsDetection of duplicated RLC PDUs

PDCP IP header compression decompression (ROHC)In sequence delivery (RLC AM)Duplicatas detectionRetransmission of PDCP PDUs in case of handover (RLC AM)Cyphering decyphering of data

RRC Radio resource managementMobility managementMeasurements feedbacksRadio bearer control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 13 81

How to reduce latency

Remember

Network latency Keep this in mind Flat architecture no more RNCE-UTRAN = eNB EPC = MME and SGW X2 and S1 interfacesPHY layer fast scheduling retransmissions in the eNBTTI = 1 ms

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 14 81

How to increase data rates

Section 3

How to increase data rates

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 15 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 16 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 17 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to reduce latency

Remember

Network latency Keep this in mind Flat architecture no more RNCE-UTRAN = eNB EPC = MME and SGW X2 and S1 interfacesPHY layer fast scheduling retransmissions in the eNBTTI = 1 ms

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 14 81

How to increase data rates

Section 3

How to increase data rates

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 15 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

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How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 17 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

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How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates

Section 3

How to increase data rates

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 15 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 16 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 17 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

Context

Remember the Shannon formula C asymp nantW log2(1 + SINR)

In practice however This is a not achieved upper boundThis function is bounded (by Cmax) because we use finite modulationsCapacity should be shared by all active users in the cellSome resources should be dedicated to signaling

To increase data rates we have few options Increase W but issues with inter-symbol interferenceDecrease interference with lower frequency spatial reuse but lessbandwidth per cellIncrease Cmax by densifying the modulation but the signal is moresensitive to noise and interferenceIncrease nant but signal processing algorithm complexity increasesand space is needed for antennasDensify the network in order to decrease the number of users per cellbut more sites = more investments

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 16 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 17 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics I

Spread spectrum is withdrawnMulti-carrier transmission rArr a new organization of radio resourcesOFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)Possible signal bandwiths 14 3 5 10 15 and 20 MHz (remember 5 MHz in UMTS 2times 5 MHz in HSPA+ with double carrier)Modulations BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM (remember QPSKin UMTS 16-QAM in HSPA)64-QAM mandatory for the DL on the UL only cat 5 terminals canuse itConvolutional and turbo convolutional codesDuplexing TDD and FDD

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 17 81

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates General characteristics of the PHY layer

General characteristics II

MIMO 2 or 4 Tx 2 or 4 Rx up to 4 parallel flows can be usedMU-MIMO in DL and UL (remember no MIMO in UMTS 2times 2 inHSPA+)

FDD frequency bands around 700 800 1400 1700 1800 19002100 et 2600 MHz (800 1800 2600 MHz in France)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 18 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA I

OFDM = a transmission techniqueAdvantages partly tackle the multi-path propagation issue highspectral efficiency simple implementation

UEeNode-B

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

Am

plit

ud

e

Relative delays

wrt path 1Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Delay spread τmax

Figure ndash Multi-path propagation and maximum delay spread

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 19 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA II

If τmax gt Tsymb rArr Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)1τmax asymp channel coherence bandwidth1Tsymb asymp signal bandwidthWider is the signal bandwidth higher is the ISIOFDM divides the global bandwidth in small frequency sub-channelsor sub-carriers with bandwidth ∆f 1τmax

ISI is almost completely removed

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 20 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

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Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA III

Frequencyf1 f2 f3 Frequencyf1 f2 f3

FDM OFDM

Figure ndash Comparison between OFDM and FDM in terms of spectral efficiency

Higher spectral efficiency than FDMPartial overlapping of the sub-channels thanks to the orthogonalitybetween sub-carriers

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 21 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

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Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA IV

times

times

times

times

times

times

TSymb

f1

f2

f3f1 f2 f3

FFT

IFFT

Time domain Frequency domain

Δf=f2-f1=1TSymb

QAM

QAM

QAM

Figure ndash OFDM signal in time and frequency domains

Orthogonality When the signal of sub-carrier n is maximum thesignal of all other sub-carriers is nullOrthogonality is obtained when ∆f = 1TSymb

Time domain The OFDM symbol is the sum of modulatedsub-carriers multiplied by a rectangle (gate) function

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 22 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA V

t

Copy

path 1

path 2

path 3

TSymb

τmax

Tg Tu

Figure ndash Guard intervalcyclic prefix of an OFDM symbol

To completely remove residual ISI one adds a cyclic prefix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 23 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VI

SPModulation

QAM IFFTAdd

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAMFFT SP

frequencyDomain

time

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f f

1 2

3

4

= QAM symbol1 2

3

4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash OFDMOFDMA transmission and reception chains

The OFDM signal is easy to modulate and demodulate

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 24 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

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Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

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Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIIOFDM has two drawbacks (1) Inter-carrier interference (due toimperfect synchronization or strong Doppler effect) and (2) High Peakto Average Ratio (PAPR)

Pmax

Pmoy

Power amplifier input

Am

plifi

er

outp

ut

PmaxPmoy

Saturation

Backoff

Figure ndash Peak to Average Ratio of the OFDM signal

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 25 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

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Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

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Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

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How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

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How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

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Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

OFDMOFDMA VIII

OFDM = transmission technique

OFDMA = multiple access method based on OFDM

Groups of sub-carriers can be allocated to different users

rArr no intra-cell interference (6= CDMA)

Radio resource allocation in the timefrequency domain

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 26 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

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Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

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Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA I

High PAPR rArr an issue for the ULSC-FDMA = Transmission technique with low PAPR for the UL

SPModulation

QAM

IFFTNgtM

points

Add

cyclic

prefixPS

Remove

cyclic

prefixPS

De-

modulation

QAM

FFTNgtM

pointsSP

FFTM

points

0

0000

System bandwidth ~ N sub-carriers

user bandwidth~ M sub-carriers

f

IFFTM

points

0

0000

time frequencyDomain

time

f

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

3 = QAM symbols of a user1 2 4

Transmit antenna

Receive antenna

SP SerialParallel PS ParallelSerial

Figure ndash SC-FDMA transmission and reception chains

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 27 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

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Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

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Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

SC-FDMA II

The FFT spreads every QAM symbol over M sub-carriers

Every sub-carrier successively carriers all QAM symbols

At a given instant a unique QAM symbol is transmitted

The resulting PAPR is thus the same as for a QAM modulation

The remaining N minusM sub-carriers are available and can be allocatedto other users

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 28 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

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Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

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How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

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How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

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How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

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How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

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Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

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Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

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Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

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Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

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Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

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Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations I

Configuration ∆f (kHz) Cyclic prefix (micros) Tu (micros)Normal prefix 15 52 (first symbol) 666

47 (other symbols)Extended prefix 15 167 666

Table ndash OFDM parameters on the downlink of LTE

Normal configuration 7 OFDM symbols per slot small prefixduration rArr relatively small cells (cell radius lt 2 Km)Extended configuration higher prefix duration 6 OFDM symbols perslot rArr larger cells (up to 10 Km) and single frequency networks (forbroadcast multicast services)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 29 81

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

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Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multicarrier transmissions

LTE configurations II

Transmission techniques Keep this in mind OFDM advantages combat and take advantage of multi-pathpropagation high spectral efficiency easy and cheap implementationOFDM drawbacks Inter-carrier interference (ICI) PAPROFDMASC-FDMA are multiple access schemesSC-FDMA advantage A solution for a low PAPR ULSC-FDMA drawback A user can be allocated only a set of contiguoussub-carriersSpectral separation between sub-carriers is constant equal to 15 KHzwhatever the total signal bandwidth

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 30 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

MIMO gains

Diversity gain several independent copies of the signal are availableat the receiver improve the robustness of the signalArray gain transmission side energy is focused in one or severaldirections (beamforming) reception side more energy is captured byseveral antennas improve the SNR may reduce interferencesMultiplexing gain several parallel flows are simultaneouslytransmitted the SISO channel capacity is multiplied by min(MN)where M and N are the number of transmit and receive antennas respTypical configurations 2times 2 and 4times 2 then 4times 4

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 31 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Transmit diversity (TM2)

SFBCCoding

s2 s1s2

s1

s1

-s2

Figure ndash Transmit diversity

2 or 4 transmit antennasSpace-Time Block Code (SFBC) Alamouti code [4] in the frequencydomainImproves the robustness of the signal without increasing the data rateOpen loopBackup transmission mode for other modes

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 32 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Spatial multiplexing (TM3 open loop TM4 closed loop)

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(a) Open loop

Pre-coding

flow 1

flow 2

(b) Closed loop

Figure ndash Spatial multiplexing

Several flows are simultaneously transmitted (2 or 4 antennas)Open loop precoding matrices are known at the receiver and changein a cyclic manner at the transmitterClosed loop the UE feedbacks its preferred precoding matrix thissolution is well adapted to UEs in low mobility

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 33 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM5 Multi-user MIMO

eNode-B

(a) DL

eNode-B

(b) UL

eNBtransmitpower

UE2

UE1

UE1

UE2

UE1

UE2

Figure ndash MU-MIMO transmission (a) on the downlink and (b) on the uplink

Two simultaneous flows on a single timefrequency resourceTechnique similar to the spatial multiplexing scheme with closed loop

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 34 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

TM6 and TM7 Beamforming

Node-B

UE

Figure ndash Beamforming

An antenna array is used to create an antenna beam in the directionof the UE rArr increase useful signal power at the receiverPilot signals specific to the UE are required

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 35 81

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to increase data rates Multiple antenna techniques

Remember

MIMO Keep this in mind Transmit diversity improves the signal robustnessSpatial multiplexing increases data rates in good radio conditionsBeamforming increases the useful signal powerOpen loop no feedback from UEs (for fast UEs)Closed loop feedback from UEs (more efficient but for slow UEs)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 36 81

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Radio resource organization Frame Structure

Frame structure (type 1 for FDD)

0 1 2 3 18 19

One radio frame Tf = 307 200 T

s = 10 ms

One sub-frame 30 720 Ts = 1 ms

One slot Tslot

= 15 360 Ts = 05 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048

One OFDMSC-FDMA symbol = 666 micros

512 2048

0 1 2 3 4 5

Short prefix

Extended(15 kHz)

Figure ndash Frame structure type 1 in LTE FDD for 20 MHz (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 37 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals I

DC (Direct Current)∆f = 15 kHz

2048 sub-carriers

1200 used sub-carrierGuard band Guard band

Pilot sub-carriers(signaux de reacutefeacuterence)

Data sub-carriers

Central frequency

Figure ndash Data pilot (reference signals) and null (carrier frequency and guardbands) sub-carriers on the DL of LTE

Reference signals are required for the channel estimation and thedecoding of user data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 38 81

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Radio resource organization Reference Signals

Reference signals II

Port 0 Port 1 Port 2 Port 3t

f One antenna port

Two antenna ports

Four antenna ports

RE used by this antenna port to transmit a RS

RE free of transmission on this port

RE

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

RB

Figure ndash Reference signals (from [1])MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 39 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) I

f

t

Slot (05 ms)

Sub-frame (1 ms)

180 kHz

UE1

UE2

UE3

UE412 s

ub

-carr

iers

of

15 K

Hz

7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

RE

RB

Figure ndash Resource Elements and Resource Blocks in LTE in normal configuration

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 40 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Resource elements (RE) and blocks (RB) II

1 RE = 1 sub-carrier times 1 OFDMSC-FDMA symbol

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 OFDMSC-FDMA symbols

Minimum amount of resource allocated to a UE 2 successive RBs

Parameter Bandwidth (MHz)14 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048Used sub-carriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

RB 6 15 25 50 75 100

Table ndash Available radio resources vs signal bandwidth (from [3])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 41 81

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Radio resource organization Resource elements and blocks

Remember

Radio resource organization Keep this in mind Radio resources are organized in the time-frequency domain (orslot-sub-carrier)1 radio frame (10 ms) = 10 sub-frames (1 ms) = 20 slots (0 5 ms)1 RE = 1 sub-carriers times 1 symbol1 RB = 12 sub-carriers times 7 symbolsMinimum allocation 2 successive RBs (every 1 ms)20 MHz 100 RB

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 42 81

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Radio resource organization Downlink channels

Downlink physical channels

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Radio frame (10 ms)

PBCH

PSSSSS

Sub-frame (1 ms)

SSS PSS

DC

10

8 M

Hz

Slot 0 Slot 1

0 5 6 0 1 2 3 6 0 6 6

PDSCH

PDSCH

1 2 1 2 0

PDCCH1 2 or 3 OFDM symbols

signaled by the PCFICH

PCFICH

A PHICHgroup

Syste

m b

and

wid

th

Figure ndash Mapping of downlink physical channels on the radio frameMC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 43 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels I

Time location defined by the PRACH config

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Frame (10 ms)

6R

B6R

B

Frequency locationdefined byhigher layers

PRACH period

1 or 2 frames depending on the PRACH configuration

PUCCH

PUCCH

PUSCH

Figure ndash Position of the PRACH PUSCH and PUCCH in the LTE frame

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 44 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Uplink physical channels II

f

tSlot (05 ms)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PUSCH

UE1

UE2

UE3

DM

RS

DM

RS

DM

RS

Figure ndash DMRS during a PUSCH transmission (from [1])

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 45 81

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Radio resource organization Uplink channels

Transport and logical channels

Transport channels

Control informations

Physical channels

Uplink Downlink

RACH UL-SCH

UCI

PRACH PUSCH PUCCH

DL-SCH

DCI

PDSCH PDCCH

CFI

PCFICH

HI

PHICH

PCH BCH

PBCH

MCH

PMCH

CCCH

Logical channels

DTCH

DCCH

PCCH DTCH

DCCH

BCCH MCCH MTCHCCCH

Figure ndash Mapping of physical transport and logical channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 46 81

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to synchronize

Section 5

How to synchronize

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 47 81

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to synchronize Objectifs

Objectives

Objectives time and frequency PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) andSystem Informations acquisitionPCI 504 identities classified in 168 groups of 3System Informations network identity common channelsconfiguration selectionreselectionhandover parameters informationson neighbor cells They are organized in one MIB (Master InformationBlock) and several SIBs (System Information Block)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 48 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search I

1 Find the most powerful carrier in the operator spectrum2 PSS decoding (62 sub-carrier in the middle of the band whatever the

bandwidth) rArr the PSS broadcasts a sequence among 33 SSS decoding rArr the SSS broadcasts 2 pseudo-random sequences of

62 bits on slots 0 and 10 there are 168 possible pairs4 Radio quality evaluation using RSs rArr the UE is synchronized if the

quality is sufficient the transmitted sequence and the position of theRSs in the frame depend on the PCI so that RSs from neighboringcells do not interfere

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 49 81

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to synchronize Cell search

Cell search II

5 PBCH decoding rArr MIB (Master Information Block) antennaconfiguration the position of the PBCH does not depend on thebandwidth it is scrambled by a sequence that depends on the PCIThe MIB includes

the bandwidth (in of RBs)PHICH parametersthe frame number

6 PCFICH decoding rArr Number of OFDM symbols dedicated toPDCCHs

7 PDCCH decoding rArr DCI message (with SI-RNTI address) givingthe location of the SIB1 in the PDSCH

8 SIB1 decoding rArr scheduling of other SIBs

9 SIBs (System Information Block) are received on the PDSCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 50 81

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to access the network

Section 6

How to access the network

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 51 81

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to access the network Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Establishment or re-establishment of the RRC connectionIntra-system handoversUpon arrival of DL or UL data whereas the UE has lost itssynchronization with the network

2 random access types contention-based conflict-freeContention-based access can be used in all casesConflict-free access for handovers or upon arrival of DL data

PRACH transmission on the uplink then transmission of a CCCHmessage signaling the reason of the access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 52 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access I

System Information (DL-SCH)(PRACH config PRACH location preamble format sequence list)

Random Access Preamble (RACH)(size of the L2L3 message)

Random Access Response (DL-SCH)(RA-RNTITA temp C-RNTI UL allocation)

CCCH message (UL-SCH)

Collision resolution (DL-SCH)(SDU CCCH)

UEeNB

Figure ndash Contention-based access in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 53 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access II1) The UE obtains from SIB the PRACH configuration the PRACH

frequency location the preamble format the target received powerand the list of sequences to be used (64 Zadoff-Chu sequencesincluding those reserved to the conflict-free access)

3) The UE chooses at random one sequence among those available4) It sends the preamble on the PRACH with an open loop power

control the UE tries to compensate the path-loss by usingmeasurements made on DL RSs rArr power control makes sequencedetection easier at the BS

Collision several UEs have used the same sequence on the same radioresourceCapture the eNB manages to decode one of the messages in collision

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 54 81

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to access the network Random access

Contention-based access III

5) If there is no answer from the network power ramping (like inCDMA) ie the UE stepwise increases its transmit power

6) The RAR identifies the decoded preamble + provides the timingadvance (TA) + gives an UL allocation + a temporary identity(temporary C-RNTI address)

7) CCCH message on the PUSCH = eg a RRC connection request +temporary C-RNTI

8) Collision resolution the eNB sends a copy of the CCCH message onthe DL The UE that recognizes its message adopts the temporaryC-RNTI (now its address) other UEs leave the procedure

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 55 81

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to access the network Random access

Conflict-free access

The UE has a valid identity (C-RNTI)The eNB sends a (DCI) message on the PDCCH including theZadoff-Chu sequence to be usedCollisions are no more possible no collision resolution phase

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 56 81

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to send and receive data

Section 7

How to send and receive data

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 57 81

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to send and receive data Objectives

Objectives

Objectives Resource allocation tell UEs on which radio resources they will receivedata on the DL-SCH or on which resource they are allowed to transmiton the UL-SCHUE scheduling allocate RBs to UEs as a function of their demand andtheir radio conditionsError control ARQ and HARQ retransmissionsMeasurement feedbacks the UE tells the network the downlinkchannel radio quality or its preferred MIMO precoding matrix

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 58 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation I

Location of resources in the sub-frame modulation and coding schemeare signaled in Downlink Control Information (DCI) messagestransmitted on the PDCCHs

Format Description0 Resource allocation on the PUSCH1 PDSCH resource allocation in TM1 TM2 TM71A PDSCH compact allocation and PRACH signature1B PDSCH resource allocation in TM61C PDSCH very compact allocation1D PDSCH compact allocation in TM52 PDSCH compact allocation in TM42A PDSCH compact allocation in TM33 Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (2 bits)3A Power control on PUCCHPUSCH (1 bit)

Table ndash DCI formats

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 59 81

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to send and receive data Resource allocation

Resource allocation II

DCI 0 example A flag to differentiate 1 and 1AA flag for frequency hopping on the PUSCHResource block allocationModulation and coding scheme redundancy version for HARQHARQ new transmission indicatorA power control command for the ULCyclic shift to be applied to ZC sequence for DMRSA CQI request

Every DCI includes a CRC scrambled with a RNTI identityC-RNTI = to address a unique UEP-RNTI = paging messageSI-RNTI = SIBRA-RNTI = random access response

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 60 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling I

Fast (every 1 ms) and adaptive (modulation and coding are adaptedto radio conditions) schedulingDL scheduling decisions are based on CQI feedbacks buffer statusand priorities between logical channelsUL the UE has to feedback its buffer status and radio resource needsby using either the PUCCH (scheduling request) or the UL-SCH (MACcontrol messages)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 61 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling IIAlgorithm LTE offers a new degree of freedom wrt HSPA thepossibility to schedule users on different radio blocks

Channel q

ualit

y

fPRB1 PRB2 PRB3 PRB4 PRB5

Channel UE1

Channel UE2

Channel UE3

Scheduling decisions UE2 UE3 UE1 UE3 UE2

Figure ndash Frequency Dependent Packet Scheduling (FDPS) in LTE

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 62 81

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to send and receive data Scheduling

Scheduling III

f

t

Syste

m b

an

dw

idth

Sub-frame (1 ms)

f

t

Comb onesub-carrieris used outof two

(a) SRS transmission without frequency hopping

(b) SRS transmission with frequency hopping

Figure ndash Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) transmissions

The eNB estimates the channel quality on the UL thanks to SRS

SRS is transmitted on a bandwidth much larger than the one allocated to UEtransmissions

SRS from different UEs are multiplexed in time (different sub-frames and periods)frequency (different sets of RBs oddeven sub-carriers) or code (differentsequences)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 63 81

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to send and receive data Error control

ARQ and HARQ

Like in HSPA HARQ is in the MAC layer and ARQ in the RLCHARQ DL sequence number is signaled in the PDCCH ACKNACKare fed back in the PUSCH (with data) or in the PUCCHHARQ UL ACKNACK transmitted in the PHICHARQ Transparent Mode (TM) (no header no segmentation orconcatenation) Unacknowledged (UM) (header with sequencenumber) Acknowledged (AM) (ARQ)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 64 81

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

How to send and receive data Measurements

Measurements

Radio quality measurements CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) modulation (QPSK 16-QAM or64-QAM) and transport block maximum size that a UE can receivewith a BLERlt10 (Block Error Rate)RI (Rank Indicator) rank of the DL transmission = number ofindependent spatial layers that can be usedPMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) UE preferred precoding matrix Wfor transmission modes with closed loop

Physical channels PUSCH for aperiodic feedbacks with data transmissionPUCCH for periodic feedbacks

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 65 81

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Terminals categories

Section 8

Terminals categories

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 66 81

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Terminals categories

Terminals categories

Caracteristics Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5Max number ofbits per TTI (DL) 10296 51024 102048 150752 299552

Max number ofbits per TTI (UL) 5160 25456 51024 51024 75376

Max data rate(DL) 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps

Max data rate(UL) 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps

64 QAM (UL) No No No No YesMIMO (DL) Option 2times 2 2times 2 2times 2 4times 4

Table ndash Terminal categories in LTE

For example the Semsong S5 is cat 4 the Semsong S6 is cat 6 (Release 1030050 Mbps) the Semsong S8 is cat1613 (Release 12 1050150 Mbps MIMO4x4 256-QAM 5CA) Semsong S10 is cat 2013 (2000 Mbps up to 8 MIMOlayers 256-QAM 7CA)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 67 81

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Summary on channels

Section 9

Summary on channels

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 68 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Summary on channels

Physical channels DL I

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Ch) physical shared channel for data

RS (Reference Signals) pilots required to estimate radio quality and toallow decoding on the DL

SS (Synchronization Signals) = PSS (Primary)+SSS (Secondary) for timeand frequency synchronization

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Ch) beacon MIB transmission

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Ch) tell the UEs how manyOFDM symbols are dedicated to the control part of the sub-frame (CFI)

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Ch) control informations (DCI resource allocation UE identity HARQ information MIMO etc)

PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Ch) ACKNACK responses toHARQ transmissions from a UE (HI)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 69 81

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Summary on channels

Physical channels UL I

In UL a UE is not able to multiplex different physical channels in the frequencydomain because of SC-FDMA limitation rArr time multiplexing is required

DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) used by the eNB to estimate thechannel and make radio quality measurements on the signal transmitted by theUE DMRS are sent in conjunction with PUCCH and PUSCH

SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) pilots used by the scheduler for the radioquality estimation on a bandwidth larger than the one allocated to the UE

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Ch) control informations UCI includingchannel quality (CQI) MIMO (closed loop) or HARQ (ACKNACK) informations

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Ch) shared physical channels for data andcontrol

If a UE has data to transmit it uses the PUSCH for data and control Otherwiseit uses the PUCCH for the control

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 70 81

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Summary on channels

Transport channels DL

DL-SCH (DL Shared Ch) shared channel for data associated toPDSCHPCH (Paging Ch) broadcast of paging messages on the PDSCHBCH (Broadcast Ch) broadcast of system informations (SIBs) onthe PBCH and on the PDSCHDCI (DL Control Indicator) control information transmitted on thePDCCHs (transport format resource allocation HARQ and MIMOinformations power control commands)CFI (Control Format Indicator) number of OFDM symbols (12 or 3)used by PDCCHs at the beginning of every sub-frame CFI is sent onthe PCFICHHI (HARQ Indicator) ACK or NACK in response to a transmissionon the UL-SCH HI is transmitted on the PHICH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 71 81

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Summary on channels

transport channels UL

RACH (Random Access Ch) random accessUL-SCH (UL Share Ch) shared channel for data and controlassociated to PUSCH User data and control informations aremultiplexed in time and frequency on the PUSCHUCI (UL Control Indicator) control information transmitted by thePUCCH (channel quality CQI closed loop MIMO informationsPMIRI ACKNACK of HARQ scheduling request)

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 72 81

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Summary on channels

Logical channels

Logical channel Type Description LinkBCCH Control System information DLPCCH Control Paging DLCCCH Control Control without RRC conn ULDLDCCH Controcircle Dedicated control ULDLDTCH Traffic user plane ULDL

Table ndash Logical channels in LTE DL and UL

BCCH (Broadcast COntrol Ch) system information associated to BCH for theMIB and DL-SCH for the SIBs

PCCH (Paging Control Ch) paging associated to PCH

CCCH (Common Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswithout RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

DCCH (Dedicated Control Ch) control messages between the network and UEswith RRC connection associated to DL-SCH and UL-SCH

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 73 81

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Conclusion

Section 10

Conclusion

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 74 81

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Conclusion

Conclusion

LTE A brand new standardA certain simplicity that is reminiscent of GSMSimilarities with 3G (channels HARQ MAC RLC etc)New features (MIMO MU-MIMO multi-carrier transmissions)

After LTE LTE-A R13 frozen in Mar 2016 (LTE Pro) R14 on goingR15 is called 5G New Radio (NR) and is the first 5G releasePeak rates of the order of 1GbpsCarrier aggregation discontinuous resource allocation on the ULMIMO 8times8 relays HetNets CoMP Self-Organized NetworksMBMS NB-IoT etc

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 75 81

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Conclusion

References I

3GPPTechnical Specification 36211 Physical channels and modulationDec 2009

3GPPTechnical Specification 36300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (E-UTRAN) Overall description Apr 2010

3GPPTechnical Specification 36104 Base Station (BS) radio transmissionand reception Jun 2011

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 76 81

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Conclusion

References II

S M AlamoutiA simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communicationsIEEE J on Selected Areas in Communications 16(8) 1451ndash1458 Oct1998

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 77 81

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Conclusion

Acronyms I

AM ARQ Acknowledged ModeARQ Automatic Repeat on RequestBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBLER Block Error RateBPSK Binary Phase Shift KeyingBS Base Station

CCCH Common Control ChannelCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCFI Control Format Indocator

CoMP Coordinated Multi-PointCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCRC Cyclic Redundancy CodeD2D Device to DeviceDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCI Downlink Control InformationDL Downlink

DL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChanneleNB eNode-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRANFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDPS Frequency Dependent Packet SchedulingFFT Fast Fourier TransformGSM Groupe Speacutecial MobileHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat on Request

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 78 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Conclusion

Acronyms IIHI HARQ Indicator

HSPA High Speed Packet AccessHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceLTE Long Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServiceMIB Master Information BlockMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutputMME Mobility Management Entity

MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMONAS Non Access StratumOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessPAPR Peak to Average Power RatioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Physical Cell Identifier

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data Unit

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 79 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Conclusion

Acronyms IIIPHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator ChannelPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelQAM Qadrature Amplitude ModulationQPSK Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingRACH Random Access ChannelRAR Random Access ResponseRB Resource BlockRE Resource ElementRI Rank IndicatorRLC Radio Link ControlRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierROHC Robust Header CompressionRRC Radio Resource ControlRS Reference Signal

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSDU Service Data UnitSFBC Space-Time Block CodeSGW Serving GatewaySIB System Information BlockSISO Single Input Single OutputSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRS Sounding Reference SignalSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalTA Timing Advance

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 80 81

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion

Conclusion

Acronyms IV

TDD Time Division DuplexTM Transmission ModeTM ARQ Transparent ModeTTI Transmission Time IntervalUCI Uplink Control InformationUE User EquipmentUM ARQ Unacknowledged Mode

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUL Uplink

UL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkWCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

MC OFDMA Cellular Access 10 Feb 2021 81 81

  • Introduction
  • How to reduce latency
  • How to increase data rates
    • General characteristics of the PHY layer
    • Multicarrier transmissions
    • Multiple antenna techniques
      • Radio resource organization
        • Frame Structure
        • Reference Signals
        • Resource elements and blocks
        • Downlink channels
        • Uplink channels
          • How to synchronize
            • Objectifs
            • Cell search
              • How to access the network
                • Objectives
                • Random access
                  • How to send and receive data
                    • Objectives
                    • Resource allocation
                    • Scheduling
                    • Error control
                    • Measurements
                      • Terminals categories
                      • Summary on channels
                      • Conclusion