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MAIN INDIVIDUALS
OF AP PSYCHPart 2
Developmental Psychology
58) Eleanor Gibson
-Developed the visual cliff test to test depth perception in infants-Depth Perception partially innate
59) Jean Piaget
-Stages of Cognitive Development (Biological Maturation)-Sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
60) Lev Vygotsky
-Social factors are most critical to the development process- absorption of knowledge from environmental context- Zone of Proximal Development (Observed vs Latent Levels of Capacity)
61) Erik Erikson
- Social Development Theory Resolution of Specific Developmental Tasks in one’s life span
62) Lawrence Kohlberg
-Stages of Moral Development (Pre-conventional, Conventional, Post-conventional)
63) Carol Gilligan
-Development of caring relationships as central to moral progress
64) Mary Ainsworth
-Developer of the Attachment Theory (Strange Situation Study)
65) Diana Baumrind
- Research of parenting styles (Authoritarian, Permissive, Authoritative)
66) Jerome Kagan
- Theory of Emotion ( how temperament effects one’s behavior and personality)
67) Harry Harlow
- Conducted experiments on rhesus monkeys that demonstrated the importance of care-giving and companionship in social and cognitive development
68) Konrad Lorenz
- Researched the principle of imprinting
Personality
69) Abraham Maslow
- Humanistic Approach- Concept of Self-Actualization, the
need for individuals to reach full potential
70) Karen Horney
-Theory of Personality based upon the need for security ( Feeling of being alone in an unfamiliar world is a central theme in childhood)
71) Carl Jung
-Theory that the mind comprises pairs of opposing forces ( Persona vs. Shadow)
72) Alfred Adler
-Failure to overcome adversity as a child may result in the development if an inferiority complex (Ex. Birth order)
73) Julian Rotter
-Proposed that the extent to which people believe that their success or failures are due to their own efforts plays a major role in personality (locus of control)
74) Gordon Allport
-Identified three types of personality traits (Cardinal, Central and Secondary)
75) Raymond Cattell
-Expanded the trait theory concept of personality to include 16 various traits
76) Paul Costa/Robert McCrae
- Developed the NEO PI-R that measured the Five Factor Model of Personality
77) Hans Eysenck
- Theory of personality that compares two factors (extroversion and neuroticism) which
is the roots of four basic types of personality
78) Walter Mischle
-Examined the processes and mental mechanisms that enable a young child to forego immediate gratification and to wait instead for a larger desired but delayed reward (Marshmallow Experiment)
79) Robert Rosenthal
- Conducted research on the role of self-fulfilling
prophecies in everyday life
Testing and Individual Differences
80) Charles Spearman
-General intelligence is the basis for all other intelligence
81) Robert Sternberg
-Intelligence has three main components (Analytical, Practical, Creative Intelligence)
82) Lewis Thurstone
- Multiple Intelligence Theory
83) Howard Gardner
- Verbal and Mathematical types of Intelligence
84) Daniel Goleman
- Emotional Intelligence Theory
85) Fritz Peris
-Gestalt Therapy Form of Treatment(Act out psychological conflicts)
86) Alfred Binet
-Intelligence scale serves as the basis for modern intelligence tests (motivation and other factor play a role)
87) Francis Galton
-Pioneer in eugenics (bio-social movement), coined the phrase "nature versus nurture"
88) William Stern
-The inventor of the concept of the intelligence quotient, or IQ
89) Louis Terman
-Inventor of the Stanford-Binet IQ test
90) David Wechsler
-Developed well-known intelligence scales that emphasized that factors other than intellectual ability are involved in intelligent behavior
Treatment of Abnormal Behavior
91) Carl Rogers
- Humanistic Approach- Role of Unconditional Positive
Regard, need for positive self-concept as critical factors for attaining self-actualization
92) Albert Ellis
- Rational-Emotive Therapy(Cognitive Therapy)
93) Aaron Beck
-The Father of Cognitive Therapy
94) Mary Cover Jones
-The Mother of Behavior Therapy, developed a technique known as desensitization, used to cure phobias
95) Martin Seligman
-Theory of learned helplessness
96) Joseph Wolpe
- Theory of systematic desensitization
Social Psychology
97) Stanley Milgram
- Conducted “unethical “ experimentations in the 1970s that led to the creation of ethics standards by the APA
98) Kurt Lewin
- Proposed conflict theory in which individuals
resolved varying scenarios in order to resolveconflict (Approach/Approach, Approach/Avoidance, Multiple Approach/Avoidance
99) Leon Festinger
- Cognitive Dissonance Theory(People tend to alter their attitude to fit their behavior)
100) Phil Zimbardo
- Experiments in dehumanization- “Prison” experiment
101) Solomon Asch
-Conformity experiments demonstrated the power of social influences on behavior
102) John Darly
-Looking at why people do not always intervene (i.e. offer aid) at the scene of an emergency (pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility)
103) Irving Janis
-Theory of "groupthink" which described the systematic errors made by groups when making collective decisions
104) Robert Zazonc
- Developer of the Mere Exposure Effect theory