LTE, LTE-ADVANCEDAND WiMAX

LTE, LTE-ADVANCEDAND WiMAXTOWARDS IMT-ADVANCEDNETWORKS

Abd-Elhamid M. Taha and Hossam S. HassaneinBoth of School of Computing, Queen’s University, Canada

Najah Abu AliCollege of Information Technology, UAE University, United Arab Emirates

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

This edition first published 2012

2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataHassanein, H. (Hossam)

LTE, LTE-advanced, and WiMAX : towards IMT-advanced networks / Hossam S. Hassanein,Abd-Elhamid M. Taha, Najah Abu Ali. – 1st ed.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-74568-7 (hardback)1. Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications) 2. IEEE 802.16 (Standard) I. Taha, Abd-Elhamid

M. II. Ali, Najah Abu. III. Title.TK5103.48325.H37 2012621.3845′6 – dc23

2011025964

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Print ISBN: 9780470745687ePDF ISBN: 9781119970453oBook ISBN: 9781119970446ePub ISBN: 9781119971467mobi ISBN: 9781119971474

Set in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India.

To the memory of Mohamed Taha,and the great father he was.

Abd-Elhamid

To my family, with a gratitude deepbeyond what words can express.

Najah

To my loving family.Hossam

Contents

About the Authors xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgements xix

List of Abbreviations xxi

1 Introduction 11.1 Evolution of Wireless Networks 31.2 Why IMT-Advanced 51.3 The ITU-R Requirements for IMT-Advanced Networks 6

1.3.1 Cell Spectral Efficiency 101.3.2 Peak Spectral Efficiency 101.3.3 Bandwidth 101.3.4 Cell Edge User Spectral Efficiency 101.3.5 Latency 101.3.6 Rates per Mobility Class 111.3.7 Handover Interruption Time 111.3.8 VoIP Capacity 121.3.9 Spectrum 13

1.4 IMT-Advanced Networks 131.4.1 LTE-Advanced 131.4.2 IEEE 802.16m 14

1.5 Book Overview 15References 16

2 Enabling Technologies for IMT-Advanced Networks 192.1 Multicarrier Modulation and Multiple Access 20

2.1.1 OFDM 202.1.2 OFDMA 222.1.3 SC-FDMA 22

viii Contents

2.2 Multiuser Diversity and Scheduling 232.3 Adaptive Coding and Modulation 232.4 Frequency Reuse 242.5 Wideband Transmissions 252.6 Multiple Antenna Techniques 272.7 Relaying 292.8 Femtocells 302.9 Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) Transmission 33

2.9.1 Interference Cancellation 342.9.2 Single Point Feedback/Single Point Reception 352.9.3 Multichannel Feedback/Single Point Reception 352.9.4 Multichannel Feedback/Multipoint Reception 352.9.5 Inter-Cell MIMO 35

2.10 Power Management 362.11 Inter-Technology Handovers 36

References 37

Part I WIMAX 39

3 WiMAX Networks 413.1 IEEE 802.16-2009 41

3.1.1 IEEE 802.16-2009 Air Interfaces 433.1.2 Protocol Reference Model 44

3.2 IEEE 802.16m 453.2.1 IEEE 802.16m Air Interface 483.2.2 System Reference Model 48

3.3 Summary of Functionalities 483.3.1 Frame Structure 483.3.2 Network Entry 503.3.3 QoS and Bandwidth Reservation 513.3.4 Mobility Management 533.3.5 Security 56

4 Frame Structure, Addressing and Identification 594.1 Frame Structure in IEEE 802.16-2009 59

4.1.1 TDD Frame Structure 604.1.2 FDD/HD-FDD Frame Structure 62

4.2 Frame Structure in IEEE 802.16j 624.2.1 Frame Structure in Transparent Relaying 634.2.2 Frame Structure in Non-Transparent Relaying 65

4.3 Frame Structure in IEEE 802.16m 694.3.1 Basic Frame Structure 694.3.2 Frame Structure Supporting IEEE 802.16-2009 Frames 70

Contents ix

4.4 Addressing and Connections Identification 714.4.1 Logical identifiers in IEEE 802.16-2009 714.4.2 Logical identifiers in IEEE 802.16j-2009 724.4.3 Logical identifiers in IEEE 802.16m 73

5 Network Entry, Initialization and Ranging 755.1 Network Entry in IEEE 802.16-2009 75

5.1.1 Initial Ranging 775.1.2 Periodic Ranging 785.1.3 Periodic Ranging in OFDM 795.1.4 Periodic Ranging in OFDMA 79

5.2 Network Entry in IEEE 802.16j-2009 805.2.1 Initial Ranging 825.2.2 Periodic Ranging 83

5.3 Network Entry in IEEE 802.16m 84

6 Quality of Service and Bandwidth Reservation 876.1 QoS in IEEE 802.16-2009 88

6.1.1 QoS Performance Measures 886.1.2 Classification 896.1.3 Signaling Bandwidth Requests and Grants 936.1.4 Bandwidth Allocation and Traffic Handling 97

6.2 Quality of Service in IEEE 802.16j 996.2.1 Classification 996.2.2 Signaling Bandwidth Requests and Grants 996.2.3 Bandwidth Allocation and Traffic Handling 103

6.3 QoS in IEEE 802.16m 1046.3.1 QoS Parameters 1046.3.2 Classification 1046.3.3 Bandwidth Request and Grant 1046.3.4 Bandwidth Allocation and Traffic Handling 105

7 Mobility Management 1077.1 Mobility Management in IEEE 802.16-2009 107

7.1.1 Acquiring Network Topology 1097.1.2 Association Procedures 1097.1.3 The Handover Process 1107.1.4 Optional Handover Modes 112

7.2 Mobility Management in IEEE 802.16j-2009 1147.2.1 MR-BS and RS Behavior during MS Handover 1147.2.2 Mobile RS Handover 115

7.3 Mobility Management in IEEE 802.16m 1177.3.1 ABS to ABS Handovers 1177.3.2 Mixed Handover Types 118

x Contents

7.3.3 Inter-RAT Handovers 1197.3.4 Handovers in Relay, Femtocells and Multicarrier

IEEE 802.16m Networks 119

8 Security 1218.1 Security in IEEE 802.16-2009 121

8.1.1 Security Associations 1228.1.2 Authentication 1228.1.3 Encryption 123

8.2 Security in IEEE 802.16j-2009 1248.2.1 Security Zones 125

8.3 Security in IEEE 802.16m 125

Part II LTE AND LTE-ADVANCED NETWORKS 127

9 Overview of LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks 1299.1 Overview of LTE Networks 129

9.1.1 The Radio Protocol Architecture 1319.1.2 The Interfaces 1329.1.3 Support for Home eNBs (Femtocells) 1339.1.4 Air Interface 134

9.2 Overview of Part II 1359.2.1 Frame Structure 1359.2.2 UE States and State Transitions 1369.2.3 Quality of Service and Bandwidth Reservation 1379.2.4 Mobility Management 1399.2.5 Security 142References 145

10 Frame-Structure and Node Identification 14710.1 Frame-Structure in LTE 147

10.1.1 Resource Block Structure 14910.2 Frame-Structure in LTE-Advanced 15110.3 LTE Identification, Naming and Addressing 151

10.3.1 Identification 15210.3.2 Addressing 153

11 UE States and State Transitions 16111.1 Overview of a UE’s State Transitions 16111.2 IDLE Processes 162

11.2.1 PLMN Selection 16211.2.2 Cell Selection and Reselection 16311.2.3 Location Registration 16411.2.4 Support for Manual CSG ID Selection 164

Contents xi

11.3 Acquiring System Information 16411.4 Connection Establishment and Control 165

11.4.1 Random Access Procedure 16511.4.2 Connection Establishment 16711.4.3 Connection Reconfiguration 16811.4.4 Connection Re-establishment 16911.4.5 Connection Release 16911.4.6 Leaving the RRC_CONNECTED State 170

11.5 Mapping between AS and NAS States 170

12 Quality of Service and Bandwidth Reservation 17312.1 QoS Performance Measures 17312.2 Classification 17412.3 Signaling for Bandwidth Requests and Grants 175

12.3.1 Dedicated Bearer 17612.3.2 Default Bearer 179

12.4 Bandwidth Allocation and Traffic Handling 18012.4.1 Scheduling 18012.4.2 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 182

12.5 QoS in LTE-Advanced 18412.5.1 Carrier Aggregation 18412.5.2 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission/Reception (CoMP) 18412.5.3 Relaying in LTE-Advanced 185

13 Mobility Management 18913.1 Overview 18913.2 Drivers and Limitations for Mobility Control 19013.3 Mobility Management and UE States 192

13.3.1 IDLE State Mobility Management 19213.3.2 CONNECTED State Mobility Management 193

13.4 Considerations for Inter RAT Mobility 19513.4.1 Cell Reselection 19613.4.2 Handover 196

13.5 CSG and Hybrid HeNB Cells 19613.6 Mobility Management Signaling 198

13.6.1 X2 Mobility Management 19813.6.2 S1 Mobility Management 201

14 Security 20314.1 Design Rationale 20314.2 LTE Security Architecture 20414.3 EPS Key Hierarchy 20614.4 State Transitions and Mobility 20814.5 Procedures between UE and EPC Elements 209

14.5.1 EPS Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) 209

xii Contents

14.5.2 Distribution of Authentication Data from HSSto Serving Network 210

14.5.3 User Identification by a Permanent Identity 210

Part III COMPARISON 211

15 A Requirements Comparison 21315.1 Evolution of the IMT-Advanced Standards 21315.2 Comparing Spectral Efficiency 216

15.2.1 OFDMA Implementation 21615.2.2 MIMO Implementation 21715.2.3 Spectrum Flexibility 219

15.3 Comparing Relay Adoption 22215.4 Comparing Network Architectures 223

15.4.1 ASN/AN (E-UTRAN) and the MME and the S-GW 22315.4.2 CSN/PDN-GW 225

16 Coexistence and Inter-Technology Handovers 22716.1 Intersystem Interference 227

16.1.1 Types of Intersystem Interference 22816.2 Inter-Technology Access 230

16.2.1 Approaches to Inter-Technology Mobility 23016.2.2 Examples of Inter-Technology Access 231References 235

17 Supporting Quality of Service 23717.1 Scheduling in WiMAX 237

17.1.1 Homogeneous Algorithms 23917.1.2 Hybrid Algorithms 24017.1.3 Opportunistic Algorithms 241

17.2 Scheduling in LTE and LTE-Advanced 24317.2.1 Scheduling the Uplink 24317.2.2 Scheduling the Downlink 245

17.3 Quantitative Comparison between LTE and WiMAX 24617.3.1 VoIP Scheduling in LTE and WiMAX 24617.3.2 Power Consumption in LTE and WiMAX Base Stations 24717.3.3 Comparing OFDMA and SC-FDMA 247References 247

18 The Market View 25118.1 Towards 4G Networks 25218.2 IMT-Advanced Market Outlook 253

18.2.1 Spectrum Allocation 25418.2.2 Small Cells 255

Contents xiii

18.2.3 The WiFi Spread 25518.2.4 The Backhaul Bottleneck 25618.2.5 Readiness for 4G 256

18.3 The Road Ahead 257References 257

19 The Road Ahead 25919.1 Network Capacity 26019.2 Access Heterogeneity 26119.3 Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum 26119.4 Network Intelligence 26219.5 Access Network Architecture 26319.6 Radio Resource Management 26319.7 Green Wireless Access 265

References 266

Index 269

About the Authors

Abd-Elhamid M. Taha holds a strong expertise in wireless access technologiesand networks. He has written and lectured on the subject of broadband wirelessnetworks, with special emphasis on the design and deployment of radio resourcemanagement frameworks. He is currently a researcher and an adjunct assistantprofessor at Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario.

Najah Abu Ali is an expert on Access Wireless Networks architecture, design,QoS provisioning, implementation and performance. Her research interests com-prise wired and wireless communication networks. Dr. Abu Ali has publishedand lectured widely on the subject of broadband wireless networks and theirenabling technologies.

Hossam Hassanein is a leading authority in the areas of broadband, wirelessand mobile networks architecture, protocols, control and performance evaluation.His record spans more than 300 publications in journals, conferences and bookchapters, in addition to numerous keynotes and plenary talks in flagship venues.He is also the founder and director of the Telecommunications Research (TR)Lab at Queen’s University School of Computing, with extensive internationalacademic and industrial collaborations. Dr Hassanein is an IEEE CommunicationsSociety Distinguished Lecturer.

Preface

This is a book about IMT-Advanced access networks.It is also a book that describes how these networks will be able to satisfy the

ever increasing demand for mobile data. By some estimates, mobile traffic willtake up to 6.3 exabytes (that is, 6.3 mega terabytes) per month in 2015. In 2015,there will also be one mobile device per capita – something in the range of 7.2to 7.5 billion devices connected to the a wireless network. In 2020, the numberof connected wireless devices will be more than 50 billion.

In 2008, the International Telecommunications Union – Radio Communica-tions Sector (ITU-R) issued the requirements for the next generation cellularnetworks. In the requirements, the ITU-R the goals for the performance require-ments of IMT-Advanced networks. The goals were ambitious relative to theirpredecessors, IMT-2000 or 3G networks, but not in terms of technologies. Simplyput, the requirements had to do with accommodating the above noted increasingdemand. They also had to do with enhancing the user overall wireless experience,starting from reducing the cost of the mobile handset the wireless device; reduc-ing the cost and enhancing the quality mobile access; providing better support forboth indoors and outdoors, in addition to higher quality connections at differentmobility speeds. The requirements also made better international roaming a man-date. For operators, the requirements facilitated economic deployment, expansionand operation of wireless networks – a highly sought objective, especially afterthe great investments that were made in 3G networks.

In October 2010, the ITU-R recognized 3GPP’s LTE-Advanced and IEEE’s802.16m (WiMAX 2.0) as two technologies satisfying the requirements for nextgeneration wireless.

This book describes the technologies and functionalities that are enabling thetwo standards to realize these requirements. The exposition adopted parts fromthe traditional ways in which the two standards are introduced, which have gen-erally been to follow the outlines of their respective recommendations. Instead,this book takes a “functionality-based” view, discerning information that answerquestions like “what’s IEEE 802.16m relay frame structure like?”, “how does aUE camp on an LTE-Advanced cell?” or “how is security different in WiMAX

xviii Preface

from LTE?” This view, while more tiresome to develop, makes it easier for thepractitioner and the researchers to get to the heart of things quickly and withease.

Our hope is that you will find our efforts useful.

Abd-Elhamid M. TahaNajah Abu Ali

Hossam S. Hassanein

Acknowledgements

This book would not have been possible if it wasn’t for the support of many.The great (and very patient) editorial staff of Wiley & Sons, including Mark

Hammond, Sarah Tilley, Sophia Travis, Susan Barclay, Mariam Cheok, andKeerthana Panneer of Laserwords Private Limited. Thank you for facilitatingthis book and making it possible.

The Broadly Project students at the Telecommunications Research Lab at theSchool of Computing, Queen’s University, including (by alphabetical last name)Hatem Abou-Zeid, Hassan Ahmed, Abdallah Almaaitah, Mervat Fahmy, PandeliKolomitro, Mahmoud Ouda, Samad Razaghzadah, Mohamed Salah, and NassifShafi. Thank you for helping out at various parts of this book’s development.

Ala Abu Alkheir did an excellent job in providing a much valued review ofseveral chapters towards final stages of writing this book.

Sam Aleyadeh put in a lot of effort throughout into preparing the book’sartwork, in addition to overseeing the required permissions from both IEEE and3GPP.

Finally, we acknowledge the constant support of our families – one that wasprovided in many uncountable ways. We can never thank you enough.

List of Abbreviations

1G First Generation Wireless Networks2G Second Generation Wireless Networks3G Third Generation Wireless Networks3GGP2 Third Generation Partnership Project 23GPP Third Generation Partnership Project4G Fourth Generation Wireless NetworksAAA Authentication, Authorization and AccountabilityABS Advanced Base StationACK Acknowledgement messageACM Adaptive Coding and ModulationADC Analog to Digital ConversionAF Amplify and ForwardAKA Authentication and Key AgreementA-MAP Advanced allocation mapAMBR Aggregate Maximum Bit RateAMS Advanced Mobile Subscriber/StationAN Access NetworkARQ Automatic Repeat RequestARS Advanced Relay StationAS Access StratumASN Access Service NetworkATM Asynchronous Transfer ModeBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBE Best EffortBER Bit Error RateBR Bandwidth RequestBS Base StationBSID Base Station IDCAC Call Admission ControlCBR Constant Bit RateCCCH Common Control Channel

xxii List of Abbreviations

CDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCDS Channel Dependent aschedulingCGI Cell Global IdentificationCI Cell IdentifierCID Connection IDCINR Carrier-to-Interference-and-Noise-RatioCMAS Commercial Mobile Alert SystemCoMP Coordinated Multipoint TransmissionCP Cyclic PrefixCPS Common Part SublayerCQI Channel Quality IndicatorCQICH Channel Quality Indicator ChannelCRC Cyclic Redundancy CheckC-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary IdentifierCS Service Convergence SublayerCSG Closed Subscriber GroupCSI Channel State InformationCSN Connectivity Service NetworkDAC Digital to Analog ConversionDBPC-REQ Downlink Burst Profile Change RequestDBPC-RSP Downlink Burst Profile Change ResponseDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCD Downlink Channel DescriptorDeNB Donor eNBDFT Discrete Fourier TransformationDHCP Dynamic Host Configuration ProtocolDL DownlinkDL-MAP Downlink allocation mapDL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDOCSIS Data Over Cable Service Interface SpecificationDRR Defict Round RobinDRX Discontinuous ReceptionDSA Dynamic Service AdditionDSA-REQ Dynamic Service Addition RequestDSA-RSP Dynamnic Service Addition ResponseDSC Dynamic Service ChangeDSC-REQ Dynamic Service Change RequestDSC-RSP Dynamic Service Change ResponseDSD Dynamic Service flow DeletionDwPTS downlink partEAP Extensible Authentication ProtocolEDF Earliest Deadline FirstEDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM EvolutioneNB enhanced Node B

List of Abbreviations xxiii

EPC Evolved Packet CoreEPS Evolved Packet SystemertPS extended real time Polling ServiceETWS Earthquake and Tsunami Warning SystemEUTRAN Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications

SystemEVDO Evolution-Data OptimizedEXP/PF exponential/proportional fairFBSS Fast Base Station SwitchingFCH Frame Control HeaderFDD Frequency Division DuplexFDMA Frequency Division Multiple AccessFemto ABS Femtocells Advanced Base StationFID Flow IDFIFO First Input First OutputFR Frequency ReuseFTP File Transfer ProtocolFUSC Full Usage SubcarrierGBR Guaranteed Bit RateGERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access NetworkGGSN Gateway GPRS Support NodeGPRS General Packet Radio Service NetworkGSA Global mobile Suppliers Association

(www.gsacom.com)GSM Global System for Mobile CommunicationsGSMH Grant Management SubheaderGTP GPRS Tunneling ProtocolGUTI Globally Unique Temporary IdentityH(e)MS HeNB Management SystemHARQ Hybrid/Automatic Repeat RequestHeMS HeNB Management SystemHeNB Home eNBHeNB-GW Gateway HeNBH-FDD Half-Frequency Division DuplexICI Inter-Carrier InterferenceIDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier TransformationIE Informationa ElementIEEE Institute of Electric and Electriconic EngineersIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIFFT Inverse Fast Fourier TransformationIMEI International Mobile Station Equipment IdentifierIMSI International Mobile Subscriber IdentityIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsIMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications – 2000

(or 3G)

xxiv List of Abbreviations

IMT-Advanced International MobileTelecommunication – Advanced

IP Internet ProtocolIPSec Internet Protocol SecurityISI Inter-Symbol InterferenceITU International Telecommunications UnionITU-D International Telecommunications

Union – Development SectionITU-R ITU Radiocommunications SectorLOS Line of SightLTE Long Term EvolutionLTE-Advanced Long Term Evolution AdvancedMAC Medium Access ControlMAD Minimum Area DifferenceMBMS Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast ServicesMBR Maximum Bit RateMCS Modulation and Coding SchemesMDHO Macro-Diversity HandoverMIB Management Information Base or Master

Information BlockMIH Media Independent HandoverM-LWDF Maximum-Largest Weighted Delay FirstMME Mobile Management EntityMOB_ASC_REPORT Association Report messageMOB_BSHO-REQ Base Station Handover Request messageMOB_BSHO-RSP Base Station Handover Response messageMOB_HO-IND Handover Indication messageMOB_MSHO-REQ Mobile Station Handover Request messageMOB_MSHO-RSP Mobile Station Handover Response messageMOB_NBR-ADV Neighbor Advertisement messageMOB_SCN-REQ Scanning Interval Allocation Request messageMOB_SCN-RSP Scanning Interval Allocation Response messageMR Multihop RelayMR-BS Multihop Relay Base StationMRS Mobile Relay StationMS Mobile Subscriber/StationNACK Negative Acknowledgement messageNAS Non Access StratumNCMS Network Control and Management SystemsNDI New Data IndicatorNLOS Non-Line of SightnrtPS non real time Polling ServicentRS non-transparent Relay StationOECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development

List of Abbreviations xxv

OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessOSG Open Subscriber GroupPAPR peak to average power ratioPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPCCH Paging Control ChannelPDCCH Packet Data Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDN Packet Data NetworkPDU Protocol Data UnitsPF Proportional FairPF-BST Proportional Fair Binary Search TreeP-GW PDN GatewayPHICH Physical HARQ Indicator ChannelPHY Physical LayerPLMN Public Land Mobile NetworkPM bit Poll Me bitPMP Point to Multi-PointPRB Physical Resource BlockPSS primary synchronization signalPSTN Public Switched Telephone NetworkPTI Procedure Transaction IDPUSC Partial Usage SubcarrierPUSCH Physical uplink Shared ChannelQCI QoS class IdentifierQoS Quality of ServiceR1 BS Legacy (IEEE 802.16-2009) Base StationR1 MS Legacy (IEEE 802.16-2009) Mobile StationR1 RS Legacy (IEEE 802.16-2009) Relay StationRACH Random Access ChannelR-ACK Relay AcknowledgementRAN Radio Access NetworkRAT Radio Access TechnologyRB Resource BlockRC Resource ChunckRCID Reduced CIDRIT Radio Interface TechnologyRLC Radio Link ControlR-MAP Relay allocation mapR-NAK Relay Negative AcknowledgementRNG RangingRNG-REQ Ranging RequestRNG-RSP Ranging ResponseRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierR-PDCCH Relay-Physical Downlink Control Channel

xxvi List of Abbreviations

R-PDSCH Relay-Physical Downlink Shared ChannelR-PUSCH Relay-Physical Uplink Shared ChannelRRC Radio Resource ControlR-RTG Relay RTGRS Relay StationRS-SCH RS Scheduling informationRTG Receiver-Transmitter Transition GaprtPS real time Polling ServiceR-TTG Relay STGRV Redundancy VersionRx ReceiverSAE System Architecture EvolutionSAP Service Access PointSBC SS Basic CapabilitySBC-REQ SS Basic Capability RequestSBC-RSP SS Basic Capability ResponseSC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple AccessSCTP Stream Control Transmission ProtocolSDF Service Data FlowSDU Service Data UnitSeGW Security GatewaySFH Superframe HeaderSFID Service Flow IDSFN System Frame NumberSGSN Serving GPRS Support NodeS-GW Serving GatewaysSIB System Information BlockSIB1 System Information Block Type1SIB2 System Information Block Type2SIB3 System Information Block Type3SLA service level agreementSMS Short Messaging ServiceSN Serving NetworkSNMP Simple Network Management ProtocolSNR Signal to Noise RatioSRB Signal Radio BearerSSS Secondary Synchronization SignalSSTTG SS Transmission Receive Roundtrip GapSTID Station IDSTR Simultaneous Transmit and ReceiveTAC Tracking Area CodeTAC Type Allocation CodeTB Tranposrt BlockTCP Transmission control protocol

List of Abbreviations xxvii

TDD Time Division DuplexTDMA Time Division Multiple AccessTDMA Time Division MultiplexingTEK Traffic Encryption KeyTFT Traffic Flow TemplateTFTP Trivial File Transfer ProtocolTLV Type-Length-Value descriptorTMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber IdentityTrE Trusted EnvironmenttRS transparent Relay StationTTG Transmitter-Receiver Transition GapTTI Transmission Time IntervalTTR Time-division Transmit and ReceiveTUSC Tile Usage of SubcarriersTx TransmitterUCD Uplink Channel DescriptorUDP User Datagram ProtocolUE User EquipmentUGS Unsolicited Grant ServicesUL UplinkUL-MAP Uplink allocation mapUL-SCH Uplink Shared ChannelUMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUpPTS Uplink Pilot Time SlotU-SCH Uplink Scheduling ChannelUTRA UMTS Terrestial AccessUTRAN UMTS Terrestial Access NetworkVoIP Voice over Internet ProtocolWFQ Weighted Fair QueuingWG Working GroupWiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave AccessWLAN Wireless Local Area NetworkWRR Weighted Round Robin