Occupational Safety and Health1 Commercial Activity - Lead Targets: Blood cells (anemia), kidney (gout), sperm (infertility) Nervous system most sensitive

Occupational Safety and Health 1

Commercial Activity - Lead

Targets: Blood cells (anemia), kidney (gout), sperm (infertility) Nervous system most sensitive target

Adults: Occupational exposures Lead smelters, battery factories, lead additives Painters got peripheral neuropathy (wrist drop)

Children: Colic (acute) and mental retardation (chronic) Legacy of leaded paint and gasoline • Eating peeling paint (many inner cities) • Playing in contaminated yards (e.g., Oakland)


Commercial activity – Acrylamide

Sweden 1997: Hallandsas tunnel construction halted.Acrylamide used in grouting to prevent water seepage.20 workers experienced neurological symptoms (reversible).Several cows grazing nearby showed severe neural effects.Dead fish found in hatchery supplied by water from tunnel.Acrylamide found in ground water near tunnel.

Sensitive methods developed to detect acrylamide showed high background levels in humans.

Surprisingly high levels found in fried foods (potato chips).

Potential exposures in typical labs using acrylamide gels(including DNA identification labs).


Asbestos

Used in plaster, fire retardants, taxidermyCan can pulmonary fibrosisCan result in lung cancerOSHA Asbestos Standard:

Annual exam and termination exam History, physical Pulmonary function study Periodic chest x-ray


Solvents

Used to clean and thin paintsCan affect skin, liver, blood (benzene),

peripheral and central nervous systemsHistory and physical examUrine for metabolitesCarbon monoxide in exhaled air, or

carboxyhemoglobin in blood for methylene chloride


Intracellular Targets of Neurotoxins

Ion channels – Signal conductionSodiumPotassiumCalciumChloride

Synaptic region – Neurotransmitter processingReleaseReuptake of excessReceptor response (stimulate, block)

Channels and receptors - multigene familiesLocated in different parts of the nervous systemResponsible for differential effects


Psychoactive/PsychedelicMarijuana

Short term use – relaxation; Long term – loss of motivationLoss of coordination, slow reaction time, disordered thoughtLegalized for medical use in some states (controversial)Sometimes contaminated with herbicide paraquat

LSDStrong hallucinogen, vivid colorsFlashbacks common

PCP/KetamineAt first, feelings of strength, invulnerability, detachmentThen confusion, agitation, depressionLong term – depression, suicide, schizophrenia

Natural sourcesCacti (peyote) – mescalineMushrooms – psilocybin, ibotenic acid


DepressantsAlcohol

Responsible for about half of traffic deathsPoor job performance and disrupted family lifeHealth problems: Cirrhosis, Fetal alcohol syndrome

Barbiturates (sedatives)Sleep inducing, can induce dependenceEspecially dangerous when used with alcohol

Tranquilizers (anxiolytics)Benzodiazepines (Valium, Librium) among most usedVariants not approved include Rohypnol

Causes loss of short term memoryUsed for personal attacks


Drugs of AbuseOpioids, Amphetamines, Cocaine

Scope of problem in USAHalf a million heroin addictsSix million cocaine usersPersonal tragedies common among usersFamilies adversely affected (vicious circle of poverty, crime)75% of crime lab evidence is drug relatedImpurities always suspect

FeaturesStimulation of reward center: Euphoria (like endorphins)

Increase dopamine in nucleus accumbensTolerance: Require increasing doses (100x, previously fatal)Continued use can lead to psychoses (paranoid schizophrenia)Withdrawal: Dysphoria, depression, craving


Opioid Action as Analgesic

Codeine not attractive as street drug (low potency)

Maintenance: Methadone prevents withdrawal, no euphoriaSaid to obviate need for marijuana as painkiller

Research to find derivatives with only analgesic action

Only partially successful: Oxycontin used by 1 millionpatients with chronic pain, 25% abuse use

Illicit syntheses often attempted, often consequences tragic.

Poor technique → dangerous derivatives (Parkinson’s)

Cocaine derivatives in clinical useLidocaine, procaine successful as local anesthetics

Result from blocking neuronal sodium channels


Uses of Amphetamines and Derivatives

Treatment for narcolepsy - 1930’s

Maintaining military alertness - 1940’s

Occupational alertness (students, truckers) – 1950’s

Appetite suppressant

Suppress childhood attention deficit disorder

Dietary supplement (ephedrine) as “natural energizer”


Toxic Materials

PROTECTION :

(1) Recirculating oxygen (2) Demand compressed air/O2 (3) Recirculating self generating oxygen (4) Suits wear that made of material

impervious to the toxic material

US Department of Transportation Regulation


Oxygen content (suffocation)

% O2 in air Signs and Symptoms

19.5 – 23.5 Recommended level for safe operation

15 – 19Decreased ability to work strenuously, May impair coordination,

early symptoms in persons with circulatory problems

12 – 17Loss of balance, dizziness. Respiration deeper, increased pulse

rate, impaired coordination, perception and judgment.

10 – 12Heavy breathing and high pulse rate, performance failure,

giddiness, poor judgment, lips blue, possibly brain damage

8 – 10

Mental failure, nausea, vomiting, unconsciousness, ashen face, blueness of lips. 8 minutes: 100% fatal, 6 minutes: 50% fatal, 4 – 5 mins: recovery with treatment, brain damage possible

4 Coma in 40 secs, convulsions, respiration ceases, death.

O2 Requirement


CHEMICAL THREATS

Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) Mustard (HD)Nerve agents (G, V)Have seen previous terrorist use

(Aum Shinrikyo)

Toxic industrial chemicals (TICs)

Large array of materials

Reasonably accessible

Accidents have caused numerous casualties (Bhopal)

Non-traditional agents (NTAs)

Not TICs


BIOLOGIC TOXINS WITH BIOTERRORISM POTENTIALBIOLOGIC TOXINS WITH BIOTERRORISM POTENTIAL



DEFINITION1. A biological agent, such as an

infectious microorganism, or a condition that constitutes a threat to humans, especially in biological research or experimentation.

2. The potential danger, risk, or harm from exposure to such an agent or condition.

MEANING1. any bacterium or virus or toxin that

could be used in biological warfare2. hazard to humans or the

environment resulting from biological agents or conditions

BIOHAZARD


BIOLOGICAL HAZARD SIGNS.

The biological hazard warning shall be used to signify the actual or potential presence of a biohazard and to identify equipment, containers, rooms, materials, experimental animals, or combinations thereof, which contain, or are contaminated with, viable hazardous agents.


Bacillus anthracis

Chickenpox Gram strain of Yersinia pestis

day 1

day 2

Smallpox


“THE COWPOCK” BY JAMES GILRAY, 1802


ASSIGNMENT OF PATHOGENS TO BIOHAZARD RISK LEVELS 1-4Biohazard Risk Level 1:

Unlikely pathogenicity to humansNo community risk

E. coli

Hep. A

YF, Hep. C*

Ebola,smallpox

Biohazard Risk Level 2:Possible pathogenicity to humans

Unlikely community riskBiohazard Risk Level 3:

Serious pathogenicity to humansModerate community riskUsually prophylaxis / treatment

Biohazard Risk Level 4:Serious pathogenicity to humansHigh risk of spreading to communityNo available treatment or prevention


BIOTERRORISM THREATS

AnthraxPlagueTularemiaSmallpoxBrucellosisQ feverCholera

Venezuelan equine encephalitis

Ebola, Lassa, Marburg

Botulinum toxinStaphylococcus

enterotoxin B


CutaneousAnthrax

HIGH CONSEQUENCE THREATS

Agro TerrorAgro Terror

Engineered organismsEngineered organisms

SmallpoxSmallpox

AnthraxAnthrax

Bulk Food

Contam

Bulk Food

Contam

SalmonellaFood

poisoning


ANTHRAX


ANTHRAX•The anthrax bacteria live in two formsThe growing bacterium -- the weapon

•causes disease because it produces very potent toxins (poisons)–The dormant spore -- the vehicle

•spreads by air •extremely resistant to many challenges •can survive in the environment for decades•Ingested by animals (herbivores) while

grazing•Humans are infected

–through contact with infected animals and their products–because of human intervention

•Spores are not made inside the living body


Bacteria make the poison

Name: Bacillus anthracis

Bacteria multiply inside the body

Bacteria produce toxins (poisons) that cause disease


IMPORTANT POINTS Spores are infectious -- but they are not made in a living body

Anthrax is not transmitted from person to person

Spores are extremely sturdy

Bacteria are made in the body and they produce the killing poisons

Spores must have a certain, small size to reach the lower part of the respiratory tree -- they tend to clump

Spores, once deposited, tend to stay on the ground

It takes ~ 10,000 spores to initiate an infection

Spores can sustain lots of stresses, withstand vigorous manipulation, last for very long time Antibiotics block bacteria, but not the poison. Therefore, antibiotics must be given soon after suspected exposure

Very challenging to produce large stocks of spores of small size to “optimize” infection (so-called weapon-grade) Risk of air-borne infection from deposited spores is low Anthrax tends to be rare, even where soil is contaminated


HOW CAN A PERSON GET INFECTED WITH ANTHRAX

Spores are inhaled Inhalation anthrax

Spores enter skin through small lesions Skin (cutaneous) anthrax

Spores are ingested Gastro-intestinal (GI) anthrax


INHALATION ANTHRAX -- BY AIR


INHALATION ANTHRAX -- SYMPTOMS

Initial symptoms usually appear a week from exposure

Illness begins with non-specific, flu-like symptoms malaise, fatigue, fever, chest

discomfort, dry cough Abrupt appearance of respiratory

distress severe breathing problems and shock

Chest radiograph may show swelling of the soft tissues in the middle of the chest, and fluid in the chest cavity


INHALATION ANTHRAX -- A CHEST X-RAY


Inhalation anthrax -- the outcome As of 11/21/2001, six of 11 patients with

inhalation anthrax have survived

Prompt recognition of the early features of inhalation anthrax is important

If untreated, the disease is generally fatal within 24 to 36 hours after the onset of severe symptoms

Source: Centers for Disease Control


SKIN ANTHRAX

Anthrax by contact Usually affects

exposed skin areas,such as arms, hands, face, neck

About 20% of untreated cases of skin anthrax result in death

Deaths are rare following appropriate antibiotic therapy

most common

least common


Skin Anthrax Lesions usually

appear within a week from exposure

Starts as a raised itchy bump that develops into a vesicle and then a painless ulcer

The main characteristic is the black area at the center of the ulcer

The skin lesion is surrounded by very extensive swelling

Ulcer usually leaves no permanent scar


Gastrointestinal Anthrax Anthrax by consumption of

contaminated food Initial symptoms are nausea, loss of

appetite, vomiting, and fever Later symptoms are abdominal pain,

vomiting of blood, and severe diarrhea In some cases, symptoms are swelling

and gland enlargement in the neck, accompanied by difficulty to swallow and to breath

About 25%-60% of untreated cases result in death


How can we tell …..

that it is anthrax? By recognizing clinical signs and

symptoms By recovering spores from nasal

swabs By identifying anthrax bacteria from

nasal swabs, infected tissues or body fluids

that person A and person B have been infected by the same/different strain of anthrax? By using the genetic material of

bacteria as their “fingerprint”


WHAT CAN DOCTORS DO TO CONTROL ANTHRAX?

Use antibiotics (after suspected exposure)

Use a vaccine (usually before exposure)


Antibiotics and anthrax

There are three types of antibiotics approved for anthrax

Ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone) Doxycyclin (tetracycline) Amoxicillin (penicillin)

Source: Food and Drug Administration


POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS Indicated to prevent inhalation anthrax

after a confirmed or suspected aerosol exposure

Initial therapy with ciprofloxacin or doxycycline is recommended for all adults and children Use of tetracyclines and

fluoroquinolones in children has adverse effects

As soon as penicillin susceptibility of the organism has been confirmed, prophylactic therapy for children should be changed to amoxicillin

No evidence that one drug is more or less effective than the other for prevention of anthrax infection

Source: Centers for Disease Control


THE ANTHRAX VACCINE The current US vaccine for human use is a cell-free filtrate vaccine, i.e., it contains no dead or live bacteria

Multiple immunizations are required Six doses: 0-2-4 weeks and 6-12-18

months Yearly boosters are given to maintain

immunity Limited information on efficacy (how

protective) Limited information on safety (side effects) Problems with production and quality

control reported

In the US, anthrax vaccination is recommended for People who work directly with the

organism in the laboratory Veterinarians who handle potentially

infected animal products All U.S. military personnel (since 1998)

Pregnant women should be vaccinated only if absolutely necessary


SMALLPOX, Variola major


Rash Begins on face, hands, forearms &

spreads to lower extremities within 7 days

Lesions on palms & soles of feet

Smallpox - Rash

Synchronous progression: maculesvesicles pustules

scabs

SMALLPOX, Variola major

Orthopox virus DNA virus Brick-shaped structure

200 nm in diameter Incubation 8-16 days Mortality 30%

Clinical symptoms Acute

FeverHeada

cheVomiti

ngBacka

che


Smallpox, disease


Smallpox, disease


Smallpox, disease


PLAGUEYersinia pestis

Distribution Highest in 4 corners area – Western

states Prairie dog population


PLAGUE Yersinia pestis

Transmission – Inhalation Direct contact Fleas


PLAGUE, Clinical presentations

Bubonic Flu-like with

painful buboes (lymph nodes)

Septicemic Similar to

bubonic No swelling of

lymph nodes


PLAGUE

Pneumonic Highest

mortality Rapid

transmission Fever Hemoptosis Lymphadenopa

thy Cough


Biological Agents of Highest ConcernBiological Agents of Highest ConcernCategory A AgentsCategory A Agents

BIOLOGIC TOXINS WITH BIOLOGIC TOXINS WITH BIOTERRORISM POTENTIALBIOTERRORISM POTENTIAL

Botulinum toxin (Botulism, BOTOX)Biological Toxins of 2Biological Toxins of 2ndnd Highest ConcernHighest ConcernCategory B AgentsCategory B AgentsRicin toxin from Ricinus communis

(castor bean)Epsilon toxin from Clostridium perfringensStaphlococcus enterotoxin B


Clostridium Botulinum C. botulinum spores found in soil worldwide Toxin causative agent of botulism

Types A-G; A,B&E most commonly associated with human disease

Most potent toxin known (lethal dose 1ng/kg)

Inactivated by chlorine (~20min) and sunlight (1-3hrs); destroyed by heat (5min at 85C)

Absorbed into circulation via mucosal surface or wound, not intact skin

Interferes with nerve transmission paralysis


BOTULISM,

ENVIRONMENTAL DECONTAMINATION

Botox (botulism) is a white crystalline substance in its pure form. The route of exposure and subsequent decay rates determine the environmental decontamination required. Aerosolized botox is susceptible to environmental factors such as sunlight, humidity, and temperature. In aerosolized form, botox is inactivated when exposed to sunlight within 1-3 hours. It is rapidly detoxified in the open air (within 24 hours.)


BOTULISM AND BIOTERRORISM Weaponized by former U.S. and Soviet

offensive BW programs Iran, Iraq, N. Korea, Syria believed to have

developed/be developing toxin as a weapon

Therapeutic botox impractical BT weapon Licensed vial of type A only 0.3%

estimated human lethal inhalational dose

Aerosol use or food supply sabotage most likely


BOTULISM, CLINICAL FORMS

Food-borne Toxin produced anaerobically in

improperly processed or canned, low-acid foods contaminated by spores

Wound Toxin produced by organisms

contaminating wound Infant

Toxin produced by organisms in intestinal tract

Inhalation botulism No natural* occurrence,

developed as BW weapon

*3 accidental cases in veterinary personnel, W. Germany, 1962


Clostridium botulinum, EPIDEMIOLOGY Approximately 100 reported cases

botulism/year in the U.S. Infant most common (72%) Food-borne not common

Incubation (food-borne): 12-72 hrs (range 2hr-8d) Dose dependent Could be less following a BT attack

No person-to-person transmission Death 60% untreated; <5% treated


BOTULISM: CASE DEFINITION

Ingestion of botulinum toxin results in an illness of variable severity. Common symptoms are diplopia, blurred vision and bulbar weakness. Symmetric paralysis may progress rapidly.

Laboratory* criteria for diagnosis: Detection of botulinum toxin in

serum, stool or patient’s food (food-borne) or other clinical specimen (“botulism, other”) OR

Isolation of Clostridium botulinum from stool (food-borne) or other clinical specimen

MMWR 1997;46(RR-10)

*Assay available at CDC & some state public health labs


BOTULISM: CASE CLASSIFICATION Botulism, Food-borne

Probable: Clinically compatible with an epidemiologic link

Confirmed: Clinically compatible case that is laboratory confirmed or that occurs among persons who ate the same food as persons who have laboratory-confirmed botulism

Botulism, Other Confirmed: Clinically compatible case

that is laboratory confirmed in a patient 1 yr* who has no history of ingestion of suspect food and has no wounds

*age parameter may not apply in BT

MMWR 1997;46(RR-10)


Clostridium Botulinum, PATHOGENESIS

Toxin absorbed into circulation via mucosal surface or wound, not intact skin

Binds acetylcholine receptor irreversibly and blocks release of acetylcholine into neuromuscular junction


BOTULISM, CLINICAL PRESENTATION

Acute, afebrile, symmetric descending flaccid paralysis Always begins in bulbar musculature -->

cranial nerve palsies Skeletal muscle paralysis follows Respiratory failure can occur in as little as

24 hours Clear sensorium: sensation and mental

status normal Afebrile patient


Gastrointestinal symptoms May precede neurological symptoms in

food-borne botulism Thought to be secondary to other

substances contaminating the food May not occur in BT attack

Autonomic effects – dry mouth, ileus, constipation, urinary retention

BOTULISM, CLINICAL PRESENTATION


BOTULISM, SYMPTOMS

Diplopia

Blurry vision

Dysphagia

Dysarthria

Fatigue

Dizziness

Dyspnea

GI symptoms


BOTULISM, SIGNSPtosis (drooping

of the upper eyelids)

Gaze paralysis

Fixed or dilated pupils

Facial palsies

Diminished gag reflex

Tongue weakness

Arm and leg weakness

Decreased reflexes


BOTULISM, DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Source: Arnon et al. JAMA 2001;285:1059-1070*Electromyogram

Condition Features that distinguish condition from botulism

Guillain-Barre and variants

H/o antecedent infection; paresthesias; often ascending paralysis, early areflexia; eventual CSF protein increase; EMG* findings

Myasthenia gravis Recurrent paralysis; EMG findings; sustained response to anticholinesterase therapy

Stroke Paralysis often asymmetric; abnormal CNS image


Condition Features that distinguish condition from botulism

Intoxication with depressants H/o exposure, excessive drug levels in body fluids

Lambert Eaton syndrome Increased strength with sustained contraction; Evidence of lung carcinoma; EMG findings similar to botulism

Tick paralysis Paresthesias; ascending paralysis; tick attached to skin

BOTULISM, DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS


BOTULISM, DIAGNOSIS

Exclusionary tests to rule out other causes Normal CSF Edrophonium (“Tensilon test”)

Reverses paralysis in myasthenia gravis

May have false positive with botulism

Normal imaging Evaluate for presence of ticks


BOTULISM, TREATMENT Ventilatory assistance and

supportive care Recovery depends on

regeneration of new motor axons and may take weeks to months

Botulinum antitoxin Most effective if given early:

does not reverse action of already-bound toxin

Trivalent equine product against types A,B, and E currently available from CDC

Heptavalent (A-G) antitoxin - investigational

Monovalent human anti-serum for infant botulism - investigational


BOTULISM, TREATMENT Botulinum antitoxin

Single 10ml vial per patient, diluted 1:10 in 0.9% saline & administered by slow IV infusion

Screen for hypersensitivity before administering equine antitoxin and desensitize if necessary

Monitor closely during treatment

Diphenhydramine and epinephrine on hand to treat hypersensitivity reactions

Antibiotics for secondary infection Aminoglycosides and

clindamycin contraindicated: exacerbate neuromuscular blockade


BOTULISM, TREATMENT

Ventilatory assistance and supportive care

Standard precautions Botulinum antitoxin

Most effective if given early: does not reverse effect of toxin already bound to nerve receptor

Trivalent equine product against types A,B, and E currently available from CDC

Heptavalent (A-G) antitoxin - investigational

Monovalent human anti-serum for infant botulism -investigational


BOTULISM, PROPHYLAXIS

Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for at-risk lab

workers and military with investigational vaccine

No pre-exposure prophylaxis recommended for general public

Post-exposure: close monitoring of those exposed; treat with antitoxin at first signs of illness


BOTULISM, DECONTAMINATIONWash exposed surfaces with

soap and water.

Decontaminate environmental surfaces with 0.1% bleach solution, if necessary. Without intervention, toxin will

degrade or dissipate over hours to days.


BOTULISM, SUMMARY

OF KEY POINTS 1. Botulism presents as symmetric bilateral weakness or paralysis with cranial nerve abnormalities and a clear sensorium.

2. Inhalational botulism does not occur naturally, and any potential cases suggest a deliberate source of infection.

3. Gastrointestinal symptoms may not occur with inhalational botulism or with food-borne botulism (e.g., resulting from deliberate contamination of the food supply).

4. A careful dietary and activity/travel history is important when evaluating potential botulism cases.

5. An outbreak occurring with a common geographic factor, but with no common food exposure, would suggest a deliberate aerosol exposure.

6. Botulinum antitoxin must be administered as soon as possible for optimum results.

7. Contact your local health department for any suspicion of botulism.


Ricin

The castor bean plant, Ricinus communis, is a "native of

tropical Africa cultivated in several varieties for the oil found in its leaves and for its bold foliage

Poisoning by ingestion of the castor bean is due to ricin in the bean Extracted castor oil does NOT

contain ricin Perhaps just one milligram of ricin

can kill an adult.



RICIN POISONING

Accidental exposure to ricin is highly unlikely.

Exposure Inhalation. Contamination of water or food. Injection

If injected as little as 500 mg could kill an adult. A 500-microgram dose of ricin

would be about the size of the head of a pin.

Much more needed to kill if inhaled or swallowed

Not contagious


RICIN POISONING The symptoms are:

abdominal pain vomiting diarrhea, sometimes bloody. Within several days there is:

severe dehydration, a decrease in urine, and a decrease in blood

pressure. If death has not occurred in 3-5

days, the victim usually recovers. Children are at high risk


MANAGEMENT OF RICIN POISONING Decontamination Supportive medical care

depending on route of exposure Ventilation Intravenous fluids Management of seizure and low

blood pressure Activated charcoal if the ricin

very recently ingested Flushing eyes if irritated


SUMMARY - CATEGORY A CRITICAL AGENTSDisease Transmit

Man to Man

Infective Dose* (Aerosol)

Incubation Period

Duration of Illness Approx. case fatality rate

Inhalation anthrax

No

8,000-50,000 spores

1-6 days 3-5 days (usually fatal if untreated)

High

Pneumonic Plague

High 100-500 organisms

2-3 days 1-6 days (usually fatal)

High unless treated within 12-24 hours

Tularemia No 10-50 organisms

2-10 days (average 3-5)

> 2 weeks Moderate if untreated

Smallpox High Assumed low (10-100 organisms)

7-17 days (average 12)

4 weeks High to moderate

Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

Moderate 1-10 organisms 2-21 days Death between 7-16 days

High for Zaire strain, moderate with Sudan

Botulism No 0.001 g/kg is LD50 for type A

1-5 days Death in 24-72 hours; lasts months if not lethal

High without respiratory support

Modified from: USAMRIID’s Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook *infectious dose may be less in certain circumstances

South Carolina Area Health Education Consortium


Summary Category A Critical Agents

Decontamination of exposed persons Showering or washing

thoroughly with soap and water adequate for most; bleach not necessary

Infection control Standard precautions – all

cases Airborne and contact

precautions – smallpox and viral hemorrhagic fevers

Droplet precautions – pneumonic plague


ExplosionExplosion

Definition: A reaction that produces a change in the state of matter that results in a rapid and violent release of energy.

Types: - Mechanical- Chemical- Nuclear


ExplosiveExplosive

Definition: A material (chemical or nuclear) that can be initiated to undergo a very rapid, self propagating decomposition, resulting in:

a. formation of more stable materials b. the liberation of heat c. development of a sudden pressure effect.


Explosions - DefinitionsExplosion: A very sudden release of energy resulting in a shock or pressure wave.

Shock, Blast or pressure wave: Pressure wave that causes damage.

Deflagration: Reaction wave speed < speed of sound.

Detonation: Reaction wave speed > speed of sound.

Speed of sound: 344 m/s, 1129 ft/s at ambient T, P.

Deflagrations are the usual case with explosions involving flammable materials.


Explosive Materials Materials in the form of compound or mixture of

compound which suddenly undergoes a very rapid chemical transformation with the simultaneous production of large quantities of heat and gases (CO, CO2, N2, steam, O2) and always accompined by a vigoros shock and an associated noise (brisance)

Nitroglycerin, TNT, lead trinitroresorcinate (lead styphnate), lead azide Pb(N3)2, mercury fulminate (Hg(CNO)2, cyclonite (RDX), tetryl, pentraerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), dynamite

US Department of Transportation Regulation


Dust Dusts of most combustible solids are an

explosion hazard Sufficiently small particle size Sufficient concentration dispersed in air Ignition source Secondary explosions often exceed initial explosion


THE ORIGIN OF EXPLOSIONS

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956: Semenov and Hinshelwood: "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"

Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (English, 1897-1967)

Investigation (1927) of the H2O2 reaction.

discovery of the 1st and 2nd explosion limits

First experimental proof:Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (Russian, 1896-1986)Investigation (1926) of the phosphorus vapouroxygen reaction.

Explosion occurs, if the partial pressure of O2 is between two limits. Interpretation via a branching chain reaction.


Chemical Explosive Reaction. For a chemical to be an explosive, it must exhibit all of the following:

Chemical Explosive Reaction. For a chemical to be an explosive, it must exhibit all of the following:

Formation of Gases.Evolution of Heat.Rapidity of Reaction.Initiation of Further Reaction.

(Chain Reaction)


Chain carriers (also called chain centres, i.e. reactive intermediates) are generated in the initiation steps.

In the chain propagation steps the chain carriers react with the reactants, produce products and regenerate the chain carriers.

In the inhibition step the chain carriers react with the product, reactants are reformed, and there is no reduction in the number of chain carriers.

In the branching step two or more chain carriers are produced from a single chain carrier.

In the termination steps the chain carriers are consumed.

Chain reactions


The two basic types of chain reactions

Open chain reactionsChain reactions without branching steps

Examples: H2 + Br2, reaction,, alkane pyrolysis and polimerisation reactions

Branched chain reactionsChain reactions that include branching reaction steps

Examples: H2+O2 reaction, hydrocarbonair explosions and flames


EXPLOSIVE REACTION


Blast Wave


Categories of ExplosivesCategories of Explosives Low Explosives

Normally employed as propellants. Burn rapidly (up to 400 m/s).

High Explosives Detonate (1000 - 8500 m/s). Differentiated by Sensitivity:

Primary - Extremely sensitive to impact, friction & heat.

Secondary - Less sensitive. (May burn in small, unconfined quantities; otherwise will detonate.)

No sharp line of demarcation between low & high explosives.


Two types of explosions

Another possibility:(i) exothermic reaction,(ii) hindered dissipation of heat and(iii) increased reaction rate with raising temperature, then

higher temperature faster reactions increased heat production

Presence of a chain reaction is not needed for a thermal explosion.

Branched chain reactions are • exothermic and fast• dissipation of heat is frequently hindered most branched chain explosions are also thermal explosions

thermal explosion

Branched chain explosions: rapid increase of the concentration of chain carriers leads to the increase of reaction rate and finally to explosion


Detonation accident


BLEVEBOILING LIQUID EXPANDING VAPOR EXPLOSIONCryogenenic fluids that have a high expansion rate of vaporazation

(LNG around 630 times)


BLEVEBLEVE: Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion

After vessel failure, a large amount of superheated liquid is released, which will flash explosively into vapor. If the liquid is flammable, a fireball may result.

Liquid

VaporVessel with liquid stored below its normal boiling point

Below liquid level - liquid keeps metal walls cool.

Above liquid level - metal walls overheat and lose strength.


The train derailment emergency near Belleville, Ontario in February 2003 set a world record in distance for BLEVE of a propane tank car.


MEXICO DISASTER19th NOVEMBER 1984- leak in LPG Storage facility- BLEVE occurred, 500 Deaths,

Loss US$ 100 Millions


FEYZIN DISASTER

January 4th, 1966, France18 killed, 81 injured. Leak in 1200 m3 propane sphereBLEVE - further sphere toppled

- Adjacent petrol tank caught fire- 48 hrs to gain control

Sampling removable spanner(I) open fully upper valve(Ii) adjust small drain-off rate by operating the lower

valve/20mm sample valve


U.S. Department of Labour Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)


Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is designed to provide both workers and emergency personnel with the proper procedures for handling or working with a particular substance. MSDS's include information such as physical data (melting point, boiling point, flash point etc.), toxicity, health effects, first aid, reactivity, storage, disposal, protective equipment, and spill/leak procedures. These are of particular use if a spill or other accident occurs.



Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Purpose:

Prepared by Chemical Manufacturers or Importers to describe characteristics of the product and to provide information concerning potential hazards



Sections of an MSDS and Their Significance

OSHA specifies the information to be included on an MSDS, but does not prescribe the precise format for an MSDS. A non-mandatory MSDS form (see OSHA Form 174 on page 6 of this manual) that meets the Hazard Communication Standard requirements has been issued and can be used as is or expanded as needed. The MSDS must be in English and must include at least the following information.



SECTIONS OF AN MSDS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE SECTION I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY SECTION II. HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS SECTION III. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL

CHARACTERISTICS SECTION IV. FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD

DATA SECTION V. REACTIVITY DATA SECTION VI. HEALTH HAZARDS SECTION VII. PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE

HANDLING AND USE SECTION VIII. CONTROL MEASURES



MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETPRODUCT NAME(S) : 5 STAR Acetone

PRODUCT CODE : #5910 (GALLON)

SECTION I - MANUFACTURER IDENTIFICATION

MANUFACTURED FOR : 5-Star Autobody Products

ADDRESS : 9419 E. San Salvador Drive \x{2013} Suite 4 Scottsdale, AZ 85258

EMERGENCY PHONE : Chemtrec (800)424-9300

INFORMATION PHONE : (480) 451-4451

D.O.T. Hazardous Class : Paint, Flammable Liquid UN 1090

SECTION II - HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

REPORTABLE COMPONENTS CAS NUMBER VAPOR PRESSURE WEIGHT PERCENT

mm Hg @ temp

*ACETONE 67-64-1 185mm Hg @ 68 F 100%

*Indicates toxic chemical(s) subject to the reporting requirements of Section 313 of Title III and of 40 CFR 372.


SECTION III - PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

PHYSICAL FORM : LIQUID

COLOR : COLORLESS

ODOR : ACETONE

ODOR THRESHOLD : 13 ppm

SPECIFIC GRAVITY @ 20C/68F (WATER=1) : 0.79

VAPOR DENSITY (AIR=1 ): 2.0

EVAPORATION RATE (n-butyl acetate=1 ): 5.7

EVAPORATION RATE (diethyl ether=1) : 2.1

BOILING POINT : 56C/133F.

MELTING POINT : -94C/-137F.

Ph : NOT APPLICABLE

SOLUBILITY IN WATER : Complete

FLASH POINT (TAG CLOSED UP) : -20C/-4F

LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT AT 25C/77F : 2.8 VOLUME %

UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT AT 24C/75F : 13.2 VOLUME %

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE (ASTM D 2155) : 538C/1000F

SENSITIVITY TO MECHANICAL IMPACT : INSENSITIVE

SENSITIVITY TO STATIC DISCHARGE : MATERIAL IS UNLIKELY TO ACCUMULATE

A STATIC CHARGE WHICH COULD ACT AS

AN IGNITION SOURCE


SECTION IV - FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

FLASH POINT(Closed cup) -20oC/-4oF. APPROXIMATE FLAMMABLE LIMITS: 2.8%-13.2%

EXTINGUISHING MEDIA : Water Spray, Dry Chemical, Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Alcohol Foam

SPECIAL FIREFIGHTING PROCEDURES: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing. USE WATER WITH CAUTION. The fire could easily be spread by the use of water in an area where the water could not be contained. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Water may be ineffective in fighting the fire.

HAZARDOUS COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Extremely flammable. Vapors may cause a flash fire or ignite explosively. Vapors may travel considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Prevent backup of vapors or gases to explosive concentrations.

SECTION V - REACTIVITY DATA

STABILITY : Stable

INCOMPATIBILITY : Material can react violently with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids.

HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION : Will not occur


SECTION VI - HEALTH HAZARD DATA

EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE: Extensive human experience and animal data indicate that acetone is of low toxicity. However, ingestion of very large amounts or inhalation of extremely high vapor concentrations can cause irritation, nausea, vomiting, confusion, drowsiness, convulsions and coma with possible liver and kidney injury. Based on animal data and structure-activity relationships, this product is NOT expected to cause nervous system damage.

INHALATION HEALTH RISKS AND SYMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE: High vapor concentrations may cause drowsiness and irritation.

SKIN AND EYE CONTACT HEALTH RISKS AND SYMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE: Eyes: Causes ittitation to the eyes. However, immediate flushing of the eyes with water will minimize any irritative effect. High vapor concentrations may cause irritation to the eyes. Shin: Prolonged or repeated contact may cause drying, cracking or irritation.

INGESTION HEALTH RISKS AND SYPTOMS OF EXPOSURE: Expected to be a low ingestion hazard.

CARCINOGENICITY CLASSIFICATION:

International Agency for Research on Canser (IARC): Not Listed

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): Not Listed

National Toxicology Program (NTP): Not Listed

Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA): Not Listed

Chemical(s) subject to the reporting requirements of Section 313 or Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization ACT (SARA) of 1986 and 40 CFR Part 372: NONE

SARA (USA) Sections 311 and 312 hazard classification(s): Fire hazard, immediate (acute) health hazarad.

MEDICAL CONDITIONS GENERALLY AGGRAVATED BY EXPOSURE: Do not use this product if you have chronic lung or breathing problems.

EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES:

Inhalation: Move to fresh air. Treat symtomatically. Get medical attention if symptoms persist.

Eyes: Immediately flush with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. If easy to do, remove contact lenses. Get medical attention. In case of irritation from airborne exposure, move to fresh air. Get medical attention if symptoms persist.

Skin: Wash with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention if symptoms occur. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.

Ingestion: Seel medical advice.


SECTION VII - PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING AND USE

STEPS TO BE TAKEN IN CASE MATERIAL IS RELEASED OR SPILLED: Remove all sources of ignition(sparks, flames, and hot surfaces). Avoid breathing vapors. Ventilate area. Remove with an inert absorbent and non-sparking tools.

WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD: Disposed in accordance with state, federal and local regulations. Do not incinerate closed containers.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN HANDLING AND STORING: Keep containers tightly closed in a cool, dry well ventilated area away from all possible ignition sources. Store large quantities of material in buildings designed for the storage of flammable liquids.

OTHER PRECAUTIONS: Employees should be trained in safety measures that should be taken when using this product.

SECTION VIII - CONTROL MEASURES

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: Avoid breathing vapors or spray mist. Wear a properly fitted respirator approved by NIOSH/MSHA (TC-23c)for use with paints during application and until all vapors are exhausted. In confined areas, or where continueuous spray operations are typical, or proper respirator fit is not possible, wear a positive-pressure supplied air respirator (TC-19c). In all cases follow respirator manufactures directions for respirator use. Do not allow anyone without protection in the area.

VENTILATION: Provide sufficient ventilation to keep contaminates below applicable OSHA requirements.

PROTECTIVE GLOVES: Neoprene gloves impervious to organic solvents recommended.

EYE PROTECTION: Use safety eyewear designed to protect against liquid splash.

OTHER PROTECTIVE CLOTHING OR EQUIPMENT: Impervious coveralls recommended.

WORK/HYGIENIC PRACTICES: Eye wash and safety showers in the work place are recommended. Wash hands before eating and smoking.


SECTION IX - DISCLAIMER

The information contained in this safety data sheet is information from our suppliers and other sources. It is believed to be reliable. This data is not to be taken as a warranty or representation for which this company assumes legal responsibility.

We appreciate your interest in 5 Star Autobody Products! For more information about these and other 5 Star Autobody Products or for the location of the 5 Star Distributor nearest you, contact us at:

5 STAR AUTOBODY PRODUCTS

9419 E. San Salvador Drive Suite #104 Scottsdale, AZ 85258

Phone: 480-451-4451


PERALATAN KESELAMATAN KERJA


Personal Protective Equipment


Helm Kerja

Pelindung muka

Pelindung mataPERALATAN

KESELAMATAN KERJA


Eye Protection When working with

chemicals, when working near someone working with chemicals, when working around chemicals, but not directly with chemicals themselves, Please! – always wear some form of eye protection!


Types of Eye Protection

Regular safety glasses provide sub-maximum protection, and can allow splashes and chemical vapors to reach eyes.

Prescription safety glasses have corrective lenses, but provide only the same degree of protection as regular safety glasses.


Types of Eye Protection

Goggles provide the most protection, forming a seal against the face.

Laser goggles have wavelength-specific lenses and opaque non-lens components.


Sarung tangan kerja

Obat P3K

Respirator

Pelindung alatpendengaran

Pelindung lenganPelindung tungkai bawah


Hand Protection

Glove materials (PVA nitrile, butyl, PVC) show different degrees of resistance to chemicals

Heavier gloves = greater chemical resistance, but less dexterity

Thin exam gloves (esp. latex) provide almost NO chemical resistance

See MSDS for proper glove selection


OSHA Standard Respirator Use


Alat Pelindung Kaki (foot guard)

Sepatu kerja PERALATAN KESELAMATAN

KERJA


Pelindung Tubuh menyeluruh

COVERALLS/JACKET

PERALATAN KESELAMATAN

KERJA


Labcoats

Labcoats provide extremely limited but critical protection from chemical splashes

Useful when working with small (i.e., research sized) quantities of hazardous chemicals

Heavily contaminated, well-worn labcoats must either disposed of or laundered, before they become sources of exposure themselves



KERJAPeralatan kerja di ketinggian

Alat bantu Angkat


Pelindung api


KERJA

Selimut tahan api

Obat luka bakar

Shower

Shower mata

TanduAlat pemadam kebakaran


What should personnel do in the event of a spill? If a chemical has

splashed on working member, immediately wash it off with copious amounts of water, for at least 15 minutes.

Call for medical attention only after washing.


Chemical splash in the eyes!

•Flood eyes with copious amounts of water at eyewash for at least 15 minutes, then seek medical attention.


RAMBU KESELAMATAN KERJARambu diletakkan di tempat kerja, berfungsi sebagai pengingat tentang adanya bahaya di tempat kerja

WARNA LANTAI ATAU BAGIAN MESIN DI TEMPAT KERJASecara umum warna mengidentifikasikan kondisi tempat kerja,MERAH untuk tombol stop, mematikan mesin dalam keadaan darurat.ORANYE untuk bagian mesin yang berbahaya atau terdapat kemungkinana bahaya listrik.KUNING untuk daerah dimana pekerja harus berhati-hati.HIJAU menunjukkan tempat dimana peralatan keselamatan kerja terdapat seperti kotak P3K, peralatan pelindung.


An Introduction to

“Fire Extinguishers” “Fire Extinguishers”


Legal Basis for this Training

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)Occupational Safety and Health Standards

29 CFR Part 1910Subpart “L” - Fire Protection

Standard 1910.157

“Portable fire extinguishers”


1910.157(b)(1)

Where the employer has implemented a written fire safety policy which requires the immediate and total evacuation of employees from the workplace …and which includes an emergency action plan and fire prevention plan…and when extinguishers are not available in the workplace, the employer is exempt from all requirements of this section unless a specific standard in Part 1910 requires that a portable fire extinguisher be provided.


1910.157 (g)(1)

Where the employer has provided portable fire extinguishers… the employer shall provide an educational program to familiarize employees with general principles of fire extinguisher use and the hazards involved with incipient stage fire fighting.


OBJECTIVES:After this training you should be able to:

IDENTIFY 3 common classes of fires SELECT the proper type of extinguisher EVALUATE when it is safe to

fight an “early-stage” fire, and; APPLY the “P.A.S.S. method to

operate a portable extinguisher.


UNTRAINED PEOPLE Cannot use a fire extinguisher safely

because they are:

UNABLE to evaluate a fire

UNAWARE of DANGER due to...

LACKING JUDGEMENT regarding: Safe and correct use of, and Limitations of portable extinguishers


WHY UNTRAINED PEOPLECan’t use a fire extinguisher safely

(continued):

INEXPERIENCEDDon’t know about the

proper type of extinguisher Don’t know how to make

a “Fight or Flight” analysisUnfamiliar with the

“P.A.S.S. method”


COMMON FIRE CLASSIFICATIONS

“Ordinary” combustibles Paper, wood, rubber, plastics

and textiles.

“Flammable liquids” Oil, gasoline, solvents

“Energized circuits”

Electrical equipment and computers


HOW THEY WORK:

Works by Works by cooling.cooling. Numerical rating indicates amount of agent,

duration, and range of discharge on test fires. Area of Class A fire which a “non-expert” can Area of Class A fire which a “non-expert” can

extinguish, with proper trainingextinguish, with proper training 1-A is 1-A is equivalent on Class-A fire to five liters of waterequivalent on Class-A fire to five liters of water. . 22-A contains has -A contains has twice as muchtwice as much extinguishing agent. extinguishing agent.


HOW THEY WORK:

Works by blanketing the fuel. Works by blanketing the fuel. Interrupts chemical reaction at fuel surface.Interrupts chemical reaction at fuel surface. Class B ratings signify the Class B ratings signify the area in square feetarea in square feet

of flammable liquid fire a unit will extinguish of flammable liquid fire a unit will extinguish when used, by a trained, “non-expert.”when used, by a trained, “non-expert.”


HOW THEY WORK:

Class “C” units have no numerical rating.A Class “C” rating doesn’t imply any capacity. Only indicates that the extinguishing agent is Only indicates that the extinguishing agent is

non-conductivenon-conductive, safe on energized equipment., safe on energized equipment.Works by displacing oxygen, smothering fire.


Portable Fire Extinguishers

Can be CARRIED to a fire

Weigh from 5 to 30 pounds

NFPA Class and Rating Arabic numerals according

to efficiency - 4A extinguishes

twice as much Class A fire as 2A


Portable Fire Extinguishers

LIMITED IN:Capacity - 1.5 to 25 lbs. of

extinguishing agent

Range - Typically 3 to 15 feet

Duration - Discharge their

contents in only 5 to 30 seconds!


Extinguisher Common features

Locking pin Carrying handle / operating lever Pressure gauge Label :

Type (Water, C02, Dry Chemical) Classification (A, B, C) NFPA capacity Rating Instructions

Discharge nozzle or horn


COMMON TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:

WATER DRY CHEMICALCO2 and Halon


WATERWater + CO2 propellant

ONLY for Class firesONLY for Class fireswood / paper, etc.

Spreads burning liquids!DANGERDANGER of electric shock

if used on on live circuits!


DRY CHEMICAL MULTI-PURPOSE RATED

Best for general use:Reduced risk of re-ignitionA 10 lb. unit empties in 8-10 secs.

Effective range of 6 ft. to 15 ft.

Either Or


C02 - RatedBest on burning liquids / electricalSHORT range - 3 to 8 ft.10- pound unit empties in 5 to 10 seconds!

Use short spurts!DISPERSES QUICKLY!

Continue applying after the fire is out!

Unit gets VERY cold - hold properly


HalonBest for computers / electronicsWeight-for-weight TWICE as effective as C02

No residue, easy clean-upVERY SHORT range, 3 to 6 ft.

Like C02, Discharges QUICKLY!

Like C02, Disperses QUICKLY! Continue after flames are extinguished


In case of burning odor or smoke:Call 911 First!Disconnect Equipment

Remove combustibles, if you can do so without danger to yourself

Notify Floor Monitors and Emergency Safety Coordinator


REACT upon discovery of fire or smokefire or smoke

Remove persons in immediate danger!

Ensure doors are closed! (confine fire/smoke)

Activate the building alarm !

Call the Fire Department !

Treat ALL fires as DANGEROUS! Continue a complete building evacuation Do not attempt to fight a fire UNLESS you are

OSHA certified in use of a fire extinguisher !


Use a portable extinguisher ONLY if the:

Building is being evacuated (Fire alarm has been pulled) Fire Department has been called (Dial 911!)

Fire is NOT spreading (small and contained)EXIT IS CLEAR (fight fire with your back to an exit )

Proper extinguisher is at hand, and... You have been trained and know how to use it! You use “Buddy System” - have someone back you up!

Get assistance BEFORE trying to fight a fire!


Remember the PASS word:

1) Keep your back to a clear escape route,

2) Stand back 6 to 8 feet from the fire,

3) Then >>:

P.A.S.S.PULL

AIM

SQUEEZE

SWEEP


PULL the pin


AIMLOW at the base of the fire


SQUEEZE

the lever

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