October 1October 1

Magdalena AnguelovaPh.D. Candidate Advisor: Prof. Ferris Webster

Magdalena AnguelovaPh.D. Candidate Advisor: Prof. Ferris Webster

College of Marine StudiesCollege of Marine Studies

Bubble BathGlenn Miller

Bubbles in my beerWillie Nelson

Bubbles naturally formed in the

oceanMarine life

Breaking waves

Oceanic bubbles are

associated with

Oxygenic atmosphere

Climate on the planet

Oxygenic atmosphere

Archaean Earth

Ancient atmosphere of: methane; ammonia; other gases.

Bacterial life.

Earth’s biogeologic clock

Stromatolite fossils

760 million years old, Arizona

Living stromatolites

Shark Bay, Australia

Stromatolites

Cyanobacteria

3 billion individuals per sq. meter; Use sediment and organic material; Build stromatolites up to 1.5 m high

The Miracle PlanetPBS Series

The Miracle PlanetPBS Series

o This cycle continued for eonso Cyanobacteria photosynthesized o Releasing tiny bubbles of oxygeno The water gradually saturated with O2

o Then O2 escaped into the air ando Transformed the atmosphereo To air we now breatho Then ozone layer formed against UV.

Life conquered the land

Life conquered the land

Oceanic bubbles mediated oxygenic

atmosphere

Oceanic bubbles are

associated with

Oxygenic atmosphere

Climate on the planet

Climate on the planet

Oceanic whitecaps

As waves As waves break,break,

air mixes into the water,

and forms clouds of bubbles.

Wave Breaking

The small bubbles dissolve and disappear;

The fate of the bubbles

The large bubbles rise to the surface,

Some bubbles join the ambient population of oceanic bubbles.

While floating on the surface, bubbles burst.

Bursting of bubbles

Upon bursting, bubble caps shatter into thousands of small droplets.

Film drops form.

Film Drops

As the bubble cavity collapses...

Jet drops form.Jet drops form.

Jet Drops

Under very high winds drops are torn from the wave crests and blown directly into the air.

Spume drops Spume drops form.form.

Spume Drops

In the air, In the air, this sea this sea spray:spray:

sea-salt aerosols.

evaporates, evaporates, shrinks,shrinks, and forms and forms

So, whitecaps fill the air So, whitecaps fill the air with film, jet, and spume with film, jet, and spume drops.drops.

Sea Spray

What are Aerosols? Aerosols are minute stable

particles, solid or liquid, suspended in the atmosphere.

Clean (rural/marine) air. Polluted (urban) air.

Tiny Particles Cannot be seen with the naked eye. Seen as...

A sunrise over the China Sea

The aerosols are: Natural:

Man-made:

Soil dust;Sea salt;

Volcanic dust;Organic

particles.

Industrial;Burning biomass;

Soot; The most numerous are:

Aerosol Types

Aerosols can influence climate:

Directly:

Indirectly:

- by reflecting incoming

sunlight back to space.

- by modifying the properties and lifetime of

the clouds.

Why are Aerosols so Important?

More aerosols = more cloud droplets. Reflect more sunlight.

Net result: cooling.

Cloud Properties

Inhibit the growth of cloud droplets. Rain delayed.

Net result: longer cloud lifetime.

Cloud Lifetime

Oceans Oceans produce produce enormous enormous amount of sea-amount of sea-salt aerosols.salt aerosols.

For one year: 1.3For one year: 1.3101099 kgkg

= 683 000 cars.= 683 000 cars.

Sea-salt aerosols

Sea-salt aerosols are the major contributor to sunlight reflection.

Sea-salt aerosols facilitate the formation of drops in marine clouds.

Sea-Salt Aerosols and Climate

Oceanic bubbles link ocean and atmosphere