OCTOBER 2010 MONTHLY MAGAZIN EOFTHE …cdn.gatehousemedia.com/custom-systems/ghns/files/upload/...I feel bad for them. I didn’t have to look. What I wanted opened when I needed it.”

MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF THE STRAITS

COVER STORYAPPLE OF HIS EYE

CRUSOE’S GOLDEN RIVER ORCHARDA LABOR OF LOVE

OCTOBER 2010

EARLY STRAITS AREA SCHOOLS: GOOD SCHOOLS SOMETIMES CAME IN SMALL PACKAGES

COMPLIMENTARY COPY

COVER STORYAPPLE OF HIS EYE

CRUSOE’S GOLDEN RIVER ORCHARDA LABOR OF LOVE

MICHIGAN’S SMALLESTSCHOOL DISTRICT

LIVING AND TEACHING YEAR ROUND ON BOIS BLANC ISLAND

MACKINAC BAND WOMANDISCOVERS ROOTS AT

ANNUAL POWWOW

WHERE HAVE ALL THEHORSES GONE?

MACKINAC ISLAND’S HARDEST WORKERSGO HOME FOR THE WINTER

THE WORLD WITHIN THE WAVES

A NEW SHORT STORY BY CHILLERMANIA’S CHRISTOPHER KNIGHT

MICHIGAN’S SMALLESTSCHOOL DISTRICT

LIVING AND TEACHING YEAR ROUND ON BOIS BLANC ISLAND

MACKINAC BAND WOMANDISCOVERS ROOTS AT

ANNUAL POWWOW

THE WORLD WITHIN THE WAVES

A NEW SHORT STORY BY CHILLERMANIA’S CHRISTOPHER KNIGHT

WHERE HAVE ALL THEHORSES GONE?

MACKINAC ISLAND’S HARDEST WORKERSGO HOME FOR THE WINTER

OCTOBER 2010

Locations in Cheboygan, Indian River, and Mackinaw City www.mi-safcu.org

IT’S NO SECRET.WE’VE GOTMONEY TO LEND.Autos, boats, anything that moves.

OCTOBER 2010

MACKINAC JOURNAL | OCTOBER 2010 | 1

FEATURES

6

INDEX

Michigan’s Smallest SchoolDistrictLiving and teaching on Bois Blanc Island.

18

MackinacBand WomanDiscoversRoots

14 Where Have All The HorsesGone?Mackinac Island’s hardest workers go home for the winter.

2 Editor’s Note

6 BOIS BLANC ISLAND’S SCHOOLHOUSE

COVER STORY

10 Golden River Orchard: Apple of his Eye

14 Where Have All TheHorses Gone?

18 MACKINAC BAND WOMAN DISCOVERS ROOTS

22 New Short StoryThe World WithinThe Waves by Christopher Knight

28 FALL SQUASH RECIPES

30 Rural schools ofthe past in northern Michigan

Copyright© 2010. All rights re-served. Mackinac Journal is pub-lished monthly. While effort hasbeen made to authenticate allclaims and guarantees offered byadvertisers in this magazine, wecannot assume liability for anyproducts or services advertisedherein. The publisher reserves theright to accept or reject any adver-tising or editorial material. Thepublisher will assume no responsi-bility for unsolicited man u scripts,transcripts or other materials. Theadvertisement may not be repro-duced without written permissionof the publisher.

PUBLISHER/EDITORGary [email protected]

ADVERTISING SALESNancy [email protected]

GRAPHIC DESIGNRenée [email protected]

COVER PHOTOShawna Jankoviak

CONTRIBUTORSMark Beardslee, Shawna Jankoviak, Margaret Catchick Houghton,Rich Adams, Jenelle Sprague,Chris Knight, Jolene Priest and Tammy Ingalsbe-Reilley

Mackinac Journal308 N. Main StreetCheboygan, MI 49721231-627-7144FAX 231-627-5331

For subscription inquiries orback issues, contact (231)627-7144.

SUBSCRIPTION: $24 per year via mail

The Mackinac Journal (USPS# 022109) is publishedmonthly by GateHouse Media,308 N. Main Street, Cheboygan,MI 49721. Periodical postagepaid at Cheboygan, MI.

POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Cheboygan Daily Tribune308 N. Main StreetCheboygan, MI 49721-1545

Autumn FancyBy Warren Nelson

The lake hills turn the color of a fox’s coatEasy in the breeze the leaves go floatWhen the birch burn yellow and the maple redAnd the apples are ripe overheadWhen the fall is falling all aroundGet your wood up quick winter’s coming to townThe way Indian Summer lays on the bay this fine Oc-tober day [Chorus] Blue on the Big Lake/blue in the sky

Blue down the river of the time gone byGreen come the summer to a golden endYellow is the eye over Earth my friend —-

Warren Nelson is a songwriter, folk singer and super showman liv-ing in Northern Wisconsin. Autumn Fancy and many more WarrenNelson songs can be found online at www.warrennelson.com.

October in the Straits of Mackinac provides a lit-tle bit of everything. Crisp bright morningsunfold into Indian Summer days, but be pre-

pared. Tomorrow might bring cold damp weather withsure signs of a winter right aroundthe corner.Boats and summer furniture

go into storage. There is the lastminute push to get the gardenput to bed for the winter. Thesound of weekend chainsaws giveevidence that we have enteredthe firewood season. Bird andbow hunters stalk forests fillingwith falling leaves. Deerhunters fix up the camp,dream about past hunt-ing seasons and next month’s annual Rite of Fall.Life in the Straits continues past tourist season and

this month’s edition of the Mackinac Journal offers aslice of it.

INSIDE THIS MONTH

Look inside for stories on teaching at Michigan’ssmallest school district on Bois Blanc Island, thedeparture of Mackinac Island horses for the sea-

son, running an apple orchard, what to do with all thesquash from the garden, a first visit to a Mackinac Bandpow-wow, good books to read, area events and more. ForOctober we’re carrying something special -a short sto-ry from local writer Christopher Knight of Chillerma-nia fame. We’re pleased to have Mr. Knight’s caution-ary tale appear here first in this month’s Mackinac Jour-nal. This magazine is a work in progress. We need your

comments, story ideas and other suggestions to shapethe future of this local publication.Stay in touch.

–G.L.

For this month, enjoy the fall — the season WilliamCullen Bryant calls ... the year’s last, loveliest smile.

2 | OCTOBER 2020 | MACKINAC JOURNAL

Editor’s Note

Gary Lamberg - Editor

Autumn: The year’s last, loveliest smile

October: The Falling Leaves Moon(Bi-Nakwi-Gissis)

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Mackinac Journal308 N. Main StreetCheboygan, MI 49721 or drop me an email at [email protected]


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Craig A. Duncan, D.O., FACOSGeneral Surgery

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Klaus Hergt , M.D. FACSHospice Physician

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Peter M. Ranta, M.D.Allergy, Asthma, Immunology

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Shaney Scott, M.D.Emergency Medicine

Katalin B. Szloboda, M.D.Internal Medicine

Tony Tabone, PA-CHospitalist

Karen Underhill, NP-CHospitalist

Barbara Vander Heide, FNP-BCWomen’s & Children’s/FamilyPractice

Renae Vaughn, RN, MSN,AOCNPOncology

Linh Vi, M.D.Pathology/LaboratoryMedicine

Don Watson, D.O.Internal Medicine

Kim Widrig, CRNAAnesthesia

Dan Wilcox, M.D.Orthopedic Surgery

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by Mark Beardslee

If people think destiny played a hand in bringingWendy Spray to Bois Blanc Island as the teacher forMichigan’s smallest school district, that is under-

standable. But it was family, hard work, coincidence andpure luck that landed Spray at Bois Blanc Pines SchoolDistrict’s one-room schoolhouse. And she couldn’t behappier about it.“I don’t feel like I am lacking a thing,” Spray says

about living year round on the remote and sparselypopulated island. “Coming here and being able to havethe boys with me every day, to do what I want to dowith them all the time, I didn’t make a sacrifice. I don’tfeel like I’m missing out on anything.”Spray says that from the moment she began plan-

ning her teaching career, she hoped that the Bois Blancposition would be open when she was ready to start.And that is precisely what happened six years ago. Was it destiny? Spray is reluctant to speculate on questions of fate,

but she confesses to feeling lucky. “I know that many ofmy fellow students have not found teaching positions.

Michigan’sSmallestSchoolDistrict

Living and teaching onBois Blanc Island

“People either love it or hate it

here. There’s no middleground. If you don’t like it here,

you’re not going to be here.

— Wendy Spray

Wendy Spray welcomes students to the Bois Blanc school.


I feel bad for them. I didn’t have to look. What Iwanted opened when I needed it.” Spray is quick toadd that she would have taken a teaching position else-where because teaching is her passion. “I absolutelylove teaching. There’s no other career for me. I don’twant to do something else or I’d be doing it.” Nonetheless, whether it was fate, happenstance or

sheer good fortune, a girl whose first trip to Bois BlancIsland came when she was a week old is now theisland’s schoolteacher.Surely it is fitting. Spray’s grandfather, Ray Plaunt,

attended the same school when he was a kid. Hermother, Char Plaunt, also attended the school throughthe eighth grade. (Students must go to the mainlandfor high school.) And now, Spray’s own children,George and Grant, are among her total of five studentsin the little red schoolhouse.That leaves a missing generation – her own. “As children we always came [to Bois Blanc Island],

and I always wanted to be able to go to school here andnever could because we lived someplace else.” Hermother, also a teacher, taught in Beaverton, Michigan,near Mount Pleasant. But Wendy and her family spentevery summer on Bois Blanc Island. “We wanted to goto school here because look how fun this place is! Youget to live on the island all the time and you get to go toschool in this cool school, and I didn’t get to do it, butnow I do.” Spray is one of only fifty to sixty year-round residents

of Bois Blanc Island. The vast majority of those resi-dents are retirees. Spray explains that there are only a

handful of positions that allow people to live on theisland full time, year round, and support a family in theprocess. She mentions the postmaster, two MackinacCounty Sheriff deputies, a smattering of business own-ers and herself, the teacher. “People can’t just movehere and say, ‘I can work at the Walmart.’”And although she describes herself as a people per-

son, the serenity of the island is something Spray saysshe values deeply. “The only noise you hear is that which you make

yourself. That’s the best way to say it. The birds and thebugs and the leaves and the acorns falling – those aresounds of nature. I hear the waves and others will ask,‘What’s that noise?’ It’s the water. It’s the peace ofbeing at home. But I think everyone has peace wher-ever they call home, or I would hope everyone has that.Mine’s here. I know I’m lucky.”Lucky she may be, but it is not as if Wendy Spray did

not work hard to place herself in a position to beappointed to her ideal post. On the mainland, she

But I think everyone has peacewherever they call home, or I

would hope everyone has that.

Mine’s here. I know I’m lucky.”

— Wendy Spray

Bois Blanc Island shoreline.


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worked as a special education paraprofessional to helpput herself through Spring Arbor University to earnher teaching degree. She completed her student teach-ing in Mackinaw City, and was continuing there as along-term substitute, when the position on Bois BlancIsland was posted. The local school board hired herand she didn’t even need to find a place to live; shemoved into the summer home of her childhood. For Spray, teaching such a small number of students,

two of which are her sons, offers its own challenges andrewards. Learning to balance the two versions of“mom” was hard at first, both for her and for her sons,but time has helped mend that problem, she says.Also, having students at different levels in differentgrades with different standards can be “tough.”On the positive side, her students get highly individ-

ualized attention. Spray says she always knowswhether her students understand scholastic material.If she had a class of thirty, she says she doubts shewould have the time to make sure every student trulyunderstood every aspect of the curriculum. But at BoisBlanc Pines, with just five students spread across threegrades, that is not a problem. Spray tells of an occurrence that probably doesn’t

happen at many other schools: “People see this school,and it’s so non-traditional to be a one-room school,they don’t think it’s open, so they’ll play on the play-

Wendy Spray Island schoolteacher

One lane road on Bois Blanc Island


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ground, and we can hear them in here, and the kidssay, ‘There are people outside!’ I don’t know how manytimes I’ve had to go out and say, ‘I just wanted to letyou know school’s still in session but we dismiss at3:30 and you’re welcome to use the playground then.’And they apologize all over themselves.”While the teacher enjoys the closeness of four sea-

sons of nature on Bois Blanc Island, she alsoappreciates the close-knit island community. A senseof that closeness can be grasped from the fact that,during the off-season, the ferry operator, Plaunt Trans-portation, announces occasional shopping trips to themainland. Word is spread through a calling tree. Eachyear, the community makes a list of every resident whowill be on the island for the winter. The calling tree isused to inform year-round residents of trips to themainland and for many other non-emergency com-munity events. Since 911 service started, Spray says the calling tree

is no longer used for emergencies. “We have a volun-teer fire department and first responder.” The sheriffdeputies stay from May through the end of November,she says. For medical emergencies, the island’s airportis used.Spray dismisses concerns about encroaching devel-

opment, or about an increase in the number of peopleseeking splendid isolation on Bois Blanc Island. “Peo-

ple either love it or hate it here. There’s no middleground. If you don’t like it here, you’re not going to behere. The draw for you to come here just isn’t here ifthis isn’t your place.”And she succinctly summarizes the relationship

between humans and the wild on Bois Blanc Island: “Ithink we’re spoiled by what’s here; I don’t think we’respoiling what’s here.”�

Mark Beardslee is a writer and new resident of northern Michi-gan living on the Cheboygan River. He can be reached throughthe magazine.

Plaunt ferry on the way to Bois Blanc from their Cheboygan dock.


Cover Story

When it comes to harvest time,

Crusoe and his family does the

picking. Although extended family

does come and stay to help, it is a

large undertaking.

Apple of His EyeCrusoe’s Golden River Orchard a labor of love

By Shawna Jankoviak

Steve Crusoe began experimenting with growing ap-ples around 20 years ago. Today, his passion hasdeveloped the only commercial apple orchard in

Cheboygan County.“When I was dating my wife, we used to go over to

Traverse City and admire the nice looking orchardsover there,” Crusoe said.Because apples are a hardier crop in a colder climate

than cherries or peaches, they seemed to be the best fitin terms of what Crusoe should grow. After testing thewaters by planting 15 trees or so at his home, he dis-covered that a fertile ridge that runs through hisfamily’s 400 acres would be ideal for growing fruit.And thus, Golden River Orchard was born.Once he committed to the idea of creating an

orchard, he wasn’t sure how many trees to plant ini-

Steve Crusoe picks an apple from one of the nearly 2,000 trees in his orchard.


tially.“I didn’t want to go too big, because I didn’t know

what the demand would be,” Crusoe said.In 2002, Crusoe planted 1,350 apple trees that

would eventually produce nine varieties of apples. In2006, he planted another 600 trees that would yieldtwo additional varieties.There are three phases to the harvest period for

apples. Crusoe said he has three varieties of applesavailable in the early season, which is late August toearly September. They include the Zestar, the PaulaRed and the Ginger Gold.In mid-season, which usually falls around mid-Sep-

tember to late-September, Crusoe said he hasHoneycrisp, Gala, Fuji, McIntosh and Cortland vari-eties available.Late-season apple varieties that Crusoe sells include

the Golden Delicious, the Jonathan and the Ida Red.The different varieties all vary in taste and texture,

and some are better for baking and sauces while oth-ers are excellent for eating. Some varieties are best toconsume when they are first picked; others need to“age” or be stored for a while before they develop theirbest flavor.All apples are stored best when kept in the refridger-

ator, Crusoe said.He sells apples by the quarter peck, equal to 2.5

pounds; half peck, equal to 5 pounds; full peck, equalto 10 pounds; and a full bushel, equal to 40 pounds.Trees need to be spaced a certain distance from each

other when they are planted; the space varies slightlydepending on the variety. Each tree is tied to a metalstake, which provides the support it needs as it grows.Crusoe uses recycled railroad steel that came fromPennsylvania for his stakes.Trees do not develop fruit for two to three years after

they are planted. Once they do mature, some varietiesput out fruit every year; others are bi-annual.It took Crusoe more than a year to get the ground

prepared for planting the trees. He had to pick stonesout of the soil and plant orchard grass as part of hisorchard preparation.The orchard requires a fair amount of work besides

harvest time. Trees must be pruned in early spring;then they must be sprayed with fungicides and insec-ticides about 10 to 12 times through the growingseason. Pruning is the removal of a portion of the treesto better help the tree grow.“The pruning is the hardest work out here,” Crusoe

said. “Both physically, and knowing what to cut andwhen to cut it.”Crusoe also has an irrigation system in place in case

there is a lack of rain. A typical “watering” session usesaround 6,000 to 7,000 gallons of water, with every treegetting about 3 or 4 gallons.The fungicides and insecticides help with preventing

blemishes, or “apple scabs,” from marring the fruit.Although some farmers accept these imperfections andstay “organic,” Crusoe says it is far more labor intensiveto do so.

Cover Story

Apples are attractively displayed in the Golden River Orchard retail store.


“We do practice Integrated Pest Management, whichmeans we only spray when we absolutely have to,” Cru-soe said. “We spray multiple times from early summerto early fall, but there is a waiting period before we canharvest.”It takes about two and a half hours from start to fin-

ish to spray all of the trees in Crusoe’s orchard. Thecodling moth and plum curculio beetle are two of Cru-soe’s biggest threats as far as fruit tree pests.Crusoe keeps his spraying equipment and chemicals

in an agrichemical containment facility, which meansthe building has been specifically designed to protectthe surrounding environment from any leakage. Hereceived assistance with the cost of the building fromthe government as an incentive to develop a safer areafor refilling.When it comes to harvest time, Crusoe and his fam-

ily does the picking. Although extended family doescome and stay to help, it is a large undertaking. Theapples must be hand-picked and are put into paddedpicking buckets after being plucked from the trees.“We start picking about the third week of August,

and we finish around the first week of October,” Cru-soe said. “We get about 250 bushels in the first picking,800 to 900 bushels in mid-September and 300 to 400bushels in the beginning of October.”Apples that are picked are sorted and put into one of

three categories — the near perfect apples he sells inhis store, a second grade of apples that aren’t as highquality but that he sells for a reduced price, and a thirdgrade of apples that he sells for feed.Crusoe said he does not allow people to pick their

own apples in case of damage to the trees, but doeshave a 1.5 acre pumpkin patch in which customers canfind their favorites. He grows 7 varities of pumpkins,and his patch includes buttercup, acorn and blue hub-bard types of squash, as well as gourds.“We sell the squash, and donate some to the Thanks-

giving dinner the Salvation Army puts on,” Crusoesaid. “We also provide some for the polish dinner theDaughters of Isabella have.”In fact, Crusoe is more than generous with his apples

as well. He delivers some of his fruit weekly to theLord’s Kitchen and the St. Thomas Food Pantry.“It’s nice to give back to the community,” Crusoe

said. “We don’t dump anything.”He sells some apples to Cheboygan Area Schools for

student lunches, and sells apples and squash to Glen’sMarket so they have fresh, local produce to offer totheir customers. He also sells his fruit at the Cheboy-gan Farmer’s Market.Crusoe’s orchard is located on land that was part of a

2,500-acre cattle ranch his grandfather started in the1930s. Originally named “Golden River Ranch”

Cover Story

A pumpkin patch that also includes varities of squash and gourds can also be found at Golden River Orchard.


Cover Story

PLAUNTTRANSPORTATIONBois Blanc Island Ferry Service

231-627-2345 • 888-PLAUNTS412 Water St., Cheboygan, MI 49721

www.bbiferry.com

Serving the needs of Bois Blanc Island residents & guests for 78 years.

Located near Cheboygan on White Cedar Rd off M-33(4.5 miles south of the M-27/M-33 junction)

231-420-2565goldenriverorchard.com

11 varieties of Apples includingHoneycrisp

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See us at the Cheboygan Farmers Market Saturdays 8 to noon

because his grandfather was reading the book “TheKing of the Golden River” by John Ruskin, Crusoesaid he wanted to maintain the name by calling hisorchard Golden River because it was considered“paradise” in the story.“My grandfather loved to grow things, and my dad

did, too,” Crusoe said.Crusoe said he eats apples daily when it’s harvest

time.“I don’t eat apples other than from my orchard,”

Crusoe said.He doesn’t make cider, but he sells cider made at

Knaebe’s Apple Farm and Cider Mill in Rogers Cityin his store. Kaebe’s and Friske Orchards inCharlevoix are the two closest apple orchards toCheboygan besides Golden River.Apples were ready for harvest between 7 and 12

days earlier this year, Crusoe said.“This has been an excellent year for apples,” Cru-

soe said. “It was an early spring, and we had hotweather and adequate rains.”Crusoe’s orchard has been verified by the Michi-

gan Agriculture Environmental Assurance Program,which speaks to his efforts at being environmentallyfriendly.Crusoe hopes to be able to expand his orchard

when he retires from his day job as vice president ofthe mortgage department at Citizens National Bank.He has worked there for 23 years.The orchard is open on weekends in September

and October. It is open from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Sat-urdays and noon to 5 p.m. on Sundays. Directions,prices, a description of available apple varities andmore can be found at the Web site www.golden-riverorchard.com .�

Shawna Jankoviak is a writer who enjoys raising animals onher own small hobby farm in northern Michigan.

Rows of trees are loaded with apples at Golden River Orchard


"They come back in the spring,

quite frisky, and get shoes and

their hair is all grown out and wecheck the harnesses to see if they still

fit. Then we hitch them up and

ride around with an empty

wagon and most of them are right

back to it."

Wherehave allthe horsesgone?

Mackinac Island’shardest workers gohome for the winter

Story by Maggie Catchick-HoughtonPhotos by Brenda Horton. She can be reached through Bree’sMackinac Island Blog at http://bree1972.wordpress.com.

When the fall winds begin to blow, Mackinac Is-land becomes much less heavily populated. Butnot only are the tourists, summer workers

and cottagers packing up to head off the island for the win-ter... so are most of the horses that make up the heart ofthe Mackinac Island experience. To the well-knownfour-legged workers on the island, the change in the leavesand nip in the air means time to take a break from all theirsummer work and head to winter pastures where they willtake it easy and fatten up before next summer.Beginning just before Labor Day and stretching into

Horses head for the docks on Mackinac Island.


October, the Mackinac Island Carriage Tours (MICT)company will move most of its 350-400 horses off theisland to farm land near Pickford in the Upper Penin-sula of Michigan. There the horses will feast on 900 tonsof hay, 4,000 bushels of grain and 120 tons of highenergy pellets, developed to meet the needs of horsesthat winter in severe climates."They pretty much run in the fields, eat hay and get

fat for next summer," says Dale Peterson barn supervi-sor of the MICT. According to Peterson 48 horses wereshipped out the day after Labor Day.The horses are transported to the mainland just like

most humans — by ferry boat. The Huron is a ferry spe-cially outfitted with open decks that allow room for thehorses to stand during their ride. "It's no different thantrucking them, really," Peterson explains. "It's just partof their yearly routine."To prepare the horses for their winter months they

visit the blacksmith to have their shoes removed andtheir manes are clipped short to help them avoid gettingtheir hair tangled with burs during the late fall. Onlyabout six teams of horses are kept on the island over thewinter to manage the island's limited freight and taxiservice."They come back in the spring, quite frisky, and get

shod. And their hair is all grown out, and we check theharnesses to see they still fit. Then we hitch them up and

Horses prepare to board the Huron for the trip to their winter home in the Upper Peninsula

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ride around with an empty wagon and most of them areright back to it." Peterson, who has worked with the car-riage company for 27 years, says some of the carriagesare bigger but other than that not a lot has changed withthe business of moving people around on MackinacIsland.It was in 1869 that the first carriage license was issued

on Mackinac and in 1896 the carriage companies peti-tioned the Village of Mackinac Island to ban

The horses— mostly

Hackneys, Belgians and Percherons

— are now an integral part of the

Mackinac Island experience.

automobiles, and the rest is history. The horses —mostly Hackneys, Belgians and Percherons — are nowan integral part of the Mackinac Island experience.Peterson admits he didn't know a thing about horses

when he first came to the island as young man lookingfor a fun summer job. "I found out how much I reallyloved working with horses," he says of those early daysand he sees this still today in the many college studentswho come and go for the summer.But now that winter is here, Peterson, like the horses,

will move off the island for the snowy months. Andexcept for perhaps a visit or two to the farms to help outif they need an extra hand, he and the horses will haveto wait for the Straits to thaw and snows to melt beforethey can begin their work again for a new season onMackinac Island.�

Maggie Catchick-Houghton is a teacher, poet and freelancewriter from Cheboygan.


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I felt very humble and

proud while attending the

recent Rendezvous at the

Straits Powwowin St. Ignace.


By Jenelle SpraguePhotos by Elna Bishop

It was a very exciting weekend for Elna Bishop as sheand her fellow tribe members attended the 4th An-nual Rendezvous and Powwow in St. Ignace, Mich.

on August, 24th and 25th. Elna was truly taken by all ofthe culture and history that was on display at the eventbecause she finally felt she was connecting to her hiddenroots. Elna had been to other Powwows in the past but it is

only now that she has truly discovered her connectionto her culture.Ironically enough, Elna had lived most of her life not

knowing who she was, because it was only just a short

Mackinac Band woman discovers roots

time ago that her sister, Sharon Niesen, confirmed herdirect genealogical descent to the Mackinac Bands,through the McGulphin/Bourassa Roll.After discovering her new found culture, she decided

to embrace it by becoming an active member of theMackinac Bands Tribal Council, as the treasurer, andalso a member of the Enrollment Committee.“Having recently joined the Mackinac Bands of

Chippewa & Ottawa Indians I felt very humble andproud while attending the recent Rendezvous at theStraits Powwow in St. Ignace. While observing previousPowwow’s in Harbor Springs and Cross Village yearsago I had always felt in my heart a connection to thepeople. Understanding those feelings only for the pastfew years as to why.”, Elna said.


Elna stood anxiously as she took pictures of thetribes in their traditional regalia and as they followedthe Eagle Staff carrier leading the way for the GrandEntry. The Eagle Staff carrier is always the lead dur-ing the Grand Entry because the Eagle Staff wasactually the flag which represents the First Nation ofnatives to the continent we now call North America. After witnessing the Grand Entry, Elna absorbed the

culture as she took pictures of a proud young boyshowing off his Fancy Dance regalia, which is specifi-cally designed for this dance. The Fancy Dancerequires regalia that consists of all feathers and ribbon.The flared feathers on the arms and back are referredto as Bustles. Elna went over to the Drum Circle where the

dancers were performing. Elna enjoyed the HoopDancer, as she performed a dance that uses hoops tosymbolize different forms of creation, like the totem orspirits. During the Men’s Traditional Dance Elna watched

as the men danced representing their totem, which inthis case was the eagle. The men were dressed in tra-ditional regalia with head dresses made of porcupinehair referred to as a Roach, and carried objects thatrepresent the eagle, like an eagle claw dance stick andan eagle wing fan, to represent the spirit of the eagle.“It was very exciting to be present and to see firsthandthe natives in their beautiful regalia; dancing proudly,hearing the beat of the drums and the sound of themany voices singing the native language.”, Elna said. After witnessing the dance displays, Elna went on to

discover the other attractions offered at the powwow.It was then that she came upon a unique sight, aFrench style encampment with a lean-to lodge and awigwam that was authentic to camp life in early times.Elna watched in delight as a young tribe member,Devyn MacLeod, got in touch with his newly discov-ered roots during his “knapping arrowheads” lesson,which consists of chipping and cutting arrowheadsfrom stone. Although Elna had a wonderful time at the Powwow,

she also was there to contribute and represent the localsector of the Mackinaw Bands by donating her time toserve in the food cart which served delicious NativeAmerican specialties. When Elna was asked why shededicated herself whole heartedly to her tribe, and toeducate others about their heritage she replied, “I serveour members with honesty and integrity and I workdiligently with the board at striving to achieve the goalsand dreams for our people. I am humbled to be a partof preserving our Native American culture for genera-tions to come.” �

Jenelle Sprague is a northern Michigan writer and former internfor the Cheboygan Daily Tribune.


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Copyright © 2010 by Christopher Knight

It was a woman, Paul Martin was sure. It was diffi-cult to make out her figure in the spinning mass ofhazy, gauzy swirls, but standing amidst the chaos was

definitely the form of a woman. Lying in his bed in hisaltered state of consciousness, he tried to focus on her,tried to make her clearer in his mind, tried to bring herinto view while the binaural beat tones droned from hisear buds, the pulsating, steady rhythm keeping him ina deep, meditative trance. He saw the shapes of her legs,her drawn back shoulders, the curve of her breasts. Hesaw the outline of her head and long hair. Still, she wasonly a gauzy figure, only a shadow created by his mind.Wow, he thought with rising excitement. If I could do

this, if I could create a woman in my mind . . . what elsecould I do? The technique had actually been part of histherapy. Paul’s psychiatrist had told him about binaur-al beat sounds, how he could use them to coax his mindand body into a deep, relaxed state whenever he was feel-ing stressful. Which, of course, was the reason he’d soughtout professional help in the first place. The loss of his job,his dwindling bank account, the divorce and the child

His shrink had given him a

compact disc with the sounds of

the ocean. Buried deep within

those sounds were the tones of

delta binaural beats—low frequency stereo sound wavesthat synched with the brain,

bringing on a calm, relaxed feeling.


support . . . it had all been too much. Paul found him-self in a constant state of stress, and the ensuing anxi-ety attacks crippled him emotionally. His shrink had giv-en him a compact disc with the sounds of the ocean.Buried deep within those sounds were the tones of deltabinaural beats—low frequency stereo sound waves thatsynched with the brain, bringing on a calm, relaxed feel-ing. Just put it in the player, the shrink told him. Put yourheadphones on and relax. Let the sound do the work.Paul was skeptical at first. Just new age mumbo jum-

bo, he thought. What he really wanted were the drugs.Yeah, that’s what he really wanted. Give him a pre-scription for anything and let him float along in his ownlittle perfect heaven. But the shrink made it clear he was-n’t going to give him any of the Good Stuff until he’d ex-plored other options.And son of a gun, the therapy really worked. The very

first day Paul put his headphones on and began listen-ing to the soothing sounds of the ocean, he was able tolet go and really relax, allow himself to be comfortable.For twenty blissful minutes, his mind was caressed by thegentle sounds of the ocean and the almost inaudible pul-sations of the binaural beats. One session a day becametwo, then three. His mood changed, his stress level fell,but he wondered if it simply had to do with the fact thatnow he had something to look forward to: his sessionson his bed, headphones on, eyes closed, drifting off intospace, where he could simply ignore the real worldtwirling around him.And he became acutely curious. He wanted to know

more about binaural beats, how they affected the brainand why. The Internet contained massive amounts of in-formation, along with video sites filled with numerousaudio files containing the full spectrum of binaural beats:Gamma, Beta, Alpha, Theta, and Delta. Gamma fre-quencies—40 Hz and greater—were associated with high-er brain activity. On the other end, the lower frequenciesof theta and delta were associated with deep sleep anda loss of body awareness.

Loss of body awareness, Paul thought. That’s what Ineed. Total relaxation.He began experimenting with a downloaded computer

program that allowed him to create his own binauralbeats. He experimented with the length of his sessions,with the frequencies of the tone and beats. Instead of mix-

ing music or the sounds of a waterfall or ocean to maskthe tones, he left the audio files bare. He liked the hyp-notic sounds of the tones and beats by themselves, as theyadded a futuristic, almost science-fiction experience. Hecreated extended versions of these audio files, and his ses-sions grew from thirty minutes to a full hour, then to nine-ty minutes, three times a day. And his experiences—the things he felt physically and mentally—began tochange. His sessions all started the same way: lying inbed, eyes closed, relaxed. Deep breaths, concentrating onthe weight of his body, focusing on losing feeling in histoes, then his feet, on up through his entire body. Thisprocess took up to ten minutes. All the while, the low fre-quency delta binaural beats pulsated in his head. Afterthirty minutes the frequency lowered from 4Hz to 3Hz;thirty minutes later 3Hz fell to a barely audible 2Hz.And his awareness changed. He was floating free, drift-ing in a pleasant world. Strange images and afterimagesformed in the darkness of his mind. He found that withsome practice, he could manipulate swirls and nonde-script shapes, causing them to change, to grow orshrink. Once, he’d created a small solar system, colorfulplanets that floated like a child’s mobile in which his bodyslowly circled as the binaural beats took him farther andfarther into an intense, deep meditative state. Focus, con-centration and practice taught him to forget his troubles:the bills that had stacked up, the notices from the bankand the IRS, letters from ex-wife’s attorney threateningaction if he didn’t get up-to-date on his child support. Forninety minutes, three times a day, everything simply wentaway.And now this. A woman. She was moving, he was sure.

She was— The binaural beats faded to nothing.Ninety minutes had gone by, and the audio file ended.The session was over, the woman was gone.He remained in bed for a long time, eyes closed, deeply

relaxed, thinking about the figure he’d seen in his alteredstate, wondering if, possibly, he could draw her out evenmore.

He experimented by creating

audio files containing even lowerfrequencies with varying beat

repetitions. During his sessions, he

became less and less aware of

his physical body and moreaware of the world he was

building.

He was floating free, drifting in

a pleasant world. Strange im-

ages and afterimages formed in

the darkness of his mind.


I could create her to look exactly they way I would wanther to look, he thought. She would do whatever I want-ed. The perfect woman with no strings attached. In away, his three-times daily sessions were better than anyprescription drug. They allowed for the perfect escapefrom the world, the perfect way out, a euphoric escapismfrom what had become the unmanageable mess of his life.So, why not four times? Paul wondered. Why not two

hours instead of ninety minutes?He experimented by creating audio files containing

even lower frequencies with varying beat repetitions. Dur-ing his sessions, he became less and less aware of his phys-ical body and more aware of the world he was building.The woman—his woman—became clearer, more pro-nounced. But although he concentrated on creating herfrom an image in his mind, he seemed to have little con-trol of her features. Her hair was a light reddish-brown,long, her skin an early summer tan with a creamy, thintattoo of where her swimsuit had once been. H efo c used on drawing her to him, or bringing himself clos-er to her. These efforts took enormous concentration. Justas he seemed to be within reach of her, the low drone inhis head would fade and die out, and his session wouldbe over. Two and a half hours, then, he thought. Or three.Weeks later: a breakthrough. By now, the world

around him—the real world—was in total disarray andchaos. Paul hardly noticed it. His phone service had beencancelled for nonpayment. He ignored the shutoff noticesfrom the gas company, but had been careful to send acheck to the electric company to keep the juice flowingto his computer. His mailbox was packed, and deliveryhad been stopped. Knocks on his door went unanswered,his e-mail box was full and messages were returned tosender with a note as such. Garbage overran the house,dirty dishes filled the sink and counter. Mice and insectsarrived, as did the stench of filth and decay. All of thiswent blissfully unnoticed by Paul Martin. But thewoman.He had a name for her: Autumn. Paul wasn’tsure how he’d arrived at the name; it just seemed to fit.Her hair was the color of coppery fall leaves, her skin thelight mocha color of time spent beneath an Indian Sum-mer sun. And she spoke, but her lips never moved. Sheonly smiled and the words came to Paul in his mind.I’m Paul, he replied to her, when he realized he had

been holding a conversation with her in his head. She’dbeen saying what a wonderful world this was, this non-reality reality, describing the beautiful flowers and thepristine sky above. As she spoke, forms appeared. Themere suggestion was magical, a golden witch’s spell, andPaul’s ethereal surroundings came alive. Swirling galax-ies vanished, plants suddenly grew and bloomed allaround and Autumn was suddenly nestled in a colorfulgarden filled with thousands of dazzling flowers, each oneunique, exquisite. Paul thought about how a gentle breezeshould tangle Autumn’s hair and suddenly there it was,warm to his skin, gently tossing her hair, caressing hercheeks.The low droning of the delta binaural beats continued

as Paul, in his mind, reached out with his hand andtouched Autumn’s face. He felt her smooth skin, her nose,her lips. Her neck, her shoulders . . . .Afterwards, he remained in bed for a long time, star-

ing up at the ceiling, reliving the entire experience. Hisface buried in her hair, her captivating scent and the fra-grance of flowers filling his nostrils.All in a world I created, he thought. All from my own

imagination.He was elated, and began to wonder what else his brain

was capable of. After all, if he could create the perfectwoman, an entire world using only binaural beats andthe power of his mind, what else could he create? The pos-sibilities seemed endless. His life was no longer limitedby bank accounts, by the constraints of a physical body,the boundaries of the natural world. Even the law of grav-ity no longer applied to him, not in his world, not in thisperfect heaven of his own creation. He no longer had torely on other people with their quirks and idiosyncraciesand drama and needs. He, Paul Martin, had it all in thepalm of his hand. In his mind. What he wanted, he could

create. His universe was limitless, his power omniscient.It was the most powerful drug in the world. Fivehours. Six. It became increasingly hard to leave hisvirtual world behind. He was in love with Autumn, andshe with him. They spoke with their minds, through thehaunted gaps within the low frequencies of the binau-ral beats, through the space and time that was Paul’s ce-

He, Paul Martin, had it all in

the palm of his hand. In his

mind. What he wanted, he

could create. His universe was

limitless, his power omniscient.

In his new domain he was

God, free to express himself, to

imagine and explore, to share

new worlds and desires with

a beautiful woman of his own

creation.


lestial home, his ever-increasing fantasy; a fantasywhich was becoming difficult, if not impossible, to sep-arate from reality. Autumn became his world, they de-lighted in each other, traveled to the wondrous galaxiesof the mind, experienced one another’s unearthly bod-ies, expressed their unspoken yet spoken desires.Nine hours. Ten.Sleep was no longer sleep but a living dream, a

panacea he shared with Autumn and she with him. Hefailed to see his weight loss on the rare occasions duringconsciousness when he glanced at himself in the mirror.Food ran short; he did not go out for more. He remainedin a minimal state of conscious thought only longenough to attend to bodily functions and physical ne-cessities. He became weak, and rising from his bed tookmore and more effort at the end of every session. He re-gretted having to leave Autumn, to leave the comforting,low drone of the binaural beats. Indeed, even in his mo-ments of dim wakefulness, as rare as they were becom-ing, he could hear the constant, blissful hum of the deltadrone pulsating in his head, urging him back, calling forhim to return to the serene cosmos of his mind’s fabri-cation. In his new world there were no troubles. Therewas no pain, no strife. No toil. No greedy ex-wife de-manding child support, no bills to strip his already emp-

ty bank account. In his new domain he was God, free toexpress himself, to imagine and explore, to share newworlds and desires with a beautiful woman of his owncreation.Fourteen hours. He had trained his mind to hear the

hypnotic binaural beats long after the audio file ended,long after the pulses faded from his headphones, and heonly rose once a day. His body no longer demanded thenecessities of a fully-functioning physical being. Lack-ing proper nutrients and calories, his organs fell into astate of extreme conservation, using only the smallestamounts of energy for physical tasks, which became lessand less as the days passed. His most important functionwas replacing the batteries in the tiny audio player. Paulno longer had a concept of time; when he was with Au-tumn, when he was in his world, time did not exist.Twenty hours. Paul no longer rose from his sessions.

He remained in bed, the drone constant in his head, acreation of his own mind. He cursed the hazy twilight ofconsciousness, wanting only to return to his ambrosialutopia. Without proper food, without sufficient water,his organs, one by one, began to strike. Paul had a dullsense that something wasn’t right, but he had so masteredhis mind over his body that he was able to push the sen-sations away and remain lost in the moment, lost with


Autumn and her body, lost in the macrocosm of his mind.In the days that followed, he was able to remain per-manently in delta, the low frequencies pulsing throughhis deteriorating brain without the aid of the audio play-er. He became vaguely aware of an encroaching darknesson the very perimeter of his vision. Slowly the circle closedin, narrowing, tightening to a pinpoint until he was fi-nally enveloped in velvety black, surrounded only by thememory of Autumn and the droning sound, the remnantsof the binaural beats generated by his mind. Then, thesounds were gone, and Paul’s world was no more.Two weeks later, the Michigan State Police were

called to 1267 Nancywood Drive in Mackinaw City. They’dbeen alerted by the calls of several neighbors who reportedthe smells, saying they hadn’t seen the home’s occupantin over a week. After troopers received no answer or re-sponse to their repeated knocks, they kicked in the frontdoor. They were overwhelmed by a stench that rushedthem, an invisible caged lion waiting for its moment ofescape.

The first trooper who entered the home immediatelyturned and vomited. Two other troopers paused, winced,and inspected the foyer before entering. A cloud offlies swarmed the air. Rodents skittered. Garbage—months of it—was heaped on the floor, the chairs, everyconceivable flat space. Cans, wrappers, foil, papers. De-bris filled every room in the home. Mild profanities were

uttered, calls went out on the radio. Two veteran StatePolice troopers waded through the forest of refuse andfood waste. One forced a bedroom door open. Turned onthe light. The room was empty, save for more garbage.“There’s another room down the hall,” the other

trooper said, stifling an urge to gag.They stepped over and on more piles until they

reached the closed door. Pushed it open. “Jesus.” Thewithered corpse lay on the bed. The body was nude, themuscles deteriorated to mere fibers of what they had oncebeen. Small pink buds were still plugged into each ear,a pink wire connecting them to a credit card-sized dig-ital audio player that lay on the sheet next to the body.Here, the toxic smell of human waste, of noxious urineand excrement was as palpable as wood smoke and everybit as heavy.Another trooper appeared at the door. His elastic-

gloved fingers held a Michigan driver’s license.“Got a name for ya,” he said, holding up the license. “Au-tumn Marie Clarkston. Birthday twelve fifteen eighty-two.I got a daughter same age.” “This is just like thatguy they found over in Harbor Springs last week,” oneof the troopers said. “Same damned thing. Whittled awayto nothin,’ headphones, mp3 player. Garbage all over thehouse. Prob’ly kicked off about the same time.”A beetle the size of a nickle crawled from the dead girl’s

mouth. Flies swarmed in frantic helix patterns above thebed.“Bet that player’s gonna have the same weird stuff that

guy was listening to,” one of the troopers said.“Don’t doubt it,” the other said. “Don’t know how theirgoing to be able to make a connection, though.”The troopers left the house and waited for forensics to

arrive.And somewhere in the cosmos, Paul Martin and Au-

tumn Clarkston drifted alone but together, together butalone, buoyed by the pulsating binaural beats of the uni-verse where time no longer existed and space was all therewas.�

THE END

Christopher Knight is most famous as the mastermind behindthe popular American Chiller series by Johnathan Rand, but hehas also published several books for adults. We are pleased to in-troduce readers to The World Within the Waves, which will also beincluded in a future collection of short stories. Mr. Knight liveswith his family in northern Michigan. He can be reached throughhis web site at www.americanchillers.com.

Hismost important functionwas replacing the batteries in

the tiny audio player.

Slowly the circle closed in,

narrowing, tightening to a

pinpoint until he was finally

enveloped in velvety black,

surrounded only by the memoryof Autumn


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Taste of the Straits

By Rich Adams

Anyone who has read my daily columns during thepast decade or so knows that I am no fan of fall,but the season has it’s advantages.

I love the fall colors that emerge, I adore the coolertemperatures that allow me to give my air condition-ing a rest, and I live for football at any level.And the fall harvest … foodie heaven.But it’s what follows – the win-

ter season – that makes fall sodisagreeable. But enough aboutwinter. Let’s get back to harvesttime.I love

squash. I havehandled squashso often in the fallthat my hands haveturned orangebecause of therecipes I have fol-lowed. But the

flavor is all worth it.There is a virtual cornucopia of fall and winter

squash varieties. One of my very favorites is butternutsquash, and these two recipes feature this lovely gourd.The first is my all-time favorite ever since I first had

it at a small diner in Lansing in the 1990s. It is anEmeril Lagasse concoction that is very time-intensive,but well worth it.The second combines two fall delicacies, butternut

squash and apples.

BUTTERNUT SQUASH SOUP

4 pounds butternut squash, halved lengthwise and seeded1 cup finely chopped onion2 bay leaves2 teaspoons brown sugar1 tablespoon minced fresh ginger1 teaspoon ground cinnamon1/8 teaspoon freshly grated nutmeg1/8 teaspoon ground allspice4 cups chicken broth1 teaspoon salt1/2 teaspoon white pepper2 cups heavy cream3 tablespoons butter

Lightly grease a large baking sheet or baking dishand place the squash cut side down. Pierce each squashhalf several times with a fork or skewer and bake, cov-ered with foil, until tender, about 45 minutes to 1 hour.Allow the squash to cool slightly before handling.Using a large spoon, scrape out the cooked squashmeat, discarding the peel. (This is where I deviate fromthe recipe and use my hands to remove the squash,thus the orange hands). Puree the squash in a blender;I find that if you add small amounts of broth the pureeprocess works more easily.In a large heavy stockpot, melt the butter over

medium high heat. Add the onions, bay leaves andsugar, and cook, stirring, until the onions are soft andlightly golden, about 10 minutes. Add the minced gin-ger, cinnamon, nutmeg and allspice and cook for 1minute, stirring constantly. Add the butternut squashpuree, chicken stock, salt and white pepper, and stir tomix. Bring the mixture to a boil, then reduce to a sim-mer and cook until the soup is thickened and slightlyreduced, about 30 to 45 minutes.Remove the bay leaves, and with a handheld immer-

sion blender, or in batches in a food processor, pureethe soup on high speed. Stir in the cream and continueto cook over medium low heat for an additional 5 min-utes.Adjust the seasoning to taste. While the original

recipe is quite savory, I like to add more cinnamon,nutmeg, allspice and brown sugar until it is more like

Fallsquashrecipes


Taste of the Straits

MACKINAW CITYRich in history, magnificent in scenery and

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Visit Mackinaw City via vintage postcards!

Through the insight of talented individuals whohad the foresight to capture history with the interesting and colorful medium of the postcard, one is able torelive days gone by. Madeline Okerman Adie continues to enjoyher hobby of collecting vintage Mackinac area postcards andstudying Michilimackinac history.

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�pumpkin pie filling.Ladle the soup into bowls and serve. Yield: 6 servings

BUTTERNUT SQUASH AND APPLE CASSEROLE

1 small butternut squash, about 2 pounds2 apples, cored, peeled, sliced1/2 cup brown sugar, firmly packed1/4 cup cold butter1 tablespoon flour1 teaspoon salt1/4 teaspoon ground cinnamon1/4 teaspoon ground nutmeg

Peel squash, scoop out seeds, and cut in small pieces.Place squash and apple slices in oblong baking dish (7x11-inch).Blend remaining ingredients with fork or pastry cutter until crumbly.Distribute over squash and apple. Cover and bake butternut squash casserole at 350 degrees for about 45 to 50 minutes.Serves 6 to 8.

Rich Adams is a dedicated foodie, writer and former editor of theCheboygan Daily Tribune. He can be reached [email protected] .


By Matthew J. Friday

Returning to the classrooms of the area’s schoolsin the fall is a ritual that has been occurring sincebefore the area’s first European settlers set up per-

manent residence in the region. Today when we think of the area’s schools, we gen-

erally think of the large, somewhat drab, unassumingstructures which provide services for large numbers ofstudents in a centrally-located facility. This, of course,was not always the case. People were not always somobile, and many lived a considerable distance fromlarger settlements, and thus small rural schools were

Rural schools of the pastin northern Michigan

McConnel school

The area’s first school building

was constructed by 1843 by

Bishop Fredrick Baraga at

the Burt Lake Native Americansettlement.


the norm.In general, there would be a varied number of school

districts within a given township, and each districtwould have its own school building. The exact numberof districts within a township varied on its size. Almostinvariably these schools would be small, one-roomaffairs. Within a larger community, such as Cheboygan,Indian River, Wolverine or Mackinac Island, primaryschool buildings might consist of a few rooms.Wherever there was any settlement of more than a

few people, there was usually a primary school not toofar away. The area’s first school building was con-structed by 1843 by Bishop Fredrick Baraga at the BurtLake Native American settlement. Catholic missionar-ies considered education a vital part of their work, andthe school in the village would have been and impor-tant part of their community. The first school buildingin Cheboygan was built in 1848 and taught by MissHarried McLeod. Twelve students attended class thereon a somewhat irregular schedule. On MackinacIsland, a public school was established in 1867 in theold Indian Dormitory. Functioning as school until1964, it has found a new identity as the Richard andJane Manoogian Mackinac Art Museum.While these schools saw a considerable number of

students (by the standards of the day) owing to theirproximity to population centers, rural schools sawmuch smaller – though still substantial – enrollmentnumber’s. The quality of the school building itselfcould also vary considerably. While the northern partof Cheboygan County experienced a rapid populationboom in the period between 1860-1880, growth in

Emmett County was markedly slower. As a result, theschool system staggered as well. In 1884 W.S. Potter of Petoskey, secretary of the

County Board of School Examiners, noted that, “It isthe misfortune for a new country that many of thefinancial demands upon its citizens arrive when theyare least able to meet them. Forests must be removed,dwelling-houses and other buildings must be con-

structed… To these expenses must be added the cost ofschool grounds and buildings, school furniture andbooks and apparatus, and the continued expense ofteachers’ wages.” In the pioneering days of all northernMichigan communities, this situation likely strainedevery locale, both urban and rural. With time, however,a more solid and prosperous economic base developed,and those once struggling schools soon began to pro-vide quality education to the local students.Early school buildings were often crudely and

quickly constructed, frequently just simple log build-ings. As more money became available for local rural

Kohler school

Early school buildings were

often crudely and quickly

constructed, frequently just

simple log buildings.


school districts, more substantial frame buildings wereconstructed, a few of which are yet standing today. Let’s look at just one of these rural district schools.

Southern Mentor Township (Cheboygan County) Dis-trict No. 8 School was known as the McConnell School,after an early settler named John McConnell. Built in1889, it was 18x27 feet and cost $350 to construct.During the 1903-04 academic year, an average of sevenstudents attended daily classes. The teacher was paid$30 per month and the school’s library numbered allof 28 volumes. This is but one example; the size ofschool buildings could vary greatly, just as well as thenumber of students who generally attended classes. In the 1950s and 1960s most of these small rural

schools were consolidated. The rural school buildingsof the day were replaced with larger facilities that couldbetter suit the needs of the area’s students whileimproving the quality of education. Consequently, theold buildings were sold or fell into disuse. Many stillexist today, including the old Freedom district school,which has been restored and relocated by the Macki-naw Area Historical Society for use in their HistoricVillage.Education in the area has changed considerably over

the years, and that story in itself is an important his-tory lesson. Class dismissed!�

Matthew J. Friday is the author of books on area history. He canbe reached at [email protected].

Wolverine school

Hebron school


The treasured fragments of an

eighteenth-century world—

were left behind for

archaeologists to excavate

Fort site of 50 years of archeological excavations

300 years of history unearthed at ColonialMichilimackinacBy Jolene Priest

Colonial Michilimackinac in Mackinaw City isthe site of one of the longest continuous archae-ological excavations in the nation, a feat that has

inspired exhibits, publications, and the accurate re-construction of 13 buildings within the historic fort andfur trading village. Each summer since 1959, excavations,administered by the Mackinac Island State Park Com-mission, have taken place at this location by professionalarchaeologists and their staff, unearthing over a millionartifacts.Fort Michilimackinac, constructed at the tip of the

mitt in 1715 by the French, served as a key post of theeighteenth-century French and British fur tradeempires. Although the British gained control of thepost in 1761 following the French and Indian War,French civilians, fur traders, voyageurs, Native Ameri-cans, and Métis continued to live and trade in andaround the fort and village. Between 1779-1781, theBritish, fearing that the wooden fort could not with-stand an attack at the onset of the AmericanRevolution, moved the fort to the more defensibleMackinac Island. What they didn’t move, they burned.However, remnants—those buttons, ceramic sherds,fish bones, jewelry, tools, and so much more, the treas-ured fragments of an eighteenth-century world—wereleft behind for archaeologists to excavate, clean, cata-

Dr. Lynn Evans searches for treasures


log, and document. It was, in part, from these remainsthat the fort was reconstructed and Colonial Michili-mackinac reborn.This summer, archaeologists, headed by Dr. Lynn

Evans, curator of archaeology at Mackinac State His-toric Parks, continued the excavation of the rubblelayer created during the 1781 demolition of the fort atthe site of House E of the Southeast Rowhouse.“We appear to be coming to the bottom of the 1781

demolition layer and have discovered some structuralfeatures like stains and posts that are part of thehouse,” Evans said.She noted many exceptional finds this year,

including the very rare discovery of a bonegaming die, most likely a personalpossession of one of thefur traders wholived in house E, andan intact trade silverbrooch. Five hawkbells—jingle-type bellsused in falconry inEurope but as tradegoods in North America—were found in closeproximity to each other, anda Jesuit ring, which, after it

was cleaned,revealed a secu-lar design thatmatchedanother ringfound in thesame housetwo years ago.Excavationsbegan on therowhouse in 2007 and are expected to continuethrough 2017.Although excavations were halted for the season in

late August, as is done each year, work on the artifactscontinues throughout the year, a detailed, multi-stepprocess that guarantees accurate documentation.“Artifacts are cleaned, and the process depends on

the material,” Evans explained. “Some are washed,others are only gently brushed. Each bag, which con-tains the artifacts from one soil type in one 0.10-footlevel in one five-foot by five-foot quad, is assigned anumber. Artifacts are then sorted and packaged intoarchivally stable containers, and the container islabeled with the catalog number.”Evans noted that an archival tag with the number is

inserted in the container as well. Each bag is then cat-aloged, at which point artifacts are sorted, identified,

South Southwest Rowhouse Archaeology site

Jesuit ring

Bone die

In addition to the progress made possible by theIMLS Grant, Mackinac State Historic Parks recentlyissued nearly $2 million in revenue bonds, a portion of

which will be used to reconstruct the SouthSouthwest Rowhouse at Colonial Michili-mackinac. The site of the building wasexcavated by archaeologists from 1963 to 1969and 1998 to 2007. The rowhouse, which waslocated behind the reconstructed SouthwestRowhouse (Langlade House), will offer interpre-tation opportunities of the French occupation ofthe fort from 1715 to 1761. The successful 1763Native American attack on Fort Michilimackinac,part of the larger Pontiac’s Rebellion, will also beinterpreted and exhibited within the new rowhouse.“The new facility will provide a venue to present

aspects of the fort’s history that we cannot tell else-where,” said Mackinac State Historic Parks ChiefCurator Steve Brisson. “We are excited by the oppor-tunity to present on a daily basis a look into the mostimportant event—the attack—that occurred here.”Reconstruction, exhibit and interpretation planning

for the new rowhouse begins this fall. The rowhousewill be completed by May 2013, just in time for the250th anniversary of the Native American attack onthe fort.�


counted or weighed, andassigned a third part of thenumber for each type of arti-fact in the bag. This thirdpart is added to the labels. Acatalog sheet is prepared foreach bag with all of thisinformation. Artifacts arethen stored together bytype, and the cataloginformation is enteredinto Mackinac StateHistoric Parks’ARGUS collections man-agement database. Locationinformation has been included in ARGUSrecords since 2001.Now, thanks to a $144,288 grant from the Institute

of Museum and Library Services, a physical inventoryof the entire collection will also be possible, making thearchaeological collection much more accessible to staffand researchers. Three temporary archaeology inven-tory assistants, to be hired this fall, will be physicallygoing through each item in the Michilimackinacarchaeology collection and matching it with its catalogrecord, adding the third part of the catalog number tothe tags, and entering the location into the ARGUScollections database.This particular collection contains more than

122,000 artifacts or groups of artifacts recovered fromthe Fort Michilimackinac site between 1959-2009.“We are very appreciative of this grant as it allows us

to address a long-standing need in our collections

management area,” said Mackinac State Historic ParksDirector Phil Porter. “This project will allow us to bet-ter access the wealth of information that is embodiedin our archaeological collection.”

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Jaw harp

Hawk bells


Fall Book Review

Review

Fall Reviews by

Tammy Ingalsbe -Reilley

The World is Black and WhiteIn “The World is Black and White”, Christopher Knight breaks from his horror andscience fiction base and tells us the story of Greg Chappell, a 16 year old boy livingwith his aunt and uncle due to the premature death of his parents. His older sisteralso resides there for a bit until she runs away from the dysfunctional home.About a year later, Greg receives a phone call he believes is from his sister claim-ing she is somewhere in Florida. Having nothing to stay home for and nothing tolose, Greg sets out to find his sister. He journeys from Michigan to Florida bywhatever means he can. This is the story of his journey, the people, good and bad,that he meets along the way, what he learns about the world around him, andwhat he learns about himself. Do not miss this fascinating and thought provokingread!

Darker Than NightIn 1985, Brian Ognjan and David Tyll, both aged 27, left their Detroit homes to go hunt-ing in the northern part of lower Michigan. They were never seen again and neithertheir car nor any trace of them was ever found. Despite those facts, Bronco Lesneskiwould not give up; he was determined to learn their fate. For the next 20 years he in-vestigated the case with not much success. However, one rumor kept popping up just alittle too often to be ignored – the rumor that 2 brothers had participated in the beatingdeath of the 2 hunters then disposed of the bodies in a most horrible manner. WillBronco ever get anyone to come forward with information or will the families of thesehunters be always left to wonder whether they are dead or alive?

Fall Book Review


Isadore’s SecretMardi Link follows her widely successful “When Evil Came to Good Hart” with thestory of Sister Mary Janina, a young nun serving at a small church in Isadore inLeelanau County. The story begins in 1907 when Father Andrew Bienawski, uponreturning from a short fishing trip, discovers that Sister Mary is missing. Her fatewill not be discovered until many years later when her body is discovered under-neath the church itself. Isadore is tiny; the church smaller - someone knows whathappened to her and has kept it hidden all these years. Once the body has beenfound, the secrets begin surfacing.

Your full service bookstore.• Books• Magazines• Calendars• Gifts

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~ Groucho Marx

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Tammy Ingalsbe -Reilley is an avid reader and managesthe Log Mark Bookstore in Cheboygan. She can bereached at 231-627-6531.


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Mackinaw CityFall Shopper’s Fest

October 8-17th

The Great Pumpkin HuntOctober 8, 9, 10th. Entry forms & drop boxes are available at the Chamberof Commerce office or at any of the Teysen’s stores in the MackinawCrossings Mall.

Chamber member businesses will display a Great Pumpkin Hunt sign and have asmall numbered pumpkin in their store. Correctly match the numbers to the storesand you are eligible for the drawings on Monday, Oct. 11th, 11:00 a.m.


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Join in the Fun! For more information on the Fall Shopper’s Fest, the Great Pumpkin Hunt or otherfall attractions in the area, call the Greater Mackinaw City Chamber of Commerce at 231.436.5574, or lookus up at www.mackinawchamber.com.


OCTOBER 20102 St. Ignace Bayside Fall Fest2 Barnyard Blast 5K or 3 mile Race -

Pond Hill Farm, Harbor Springs8-9 Fort Fright: Colonial Michilimackinac –

Mackinaw City8-10 Great Pumpkin Hunt – Mackinaw City8-17 Fall Shoppers Festival – Mackinaw City9 Autumnfest Craft Show - Cheboygan Historical

Museum9 Fall Colors Bridge Race - St. Ignace9 Harbor Springs Marathon & 1/2 Marathon

7:00 am9 Indian River Chamber $15,000 Raffle15 Michigan Cranberry Farm Tour - Cheboygan

9:00 am & 11:00 am15 Rushing for a Cure Cheboygan Football Game 23 Samhain Weekend - Mackinac Island23 Great Turtle Run - Mackinac Island29 Trunk or Treat and Haunted Woods - St. Ignace

6:00 - 8:00 pm29 Trick or Treat Downtown Cheboygan

3:00 - 5:00 pm30 Downtown Trick or Treating - Petoskey

10:00 am - 12:00 pm31 Trick & Trunk or Treating - Bay Harbor

NOVEMBER 20106 Deer Hunters Ball - please call 231-348-766611 Business After Hours - New York Restaurant,

Harbor Springs 5 - 7 pm15 Opening Day of Firearms Deer Season15 Indian River Buck Pole - Pat & Gary’s Party Store -

downtown Indian River15-30 Mackinaw City Buck Pole - Jim Wehr’s Mackinaw

Outfitters in the Crossings

Straits Area Calendar of Events 2010Cheboygan, Good Hart, Harbor Springs, Indian River,Mackinac Island, Mackinaw City, Petoskey, St. Ignace

15-30 Moran Buck Pole Contest26 Christmas Craft Show - Inland Lakes School,

Indian River26 Christmas in Indian River Parade and Activities

5:00 - 8:30 pm27 Holiday Parade downtown Petoskey - 10:00 am28 Christmas Tree Lighting - Main Street,

Harbor Springs

FARMERS MARKETS - THROUGH OCTOBER: • Cheboygan Saturdays - Opera House Parking Lot - 8 am - 1 pm

• Harbor Springs Wednesday and Saturday - Main Street - 8 am - 12 pm

• Petoskey Fridays - 400 Block of Howard Street 8:30 am - 12:30 pm

• Good Hart - Saturdays Good Hart General Store 2:00 - 5:30 pm

• Indian River Wednesdays 3 - 7 pm & Saturdays 9 am - 1 pm

•St. Ignace - Bayside - 10 am

PLEASE CONFIRM DATES BEFORE TRAVEL

For further details and events, please call or visit these community resources: Cheboygan Chamber of Commerce & Tourist Bureau 800-968-3302 or 231-627-7183 • www.cheboygan.com

Harbor Springs Chamber of Commerce 231-526-7999 • www.harborspringschamber.com

Indian River Chamber of Commerce – 800-EXIT-310 or 231-238-9325 • www.irchamber.com

Mackinaw City Chamber of Commerce – 888-455-8100 or 231-436-5574 • www.mackinawchamber.com

Mackinaw Area Visitor’s Bureau – 800-666-0160 or 231-436-5664 • www.mackinawcity.com

Mackinac Island Visitor’s Bureau – 906-847-6418 or 800-4-LILACS • www.mackinacisland.org

Petoskey Chamber of Commerce - 231-347-4150www.petoskey.com

St. Ignace Chamber of Commerce – 800-970-8717 or 906-643-8717 • www.saintignace.org

Always Confirm Dates Before Travel

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Documents

OCTOBER 2010 MONTHLY MAGAZIN EOFTHE …cdn.gatehousemedia.com/custom-systems/ghns/files/upload/...I feel bad for them. I didn’t have to look. What I wanted opened when I needed it.”