ADOLESCENT HEALTH1. A Study of Menstrual Hygiene Practices and Associated Symptomatic Genitourinary Illness among Adolescent Girls in Rural Puducherry.

Dr. HemaPriya S, Assistant Professor, Vinayaka Missions Kripananda Variyar Medical College. Vinayaka

Missions University. Salem – 636308.

Background:Adolescent population occupies 1/5th of world’s population and in India 20.9% of the

population falls in this age group. Social prohibitions and traditional beliefs blocked the access to get the

right kind of information to adolescent girls that led to poor hygiene practices. These practices result in

harboring of microorganisms that increase susceptibility to genitourinary infections. Hence this study was

conducted to study the menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls and in rural Puducherry.

Methodology: A community-based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in rural field

practicing area of MGMCRI, Puducherry, from 15 th of March 2013 to 31st April 2014 by using semi-

structured questionnaire. 528 adolescent girls were included by complete enumeration.

Results: Majority (89.2%) of the adolescent girls was using sanitary pads, fresh and reusable cloths were

used by 6.6% and 4.2%, respectively. 65.3% girls changed their soaked absorbent 25 times in a day.

Majority (60.8%) of the girls disposed their used absorbent by burying or burning. 67.9% girls were

washing genitalia during micturition. 54.4% used soap and water for hand cleaning purpose and 1.4%

used ash & mud etc. 35.9% & 32.5% reported abnormal vaginal discharge and itching in the genitalia. 2–

4 symptoms and more than 4 symptoms were reported in 39% and 4.6% girls. The association between

menstrual hygiene practices with genitourinary illness (symptomatic) was found to be statistically

significant.

Conclusions:Even though sanitary pad users were high, unhygienic practices were noticed, so more

emphasis is needed to be given on awareness of menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls.

This study also highlights the lack of sanitary latrine facility in majority of houses that affected the privacy

of the girls which resulted in poor menstrual hygiene practices.

Keywords: Adolescent girls, Menstrual hygiene practices, Genitourinary illness, Sanitary pads.

2. A community based study on prevalence of depression among adolescents in rural Puducherry.

K C Premarajan *Perumal Murthy * Shivanand Kattimani**, Dept. of Preventive and Social Medicine* and Psychiatry** JIPMER, Puducherry.

Introduction

Adolescence is period characterized not only by physical and sexual maturation but also developmental

changes towards attaining social and economic independence. A large number of adolescents who are

unable to cope with stress caused by these changes develop mental health problems especially

depression. Adolescent depression has serous impact on their socialization, family relations and

performance at school and is also at risk factor for committing suicide.

Objective: 1) To determine the prevalence of depression among adolescents in a rural population.

2) To identify the socio-demographic, behavioural and health related factors associated with

depression.

Methods and Observations: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out among the

adolescents(10-19 Yrs)residing in the Pillayarkuppam village in the Villiannur Commune of

Puducherry.The calculated sample size was 300 and so all the 302 adolescents residing in the study

village were studied using standardized Beck Depression Inventory Scale Questionnaire. The overall

prevalence of depression among adolescents was 32% of which 29% had mild to moderate depression

and 2.6% had severe depression. The prevalence of depression was more among late adolescents

(43.5%) than in early adolescents (21%). Depression was found to be higher among children whose

parents are autocratic and those who are not going to school. Gender and family type did not show any

significant difference. Another significant finding is that 42% of adolescents who are depressed showed

suicidal ideation and is a matter of grave concern. Parents, teachers and adolescents need to be

educated on the mental health issues concerning adolescent age groups and involved in their

management and prevention.

Conclusion: Depression being an important mental health problem among the adolescents, early

identification and management is the most effective strategy for prevention of alcohol and drug addiction

and suicides among them.

3. Physical activity Patterns and Gender differences in school going adolescents of Vijayapur city.

Dr. Shailaja S. Patil1 , Solveig Argeseanu Cunningham2 , Sharanya Thummalapally3

1.Professor in Department of Community Medicine, BLDE University,Shri BM Patil Medical College,

Vijayapur,

2.Solveig Argeseanu Cunningham, Assistant Professor, Global Health Department, Rollins School of

Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta

3.Sharanya Thummalapally, M.P.H. Student, Global Health Department, Rollins School of Public Health,

Emory University, Atlanta

Introduction:

Physical activity is associated with many health benefits, including weight maintenance, lowered risk

factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), cardiovascular fitness, improved skeletal health, and

psychological health .Yet, researchers estimate that around 31% of adults and 80% of adolescents (aged

13-15) do not engage in enough physical activity as recommended in terms of duration and type . Special

attention should be paid to physical activity in adolescence, when many disease risk factors first begin to

develop and life-long physical activity behaviors are most modifiable. The global decline in adolescent

physical activity is a serious public health issue that is associated with rising rates of NCDs and

globalization. This decline is more pronounced in girls compared to boys , just one of many indications

that gender differences exist in adolescent physical activity.

In countries like India, where gender norms largely dictate male and female roles in the family and in

society , gender differences in physical activity are likely to be the most pronounced. This has both short-

term and long-term health implications that differ for boys and girls. Still, little data exist on physical

activity patterns for low- and middle-income countries like India , with few surveillance measures of

physical activity in place .Therefore, the study of adolescent physical activity in India, and associated

gender differences.

.

In 2012, we collected a rich dataset through a school-based survey titled “Home environment and its

influence on adolescent unhealthy weight status” in the city of Vijayapur, In this paper we present part of

the larger dataset focusing on the physical activity patterns of adolescent boys and girls, aged 13 to 16,

in this socioeconomically underdeveloped region . In our study we used Time-use diaries which elicited

the 24 hour recall of activities carried out by adolescents . Time-use surveys are standard and

comprehensive method to capture the physical activity patterns Gender differences in physical activity

were examined to determine if girls and boys spent similar or different amounts of time in physical activity

and if they engaged in different types of physical activity.

Objectives:

1. To assess the physical activity patterns in terms of duration , frequency and type of activity

among boys and girls attending schools in urban Vijayapur

2. To study the sociodemographic characteristics and gender differences in physical activity

patterns of the adolescents.

Observations: A representative sample of adolescents attending public and private schools were

selected ,The sample for this paper is 395 adolescents, of whom about half were male (n=197), and the

other half female (n=198). All adolescents were between the ages of 13 and 16 years old. Half of the

sample attended public schools (n=197, 50%), with the other half attending private schools (n=198, 50%).

The majority of the sample (92%) took part in one or more physical activities during the day, with no

significant differences seen between males and females. The physical activity patterns of adolescents

are discussed in terms of duration ,frequency of doing physical activity and participation in different

domains of activity .Adolescents reported an average of ,about 2 hours, of physical activity. Adolescents

reported between 0 and 16 physical activity bouts per day, with 3 physical activity bouts per day being the

average.

Girls spent significantly more time performing many chores compared to boys: preparing food, serving

food, cleaning up after meals, cleaning indoors and doing laundry. In contrast, boys spent significantly

more time in active play outdoors (mean=42min) than did girls (mean=13min), as well as biking.

Conclusion: Though boys and girls did not differ in terms of total duration of physical activity, there was

significant gender difference between boys and girls engaged in different types of activities and in terms

of activity domains.

4. A Study Of Prevalence And Determinants Of Anaemia Among Adolescent Girls Of Urban Slums In Warangal.Authors: Dr.C.Sravana Deepthi, 3rd year post graduate, Dr.K.Bhavani, Associate Professor, Kakatiya

Medical College, Warangal, Telangana.

Background: Iron deficiency anemia is the commonest medical disorder and is a problem of serious public

health condition with epidemic proportions especially among poor adolescent girls(65--90%)

Objectives: Our study objectives were to determine the prevalence and determinants of anaemia among

adolescent girls living in urban slums of Warangal, Telangana state, India.          

Methodology:    

     A cross sectional study was conducted in a setting of urban slums of Warangal city, Telangana state,

India during the period from July 2014 t0 February 2015. A total of four urban slums were included in the

study. Within each selected urban slum 100 adolescent girls were studied. The relevant information was

collected with anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin estimation.

Results: 

Overall prevalence of anaemia was 82%, the prevalence of mild, moderate and severe anaemia was

37.7%, 36.2% and 8.5% respectively. Socio-demographic factors like religion, education of the girl,

occupation of the father, menstrual factors like regular periods and excessive bleeding and nutritional

factors like low intake of meat, vegetables and body mass index showed significant association with

anaemia.

Key words: Anemia, Adolescent girls, Hemoglobin and Urban slums.         

5. Gender Preferences - Reasons and solutions suggested by adolescent girls

E. Suganya1*, H.N.Vrushabhendra2, S.Srikanth3, V. Sudha4

1II Year Post Graduate, Dept. of Community Medicine, SVMCH&RC, Puducherry, India2Professor and Head, Dept. of Community Medicine, SVMCH&RC, Puducherry, India

3Professor, Dept. of Community Medicine, SVMCH&RC, Puducherry, India4 II Year Post Graduate, Dept. of Community Medicine, SVMCH&RC, Puducherry, India

Objectives

1. To explore the various perceived reasons by the Adolescent age group girls on Gender Inequity.

2. To suggest solutions to achieve equity among male and female gender.

Methods

The present formative study was undertaken in Kannagi Girls Higher Secondary School, Villianur,

Puducherry, India. Adolescent girls studying in XI standard class, having male siblings with age difference

maximum of 5 years, were selected purposively for the study. Out of eligible girls in four sections of XI

standard class, a total of 12 girls (3 girls willing to participate from each section were chosen). A

triangulation of Free list and Pile sort exercises was used. The data was analyzed by Visual Anthropac

1.0 software. This was followed by one semi – structured Focus Group Discussion (FGD) .To increase the

validity of the results, these findings were presented to the participants and confirmed.

Results

Adolescent age group girls perceived Poor literacy rate, unemployment among women, poor social

relationship, early marriages, customs, property rights for men, dowry, poverty, poor safety to women, last

ritual rights by men as the reasons for gender inequity. Participants suggested solutions such as self

reliance, motivation of mothers in promoting girls education, to provide free education to poor girls, to

increase the job opportunities for women both in government and private sectors, to strengthen Dowry

Prohibition Act, to increase the punishment of eve – teasers and rapists , to regularly conduct awareness

campaign on disadvantages of early marriage, strict monitoring by Law force on equal distribution of

property inheritance to attain gender equity.

Conclusion

Though most of the solutions, suggested by the study participants already exist in our system but still

gender inequity persists. Strengthening the government rules and schemes, improving the social

relationship and constant motivation, the gender inequity problem could be overcome.

6. Risk Behaviours impacting health of youth. A cross sectional survey in BangaloreAUTHOR: Dr. Sunitha Singh, Dr. G Gururaj, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences,

Bangalore

OBJECTIVES:

i. To study the presence and pattern of health behaviours among the youth aged 16 to 30 years.

ii. To assess the perceptions of the youth groups on health behaviours among the study population.

OBSERVATIONS:

The present study, carried out in the Bangalore urban among youth aged 16-30 years adopted a cross

sectional study design with mixed methods approach. The quantitative part followed a multistage

sampling procedure and data was collected from 1911 youths across selected colleges, factories and

slums using a semi-structured questionnaire which was validated as part of the study. The qualitative

component included 5 focused group discussions among the youth.

Among a total of 1911, 880 and 397 youths were interviewed in factories and slums respectively and 634

in colleges. A high proportion of youths consumed unhealthy foods on a daily basis. Sedentary behaviour

was reported among 43.5% youths. The overall prevalence of gambling problem was found to be 5.5%. A

high proportion of risk taking behaviours on roads including drink driving, not wearing helmet and seatbelt

and use of cell phone while driving were noted. The overall prevalence of current usage of cigarettes and

alcohol among youth was 10.4% and 10.9% respectively. Around 3% of the youth attempted to end their

life atleast once in the past 12 months. The study findings were complemented through FGDs where the

groups opined that behaviours affecting health, particularly mental health was high among the youth.

CONCLUSION: Youth in urban Bangalore have varied prevalence of the risk behaviours impacting their

health.

7.A comparative study about the menstrual hygiene awareness in rural and urban adolescent girls in Kurnool distirct

M.Sushma1,M.A.Mushtaq Pasha2,Afsar Fatima3,Isaac Ebenezer4 , Shanthiram Medical College, Kurnool

Back ground: The onset of menstruation is one of the most important changes occurring among the girls

during the adolescent age. Adolescent girls constitute a vulnerable group, particularly in India where

female child is neglected. Hygiene-related practices of women during menstruation are of considerable

importance. Women having better knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene and safe practices are less

vulnerable to RTI and its consequences. Therefore, increased knowledge about menstruation right from

childhood may escalate safe practices and may help in mitigating the suffering of millions of women.

Objective: To assess the knowledgeregarding menstrual hygiene awareness and comparison among the

urban and rural adolescent girls in Kurnool district

Methodology: Acommunity based cross-sectional comparative study is done between the urban and rural

adolescent girls (13-18 years) in Kurnool district. Those who attained menarche were included. Those

who refuse to participate and not willing to give consent are excluded. Data is collected by a structured

pre-tested questionnaire given. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 17 version.Data was presented in

proportions and chi-square was done for significance with 95% confidence interval. Duration of the study

from two months 1.7.2015 to 1.9.2015

Results, conclusions and recommendations will be discussed during conference.

8. A comparative cross sectional study of knowledge and practice of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls in rural and urban schools, Kolar

Varsha, SDUMC, Kolar

Introduction:

According to WHO, the term ‘adolescents’ refers to young people between the ages of 10 and 19. Today

there are 1.2 billion adolescents, worldwide. Nearly 90 per cent live in developing countries, which forms

eighteen percent of the world’s population. Adolescent girls in India constitute almost 47% of

totaladolescent population. The first menstruation also called as ‘MENARCHE’ is an indicator of

developmental maturation in women whose arrival determines the transition from being a child to being a

teenager.

In developing countries poor menstrual hygiene has been an insufficiently acknowledged problem.

Therefore an increased knowledge about menstruation right from childhood may escalate safe practices

and may help in mitigating the suffering of millions of women .Hence this study was taken up to assess

the knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls and create awareness

among them.

Objectives:

1) To assess the knowledge and the practices of menstrual hygiene among rural and urban school

going adolescent girls.

2) To provide health education regarding menstrual hygiene to improve the menstrual practices.

Materials and Methods:

Study settings/area: Two schools (one from rural & one from urban) around the field practicing area of

SDUMC.

Study population:Adolescent school girls from urban and rural areas (10-19years)

Study Duration: 1month

Study Design:Cross-sectional study

Sample Size: 110(Sample size was calculated based on the knowledge of use of sanitary pads from a

previous study)

Sampling: Simple random sampling was done.

Results and conclusion: Awaited.

9. A Study On Awareness Of Risk Factors Of Breast Cancer Among Adolescent Girls, Sri Padmavathi Women’s Degree College,Tirupati.

K.Vaishnavi1, R.Altaf hussain2,

1-Post Graduate Student , Department Of Community Medicine

2-Associate Professor, Department Of Community Medicine

Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati, Chittoor dist., Andhra Pradesh.

BACKGROUND : Breast cancer continues to be leading cause of death throughout the world .Lack of

awareness and early detection programme in developing country is main reason for escalating the

mortality.

OBJECTIVES:1.To determine the awareness of risk factors of breast cancer among adolescent girls.

METHOD OF STUDY:

Study design: A cross sectional study. Study setting: Sri Padmavathi Women’s degree college, Tirupati.

Study subjects:314 Adolescent girls 17-19years.Sample size: According to n=4pq/l2[p=56%] the sample

size was calculated as 314 .Study period :2 weeks july 2015.The study subjects will be subjected for

personal interview using a pre tested questionnaire after explaining the purpose of study and taking

informed written consent. The data will be entered in MS excel and analysed using SPSS 16 version

software.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

68.8%, 49.4% and 46.5% of the participants have low knowledge on association between breast cancer

and dense breast tissue, family history, menarche respectively.59.9% are not aware that prolonged use of

contraceptive pills will initiate breast cancer. Statistical significant difference between menarche and socio

economic status has been observed.

10. Guidance Needs among Rural and Urban Adolescent Girls

Geetha. A, Department of Psychology, Maharani Arts, Commerce and Management, Seshadri Road, Bangalore

Maslow named five categories of human needs which are arranged in hierarchical order so that higher order needs become aroused only after lower order needs have been at least partially satisfied. Mulay, in his study of rural and urban students, found variations in needs and problems according to high and low socio economic status. In a study by Croll (2002) the results showed a clear, although less strong, positive relationship between poverty and the levels of special educational needs in schools. Study by Pandey (1981) on social aspects of scheduled tribe high school students showed that the tribal students were not able to avail adequate educational opportunities. Grewal (1997) has worked on different needs

of guidance and satisfaction. He has highlighted on needs for guidance in terms of physical needs, social needs, psychological needs, educational needs and vocational needs. The objective was to study the difference in guidance needs between rural and urban adolescents. A between group design with purposive sampling was opted for the study. The sample selected for the study was adolescent girls studying in 8th and 9th standard aged between 12-14 years. The final sample consisted of 46 rural and 30 urban adolescent girls. Initially the adolescent girls were administered General Health Questionnaire as screening devise to rule out probable cases of psychopathology. Then adolescent girls below the cut off score of 9 on the questionnaire were administered Guidance Need Inventory. The responses were scored adequately and results analysed using t test to study the difference in guidance needs (physical needs, social needs, psychological needs, educational needs and vocational needs) between rural and urban adolescent girls. The results indicated that there was significant difference in guidance need between rural and urban adolescent girls in some areas. The results will be discussed in detail and analysed in relationship to the interventions required to fulfil the needs of adolescents across rural and urban areas. Also the difference in needs being fulfilled at rural and urban schools will be highlighted.

Key words: Guidance needs, rural adolescents girls and urban adolescent girls

11. Sustainability challenge related to menstrual hygiene and sanitation: A study in women private hostels, Vinayak Nagar, Mysore

Gangotri Dash1, Dr. Mohan A.K.2

1. Research Scholar, DOS in Social Work, Manasagangothri

Menstruation is a natural process and indicates healthy status of women. But ignorance and unhygienic

practices during menstruation can lead to serious health problems. Menstrual hygiene managementis a

vital step for wider development outcomes in health, education, jobs and wellbeing 1.Various researches

has been documented that inadequate menstrual protection has impact on the school dropout and

irregularities among girls2 and again Reproductive Tract Infection (RTI) is 70% higher in case of the

women and girls who do not use sanitary napkins3. UKAid sponsored research reveals that 60% of girls in

India change their menstrual cloths once in a day. Poor menstrual hygiene not only affects physical

health, but also social mental wellbeing and is a violation of human right to health 4. For this reason many

national and international organisations are conducting programmes in schools and communities to

educate girls and women about menstrual hygiene and benefits of use of sanitary napkins. However,

menstrual management is not just about personal hygiene but also environment concern is associated

with it while disposing menstrual waste.On the other hand producers of highly used sanitary napkins such

as Procter & Gamble India (Whisper), Johnson and Johnson (stayfree) and Hindustan Unilever (Kotex)

refuse to engage in discussion on managing menstrual waste5. Although apart from these disposable

napkins, other ecofriendly and reusable napkins are available but due to lack of advertisement and high

price, these products have not gained wide acceptance by users. This paper intends to highlight sanitary

issues of women during menstruation and awareness of women about various reusable and ecofriendly

menstrual products as well as disposal of menstrual waste. It also provides a success case study of a low

cost terracotta incinerator developed by India woman Swati Bedekar for sanitary waste disposal.

12. INFLUENCE OF SHYNESS ON ACADEMIC STRESS AMONG ADOLESCENTS

Lancy D’Souza1 & Rajani Aithal2

1 Associate Professor, 2 Assistant Professor, Maharani’s Arts College for Women, Mysore-570006

Objective: In recent years psychologists are focusing more on shyness and its negative effects among

adolescents. Few of the studies have also indicated various types of stresses experienced by

adolescents due to varied reasons. In the present study an attempt is made to correlate shyness with

stress and find out the major predictors of shyness. Further, to find out gender differences if any, in

shyness and stress experienced by male and female adolescents.

Method: A total of 180 adolescents were selected for the present investigation from few of the high

schools and pre university colleges in and around Mysore City, using stratified random sampling

technique. They were administered shyness assessment test (D’Souza, 2006), and academic stress

inventory (Lim & Chen, 2009). Shyness of adolescents was measured through 3

domains-cognitive/affective, physiological and action oriented. Academic stress of the selected sample

was measured in 7 domains. They were Stress from teachers, Stress from results, Stress from tests,

Studying in group stress, Peer stress, Time management stress and Self-inflicted stress. The

administration of tools was done in 2 sessions. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics, Pearson’s

product moment correlation and stepwise multiple regression.

Results: The adolescents had higher levels of stress in teacher related and time management related

issues. All the domains of stress were significantly and positively correlated with various domains of

shyness and total scores. Further, regression analysis revealed that only 2 domains of shyness best

predicted the stress of the students and they were -’Cognitive domain and physiological domain’. Lastly

gender-wise comparison indicated that girls had significantly higher stress and shyness compared to

boys. Implications of the study have been delineated.

__________________________________________________________________

13. Migrated Tribal Adolescent Girls –Knowledge And Practice About Menstrual Hygiene

Nath Sharma Nibir, Behera B K

Kalinga Insitute of Medical Sciences, Odisha

Introduction: Menstruation and menstrual practices are still clouded by taboos and socio-cultural

restrictions among adolescent girls in various societies in our country. Many of the adolescents lack

scientific knowledge and hygienic health practices about menstruation, which sometimes result into

adverse health effects.

Objectives: The current study has started to evaluate the knowledge and practice on various aspects of

menstrual hygiene among migrated tribal adolescent girls. Methodology: About hundred adolescent girls

of between age 10-19 yrs who attained menarche were included our study from the migrated basti (slum

area) of Bhubaneswar city of Odisha. A pre designed questionnaire has been prepared from similar

studies by different authors and used to access different aspect of menstrual hygiene.

Results: All the results will be tabulated and analyzed after completion of the study. Conclusion: Based on

the study findings about the knowledge and practices of menstrual hygiene we can give suggestions and

implement health education in which ever requirement for the adolescent girls.

Key words: Adolescent girls, menstrual hygiene.

14. Physical Morbidity and Mental Health Status among Late Adolescents in Rural Puducherry

Niranjjan R1,SonaliSarkar2, Karthik Balajee3, Manikandan Srinivasan1

1. Junior Resident, 2. Associate professor, 3. Senior Resident, Department of Preventive & Social

Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry-6

Background: WHO defines adolescence as the period of life between 10-19 years. Late adolescents (15-

19 years) have specific physical and mental health needs, which are often neglected.

Objectives: Among the adolescents in the age group of 15-19 years of rural Puducherry, to study the

prevalence of psychological distress and hopelessness,and physical morbidity.

Methodology:A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescents in the age

group of 15-19 years in the service area of Jawaharlal Institute Rural Health Centre during July 2015.The

adolescents were interviewed using a semi structured, pre-tested questionnaire.Informed consent was

obtained for all the participants above 18 years. For the participants below 18 years, assent was obtained

in addition to the consent from their parents. Information on demography, health needs and substance

abuse was obtained through interview.Mental health status assessment was done using self-administered

GHQ-12 Questionnaire & Becks HopelessnessScale.Data were entered in MS Excel and analyzed using

IBM SPSS 17.0.

Results:

Ofthe total 324 participants, 170(53%) were females.The mean (SD) age was 15.9 (1.3) years. One fifth

of the adolescents 67(20.9%) had psychological distress; 53.7% of them were males & highest proportion

(35%) belonged to class IV socio-economic class. Moderate level of hopelessness was seen in 32(10%)

adolescents; among them 59.3% of were males and majority (48%) belonged to class IV socio-economic

class. Substance abuse was found in (125) 39% of the families of adolescents and among those (55)

44% have problems at home related to the substance abuse.On bivariate analysis, age group 15-17

years compare to 18-19 years (OR 2.5; 95%CI 1.1-5.3), presence of substance abuse in family (OR 2.2;

95%CI 1.3–3.9), problem in household due to substance abuse (OR 3.5; 95%CI 1.9- 6.6)&school going

compare to college going (OR 2.5; 95%CI 1.1-5.9), were significant risk factors for psychological distress.

Problem in household due to substance abuse was single independent risk factor (AOR 2.6; 95%CI 1.1-

6.0) on multivariate analysis.Ofthe 324 adolescents, 120(37%) hadany physical health problem like URI,

fever. Majority of females expressed their needfor an exclusive adolescent clinic(58%),sexual &

reproductive awareness(67.5%) and information about contraception(67.4%)The need for mental health

services was higher in females compared to males (55.6% Vs 44.3%), which was statistically significant

(p<0.05).

Conclusion

In rural area of Puducherry, one fifth of adolescents had psychological distress and ten percent had

Moderate level of hopelessness requiring mental health and counselling services.

15. “Knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding reproductive health among late adolescent girls in an urban area of Belagavi”

Dr. Suhasini Kanyadi, Postgraduate, Dr. Chandra Metgud, Professor, Mr. M.D. Mallapur, Assistant

Professor & Statistician, Dr. S. M. Katti, Professor & Head

Department of Community Medicine , KLE University’s Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi

Objective: To assess the knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding the reproductive health among late

adolescent girls

Observation: The study was conducted among 625 adolescent girls (16-19 years) residing in Ashoknagar

urban field practice area of Belagavi. It was a community based cross- sectional study. Every 3 rd house

was visited and face to face interview was carried out with a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire.

Statistical analysis was done using SPSS trial version 16. The mean age of the respondents was

17.4±1.09 years.The mean age of menarche was 12.8+1.73. Majority (66.6%) of girls were aware about

menstruation before the onset of menarche respondents, only 196 (31.4%) of 625 girls correctly knew the

ideal interval between two pregnancies and 290 (46.4%) girls knew that abortion was legal in India.

Almost half of the study participants had knowledge about different methods of contraception but 31% of

the girls had incorrect knowledge and 41% didn’t know anything about emergency contraception. Though

they knew the various modes of transmission of HIV but there were some misconceptions also. Socio-

economic status and mothers education had significant association with usage of sanitary pads

(p<0.001). It was observed that there was a significant gap in the knowledge, beliefs and practices among

study participants.

Conclusion: Taking into account the health implications and prevailing socio-cultural and economic

factors, there is an urgent need for intensifying effective strategies

to persuade the adolescent school girls to adopt healthy menstrual practices. More information on

menstruation, conception and contraception should be made available early, at the primary school level of

a child’s education, to eliminate misconceptions.

16. Pranic Energy Perception and Impact of Prana on Psychological Wellbeing of Adolescents

Srikanth N. Jois1, Lancy D’Souza2, Rajani Aithal3, & R.Moulya4

1Head of Research, World Pranic Healing Foundation, India, Research Centre, Mysore

2Associate Professor, Maharaja’s College, University of Mysore.

3Assisstant Professor, Maharanis’s College, University of Mysore,

4Consultant Psychologist, World Pranic Healing Foundation, India, Research Centre

Pranayama is one of the most beneficial yogic practices and most talked about in yoga shastra. However,

Prana, the basis of life on which pranayama is based on, is not much studied.

Objective: The present study was conducted to sensitize people on existence of Pranamaya Kosha and

experience the Prana. In the present study, an attempt was made to understand different feelings,

sensations, experience and perception of Pranic energy by respondents when they are guided to feel the

energy in between their hands and absorb prana. One of the aims was to draw a definitive conclusion on

the perception and experience of Prana among adolescents.

Method: Exploratory research design was used. The Participants for this study were adolescents who

were guided by Master ChoaKok Sui’s students to experience the Prana. An open ended questionnaire

was used to understand their experiences. The responses for Pranic sensation were categorised into

Psychological domain, and the results were analysed using Contingency Coefficient analysis and Chi

Square tests.

Results: It was revealed that 93.22% of the total sample felt the pranic energy in between their hands.

35.6% of the sample felt nice and good, 13.3 % of the sample felt relaxed and at peace when feeling

prana between hands. 63.68 % of the whole sample were able to experience psychological changes after

absorbing prana. 50.1% of the sample felt happy, 47.7% expressed being relaxed, 7.4% of the sample

expressed being enthusiastic after absorbing prana. Implications of the study have been delineated.

_______________________________________________________________________

17. Psychosocial problems of adolescent girls in institutional care setting

Sumi

Adolescence is the time between childhood and adulthood - between the ages of  12 to 18 -- that is marked by growth and change. An individual has to deal with both physical and emotional development during this period. Institutional care setting provide all sorts of care and focus on overall development of the inmates. But psycho social problems among adolescent girls under institutional care has been researched by many and they have found that these girls do display poorer mental health when compared to others living with their families and within the wider community setup. Many studies comparing the institutionalized and non institutionalized children found differences in the level of depression that is with institutionalized children displaying higher levels of depression than children under family support .The objective of this study is to identify characteristics of adolescent girls in institutional care and to find out the prevalence of psychosocial problems among adolescent girls in institutional care. The method used is descriptive design.The tool used for data collection is participant observation and interview. Major findings of the study are adolescent girls under institutional care are more liked to use cosmetics and attractive dresses, influenced by media and films they have a tendency to imitate romance, sexual attraction towards opposite sex, difficulty in social interactions and indicators of maladjustment and poor wellbeing are common among them. They were found to have greater psychological and social problems and they tend to be withdrawn and experience emotional imbalance .At this point the researchers has come to a suggestion that the adolescent girlsunder institutional care needs regular counseling and proper life skill education for the improvement of their mental health.

18. A STUDY TO KNOW PREVALENCE AND DIETARY FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY AMONG URBAN ADOLESCENT PRIVATE SCHOOL CHILDREN IN TIRUPATHI,CHITTOOR (Dt), ANDHRA PRADESH.

K.Vyshnavi*, R. AltafHussian**

*Post Graduate, **Associate Professor DeptOf Community Medicine Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupathi.

INTRODUCTION-Now a days obesity is gradually increasing even in the developing countries due to

changes in the dietary and lifestyle habits.The importance is that adolescent obesity leads to a number of

healthproblems in adults like type-2 diabetes mellitus,cardiovascular disease,cancer,etc.

OBJECTIVES- 1.To know the prevalence of obesity among adolescents.

2.To know the associated dietary factors causing obesity.

METHOD OF STUDY- The study was conducted in two private high schools of urbantirupati.community

based cross-sectional study is being carried out in urban tirupati . Data was collected from the adolescent

school children of age group 12 to15. Study period from 1stjuly 2015 – July 31st 2015. 500school children

were included which is calculated by using the formula( 4pq/l2 ) 95% confidence interval with an allowable

error of 10% of relative prevalence. A pre-designed, pre-tested proforma was used to collect information

regarding, social, demographic factors,prevalence and associated dietary factors. Height and weight are

calculated using standard methods and BMI calculated. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics.

RESULTS: Till now data regarding 100 adolescent school children were collected. The mean age of

subjects was 12.89.Among themmales were 64%, females were 34%, and 78% belong to socioeconomic

class-2 and 22%; class-3, of modified kuppuswamy socioeconomic scale. 3% are obese, 17% are

overweight. Obesity is increasing with excess diet and lack of exercise.

19. A STUDY ON OVERWEIGHT & OBESITY IN SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN IN RURAL FIELD

PRACTICE AREA

KAJOK, Post graduate student, Vydehi Institute Of Medical Sciences and Research Centre

INTRODUCTION :

Globally, an estimated 170 million children (aged less than 18 years) are now estimated to be

overweight .

The highest prevalence of childhood overweight is in upper-middle-income countries, and, when taken as

a group, low-income countries have the lowest prevalence rate .

It is gradually becoming a major public health problem in many developing countries, including India .

OBJECTIVES :

To assess overweight and obesity in school going children from 1st to 5th standard in the rural field

practice area .

METHODOLOGY:

A cross sectional study was conducted on all the school children in 1st to 5th standard in 15 primary

schools in the rural field practice area from January to February 2014 .

Target group : All the school children from 1st to 5th standard ranging in the age group of 6 years to 10

years .

Anthropometry : Weight was recorded without shoes using a weighing scale with an error to the nearest ±

500gm . A stadiometer was used for measuring the height (without shoes ) , with an error to the nearest ±

0.5 cm. Children were categorized based on Agarwal charts . Those between 85-95 percentile were

classified as overweight and 95 percentile and above as obese .

Data was analyzed based on percentages and proportions and Chi square test was used to determine

associations

OBSERVATIONS : Awaited and will be submitted before 20th September 2015 .

CONCLUSIONS: Awaited and will be submitted before 20th September 2015

KEY WORDS : Overweight , obesity , school children

20. TITLE: A STUDY ON MENSTRUAL HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG GIRLS ATTENDING HIGH SCHOOLS IN NELLORE CITY.

Dr. Sai Venkata Rajyalakshmi, Post-graduate, Community Medicine Department, Narayana Medical

College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh.

CO-AUTHORS: Dr. V.Chandhrasekhar, Dr. E.RaviKiran, Dr. K.Vijaya, Dr. C.Kumar, Dr. C.Jyothi.

BACKGROUND: In India, menstruation and menstrual practices are clouded by taboos and socio-cultural

restrictions for women as well as among adolescent girls. Limited access to products and lack of safe

sanitary facilities prove to be barriers to increased mobility for girls and the likelihood of resorting to

unhygienic practices to manage menstruation. Anecdotal evidence suggest that lack of access to

menstrual hygiene (which includes sanitary napkins, toilets in schools, availability of water, privacy and

safe disposal) could constrain school attendance and possibly contribute to local infections during this

period. With this background, an attempt is made to study menstrual hygiene practices among high

school girls.

OBJECTIVES:

1. To assess the knowledge of high school girls regarding menstrual hygiene.

2. To study the Menstrual hygiene practices among high school girls.

3. To compare menstrual hygiene practices among high school girls in government and private sector.

MATERIALS & METHODS:

Type of study: A cross-sectional study

Study setting: High schools- one from government sector, one from private sector of Nellore city which will

be selected randomly.

Sample population: Selected high school girls in government and private sector.

Inclusion Criteria : High school girls studying 9th and 10th classes.

Exclusion Criteria : Those who will be absent during data collection.

Sample size: Total 200 high school girls will be selected. Out of which 100 will be selected from

government sector and 100 from private sector. Out of 100 girls, 50 will be selected from 9 th class and 50

from 10th class from government and private sector.

Data collection: Data will be collected by face-to-face interview using a pretested, semi-structured

questionnaire.

Duration of the study: 3 months (July-September 2015).

Data analysis: Appropriate statistical methods and tests will be used to interpret the data.Data analysis

will be done using SPSS 21.0 software.

RESULTS: Results will be presented during the conference.

21. Title: A Study of the Pattern of Body Image Perception Among Young Girls.

Rashmi B.M1, Shailaja S.Patil2, M.M.Angadi3, Tanuja Pattankar4

1 Post Graduate Student, 2 Professor, 3 Professor and H.O.D, 4 Post Graduate Student

Department of Community Medicine, B.L.D.E. University, Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Vijayapur

Introduction:

Body image is a vital aspect in the intricate mechanism of an individual’s identity. With globalization and

westernization, India is witnessing dynamic changes in environmental and socio-cultural domains. This

transition is leading to changes in perceptions of individual body image and attempts to change weight.

Research on body image issues is limited to eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia. With

evidence of alarmingly high prevalence of anaemia among Indian girls and ‘Perceived body image’ being

an important determinant of nutritional status, this study was undertaken.1- 4

Objectives of the study:

- To assess the pattern of body image perception among young girls.

- To understand the weight changing methods adopted by them.

Study design: Exploratory cross-sectional study.

Study population: Female BBA students of B.L.D.E.A's A.S.Patil College of Commerce (Autonomous),

MBA Programme, Vijayapur.

Sampling Method: Convenient sampling

Study Duration: 15thJuly to ongoing

Data collection methodology:

Data was collected using a self administered, validated questionnaire to measure body perception, after

obtaining written informed consent from 63 study participants.5 Height was measured by Seca

Stadiometer to the nearest to 0.1cm and weight was measured using Digital weighing machine to the

nearest to 0.1kg.

Observations:

Mean age of participant girls was 18.3 ± 1.1 years.

According to Quetelet’s index, 52%, 40% and 8% of participant girls were normal weight, under weight

and over-weight according BMI cut off levels respectively.6 Majority (76%) of girls perceived that they

were of normal weight, only 14% felt that they were lean and 10% as overweight.

Even though 51% were happy with their image, 11% were unhappy and 8% were very unhappy, 30%

were neither happy nor unhappy.

43% of girls had ever tried to lose weight and 46% were currently trying to lose weight. Methods adopted

to lose weight included reducing quantity of food (19%), exercising more(16%) and skipping meals(13%)

24% ever tried to gain weight and 16% were currently trying to gain weight. Methods adopted to gain

weight included increasing amounts of food (14%), increasing frequency of meals (13%), exercising more

(5%) and taking supplements to increase energy intake (3%)

Conclusions: Our study highlights the gap between young college girls’ body image perception and their

BMI levels, where 40% are underweight but 76% perceived that their weight is normal. Nearly half (46%)

of the study subjects were trying to lose weight by reducing frequency or quantity of food eaten. This

exploratory study shows that there is an urgent need for correct nutritional education and concept of

heathy weight among young girls.

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

1. HEALTH STATUS OF WORKERS IN A HAIR PROCESSING FACTORY, CHENNAI, TAMILNADU- A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDYDr. Anisha Mohan. P, Dr. R. Murali.

*2nd year Post graduate, Department of Community Medicine.

**Prof and HOD, Department of Community Medicine.

Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Tamilnadu

INTRODUCTION :

Human hair processing is one of the most discrete and expanding businesses in India. Workers are

exposed to chemicals in bleaching powder, hair dyes etc which are known to cause occupational asthma,

rhinitis and other disorders. Not much has been looked into concerning the health status of workers

involved in this industry. Chennai being one of the hubs for export has a lot of opportunities to study this

expanding population.

AIM :

To assess the health status of workers in a hair processing factory

OBJECTIVES :

To determine the morbidity pattern of workers in a hair processing factory

To make a general assessment of the working environment

METHODOLOGY :

A cross sectional study for a period of 6 months was conducted among all the workers of a hair

processing factory, Chennai. Ethical clearance was obtained from the ethical committee of CHRI and

permission was sought from the concerned authorities of the said factory. The study sample was covered

over 8 visits distributed over 2 months by 4 trained doctors. Informed consent was obtained, pre tested

schedule was used to collect data by interview method, general examination done, and a checklist was

used to assess the work environment. Cases which needed follow up were adequately addressed. Data

was entered and analysed using SPSS version 21, statistical tests – chi square was applied for statistical

significance.

RESULTS :

Out of the 314 workers 76% (236) were females. Mean age of the Workers was 28.5 years. Majority were

involved in stripping (35%) followed by packaging (24%) washing (15%), bleaching(15%) and dying(11%).

Contact dermatitis was found in 10%. 15% reported Visual problems, while 12% had respiratory

complaints. Around 36% were diabetics. 32% of women were anaemic. Around 37% of females had

complaints related to menstrual abnormalities. 6% were found to have adult onset asthma. Personal

Protective Equipment like face masks, aprons, gloves and hair caps were used by 85% workers. The

overall work environment was found to be hygienic and satisfactory. Further statistical analysis will be

done to assess any association between the morbidity and work pattern.

CONCLUSION:

The overall morbidity of the workers was 43% despite the high usage of Personal protective measures

(85%). Hence, health education, periodic follow–up regarding the appropriate use of personal protective

measures should be taken up by the appropriate authority. Further studies are needed to probe in depth

the morbidity related to the hair processing industry.

2." OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OF WOMEN BEEDI WORKERS"

Anjum Aliya, Faculty Supervisor (Phd Scholar), St. philominas college, Mysore

This paper discusses the occupational  hazards of women  working in the Beedi industry .The  Beedi 

industry  is the second  largest in the unorganized sector  both in urban rural and tribal areas.The beedi

making involves rolling , sorting out roasting, packing  and marketing of beedies.Both men and women 

are occupied in this labour intensive  industry of beedi making .But women occupy the  90% of the work

force  .the women work for 8-10 hours in a day  and   making about  900 to 1000 beedies  which has an

earning of about  100 to 150 rupees. The  women beedi workers  are  constantly inhaling the nicotine 

present  in the air .They live in  ill ventilated, narrow and congested houses  and  prone various diseases

like the Bronchitis, Tuberculosis, Arthiritis Gynaecological skin and cancer problems. It leads to other

problems like  headache, blurred vision,watery nose, giddiness, spondilitis  gastritis, backache,white

discharge, irregular menstrual cycle etc.The illiteracy  and backwardness  of women leads to exploitation

by the middle man which  is responsible for  lower socio-economic  status . They are deprived of  the

mandatory social provision or social legislation passed  by the government. The monotonous work leads 

to  psychological problems like the  low self –esteem. boredom, depression,insomnia and in extreme 

conditions it may lead to suicide . The government has passed  various social legislation but  the women

are not  able to claim the social  and medical  benefits due to the  non possession of the  Beedi ID 

card .The  beedi  women  workers are  given  awareness  through various welfare programmes passed

by the government. Since the majority of the women are home based workers reaching out to them is a

big issue in itself.

Key  words:beedi, workers, women, industry,social,  disease, problems, benefits.

3. COPD and Occupational exposure

Objectives –To study the prevalence of occupational risk factors contributing to COPD in our hospital

setup .

Dr.Ishan Capoor, Vydehi Medical College, Mysore

Observation –

60 Patients presenting to Pulmonary Medicine OPD at Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research

Centre ,Bangalore diagnosed to have COPD as per GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung

Disease )Guidelines were included in the study over a period of 3 months .

Inclusion Criteria

• Clinical features of COPD and Spirometry values of COPD as per GOLD guidelines .(Post

bronchodilator FEV1 /FVC <0.70 ).

• Patients willing to give informed written consent to participate in this study

Exclusion Criteria

• Asthma

• Tuberculosis

• Bronchiectasis

Sample size -60

Statistical analysis –Demographic variables and prevalence have been represented as percentages .

Age distribution- 43 to 80 years

Out of the 60 patients included in the study 52 patients (86.67%)were male and 8 patients (13.33%)were

female .

Smoking as a sole risk factor was noted in 5 patients .(8.33%)

Smoking + Occupational exposure to vapours ,dust,gases and fumes -

44 patients .(73.33%)

Biomass fuel exposure - 8 patients .(13.33%)

Sole occupational exposure as a risk factor - 3 patients .(5%)

The most common occupational risk factor in the smoking +occupational exposure group was agriculture .

Conclusion

• Occupational exposures including organic, inorganic dusts and chemical agents and fumes are

an underappreciated risk factor for COPD .

• In my study smoking +occupational exposure to vapours,dusts,gases and fumes(44 patients )

were found to be the biggest risk factor for COPD .

• Prevention must be the primary tool for decreasing the incidence of morbidity and disability from

work-related COPD,

• Primary prevention is designed to abate hazards before any damage or injury has occurred.

Primary prevention strategies encompass the same exposure controls (elimination, engineering

controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment).

• Secondary prevention addresses early detection of the disease so that its duration and severity

can be minimized. Medical surveillance programs are a type of secondary prevention.

• Tertiary prevention aims at the prevention of permanent COPD. It includes institution of

appropriate health care. Furthermore, early recognition of the disease and early removal from, or

reduction of exposure will make it more likely that the patient will avoid COPD.

4. Occupation related health status of women textile workers in Tamil Nadu

Dr Prabha Thangaraj, Post graduate in Community Medicine Dept, PSG-IMSR

Objectives

1. To assess the general health status with special reference to musculoskeletal disorders (MSD)

among the female textile workers.

2. To find association between certain socio-demographic and occupational factors with MSD.

3. Health needs assessment of female textile workers.

Observation

1. Among the total 480 female workers interviewed for the study, 58.8% had MSD. Of these maximum

reported pain of any limb (32.7%) followed by back pain (30.8%) and difficulty in moving any limb

(22.5%). Less than 18% reported joint pain, neck and waist stiffness. Overall 18% worker reported their

general health condition to be fair or poor.

2.Socio-demographic profile showed 78.1% belong to age group 15 to 30 yrs, 53.8% had completed

secondary education and mostly unmarried (70.2%) with work experience less than 5 years (84.2%)

3. Association between age (less vs. more than 30 yrs) and education (less than primary vs. more than

secondary) with MSD showed statistical significance of p<0.001

(OR=0.439, 95%CI = 0.272-0.707) and p<0.05(OR=1.6, 95%CI = 1.14-2.4) respectively.

4. Back pain was found to be significantly associated with sitting jobs (tailoring, embroidery, quality

controller etc) compared to standing (p<0.05, OR=1.7, 95%CI = 1.05-2.76)

5. About 53% of the workers already had some exposure to health education regarding work safety and

cleanliness. On the other hand the needs assessment conducted among the workers showed that they

were interested to know more about nutrition and prevention of non- communicable diseases.

Conclusion

Our study shows that 5 to 6 of every 10 worker suffer some form of MSD with back pain being more

common among those doing sitting jobs; hence MSD is highly prevalent among female textile workers.

Age and education had significant association with MSD showing higher the age and lesser the education

is more at risk. This may be because those with low education tend to get a placement in low cadre jobs.

Reforms have to be brought about in the textile industries on the ergonomic aspects to prevent MSD.

Health education session have to be conducted to prevent work related MSD and also topics of interest

based on the need assessment can be included in these session which can have positive economic

benefits.

5. HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ON DETERMINANTS OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION (IAP) AND ITS HEALTH HAZARD AWARENESS AMONG WOMEN- A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Santhosh N P*, Vinayak J Kempaller, N Udaya Kiran, Rashmi Kundapur, Nishanth Krishna K,

*Assistant Professor, Rajarajeshwari Medical College, Bangalore

Introduction: In India, majority of the households still use biomass fuel. It is a major cause of death and

disability in India.

Aim and objectives: To assess determinants of Indoor air pollution and its Health Hazard Awareness

among women in semi urban, Mangalore.

Methodology: 200 randomly-selected households were recruited in two villages of Mangalore. A

standard, structured questionnaire was administered after taking informed consent. Descriptive analysis

of household area, cooking fuel usage, smoking status.

Results: Of the participants Mean age was 45.22 with standard deviation of 11.36 years and Mean time

spent in kitchen in a day was 3.4 hours with standard deviation of 0.80. 64.2%of the houses lack cross

ventilation and in 72.5% of houses had tiled roof. 17.9% were using chullah as cooking media and

firewood, sawdust as cooking fuel. Regarding hazards of indoor air pollution, over half (50.9%) of women

were unaware of it and among those who were aware, only 37.6% knew that indoor air pollution causes

respiratory symptoms. Around 57.3% participants replied that their respiratory complaints increases on

exposure to smoke. Those who complaints of respiratory symptoms 49.0% are women. Almost three

fourth (72.5%) houses were tobacco smoke free.

Conclusion: participant’s residence, pattern and fuel use were the probable determinants of exposure to

indoor air pollution .Knowledge regarding ill effects of IAP varied among women. The present study is

limited to small sample size. Further studies with a large sample size are required to conclude the above

findings.

Key Words: Tiles, Pollution, Biomass fuel, COPD, Chullah

6. Empowering Women in Industrial Setup by Peer Health Education Process- A Medical College Experience

Iswarya.S1, Suvetha.K2, Thomas V. Chacko3

1Assistant Professor, 2Associate Professor, 3Professor & Head Department of Community Medicine, PSG

IMS&R

Objective:

1. To Develop & Validate checklist for identification of peer educators for imparting health education for

Women workers in Industry

2. To evaluate the effectiveness of Peer Educator selection process for implementation of Health

Education

Methodology &Observation:

First a top level management meeting was conducted in the factory to orient them and get their

commitment for successful implementation of peer health education project. Training modules were

developed by the faculty in the Department of Community medicine on general, reproductive and

occupational health. Staffs at supervisory level were oriented about the project and about ‘peer

education’. The importance of good peer educator (PE) selection was emphasized and a checklist

containing criteria for identifying peer educators was given. Checklist included their general demographic

details, education status, marital status, ability to read and write in local language, total work experience

and extracurricular activities and interest. The supervisors are required to use this checklist to identify

peer educators from their respective sections. This process ensured selection of peer educators from all

the sections in the factory. The faculty from the institution conducted the training for peer educators using

flip charts, videos etc. Peer educators were trained in 6 modules at interval of two months between each

module. Health education materials (flip charts for each module) were given to peer health educators. The

HR team plans the schedule for outreach sessions to be done by peer educators. The peer educators

then conduct formal and informal sessions for the other workers during the time allotted by the

management. Supervisory visits were conducted by faculty within one month of peer health education

session. During supervisory visit faculty evaluated peer educators session using a checklist. The checklist

included introduction to the topic, explanation for each page, Involvement of participants, ensuring

understanding of participants, Summarizing key points at the end of session. A total of 30 supervisory

visits were conducted in 6 factories over a period of 2 years. Each session was for 60 to 90 minutes. In

57% of the sessions peer educators gave introduction to the session emphasizing on need for the topic

covered. About 90% of the peer educators gave explanations for each page in the module. Participant

involvement in the form of asking questions, appreciation for answering was done in 66% of the sessions.

Participant understanding was ensured by asking questions, giving examples and eliciting the response in

73% of the sessions. Summarizing the key points at the end of the session was done only in 47% of the

sessions.

Conclusion: The peer education model has been very successful in a factory setting to access large

number of women in limited time period. This also ensures sustainability of the project in the long run. The

workplace setting offers an efficient and largely underutilized entry point for educating and empowering

women in a safe environment

7. Attitudes and Perception of Young working men on Gender Discrepancy

Authors: Bagepally BS1,Majumder J2, Shah P2, Patel RC2, Kotadiya S2

1 Regional Occupational Health centre (Southern), Bengaluru.2. National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad.

Introduction:

Globalization has strengthened women’s position across the world fostering the country’s economy by

women’s participation in various job markets.Today women are seen as potential catalyst of social

development inside and outside the four walls of their homes. However, promotion of gender equality and

empowerment of women is still an under achieved target set in “Millennium Development Goals” by

United Nations. Present study tried to address these issues by interviewing young working men to get the

holistic visualization of their attitudes towards gender bias and especially towards gender discrepancy at

work.

Methods:

The ongoing study is being conducted on young working men in and around Ahmedabad city. Study was

a cross sectional interview based descriptive study with pre-designed, pre-tested and validated self-

reported questionnaire. The questionnaires included tenitem personality inventory(TIPI), questions to

measure Attitude and perception towards females, Gender Stereotyping and Attitude towards crime

against women.

Results:

This study is on-going.In this paper, we report 213 young male workers with age 20.6 ± 6.9 years,

education of 4.2 ± 2.3 years, BMI 19.4 ± 2.8 with 42 % reporting substance use in the form of tobacco or

alcohol. The total attitude score of 84.1 ± 8.1 (range 61 to 105), the crime against women score of 40.3 ±

5.5 (range 16 to 47), TIPI score of 44.1 ± 5.4 (range 29 to 60).

Discussion:

The study endeavoured to collect information about the attitude developed by young working men

towards females. As adolescence is age of learning and acceptance of new ideas, it is important to

understand whether the developed mentality is positive or negative. The present paper reports the early

descriptives of the study. The early results indicate presence of negative attitude of young men towards

females however concluding interpretations can be made after completion of the study.

8. Health problems among Migrant construction workers at a construction site in Bangalore: A cross sectional study

Nirmala.C.J1, Dharaneesh Prasad 2, Anand Meundi 3

1. Associate professor 2. Assistant professor 3. Professor , BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences

Construction industry is one of the stable growing industries of the world and construction labour form

7.5% of the world labour force. In India, it is the largest economic activity after agriculture. Construction

workers are at a greater risk of developing certain health disorders and sickness than workers in many

other industries. Substance abuse is a major source of morbidity and mortality in India. Tobacco related

deaths are increasing in India, and account for approximately a sixth of the world’s tobacco related

deaths. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration study shows that substance

use can pose major risks to the health and productivity of workers. In the era of globalization construction

is a fast growing industry and very little research has been done on the occupational health, hazards and

psychosocial problems of these workers especially in Asian countries like India. In this context to

understand the health problems, the morbidities and addiction pattern among the construction workers,

this study was conducted.

Objectives: 1.To study socio Demographic profile and morbidity pattern of

construction workers.

2. To study the addiction pattern among construction workers.

Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study carried out at the construction site in BGS Global Institute of

medical sciences, Bangalore city during July- august 2015. Necessary consent was obtained from the

workers and permission taken from concerned authorities at construction site. Data was collected in a

pre-tested and semi structured questionnaire. Statistical Analysis will be done with SPSS version 16.

Results: Yet to be analysed.

9. Women and sustainable environmental conservation

Vivek Subramoniam1Veena Suresh 2

1 & 2 Research scholar , Department of Social Work, Amrita VishwaVidyaPeetham, Amritapuri Campus , Kollam PO -690525

Women have given many definitions in the society where a women considered as an adult female person,

synonyms of love, care and support, compassion, motherhood

.When we think about the ancient Indian perspective on environment we are compelled to think about the

fact that most of the environment related things are expressed in the feminine gender. The environment

itself is called ‘Prakriti’, and also earth as ‘Bhumi Devi’ which is a feminine term.Like a mother look after

her chid without any expectation our mother earth is conserves and protect us without any fail.This

connection between environment and femininity is now called ‘Ecofeminism’. Eco-feminism connects

feminism with ecology and relates the exploitation of women with that of the environment. The

environmental degradation caused while men have had dominance over women, and women's large

investment in environmental sustainability, some have theorized that women would protect the Earth

better than men if in power. Women have a deeper connection with nature and it is urgent that we realize

thisbond and act accordingly. More women should participate in environmental conservation and decision

making. This will help in developing an approach on environmental conservation through

sustainability.Environmental Conservation is a systematic process of protecting the environment, which

includes comprising trees, human beings, animals and every other living being in earth. From bottom up

approach women should be given the equity for decision making and make them as the decision makers

to enhance the sustainable environment conservation.

Keywords: Environmental Conservation, Sustainability and Eco feminism

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

1. Enhancing the dental professional’s responsiveness towards domestic violence; A Cross sectional Study

Dr.Mythri Halappa, SSDC, Tumkur

Dentists may be the first health care professionals to treat patients who have experienced Oro-

facial trauma resulting from Domestic violence (DV). Hence, as a national health concern, it challenges

the social responsibility of a dentist in bringing down its prevalence. Objective: To assess the knowledge

of Domestic violence among dentists of Karnataka. Methodology: A cross sectional questionnaire survey

was conducted among dentists of Karnataka to know their knowledge, its relation to dentistry and

measures they practice to bring down the prevalence of DV victims. Results: Overall knowledge about

DV was very less among the dentists & out of 64% who said the dentist has a role in bringing down the

prevalence, 28% reported the need for training. Conclusion: Based on analysis of the data, dentists were

interested & would benefit from additional education opportunities concerning recognizing, referring, and

managing patients who may be the victim of domestic violence in order to enhance their role.

Key words: Domestic violence (DV), Dentists, Knowledge, Training.

2. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST MARRIED WOMEN (VAMW) IN HASSAN, KARNATAKA

Dr M Sundar; 1 Dr. Prasheeta.V.Praviraj;2 Dr Ramya.C;2 Dr Shailija Pandita;2 Dr. Sajtha S. Chandran2

1. Professor and HOD, Department of Community Medicine, Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka

2. Junior doctors, HIMS, Hassan

Introduction:

WHO reports that globally 29-62% of women have experienced physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner. Women to undergo this form of discrimination and a violation are against of the human rights. In turn which leads to untold misery, cutting short lives and leaving countless women living in pain and fear in every country in the world? Not only that, theseViolence against women (VAW) stops them from fulfilling their potential, restricts economic growth and undermines overall development. Further a World Bank study reveals that domestic violence contributes for 5% of healthy years of life lost to women in reproductive age in developing countries. Hence it becomes imperative to eradicate violence against women at all levels and should be given a priority at various levels of social milieu. Hence this study aims to comprehend the magnitude of VAMW locally through focus group discussion (FGD).

Objectives • To assess community perceptions and attitude towards violence against women through their

spouses and common causes that lead to such an act.• To assess the morbidity associated with such violence's against women (health aspects) along

with various methods of prevention of violence against women.

Methodology

A qualitative research methodology was adopted to study VAMW in Hassan district (Karnataka). A total of seven FGD’s and three in- depth interviews were conducted in randomly selected subjects to obtain spontaneity of their expression on given issue. The data collection team (junior doctors) consisted of facilitators, observer and a note taker. The FGD’s were conduted in the respective locations along with audio and video recording of the proceedings. Later the audio files were transcribed verbatim and were translated to English by Scissor-and-Sort technique. In addition, force field diagram were constructed to comprehend inter-influence of qualitative variables and its Snowballing effect. Also certain conceptual aspects were deciphered by repeated reading through notes and discussion materials.

ResultsThrough content analysis of FGD’s and in- depth interviews data, 56 participants were from various professionals, community members and orphanage representatives etc. Study participants disclosed their real life experiences of different forms of violence which were communicated often as an observation and less as self experience. For an example, one of the participants described the experiences of her friend “her husband used to tie her hands and legs and use to burn her cigarette butts for dowry”. Other participants said “beating up of the wife by the husband was justifiable in certain situations like infidelity, extravagant demands but beating up chronically was not at all acceptable.

Conclusion: In a form of many research hypothesis that were generated from analyses, few participants said- to tackle violence by reaffirming social values through teaching and educating young men about our culture coupled with mandatory sex education in schools. Also of opinion that many anger management sessions for both men and women will find some extent of reduction in VAMW.

3. Title: Perception regarding prevalence of domestic violence, precipitating factors, barriers to seeking help and possible solutions among married women in an urban area of Puducherry – A qualitative study

Divya Nair1, Anindo Majumdar2, Gomathi Ramaswamy1, Mahalakshmy T3, Jayalakshmy

Ramakrishnan3,Swaroop Kumar Sahu3

1Junior Resident, 2Senior Resident, 3Assistant Professor, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine,

Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India

Introduction:

Violence against women within the confines of their domestic life has adverse consequences on the

women’s health, societal roles as well as economic productivity.

Objectives:

To explore the perception regarding prevalence of domestic violence, precipitating factors, barriers to

seeking help and possible solutions among married women in an urban area of Puducherry.

Methodology:

Four focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted among ever married women of age 20-60 years

residing in the urban field practice area of a tertiary care medical Institution in Puducherry. Purposive

sampling was employed to identify participants with the help of Anganwadi workers.Out of total four, two

FGDs comprised of women in the age group 20-44 years, while the other two had women aged 45-60

years. All the discussions were audio-taped with prior informed consent of the participants. The

discussions were translated to English and analyzed by two investigators. Thematic analysis was carried

out to identify themes and subthemes.

Results:

The consensus among women was that domestic violence was prevalent in their community, mostly in

the form of spousal violence. They felt that dowry, alcoholism and misunderstanding between the

spouses were precipitating factors for violence. Fear of societal judgement was cited as a barrier to

seeking help in these instances. While the older women felt that the onus was on the women to bear and

cope up with struggles in marital life, the younger women felt women’s empowerment through education

and employment would help in reducing the problem. The need for a supportive family and counselling

services by health care providers was also brought out in the discussions. Seeking legal aid was

considered as the last resort by most women.

Conclusions:

We found that though domestic violence was perceived by most participants to be quite prevalent in their

community, there was a glaring divide between opinions of younger and older participants regarding

handling of this issue by women themselves. This can be an important bottleneck for policy makers while

designing programmes related to domestic violence and needs to be addressed.

4. A Cross-sectional study on Domestic violence among Married Women of Reproductive Age in an Urban Slum of Davangere.

*Dr. Raghavendra S K, **Dr.R.G.Geethalakshmi

*Post-graduate, **Professor, Department of Community Medicine Davangere, Karnataka

Introduction:

Domestic violence is recognized as a public health problem. Gender-based violence is perceived

as a noteworthy issue on international human rights agenda. Among women age 15-49, 20 percent have

ever experienced physical violence, and 3 percent have ever experienced sexual violence (NFHS-3). As

per the World Bank report, one work day out of each five lost by women is because of health problems

emerging out of domestic violence. Domestic violence causes physical harm and undermines the social,

financial, mental, psychological, spiritual and emotional well being of not only the victim, but of the society

as a whole. It has major impact on the women's mental, physical, reproductive and sexual health.

Objectives:

1. To determine the prevalence of domestic violence among married women of reproductive age.

2. To know the causes of domestic violence.

Methodology:

1. Study design: Cross-sectional study.

2. Sample population: All married women in the reproductive age of 18-49yrs.

3. Study setting: An urban slum of Davangere.

4. Study period: 2 months from 1st June to 31st July 2015.

5. Study tool: Study was conducted using a predesigned, pretested, semi-structured questionnaire

which was translated to local language kannada. Informed written consent was taken from each

of the participants and confidentiality of their responses was assured and also the purpose of

study was explained. The questionnaire included information pertaining to the socio-demographic

parameters and experience of domestic violence.

6. Inclusion criteria:

a. Married women in the age group between 18-49 years who are willing to participate in the

study

7. Exclusion criteria:

a. Participants who are not present during the time of the study.

Results: Awaited

Conclusion: Awaited

Keywords: domestic violence; urban slum

5. Domestic violence against women and their mental health status in a colony in Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh

B.Sumalatha1, M.A.Mushtaq Pasha2, Afsar Fatima3, Isaac Ebenezer, 4 D.Surendra babu5

1Santhiram Medical College, Nandyal, AP

BACKGROUND:

Violence against women is a major public health and human rights issue in the world today. This study

was conducted to assess the consequences of domestic violence on the mental health of women of

reproductive age group.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in noone palli village in Nandyal, Kurnool

district, Andhra Pradesh. The study period was January to March 2015. Almost 350 women of 15-49

years age group residing in the community were selected by stratified random sampling.

These women were administered an interview schedule adapted from WHO multi-country study

on women's health and domestic violence. They were assessed for the presence of domestic violence.

Mental health status of these women was estimated by using self-reporting questionnaire 20. Data were

analyzed using SPSS 17 software. The test applied was chi square test for proportion and binary logistic

regression.

RESULTS ,CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS WILL BE DISCUSSED DURING

CONFERENCE

6.Domestic violence and women refugees as silent victims in third world countries”

SHIMA AZIZI Research scholar in law, Department of Studies in Law, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore

Prof, Dr. C. BASAVARAJU, Professor and Dean, Department of Studies in Law, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore

In the present study, the researcher is going to consider the effect of domestic violence on women

refugees with reference to recent events particularly in third world countries. Domestic violence is most

often directed toward women and means a particular type of violence characterized by a pattern or

abusive behaviors by one or both partners in a relationship. It has many forms and can include physical

aggression, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and controlling behavior as well as economic deprivation.

It must mention hardly, the refugee status affects men and women differently. Women, who flee their

homes in search of safe place from violence, face such different level of domestic violence in many

refugee communities. Refugee women are vulnerable to rape, sexual assault and other forms of sexual

violence. Three approaches of domestic violence of refugees are included;

- Structural violence

- Cultural reasons

- Individual reasons

Exploring domestic violence in a refugee camp is particularly valuable. Therefore, in examining domestic

violence, first of all must examine the power relation between man and woman and how the refugee

experience affects their relationship. Then, must acknowledge that the camp is an arena in which multiple

power struggles with respect to how handle domestic violence are taking place.

Therefore there is need to study how the presence or absence of particular legal sanction against

domestic violence in such countries can be effective in eliminating of this phenomenon. Furthermore,

addressing the role of local domestic violence support services in third world countries is felt.

The present research work will prove that community education or better strategies to ensure migrant

women at risk on arrival to asylum countries and existence of cultural awareness training for service

provider under different NGOs and UNHCR to be needed.

WORKPLACE HARRASMENT

1.STREET HARASSMENT ON WORKING WOMEN IN NANDYAL TOWN

Authors:Vijaya Vishnu.G1,M.A.Mushtaq Pasha2,Afsar Fatima3,Isaac Ebenezer4

PG Student,Department of Community Medicine,Santhiram Medical College,N.H.18,Nandyal-.Kurnool

District,Andhra Pradesh

BACKGROUND: Street harassment is any action or comment between strangers in public places that is disrespectful, unwelcome, threatening and/or harassing and is motivated by gender or sexual orientation or gender expression. It will range from Leers, whistles, honks, kissing noises, gender-policing, and non-sexually explicit evaluative comments, to more insulting and threatening behaviour like vulgar gestures,sexually charged comments, flashing, and stalking, to illegal actions like public masturbation, sexual touching, assault, and murder. Street harassment can induce a variety negative mental health effects. They include depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), increased blood pressure, suicidal tendency.

OBJECTIVE: 1) To analyse different factors related to street harassment in working women residing in working women hostel Nandyal2) Remedial measures

METHODOLOGY:Study design: Cross sectional study andStudy Population were Women residing in Working Women Hostel in Nandyal town, NANDYAL.Sampling Technique were simple random samplingStudy tool Pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire with sample size 310

OBSERVATIONS: Among study group 84% have experienced some form of street harassment. In that 70% has experienced some form of harassment when they are alone. 83% has experienced harassment on road side. 71% have experienced visual harassment. 58% has experienced harassment at night time i.e. after 6pm. 85% were aware of Nirbhaya act. Relationship of marital status with harassment & relationship of transport with harassment is statistically significant.

DISCUSSION: 182(70%) experienced harassment when they are alone. 218(84%) experienced harassment when they are going on road, 230(74.2%) people got depressed when they were harassed. 150(58%) got harassed after 6 pm.

CONCLUSIONS: Age, religion, education, profession are not statistically significant with harassment. There is strong relationship of mode of transport with harassment. 50% of people travelling by buses get harassed followed by 25% in share auto and least in personal vehicle. 78% unmarried got harassed with P< 0.05. 91% persons got harassed physically while travelling by bus and none in personal vehicle.

RECOMMENDATIONS:-report to police, share your story in person & stories online, write about it, map it, be a male ally, take self defence.

2. Sexual harassment at working place: A need for Law

Dr.Dinesh.S1,, Dr.T.R.Maruthi***Associate Professor of Law, SJM Law College, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India.** Chairman, Department of Law and Research Centre, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India

It is an open truth that working women have to face problems just by virtue of their being women.

Women have become equal participants in many respects at all levels of society. The future

would see more women venturing into areas traditionally dominated by men. This will lead to income

generation and greater sense of fulfillment among women. The attitude that considers women fit for

certain jobs and not others, those who recruit employees. Women are in vulnerable conditions from

ancient society till today, especially in working places. Various social reformers have tried to uplift the

social conditions of women. Judiciary has played a vital role for her empowerment. Because of

globalization, various sectors of government opened the gate for foreign corporate entities. Thousand of

educated women working day and night in those service sectors, due to that the problems of working

women’s has taken another shape, they are harassed physically (sexually) and mentally, there

fundamental and human rights are in threat. There is no strong and specific legislation for protection of

working women and their rights, Hence, the present paper aims is to how the judicial development for the

protection of working women rights.

However, the entire aim of the paper seems to the landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of

India in Vishaka v/s State of Rajasthan. It was in fact in this case for the very first time, that sexual

harassment at the workplace was acknowledged to be a human rights violation, and elaborate guidelines

were put into place. Sexual harassment at workplace was becoming an intolerable and uncontrollable

panic. Amidst various other developments, controversies and delays, the Indian legislature finally enacted

the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (Act

No. 14 of 2013), with an objective to protect women against sexual harassment at workplace and to put in

place a redressed mechanism to handle complaints. The Act has effectively adopted and followed the

guidelines laid down in the Vishaka judgment with added provisions of strictness and compliance.

1.

3. TITLE: Harassment of women at workplace in IndiaDr Vani H C1, Dr Shobha1, Dr T S Ranganath2

1 – Assistant Professor 2-Professor & Head of Department, Dept of Community Medicine,

Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore

OBJECTIVES:

1. To study the prevalence of harassment of women at workplace in India

2. To study the types and reasons of harassment of women at workplace in India

METHODOLOGY:

Study design – cross sectional study

Sample size – A study conducted in South India showed that 28.8% of the women were harassed at

workplace. Based on these findings with absolute precision of 5% and at desired confidence interval of

95% it has been estimated that 315 women need to be included in the study. However it is proposed to

cover 347 women. (Assuming 10% as non response)

Participants: any women working in India in any of the sectors either government or private are open to

participate in the study. Pre tested semi structured questionnaire has been framed. Questions have been

shared to as many women as possible through Google document form (shared via email & watsapp)

throughout India and information regarding harassment of women at workplace is being collected. Those

working women who have access to internet and a android phone with accessible internet connection has

been included in the study. Among these working women those who are not willing to answer have been

excluded.

OBSERVATION: (results of 10% of sample size i.e 35 participants)

Mean age of study population is 32 years (±9.07). Majority ie 56% were belonging to professional group,

69% were working permanent & full time basis & 71.8% from private organisation. Prevalence of

perceived workplace harassment of women in India is 23.1%. Prevalence of perceived sexual harassment

of women at workplace in India is 7.7%. Most common type of workplace harassment reported was being

assigned lots of work even when other colleagues were free followed by being isolated at workplace

socially or professionally. Most common type of sexual harassment as reported at workplace was making

sexually suggestive eye contact (25.6%). Most common reason for workplace harassment is being more

efficient than others & being beautiful. Those who were sexual harassed complained and had a written

copy of it.

CONCLUSION: will be commented after complete study i.e after meeting the required sample size.

4.Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place- Issues and Challenges

Chitra.B.T *, Prof (Dr).C.Basavaraju**

* LL.M, M.Phil., Research scholar, Dept. of studies in Law, University of Mysore and Assistant Professor, R.V.College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

** M.A.,LL.M.,Ph.D., Professor, Dean, faculty of Law and Registrar, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India

Sexual harassment is a serious manifestation of sex discrimination at the workplace and a

violation of human rights as well as fundamental rights, cherished in the Constitution of India. It is yet

another form of violence against women reflecting patriarchal mindsets and gender based discrimination

that women experience at work. It is also anexpression of power relations, as women are much more

likely to be the victims of sexual harassment because of their already existing vulnerability, insecurity, and

social conditioning to accept discrimination in silence.

A range of initiatives to combat sexual harassment at workplace have been conceived at the

national and global levels, including by the International Labour Organization. The Indian Supreme Court

in Vishakacase acknowledged Sexual Harassment at the workplace as a human rights violation.Keeping

in lieu the increase in the number of cases of Sexual Harassment faced by women, on 23 rd April, 2013, a

comprehensive legislation called ‘the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention,

Prohibition & Redressal) Act, 2013’ was finally brought into force, these have inclined to conceptualize

sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination and a manifestation of violence against women.

Despite this impressive progress, more work is needed to shift people’s attitudes toward

supporting victims and holding perpetrators accountable; there is a strong need to strengthen the Sexual

Harassment Act.

In this background, the aim of this paper is an attempt to address the issues and challenges

relating to sexual Harassment and the level of effective implementation of present legislation and also to

suggest some remedial measures.

-------------------------------------------------

5. The Home and the Work: The ‘Cul-de-Sac’ for the Corporate WomanA Sociological Study of Life-Work Stresses and Burnout among Women Managers in the IT Sector in Karnataka

Shalini Suryanarayan, Faculty, Department of Sociology Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi

People, men and women, in the course of their working lives try to achieve a balance between

their two main spheres of involvement – the home and their work. But achieving this balance is

often easier said than done. Women in particular have multiple and multicentric family

responsibilities that are usually non-negotiable. For women therefore, straddling work and private

life has always been a difficult balancing act. In the IT sector this is even more so. The portability

of technology, the narrowing of global distance and the compulsion to consistently outperform the

competition makes it even more difficult for the IT employee to dissociate work from leisure. This

contributes in significant measure to the stress ridden work-family dilemma that a woman already

has to face. In the IT sector time is crucial while implementing projects, clients are billed hourly,

work is carried round the clock in shifts and truly as nowhere else it is results that speak. Many

employees have to work odd hours to coordinate with different time zone locations. Deadlines are

often extremely forceful involving high expectations to deliver, the pressure to perform for both

men and women being intense as it were. Added to this, are the cutthroat competition and the

need to be first in the technology race. All these conditions lead to rather tight work schedules

and ‘aggressive deadlines’. People are routinely expected to meet stretch goals.

A woman has to be able to meet these expectations if she has to stay afloat in this domain of

technology which is now acknowledged as manifestly androcentric. At the same time socially

decreed conjugal and family roles too need to be scrupulously adhered to. Together these lead to

increased levels of stress. While in contemporary urban India, families are supportive of working

women, yet family obligations also extract their price on the woman. Many lifestyle diseases such

as hypertension and diabetes have been traced to increased levels of stress compounded by job

stress. These often create conditions of burnout for women who buckle under the pressure and

either quit their jobs or undersell themselves at work.

This paper is based on a sociological study of over 250 women professionals in the IT sector in

Bangalore and Mysore. Through quantitative measures and qualitative inputs it explores the

problem of family vs career that women invariably get to face and the repercussions to emotional,

psychological and physical health and well-being that ensue from being lodged in the midst of this

dilemma.

Key Words: Gender, IT Sector, Job Stress, Work-Family Dilemma, Health Concerns, Fatigue, Burnout.

6. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN TACKLING SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORK PLACE*Dr. Janhavi S S, B.Sc., LL.M., M.Phil., Ph.D. , Chairperson, Department of Studies and Research in Law, Karnataka

State Open University, Mukthagangotri, Mysuru.

*In the rapid phase of development, one thing which tends to be resolute is the age old superiority of man

over women; the superiority is manifested in the form of suppression, exploitation, domestic violence,

gender bias, eve teasing, molestation and sexual abuse or sexual harassment at work place etc. Even

though Rig-Veda stated that the women’s should have equal status with men, but this thought was never

followed best example is that in the medieval period where all the cruel customs were introduced like sati,

child marriage, devdasi etc which happened to change the whole status and scenario of the women in a

negative way. The most shameful thing is that even after number of good legislations passed by the

government to suppress the crimes against women; still these customs are followed by the people in

many parts of India.

Violence against women like rape, marital rape, domestic violence stalking, human trafficking and

forced prostitution, female genital mutilation, breast ironing, obstetric violence and sexual harassment etc

will be increased in widespread. Regardless of many years of advocacy and involvement of many feminist

activist organizations, the issue of violence against women still "remains one of the most pervasive forms

of human rights violations worldwide. Though sexual assault and rape are prominent forms of violence

against women, women do frequently face intimidating or repressive types of inappropriate sexual

behavior at work place. The victim often undergoes severe stress, strain, but also violates a broad range

of rights she is endowed with, such as right to live with dignity. Even then women who refuse to submit to

sexual adventures of those in power are many a time victimized at work place. With this background the

present paper focuses on issues and challenges in tackling sexual harassment of women at work place.

7. WORKING CONDITION OF WOMEN SANITATION WORKERS"

Ms. Pavitha.T.M Research Scholar, Centre for women’s studies, University Of Mysore, Manasagangotri,

Mysore,

Despite various social policies since independence, the situation of the Scheduled Castes in India is still

improved to satisfactory level. The status of women sanitation workers or municipality sanitary workers is

one of the good example for this. The working condition of women sanitation workers or municipality

sanitary workers have remained virtually unchanged for over a century. Apart from the social atrocities

that these workers face, they are exposed to certain health problems also. Against this background this

working paper examines issues related to social, economic, health and occupational problems of women

sanitation workers and reasons for working condition. The study also made an attempt to highlight their

major issues and problems, which may require an urgent attention of the governmental authorities as well

as society. The study suggests that there is a need to implement cultural specific divergent policy

responses for the speedy upliftment and mainstreaming this community. This study has been conducted

on women sanitation workers.

SOCIO ECONOMIC ISSUES

1. The Gender Dimension of Urban Poverty in the Era of Neo-Liberalism

C.G. Padma Kumari, Research Scholar, Assistant Professor, Political Science Department, Government First Grade College,Chickballapur-562101, Karnataka state, India.

Objectives:

To Study and focus on Feminization of Urban Poverty

To analyze the vulnerabilities of the urban poor women

To analyze the gender discrimination and patriarchal values of the society towards the poor

women

To study the discriminations against women in house, workplace and market

To analyze whether urbanization and Neo-liberal Reforms a boon or bane for the poor women

To assess and analyze the magnitude and intensity of the poverty burden on women

Observations:

The complex nature of relationship between urban poverty and gender discrimination is a critical

issue to be focused on.

On the one hand urbanization offers opportunities for women , on the other hand increases the

vulnerabilities of the poor women

Neo-Liberal Macro Economic Policies have accentuated inequality and poverty on urban women

as paid, unpaid and underpaid workers.

As home makers women have shouldered the burden of Globalization due to the

commercialization of day to day needs

There is an urgent need for affirmative action by democratic institutions of the Nation States and

for evolving new strategies to address the vicious circle of poverty, discrimination and gender.

Conclusions:

Without progress towards gender equality and empowerment of the women none of the Millennium

Development goals will be achieved and without protecting the rights of the women Globalization

cannot have a human face.

2. A Qualitative study on Knowledge and attitude towards child marriage practice among women married as children in Nandyal.

B.Sumalatha1, M.A.Mushtaq Pasha2, Afsar Fatima3, Isaac Ebenezer, 4 D.Surendra babu5

1.Santharam Medical College, Nandyal, AP

Background: Child marriage (<18 years) is prevalent in India which is associated with negative health outcomes.

Throughout the world, marriage is regarded as a moment of celebration and a milestone in adult life.

Sadly the practice of early marriage gives no such cause for celebration. All too often, the imposition of a

marriage partner upon a child means that a girl or boy’s childhood is cut short and their fundamental

rights are compromised.

Aims and objectives: Our aim is to describe women’s knowledge and attitude towards child marriage

practice who themselves were married as children.

Methods: Selection of participants Data for this paper was drawn from in-depth interviews conducted

with 30 pre-identified married women of reproductive age (15–49 years). Participants were selected for

interview if the woman 1) was married before the age of 18 years (child marriage) 2) was married for at

least 5 years, and 3) had at least one child birth. Reasons

for setting the said selection criteria were to make sure that the interviewee had a prenatal and postnatal

experience that they have spent a considerable time in

marital union. Participants were selected from urban slums of Nandyal.

RESULTS ,CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS WILL BE DISCUSSED DURING

CONFERENCE

3. Utilization of Social Security Schemes among a Remote Rural population in Mysuru

Dr. Vijayageetha M1,Dr.Shrinivasa B M2, Mr.Nagendra3,Dr.Narayanamurthy M R4, Dr. Renuka M5

: 1Postgraduate, 2Lecturer, 3Medico social worker,4Professor, 5Professor and Head Department of Community Medicine, J S S Medical College, Mysuru

Introduction

Inclusive development and equitable distribution stands for distribution of equity for the last person standing in the queue. An equitable distribution of resources without any disparity can be attained only when there is adequate awareness and percolation of this knowledge supported by a substantial utilization of government schemes to the last individual.With this background the present study was undertaken.

OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of households covered under the various social security measures.

METHODOLOGY

A cross sectional study was conducted at Basavanpura, NanjangudTaluk,Mysuruin the field practice area of JSS Medical College during May 2015.Basavanpura is a village hamlet situated at a distance of 40 kms from the district headquarters and 8kms away from the nearest health facility, surrounded by lush green fields with an agrarian majority who work hard to cater to their basic necessities.A total of 54 households were chosen by simple random sampling technique and all those who consented were included in the study. The information regarding the sociodemographic profile was obtainedby interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis.

RESULTS

The prevalence of households covered under the various social security schemes for education(55.55%), nutrition(94.44%) and economic(90.74%) were well utilized compared to domains such as reproductive and child health(49.15%), housing(31.48%) ,agriculture (31.48%) and women empowerment(33.33%) which were less utilized.

CONCLUSION

Increasing awareness and creating an enabling environment will ensure the utilization of such social security measures. To attain an equitable distribution the various barriers to access these services such as emphasis on implementation have to be addressed which would eliminate the inequity among these rural demarginalized masses.

4. Title: Needs of Family Members of Critically Ill Patients in Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Hospital.

Praveen Kumar N., Kanchana Nagendra

Sivamogga Institute of Medical Sciences, Shimoga, Karnataka

Introduction:The experience in intensive care unit (ICU) has created an intense emotional situation both to

patients and their familymembers. The aim of this study was to determine the family members

information needs of critically ill patients in ICU.

Objectives:To understand the needs of critically ill patient’s families.

Methodology:A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 family members of patients

admitted in ICU. A face to face interview was conducted and a self-report questionnaire of the Critical

Care Family Needs Inventory (CCFNI) was used.Descriptive statistics and comparison of proportions are

reported. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS version 21.

Observations:Information and assurance were perceived as being the

major needs by the relatives.

Conclusion:The results suggest that family members perceived support and proximity as the most crucial

need. Comfort need was viewed as least important. Although this study was conducted in a tertiary

hospital, the findings could still provide insight for health care providers to improve the delivery ofcare to

patients and family members.

5. Title : Unmet health needs and health seeking behaviour among migrants living in rural

Puducherry – mixed method approach

Manikandan Srinivasan,1 Kalaiselvi Selvaraj,2 Subitha Lakshminarayanan3, Premarajan KC4

1 Junior Resident, 2 Senior Resident, 3 Asst Professor, 4 Professor and Head of the Department, Dept of

Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate medical Education and Research,

Puducherry-6

Background:

In India, largely the inter-state migrants are working in unorganized sectors. Migrants are excluded from

various benefits like healthcare services, social security schemes and legal rights.

Objectives:

This study was done to identify unmet health needs among migrants and their perceptions in terms of

work, living environment and social relationship with the community members and coping mechanisms.

Materials & Methods:

This study was done in service area of JIPMER Rural Health Centre (JIRHC) in the month of March 2015.

Migrants were identified through social mapping and snowball technique. From all non Tamil speaking

eligible migrants, information on socio demographic characteristics, duration of migration, household

possessions, self reported morbidities in last three months, preferred health care providers and utilization

of health services were collected through pre-tested interview schedule. Perception of migrants regarding

their socialization process and coping mechanisms were explored through in-depth interviews. Recorded

verbatim of in-depth interviews were transcribed and themes were identified.

Observations

Totally 162 migrants were studied from 51 households. Majority of the participants migrated from Bihar

(53%) and Odisha (25%) and around 50% of them were appointed through contractors. Majority of them

were working as unskilled labourers in steel company. Of 162 participants, 117 (72.2%) had some

morbidities in past 3 months and 113 (97%) had sought treatment. Majority (50%) preferred private health

facility for treatment and the reason for preference was proximity and less waiting period. Around 10%

(n=17) had unmet health care need and the common barriers were fear of loss of wages and

communication (language issues). Migrants were preferred by employers due to higher absenteeism,

tendency to make labour union and demand for more wages by the local labour force.

Conclusion: In this study, majority of migrants live in poor socio economic and housing conditions. Unmet

health needs exist especially in antenatal care, family planning and continuum of care for chronic

diseases. The local primary care centres should mainstream these migrants in their work plan.

Key words: Migrants, morbidity, unmet needs, health seeking behaviour, preferred provider, heath care

utilization

6. Barrier to help-seeking behaviour in patients with headache.

Dr.Deepa John, Dr.Harsha.S, Dr. Dushad Ram,Dr.Keshava B .S,Dr.Harshal Rathod

Department of Neurology, JSS Medical College, Mysuru.

Background: Studies conducted in western countries revealed that characteristic of headache and socio-

cultural factors determine help seeking. There is a dearth of study from India that address help-seeking

behaviour in patients with headache.

Objectives: This study was conducted to know the demographic factors, that may be a barrier to help-

seeking behaviour in patients with headache.

Methods: Two hundred patients suffering from headache were recruited in this study as per inclusion

criteria and was assessed with Sociodemographic proforma and Barriers to Help-Seeking Scale (BHSS).

Results: Our study showed that 99% experienced barrier to help-seeking behaviour. Such experienced

involve the all the domains of barrier to help-seeking behaviour

( Need for control and self-reliance, Minimizing problem and resignation,Concrete barriers and distrust of

caregivers, Privacy, Emotional control). Gender, occupation, Socio-economic status, Religion had a

significant group difference in various domain of barrier to help-seeking behaviour.

Conclusions: Patients with headache commonly experience barriers to help-seeking. Gender,

occupation, socio-economic status, religion of the patient are associated with barrier to help-seeking.

7. “A study on the opinion of mothers with regard to school counselling services”

Akshatha Karanth.* & Mohan A K**

*Research scholar, Department of Studies in Social Work, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore - 06.**Asst. Professor, Department of Studies in Social Work, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore -06.

The present article speaks about the mother’s knowledge on the challenges faced by the secondary

school students, their existing knowledge regarding school counselling services, parents’ expectation

from the school and the opinion of mothers with regard to school counselling services in Bangaluru City.

Counselling as a profession is definitely a child of the western countries. The Indian society with its strong

family bonds and a warm community feeling and spiritual essence has been providing the shock

absorbers in times of crisis and a support system to deal with the various psycho social issues. Perhaps;

this is one reason for the slow growth of the profession of counselling in India. Secondary School students

are faced with many problems, including psychological, social, vocational and education almost of which

they are unable to solve on their own. They therefore need assistance in handling these problems.

Guidance and counselling programme if well implemented can assist adolescents in problem solving. This

article made an effort to know the opinion of mothers of students studying in 8 th to 10th standard in two

schools with regard to school counselling services in Bangaluru, Karnataka.

Key words: School Counselling, Challenges, opinion

8. Assessment of Current level of Compliance to COTPA (The Cigarette and Other Tobacco Product Act) 2003 in Mysore district of State of Karnataka, India.

Dr. Laxmi, Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, PBMMEC, Mysore

Tobacco is the single greatest cause of death globally. As many as half of people who use tobacco die from the results of this use. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that each year tobacco causes about 6 million deaths (about 10% of all deaths) with 0.6 million of these occurring in non smokers due to second hand smoke. In the 20th century tobacco is estimated to have caused 100 million deaths. The government of India implemented Cigarettes and other Tobacco Product Act of 2003 which prohibits smoking in a public places, advertisement and regulation of trade and commerce, production, supply and distribution, direct or indirect advertisement, sponsorship and promotion of tobacco products and sale to and by minors and prohibition of sale around educational institutions. In order to find the compliance of COTPA in Mysore district the study was conducted with the help of State Institute of Health & Family Welfare Karnataka and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. The objective of the study was to assess the current level of compliance to various sections of COTPA in Mysore district. For compliance monitoring an observation checklist was used to assess the compliance to different sections of the Act which has been developed by the “International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease”. A total of 410 public places, 400 point of sale, 400 educational institutions were observed to assess the compliance to the COTPA Act (2003). It was found that there is clear violation of the Act in majority places.

Key words: Tobacco, Cigarettes, advertisement, prohibition, compliance.

9. EDUCATING, EMPOWERING AND CAPACITY BUILDING OF RURAL WOMEN IN MICRO ENTREPRENEURSHIP THROUGH SELF HELP GROUPS

Dr. Sangeetha R. Mane*Mr. M. Ravindra**

*Associate Professor, Department of Social Work, Karnatak University, Dharwad – 580003, **Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, Karnatak University, Dharwad – 580003,

The issues of empowerment of women moved center stage during the last three decades of the second millennia, mainly through the efforts of the United Nations by declaring 1975 as the women's year and 1975-82 as the women's decade. This period coincided with the sixth plan period in India when the approach was shifted from welfare to development by farming “Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana” unified poverty alleviation programme and National Policy for Empowerment Women 2001. An attempt has been made in the present study in 2012 to know the impact of entrepreneurship programme "Aajeevika" a National Rural Livelihoods Mission implemented on 3rd June, 2011 across the country in educating and empowering rural women through self help groups in mobilizing and capacity building of members.

Women SHGs in rural area, under Stree Shakti Scheme, are doing yeomen service in organizing women power. The SHGs are providing employment opportunities to large masses of illiterate, ignorant and

suppressed women folk. Currently, over 90% of SHGs in Dharwad Taluk consist exclusively of women and SHGs are the preferred strategy for both credit delivery for the poor and women’s empowerment. Involvement of women in enterprise is the most viable strategic tool for their empowerment since they become significant contributors in managing the household cash flow, which enables them to improve their status in the family and in community as a whole. Through their increased participation in the household economy they gain more confidence and play equal role in the household decisions.

Key Words: Education, Rural Women Empowerment, Decision Making, Income Generation Activity, Micro Entrepreneurship, Self Help Groups.

10. HUMAN TRAFFICKING - PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS OF NGOs IN SOUTH INDIA

Dr. Kumudini Achchi

Assistant Professor, PG Department of Social Work, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty

Road, Mysore – 570 025

India is a country with rich traditions and unique culture. In such righ culture, women has been kept and

treated with great respect and importance. Contradicting to the above dipiction, women has been the

victims of humiliation, torture and explotiation from time immemorial. Sexual exploitation was one among

them which never been discussed in the form of exploitation. Infact, prostitution has been in the society

which had religious sanction too. During those time, the prostituted women were treated with great

dignity as they were well qulified in various discipines. But when the institution like marriage and familiy

become stronger, practice of prostituion took a commercial form where all types of rights were denyed to

the women in sex trade. In such conditions, knowing the hardnes of the task, a very few number of NGOs

have intervend in preventing women in sexual trade. A study was conducted to understand the types and

quality of interventions considering 24 NGOs of South India. The study adopts descrptive and diagnostice

research design and interview as tool to collect the data. Statustaical techniques such as discriptive

statistics and contigency co-effeiciant test were adopted. The study reveals NGOs believes in prevention

of the problem inspite of it being old practice. Counselling the vulnerable families a nd educating the

society have been idnetified as a successful tool. The study also highlights different types of preventive

activities adopted and also resons for not adopting preventive activies. The major reasons they quote is

the obstacles from police department, goonds etc.

Key Words: Commercailly sexually exploited women, Prevention, NGO Intervention, South India.

________________________________________________________________________

11. Impact of certain social factors on the freedom of expression in the families of Mysore city overtime apparel women workers - A regression approach

Dr. Vadiraja N, Rajgopal N.N., Mudassir Azeez Khan

Department of Community Medicine , Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysore

An apparel industry is booming in India. The economic importance of the garment industry has increased

phenomenally since the introduction of economic reforms in 1991. Karnataka is one of the states where

the garment industry is witnessing a rapid growth. Indian constitution offers all citizens , individually and

collectively, some basic freedoms and are guaranteed in the Constitution in the form of six broad

categories of Fundamental Rights which are justifiable . Article 12 to 35 contained in Part III of the

Constitution deal with Fundamental Rights. One among them is right to freedom of speech and

expression in order to empower themselves in such a way that the people gain control over the factors

and decision that shape their lives. It is the process by which they increase their assets and attributes and

build capacities to gain access , partners , networks in order to gain control. However, this sector attracts

more women force towards it. A major chunk of almost 67.3% of women is working in this segment in

Karnataka state capital. The most neglected southern interior part of Karnataka is an upcoming area in

garment segment, especially Mysore city. According to 2011 survey of Mysore district statistical

department almost 5600 workers were working in this segment . Also that from factories act (1948,

section 51 and 54) a worker should not work more than 48 hours per week , else it is considered as

overtime work load with a condition that not exceeding 9 hours in any given day. However, for one or the

other reasons, especially in apparels, this rule has been totally violated. Overtime workload along with the

social dimension has direct impact on the risk factors of family life. One of the foremost factor is the ”freed

of expression”. As a result, for overtime apparel women workers in a district head quarter of Mysore, a

cross sectional study has been planned and through regression approach the implication of few social

dimensional factors on their freedom of expression in the family will be studied. The sample size for this

study will be estimated using an estimation technique for level of significance 0.05. The sampling

elements will be selected from the group of “Overtime apparel women workers” of Mysore using stratified

simple random sampling technique with Tipet’s random number table.

12. Title – “A study on effect of educational status on dowry practices among married women attending UFWC, Davangere.”

Dr. BHAGYALAKSHMI R T [Postgraduate]; Dr. T P MANJUNATH [Professor]

Department of Community Medicine, J. J. M. Medical College, Davangere.

Introduction: Dowry became a serious social problem when grooms and their families started to demand

dowry at the time of marriage negotiation. The overall situation exacerbated as bride’s family with wealth

started to offer high amount of dowry to attract better quality groom. Dowry will not be lower for educated

brides as educated women are usually better empowered having their own opinions and ideas are not

preferred by groom’s family. So this study is taken up to know whether the same perception still prevails

in our society.

Objectives: 1) To study the effects of educational status on dowry practices among

married women

2) To study other related determinants influencing dowry practices

Methodology:

STUDY DESIGN: Cross sectional study

STUDY TOOL: Semi structured questionnaire

STUDY SETTING: Field practice area of J.J.M. Medical College, UFWC, Dodapette, Davangere.

STUDY PERIOD: June - August, 2015

SAMPLE SIZE: Based on the pilot study the prevalence of dowry practice is 82% among couples.

So, p=82 q=(100-82) =18

n =4pq/l2 where l is allowable error of p, taken as 10% of p

n = 87

10% has been added to make up the loses

= 87+9 = 96, rounded off to 100

INCLUSION CRITERIA: Married women in the reproductive age group & who give consent for the study.

Data will be analyzed by applying tests of significance based on proportions such as chi square test.

Observations & Conclusions: Study is still going on. The observation and conclusion will be presented

during the conference.

13. Trafficking of Girls and Women by Religious and Social Sanction

Dr.N.D.Gowda* Dr. T.R.Maruthi** *Assistant Professor, Saraswathi Law College, Chitradurga, Karnataka **Chairman, Department of Studies in Law, University of Mysure, Mysure, Karnataka

In Temple Prostitution such as Devadasis cult existed in India since inception. This occupation of God’s slave Girl degraded into Temple prostitution in the present times. With the passage of time, a significant percentage of Decades became commercial sex workers. Young Devadasis fetch high price in Mumbai and Pune brothels. The temple priests are known to threaten families with vengeance of goddess Yellama if they do not dedicate their daughters to the temple as devadasis. The traffickers in league with the priests lure these women and girls to the commercial prostitution. As a result, about 50% of the devadasis turn into commercial sex workers.

The Devadasi system was always and till date the institutionalized method of exploitation of women who belong to the poor, less powerful and sometimes lower class of the society. It was basically the religious sanction for prostitution of socially and economically challenged women in India. The priests who hold a special position of reverence and superiority in the Indian society cajoled and enticed the poor

rural families to fall for the trap of miserable prostitution of their daughters. The ill fated women who were trapped in the nexus of evil minded powerful people and priests network were never allowed to live a normal and free life. They were abandoned by the society and there was no happiness, will or independence left for them in the mortal life. The only escape from the trap was death or an even miserable life after their youth is gone.

The challenges faced by the society and in particular the adverse impact of the devadasi system on the masses and the step to be taken to rehabilitate the victims of devadasi system and their children. Though there are laws passed by many states for the prevention of the devadasi system with special beneficial provision, aiming at bringing the devadasi to the mainstream of the society, yet these provisions are not known to the victims of this system and it is in this area, my opinion is that the legal services authorities have a great role to play by organizing awareness programmes and camps in such places where this system still prevails and educate the masses. This would go a long way in rehabilitating the victims of devadasi system. The district and sub divisional judicial officials, senior advocates, law teachers, NGOs, devadasis and their self help groups, district law enforcing officials, district administrative officials may speak on the problems faced by them, and district legal services authority may prepare “District Action Plan”(DAP) to combat the situation at the district, taluk, police stations and village level.

The role of the NGOs appears to be pivotal in eradication of the devadasi system and rehabilitation of the liberated devdasis. It is a hard fact that this deep rooted problem cannot be addressed properly by the efforts of the district legal services authority or state legal services authority alone. Hence, NGOs and devdasi self help groups (SHGs) should be involved in the process.

14. A Study on Social Acceptance of Surrogacy in Mysuru City

* Dr. Kumudini Achchi**Ms. Revathi. R***Ms. Kavitha S

*Assistant Professor, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysuru-25,

**II Year MSW, PG Department of Social Work, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysuru-25

***Research Scholar, JSS Research Foundation, University of Mysuru, Mysuru-06,

Keywords: Surrogacy, Social acceptance, Cultural influence, infertility

Infertility is not just about the inability to conceive, but also the associated trauma the individual and the couple go through. Surrogacy is an arrangement in which a woman carries and delivers a child for another couple or a person. It is also considered as the ‘womb for the rent. It is not only a medical issue but also a social, cultural, economic, emotional issue as such mainly due to the social acceptance of surrogacy practice was very limited due to lack of knowledge and awareness.

A study was conducted to understand the social acceptance of surrogacy by the Mysurians. Descriptive and diagnostic research design was adopted for the present study. Interview schedule as a tool adopted to elicit data from the 60 respondents with different educational background were considered for the present study. Data was collected at three stages i.e., pre-interview schedule, educated reaction of the respondents and post- interview schedule. For statistical analysis of collected data Contingency Co-efficient and Chi- Square tests were adopted by using SPSS Package.

Study reveals that majority of the respondents were unaware of the concept of the surrogacy in the pre –interview schedule due to lack of knowledge, by giving education about the concept of surrogacy and its acceptance, in the second reaction (educated reaction) of the respondents, majority of the respondents show poor response about the social acceptance of surrogacy due to socio-cultural factors, but, some show good response about the social acceptance of the surrogacy. Finally, in the Post-interview schedule, reaction about the acceptance of the surrogacy; socially was less, but, minimum level of good response increased among the educated respondents. Thus, surrogacy and its practice were not accepted socially by the Mysurians to certain extent.

15. A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON DETERMINANTS AND IMPACT OF EARLY MARRIAGE IN WOMEN OF AN URBAN POPULATION OF DAVANGERE CITY

Dr. NAVNEET KAUR SANDHU [Postgraduate];

Dr. R.G.GEETHALAKSHMI [ Professor]

J. J. M. Medical College, Davangere.

Aims and objectives:

1. To know the determinants and impact of early marriage in women of an urban population residing in Doddapete , Davangere

Introduction:

Early marriage is a long-established custom in India. As early as 1929, the ‘Sarda Act’ was enacted raising the age at marriage to 14 years for girls and 18 years for boys. The act was amended in 1949 and 1978 to raise it further to 15 years and 18 years for girls respectively and 18 to 21 years for boys. In spite of the legislations prohibiting early marriages, the prevalence of child marriages in our country(according to NFHS-3) is 47%, with the highest prevalence in Rajasthan(65.2%)and lowest in Himachal Pradesh(12.3%).The prevalence in Karnataka is 14%(DLHS-4).Early marriage adversely affects the health of the women and their children.

Hence this study was undertaken.

Materials and Methods:

Study design: A cross sectional descriptive study

Study setting: Urban family welfare centre (UFWC), Doddapete attached to JJM Medical College, Davangere

Study period: 2 months (June, July 2015)

Sample size: All the women attending the UFWC during the study period will be interviewed.

Study tool: Pretested semi-structured questionnaire consisting of information regarding the women’s socio-demographic profile, age at marriage, age at first pregnancy, reasons for early marriage and its impact on health of the woman, was used to collect information after taking informed oral consent.

Results and conclusion: Awaited as the study is still going on. The complete results with conclusion will be included in the paper.

16. “A STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF WORKING WOMEN MEMBERS OF SELF HELP GROUPS OF YALLAMMA NAGARA, DAVANGERE”.

Dr Ranjitha A (Post Graduate), Dr Vidya GS (Associate Professor)

Department of Community Medicine, J.J.M.Medical College, Davangere.

BACKGROUND:

Self help groups (SHGs) have a special role for empowering women that provide a critical outlet for building the

way for faster, fairer, and more sustainable socioeconomic status for them. They have emerged as support

groups in enhancing women’s ability in facing all kinds of problems in their domestic environment. Besides the

availability of microcredit to these members from banks, microfinance institutions brings about a change in their

household welfare and makes a significant impact on their socio economic status and their empowerment.

OBJECTIVE:

1. To study the sociodemographic background of the members of self help groups.

2. To know the income, expenditure and savings pattern of the self help group members.

METHODOLOGY:

Study design: Cross sectional study

Study setting: Four self help groups of Yallamma nagara, Davangere

Study population: All working women of SHG

Study period: 01.06.2015 to 31.07.2015

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSION: Study is ongoing. Results will be presented at the time of conference.

KEYWORDS:Self help groups,Working women

17. A STUDY ON CHILD MARRIAGE AMONG EXPECTANT MOTHERS IN MYSURU CITY

*M C Sandhyarani & **Dr.C Usha Rao

*Research Scholar, DOS in Social Work, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka **Associate Professor, DOS in Social Work, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka

Child marriage which was practiced in earlier days is still prevalent in India. It is considered to be

one of the heinous practices against young children. Child marriage is defined as the marriage before the

children attain 18years of age, which is common for both the genders. Child marriage among children

leads to health related problems like complications in early pregnancy, sexual violence and abuse etc.

Even though child marriage is prohibited in the country under “The Prohibition of Child marriage Act

2006”, it is been violated. It is widely prevalent in North India but recent studies shows that it is on the

increase in South India. It seems that two out of five girls are married off before they attain 18 years in

Karnataka (Child Rights Trust 2010). The Trust in its observatory study reported that the prevalence of

child marriage in the Mysuru District, the city of Heritage is about 25.2%. Hence there is a need to

understand the causes for child marriage and other precipitating factors for the child marriage among

expectant mothers in Mysuru city. For the purpose of the study more than 300 expectant mothers were

interviewed who visit for their hospital based check to a Government Hospital, which cater to the needs of

mothers from all sections of the society. Accidental sampling method has been adopted to interview the

respondents. The results revealed that the causes for child marriages are many, among them one of the

main cause is that the people have considered child marriage as a customary ritual and made an

obligation for young female children to undergo marriage process in some parts of rural and urban areas

in Mysuru city.

Key words: Child marriage, Prevalent, Expectant Mothers, Prohibition, Community_____________________

18. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON THE ROLE OF MARRIED WOMEN IN HOUSEHOLD DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN A RURAL AEA OF KANCHEEPURAM DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU.

Dr.Sahaya Sona Theresa , Post graduate student, KANJEEPURAM Medical College, Chennai

Background

Women’s domestic decision-making powers are indicative of women’s autonomy and empowerment and

play an important role in promotion of family’s health and well-being. In a developing country like India,

women’s empowerment would aid in overall development of the nation. This study aims to explore the

role of married women in household decision-making process and its determinants in a rural area of

Kancheepuram district.

Methodology

This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in the field practice area of Shri Sathya Sai Medical College

and Research Institute for duration of one month. Universal sampling was followed. All married women

within the age group 18 to 45 years attending Rural Health and Training Centre were included in the

study. A semi-structured schedule was prepared in English, translated into Tamil and pre-tested and

applied to the participants after obtaining informed consent.

Results

Results of the study will be presented in the conference

Conclusions

The findings of this study will help us in planning focused health measures and awareness initiatives in

improving women’s health in our field practice area. The findings from this study can be used as an input

for the government and policy makers to frame appropriate strategies.

19. ROLE OF SELF HELP GROUPS IN PROMOTING WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

Sumana Gopichand1, M.A.Mushtaq Pasha2, Afsar Fatima3, Isaac Ebenezer4 D.Surendra babu 5

1post graduate student, Shantiram Medical College, Nandyal, AP

Back ground: Self help group is a small group of rural poor who have voluntarily come forward to form a

group for improvement of the social and economic status of the members. It can be formal or informal.

Members of self help group agree to save regularly and contribute to a common fund. The members

agree to use this common fund and such other funds, which they receive as a group to give small loans to

needy members as per the decision of the group. This study was done to create awareness about rights

that help in financial assistance of the women

Materials and Methods: The objective of the study was to identify problems and analyze and to empower

in the self help group. A community based cross sectional study among the self help group was done in

Kurnool district. Females of age group >25years and willing to give consent were involved. Children and

men are excluded. Almost 10 self help groups were involved. Each group consists of 15 to 20 members.

A structured pretested questionnaire is given to them and data is collected. The data was collected

between July to August 2015 Data was analyzed depending on the demographic information and women

empowerment.

Results, conclusions and recommendations will be discussed during conference.

20. Social Customs and Beliefs: A case study on Tribals of Andhra Pradesh Venkateswara Rao Potana, PhD Candidate, Board of Studies- Theology, The South Asia Institute of

Advanced Christian Studies (SAIACS), Kothanur, Bangalore-560 077

The present study focuses on social customs and beliefs of tribals of Andhra Pradesh.

The nomad tribes in Andhra Pradesh mainly depended on the natural resources that were available in the

forest. Forest dwellers like Koya and Chenchu tribes depended on folk medicine business (Sharma 155).

Yanadi tribe is another prominent tribe which is basically a hunting tribe who used to live in the agency

areas but due to modern development these tribes have come down to the plains. The only hunting

available to them now, is the hunting of rats and snakes. They depend on natural resources for their

survival and for their health (Ganesh and Sudarsanam 1). In fact Tribals’ ethical values would be derived

from their religious convictions and the underlying orders of values of normal or abnormal are at the core of a

religion. For the tribals there is no sacred and secular, because they see religion as the centre of their society.

Paul Hiebert has given a clear picture of how the tribals view religion as the centre of the society in the following

diagram (Hiebert, 23).

The tribals’ life engages in celebration of several festivals, cultivation of the land, economy of the society,

hunting food, games and sports, art, worship, sacrifices, and devotional environment. Their life is

connected in many ways with their religious customs. Religion is the center of their life that governs their

beliefs and practices

21. ‘‘Women Empowerment through Self Help Groups in India’-Jayamma C, Research Scholar, Dept. of Studies in History, University of Mysore, Mysore

“There is no chance for the welfare of the worldUnless the condition of women is improved.It is not possible for a bird fly on one wing”.

-Swami VivekanandaEmpowerment is broadly a process, a transformation of power relations by which oppressed

persons gain some control over their own lives and involve in the matters which affect them directly. Hence the new approach to the gender inequality holds that mere economic development of women cannot bring them on par with men.

Hence, this paper is an attempt is made to concepts evolution and development of self – help groups (SHGs) in India and identify and analyze the problems involved in empowering Indian women through SHGs. The self help groups are new forms of institutions of people created by voluntarism for self – help and mutual help and; they do help to destroy subordination of the poor and women to the powerful and make them self – reliant. SHGs aims are Empowering women through financial independence. Expert local bodies like NGOs, Government, resource agency and banks are partnered with to ensure long term sustainability of the SHG’s. The main activity of the SHGs is thrift and credit. The SHGs are then trained in different vocations and linked with the banks to start micro enterprises either in groups or individually based on their interests and viability of the vocation. As earning and contributing members of the family they are now active players in family decisions, responsible inter loaning bodies and operating village institutions in the development of their villages. SHG is to bring a positive change in the lives of the rural women. Self Help Group (SHG) is a small voluntary association of 10-20 people either registered or unregistered preferably from the same socio-economic background. They come together for the purpose of solving their common problems through self help and mutual help.

Key Words:

SHGs – Self Help Groups, NGOs - non-governmental organization, Empowerment – Upliftment

22. Women’s role in their families as health care decision makers.

Md.R.Waseem AkramCo-authors: V.Chandra Sekhar, E.Ravi Kiran, K.Vijaya, C.Kumar, C.Jyothi.Narayana Medical College, Nellore

Background:Women play a crucial role in the family as a health care provider. In most cases women are considered inferior to men and life is restricted within the four walls of the house. For taking any decision, less power is given to women, as they have the right to take decision regarding various items as that of the men. The authoritarian character of the traditional joint family entails decision making powers concentrated in the position of the eldest male member. Women are traditionally less involved in decision making at all levels. Their role is not recognized and therefore still not accepted in decision making. Hence the present study is undertaken to assess the role of women in their families in making decisions regarding the health of family members.

Objectives:1. To assess the role of women in their families as health care decision makers.2. To co-relate decision making power of women with their socio-demographic profiles.

Methodology:This study will be conducted in the field practice area of RHTC, Venkatachalam, attached to Department of Community Medicine, Narayana Medical College, Nellore. A cross sectional study will be done among the married women with at least one child, regarding their role in their families as health care decision makers. Data will be collected by interviewing method, using predesigned, semi-structured questionnaire. Appropriate statistical methods and tests will be applied to interpret the data.

Results:The results will be further presented later.

23. Title of Study: Health Behavior Among Rural People Belonging to Different Categories of New Consumer Classification System

Vinay M1, Manuja L M2, Poornima S3, Sudhir3

1. Associate professor, 2 Post graduate student , 3 Assistant professor, Department of Community

Medicine, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya

Introduction:

New Consumer Classification System (NCCS) is the new tool for classifying consumers in

India. It was launched in 2009 by Market Research Society of India (MRSI) and Media Research

Users Council (MRUC). NCCS classifies households on two variables - the number of consumer

durables owned by the household from a predefined list and the education of the chief wage earner. It

tries to define the consumer behavior of the household.

As opposed to Socio Economic Status scales, in NCCS the income earned is not of

primary importance but what they do with the money is. This study tries to compare various health

related activities to the NCCS classification of households.

.

Objectives:

1. To classify households based on NCCS in rural areas of Mandya district.

2. To assess the differences in health behaviour of different categories of people as per the NCCS

classification of households.

Methodology:

Type of study : Cross sectional study

Study Setting : Rural field practice area of Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences,

Mandya(MIMS)

Study period : One year (15th July 2015 to 15th September 2015)

Sampling method: Simple random sampling

Study subjects : Selected household members

Sample size : 517

Results:

A total of 517 households were interviewed. The average age of persons interviewed was

38.7 ± 5.2 years. 292 (56.5%) were males and 511 (98.8%) were Hindus. Of the 517 households, 31.1%

belonged to Class A and 30.2% to Class B. 24.6%, 9.9% & 4.6% belonged to class C, D & E of NCCS

respectively.

Various aspects of health behavior was considered like Nutrition, Health Insurance, Health

promotion activities, Water & Sanitation and Health Care Seeking Behavior. Of these, with related to

health insurance, 57.4% had insurance of which maximum was in class A (70.2%) and least in class C

(39.6%).

Conclusion:

Rich people have more prosperity to take care of their health. More of the poor are taking

benefit of the government social security schemes. Activities towards disease and prevention are more in

class A and B compared to class D and E.

Key words: New Consumer Classification System(NCCS), Health behaviour, Insurance.

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

1.Men’s Health: To study diseases and conditions unique to men which have an impact on men’s health. Dr. B. G. Ponnappa, MBBS,DNB(Surgery),FRCS(G),LLM(Crimes & Torts), MBA-HM

Observations: This is a preliminary report of an ongoing social epidemiological study at a private Mens

health clinic. A total of 221 men were included. The health issues ranged from medical and surgical

diseases to socio economic causes of ill health like alcoholism, depression and stress. An overview of

mens health issues are discussed along with literature review.

Conclusion: Men’s health is an ignored topic in India. A plethora of issues beyond the purview of the

doctors domain was encountered in this study. A true improvement in mens health can be brought about

by not just the medical fraternity but also involves changes in the socio-political environment. An effort is

made to study the various issues impacting onmens health and ways and means by which mens health

issues can be addressed are presented. This paper is intended to stimulate further thoughts and studies

in a new perspective.

2. A Cross-Sectional Study on knowledge about prevention of Swine Flu among first year MBBS

students in Mamata Medical College,Khammam.

BANERJEE

1. Introduction(brief):

• Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza.In March 2009, an outbreak of the H1N1 swine flu virus spread rapidly through the world, leading to the declaration of an influenza pandemic by WHO on 11th June 2009.(1).On 26th September 2011 WHO has adopted a new nomenclature as Influenza A (H 1 N 1) pdm 09.(1)

Since there are deaths reported in khammam district, We want to assess the knowledge of first year medical students in relation to this pandemic.

2. Material & methods:

• Place of the study :Mamata Medical College,Khammam, Telangana. • Study participants : First year MBBS students.• Type of study : Cross – Sectional.

• Study duration : The study will be carried over a period of 2 weeks around in the month of April , 2015.

• Inclusion criteria : Students those who are studying first year MBBS willing to participate in the study.

• Exclusion criteria : Those who are not willing to participate in the study.• Data will be collected using pre-tested self-administered questionnaire designed keeping in view

the objectives of the study and refined after pilot testing.The questions included are mostly objective type questions.

• Statistical analysis will be performed by using SPSS SOFTWARE VERSION 19.

3. Title of the Abstract : Awareness and Social Stigma Associated With HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Among Students in an urban college in Ernakulam District.

Dr.Jishnu S Lalu, Dr.Leyanna Susan George, Ms.Nimitha Paul, Dr.K Leelamoni, Amrita Institute of

Medical Sciences

Objectives:

Primary Objective:

1)To assess the knowledge and social stigma regarding HIV/AIDS among college students

2)To assess the knowledge and social stigma regarding Tuberculosis among college students

Secondary Objective:

1)To study the association between knowledge and social stigma in HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis

2)To compare the social stigma associated with HIV/AIDS and TB.

Methods :

A cross sectional study was conducted in an urban college in Kochi. 171 students were selected using

convenience sampling from Amrita Arts and Science College. Data was collected using a self

administered semi structured questionnaire containing both open and close ended questions. Data

Analysis was done using SPSS v20.

Observations :

All students have heard about HIV but 99.4% had heard about AIDS. 64.9% incorrectly responded that

HIV can be transmitted via mosquito bites.69% knew that HIV /AIDS can be transmitted from Mother to

baby during pregnancy and 26.9% knew that drugs are available to prolong the life of an HIV infected

person.

39.8% knew that TB is caused by bacteria, 28.7% knew that sputum microscopy was the best

method for diagnosis. The knowledge regarding vaccination and free treatment provided by the

government was 47.4% and 45% respectively. 60.2% had high stigma regarding TB.

Conclusion:

As per the study conducted, students with good knowledge about HIV/AIDS had low stigma regarding

HIV/AIDS.

There was an association between the stigma regarding HIV and stigma regarding TB, subjects with high

stigma for HIV had high stigma for TB as well.

4. Title: A study on outcome of standardized treatment in Multi-drug resistance Tuberculosis patients

Neeta P N1, Prashanth N2, G Ramaprasad3

1. Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, VIMS, Ballari

2. Senior Resident, Department of Anesthesiology, VIMS, Ballari

3. Professor, Department of TB & Chest, VIMS, Ballari

Abstract:

Background & Objectives: Programmatic management of Multi-drug resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)

using a standardized treatment regimen (STR) is being implemented under the Revised National

Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India. Our study was undertaken to analyze the outcomes

of MDR-TB patients treated at the Drug resistance centre (also known as Dots Plus Centre, DR-TB)

Bellary, with the RNTCP recommended 24-27months STR, under programmatic conditions.

Methods: Patients confirmed to have MDR-TB by Line Probe Assay (LPA) method, from Intermediate

reference laboratory (IRL) Bangalore, were treated with the RNTCP’s STR in a prospective field trial on a

predominantly ambulatory basis. Forty three patients were enrolled to the trial from December 2012 to

April 2013.

Observations: At the end of treatment, 19 (44.2%) were cured, 12 defaulted, 9 died, 1 failure and 2 were

under XDR TB evaluation. Thirty two (74.2%) patients reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) which

required dose reduction or termination of the offending drug. No patient had XDR-TB initially, but 3 cases

emerged for XDR-TB evaluation during treatment. Before start of treatment mean body mass index (BMI)

was 17.67+3.627 kg/mt2. 34 patients had far advanced lesions on chest x-ray. Outcome was better in

those patients, whose tubercular bacilli resistant both to rifampicin and isoniazid and who had good

adherence in the past tubercular treatment.

Conclusions: Outcomes of this small group of MDR-TB patients treated with the RNTCP’s STR is

encouraging in this setting. Close attention needs to be paid to ensure adherence, and to the timely

recognition and treatment of ADRs.

Note: As the patients enrolled for study will complete the treatment by end of July month, we need time to

analyze the data still. Detailed results will be presented in the conference. Or else if you suggest then I

will send results in another 10 days, So kindly consider my paper and do the needful.

5. PROFILE AND PATTERN OF PROLONGED FEVER AMONG HIV INFECTED ADULT PEOPLE AT VIVEKANANDA MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, SARGUR, H D KOTE TALUK, MYSORE, KARNATAKA –A LONGITUDINAL OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Dr NitinHosmelkar* Vijaya U. Patil**

*MBBS ,DPH, FCGP,Fellowship in HIV Medicine , Senior Medical Officer, ART Center, Sri Chamarajendra Hospital, Hassan Institute Of Medical Sciences , Hassan.

**M.H.Sc (Humandevelopment), NET,Assistant Professor, Dept of Home Science , Govt Home Science College, Hassan-573201,Karnataka.**2

Background: Prolonged fever is a common clinical problem in HIV infected patients, especially in those

with advanced HIV. In this study we propose use the diagnostic algorithm for prolonged fever developed

and validated by CMC Vellore in a resource poor setting and determine its utility to identify, causes of

prolonged fever among HIV infected patients in a hospital setting.

Objectives:

To identify the causes of prolonged fever among HIV infected patients using the CMC algorithm

Methodology: Prospective longitudinal observational study conducted on convenient sample of 90

consecutive HIV infected patients presenting with prolonged fever at a secondary care hospital for

specialized care of HIV disease.

Key findings: 82 (91.1%) patients causes of fever were able to be diagnosed by CMC algorithm. TB

meningitis was the most common cause of fever accounting for 23.3% followed by Bacterial pneumonia,

Pulmonary TB and Pneumocystis jirevoci pneumonia accounting for 13.3%, 11.1% and 13.3%

respectively. Cryptococcal meningitis and various forms of extra pulmonary tuberculosis were the third

common cause in 7.7% and 11% patients. Paradoxical IRIS-TBM was causing fever in 3 patients and

pyomyositis in 2. Protozoan infections Amebic colitis and cryptosporidiasis, Cryptococcal pneumonia,

Neurosyphilis, Non-Hodgkins lymphoma, Toxoplasmosis and Urinary tract infection were the cause of

fever in one each of patients. Tuberculosis continues to be the most common cause of prolonged

fever(58.8%). Extra pulmonary TB continues to be the predominant form of TB and in this study the most

common form was TB meningitis. Pneumocystis pneumonia, Cryptococcal meningitis and toxoplasmosis

continues to be prevalent in same proportion as in previous studies.

6. Title: Differences in Attitude and Awareness towards HIV/AIDS in Young Office going Males & Females

Prabh Sharan1 and PrashantChaudhary1

1Dept of social work, Indira Gandhi National Open University, Delhi, India.

Objective: Young people, who tend to be idealistic and motivated, have inadequate knowledge,

pessimistic attitudes, and risky practices which are major hindrances in preventing the spread of HIV. The

study aims to assess HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and practices in young office going Males and

Females.

Observations: This study was a questionnaire based survey, consisted of 25 questions regarding

knowledge, awareness and attitude toward HIV/ AIDS affected individuals, conducted on (n=200) (age

distribution 25-35 years) to explore the levels of knowledge, awareness and their attitude about HIV. Chi

(x2) square test for comparison of two groups (Males and Females) was conducted and P <0.05 was

considered as statistically significant.

The results showed statistically significant difference in attitude of males and females regarding HIV

/AIDS. The study showed that the females were not fully aware and also has less knowledge compared to

males and hence had refusal attitude towards HIV/AIDS. The awareness of women’s needs to be

improved so as to have better understanding about HIV/AIDS. It is clearly indicated that there is still a

stigma attached in the educated groups, especially more so in the females. Social media can play a key

role in spreading awareness and improving knowledge about HIV/AIDS.

Conclusion:  Spectrum of myths and misperceptions especially in women emphasizing the need of

education that recognizes the social context of attitude towards HIV. Results from this study may

contribute to the development of appropriate educational and training programme which in turn, may

assist in achieving the elusive goal in future.

7. Awareness on Sexual Transmitted Infections (STIs) among Sexual Minorities in Mysuru City: An Exploratory Study

Shiddappa Madar* Dr. Mohan A. K.**

*Research Scholar (UGC-JRF), Department of Studies in Social Work, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore, **Assistant Professor, Department of Studies in Social Work, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri,

Mysore,

HIV a global public health issue has seen highest prevalent cases since last three and a half decades in the country. In order to prevent and control the epidemic disease, the World Health Organization (WHO) and number of other international and national level organizations have been putting efforts. In India according to a survey conducted by National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) working with state governing bodies found that sexual minorities are highly vulnerable to get infected with HIV through sexually transmitted infections such as Syphilis, Chlamydia, and Gonorrhea etc. because sizable munities are actively engaged in sex work similarly noticed that they are the high risk group. In order to understand the present status in the district the study was carried in Mysuru city and respondents were active sexual minorities those who are in the field of sex work. The main objectives of the study were 1) To understand the socio-economic conditions of the respondents, 2) To study the extent of awareness on HIV and STI among respondents.

The universe consists of 1600 among them only 50 active respondents who were engaged in sex work were involved in the study by adopting purposive sampling method. The primary data was collected during the month of January 2015 to April 2015.

The results revealed that, majority of the respondent were well aware of HIV and STI and treatment services provided by the NGOs and Government Hospital. Majority of the respondents have received basic education on HIV/STI and usage of condom is higher among respondents. The study also noticed few challenges faced by the respondents i.e., societal stigma and discrimination, family isolations etc.

Key words: Socio-economic, discrimination, Awareness, STI/HIV, Prevalent

_____________

8. TITLE: A cross-sectional study of Knowledge assessment regarding HIV/AIDS of attendees of Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre at SMS Medical College, Jaipur.

Kapoor Priyanka 1, Verma Manoj Kumar 1, Yadav Rajeev2, Manohar R. K.3

1. MD student, department of community medicine, SMS Medical College, Jaipur.

2. Assistant professor, department of community medicine, SMS Medical College, Jaipur.

3. Sr. Professor and head of department, department of community medicine, SMS Medical

College, Jaipur.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

To determine the knowledge of ICTC attendees about HIV/AIDS and to correlate with socio-demographic

profile of attendees.

OBESERVATIONS

All participants have heard about HIV/AIDS (100%). Television was most common source of information

(77.97%). Regarding modes of transmission, 80.23% had knowledge about transmission by blood

transfusion, sexual route (77.4%), contaminated surgical needles (73.45%) and from pregnant mother to

newborn (71%). Use of condom, avoidance of sharing of injection needles, restricting sexual activity to a

faithful partner, abstinence from any sexual intercourse and avoidance of visits to female sex workers

were known preventive methods in 81.36%, 67.23%, 61.02%, 58.19% and 45.76% respondents

respectively.

Transmission of HIV by kissing, mosquito bite, drinking contaminated water, hugging/ shaking

hands, sharing toilet and sharing meal were common myths among 33.9%, 32.2%, 31.64%, 18.64%,

15.82%, and 13.56% respondents respectively. 53.15% males, 53.73% singles, 55.21% Hindus, 58.46%

OBC, 55.84% urban residents, 64.1% 20-29 year age group respondents, 59.32% respondents of joint

family, 63.64% socio-economic class 1 participants , 58.82% voluntary attendees and 83.33% post

graduates were having good knowledge about HIV/ AIDS. Socio-economic classification (p<0.05) and

literacy (p<0.05) was found significantly associated with knowledge. Literacy was found significant

independent predictor of knowledge score by stepwise multivariate regression analysis-Knowledge score

= 17.4329 + 1.5452 (Literacy).

CONCLUSION

Knowledge in general population about HIV / AIDS is still poor and myths are prevailing yet. Literacy and

socio-economic status are most efficient weapons to break this barrier and to mitigate future HIV/AIDS

burden.

9. Gender equality, Human Rights and its violations in HIV positive women of Dakshina Kannada district-Karnataka

Dr.Padmamohanan1, Soumya shetty,2 Dr. Gururaj N3

1. Associate professor, 2. Lecturer statistics, Dept. of community medicine Yenepoya Medical

College Mangalore,.

3. Assistant professor Dept of community medicine institute of medical sciences, Raichur.

Human rights are those minimum rights which are compulsorily obtainable by every individual as he/she is a member of human family. The constitution of India also guarantees the equality of rights of men and women. However, in the sphere of women’s human rights in India, there exists a wide gulf between theory and practice. Indian society is a male dominated society where men are always assumed to be superior to society. The women in India very often have to face discrimination, injustice and dishonor. Though women in India have been given more rights as compared to men, even then the condition of women in India is miserable. Karnataka is in the “RED LIST” in the country with regard to HIV/AIDS. It is one of country’s six high HIV/AIDS prevalence states. Dakshina Kannada is situated in the western coastal region of Karnataka tops the AIDS chart in the states which have high incidence of HIV cases and of

human rights violation in HIV. Thus the present study was planned to find the magnitude of human rights violations in HIV positive women in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka. Objectives of the study were to find out the HIV/AIDS related discrimination/violation of human rights in HIV positive women. To assess the nature, extent and pattern of such AIDS related discrimination/ violation of human rights.

Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted among HIV positive women who were registered in few non-governmental organizations working for HIV positive women. A purposive convenient sampling method was used to select the participants. A total of 52 participants were approached to assess the degree of human rights violation through a face to face interview by trained investigators. Several human rights violations were assessed using a pre-determined pre tested questionnaire.

Results: Women living with HIV/AIDS had experienced disease related discrimination / violation of human rights in access to health care, personal liberty, security and privacy, right to employment and family relationship. Women also experienced different types of physical and psychological violence. 25% were treated unfairly or badly by health care workers. 38% experienced an unjustified delay in getting the testing results & receiving counseling or care.34.6% of the opinion that their personal liberty and security has been questioned like sometimes been ridiculed, insulted and threatened with violence because of their HIV status. 46.7% were not offered any treatment to reduce the mother to child transmission of HIV. 30% of the respondents were ridiculed, insulted, threatened with violence or assaulted because of HIV status. 14.3% of the respondents were forced to change their residence because of their HIV status of which 50.0% changed their residence due to the pressure or ill treatment by their neighbours. It was also brought to light that 62% of them lost financial support from their family due to their HIV status.

Conclusion: The fact that patients show no inhibition about the disease reveals that the stigma the disease carries is slowly disappearing. Most of them discuss their HIV status openly. The discrimination & stigma towards women still continues. Human rights violations among HIV positive women happen in one way or other. The low social status commonly associated with women was found to be exacerbated in women who were HIV positive. . HIV related discrimination remains an enormous barrier to effectively fight the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Progress has to be made in overcoming the violation of human rights by making the people aware of their rights in society. They need to be educated so that they are able to challenge the discrimination, stigma and denial that they meet in society.

10. Is Tuberculosis a spot inside or outside? Dr.Somashekar N1, Dr.Dayanada M2, Dr. Vadiraja N3

1. Post graduate student, Department of Community Medicine, MMCRI2. Professor, Department of Community Medicine, MMCRI3. Assistant Professor cum Statistician, MMCRI

OBJECTIVE: To describe the stigma experienced by TB patients within their families.

METHODOLOGY: 200 TB patients who were registered for treatment under RNTCP during 3 rd quarter of 2014 in Mysore district were interviewed. The interview was conducted using pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire at their place of residence.

RESULTS: Out of 200 patients interviewed, 150 were males and 50 were females. 132 patients out of 200 (66%) faced stigma within their families (p value <0.05). Many patients also faced social isolation and were deserted by their families. Also, there were instances where female patients were forced to undergo treatment at their parent’s houses.

CONCLUSION: A significant majority of patients with tuberculosis were found to have been stigmatized within their own families, showing that TB is indeed a spot inside as well as outside. Such stigmatization may act as a major barrier in achieving the control of Tuberculosis. There is an urgent need for the program to take necessary steps to overcome stigma against the disease in the community.

11. Gender differences among Defaulted Tuberculosis Patients Registered for Treatment under RNTCP in Mysore TB Unit

Dr. Vinod Bhute1, Dr. Mansoor Ahmed2, Dr. Vadiraja. N3

1. Post graduate student, Department of Community Medicine, MMCRI2. Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, MMCRI3. Assistant Professor cum Statistician, MMCRI

OBJECTIVE: To identify the gender differences among defaulted TB patients registered for treatment under RNTCP in mysore Tuberculosis Unit (TU) from January 2012 to December 2013.

METHODOLOGY: Out of 216 defaulted patients we were unable to trace 61 patients. Remaining 155 patients interviewed using semi structured questionnaire interview method.

RESULTS: Out of 2468 registered patients (male: 1692 & female: 776), 216 (8.75%) were defaulted. Among them male (N=181) & female (N=35). Default rate for male TB patients was 10.7% and for female was 4.51%. The difference was found to be statistically significant (p value <0.0001). Most common reasons for default among male patient were alcohol consumption and smoking tobacco.

Conclusion: The study shows that default among male patients were more than the female patients. Indirectly it shows that female patients were more adherent for treatment. The most common reason for default among male patients were alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking. It clearly shows that personal habits of the male were responsible for default. The programme has to initiate intervention for pre-treatment counseling to stop alcohol and cessation of tobacco smoking.

12. To study the knowledge regarding dengue and the preventive measures practiced by the Asha workers in Bangalore urban district

Dr C Poornima M D Community Medicine, Medical Lecturer cum Demonstrator

Regional Health and Family welfare training centre, Bangalore-23

Background: Unplanned urbanization, growth in Aedes mosquito breeding habitats, inadequate larval and

mosquito control measures has led to Dengue outbreaks in Bangalore urban district.

Aims: To study the knowledge regarding dengue and preventive measures practiced by Asha workers in

Bangalore urban district.

Study Setting:  Bangalore urban district

Study Design:  Descriptive cross-sectional study

Study Population: ASHA workers

Methodology: Among 571 asha workers, 166 were selected proportionately from the 4 taluks of Bangalore

urban district by simple random sampling and interviewed using pre-tested semi structured

questionnaire.

Results: The average age of asha workers is 33years and 81.93% had education till 10th stardard.

98.19% resided in the community where they served. 96.38% of workers knew the symptoms of dengue

and 91.57% knew that it spreads by mosquito bite. 86.14% knew aedes mosquito is a day biter and

87.95% knew their breeding places. Only 30.72% knew the danger signs of dengue . 84.34% of workers

knew the complete control measures .Only 45.18% of them knew about personal protective measures to

be followed by them. 38.55% of workers complained, lack of community participation. The average house

index was 3.72%. There is no significant association between age, work experience of workers with

knowledge and preventive measures .

Conclusion:  Even though the knowledge about dengue is good among Asha workers, preventive

measures practiced by them needs improvement. Community participation is inadequate and needs

improvement. Our findings highlight the need for strategic interventions to improve preventive practices

and community participation.

Keywords: Knowledge; Practice; Dengue fever; house Index.

13. A Study of the sociodemographic profile and associated risk factors of adverse drug reactions to two Zidovudine antiretroviral regimens.

Dr.Asha .M, Dr.Hema.N.G, Dr.Srinivas.M, Department of pharmacology

MMC&RI, Mysore

INTRODUCTION: HIV remains one of the world’s most significant public health challenges having

claimed more than 25 million lives over the past three decades. H I V is no longer just a public health

issue in India but becomes one of the most serious socio economic and developmental concerns because

maximum numbers of reported cases are occurring in sexually active and productive age group. Millions

of eligible H I V infected patients have access to anti retro viral drugs which have documented toxicities

and adverse effects. Therefore the present study is aimed at identifying the socio-demographic

characteristics and the possible risk factors of adverse drug reactions to two Zidovudine based regimens.

OBJECTIVES:

1) To analyze the socio demographic profile of H I V patients with ADR’s to two Zidovudine based

regimens. 2) To assess risk factors to antiretroviral therapy induced ADR’s.

OBSERVATIONS: of 156 patients with 62 ADRs 82 (52.6%) were males and 74(47.4%) were females.

The mean age of study subjects was 36.06.Hetrosexual contact was the commonest mode of

transmission in 152(97.4%) patients. The number of illiterate patients was 84(53.8%) and non-agricultural

labourers were 88(57.5%) and the patients from urban area were 105(67.3%).significant number of

patients developed zidovudine induced anaemia and females were more prone for anemia.CD4 counts of

patients were inversely correlated with the number of symptoms.

CONCLUSION: Majority of the patients were males, socio economic status and in the productive age

group with heterosexual contact being the commonest mode of transmission significant in number of

patients developed zidovudine induced anaemia and females were more prone.

14. TITLE: “A study of Socio-demographic profile of Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis patients”

Prashanth S, Assistant Professor, VIMS, Bellary

Background: Considering that TB, as well as MDR-TB, are related to social inequalities, it is important

that interventions be founded not only on the clinical- epidemiological profile of the population, but also on

the socio-demographic profile, in order to make the interventions pertinent and effective.

Methodology: It was a cross sectional, hospital based study among MDR-TB patients admitted in DR-TB

Centre, Bellary, during the period between Jan 2013 to July 2013.

Results: A total of 66 patients were interviewed and examined. Among them 75.6% belonged to 21-40

years of age group, 87.9% were from class IV & class V socio-economic group according to modified B.G.

Prasad classification. Smoking was the most common co-morbidity. 47% of them exposed to ATT in the

past for 1-2 years and 98.5% patient’s last ATT outcome was treatment completed. Among them 78.8%

were resistant to both rifampicin and isoniazid. Most (59.1%) belonged to 26-45 kg weight band. The

knowledge and practices regarding MDR-TB was good among them.

Conclusion: Proper follow up was not done during past ATT, which led to MDR-TB. Health education

regarding spread of disease, early detection of MDR-TB by strengthened laboratory support, effective

therapy, implicating innovative control measures, would interrupt the ongoing transmission and control

this emerging epidemic.

Keywords: Multi-Drug Tuberculosis; Demographic Factors; RNTCP.

15. A Single-Step Purification ofE.coli isolates by Ion-exchange Chromatography

Mary Conice and Usha M.S.*

Department of Microbiology, Centre for P.G. Studies, 18/3, 9th Cross, 3rd Block,

Jayanagar,Jain University, Bangalore-11

On PCR analysis Pe16 showed positive to Stx2ftoxin with 150bp, Pe68 showed positive to HlyA with

569bp, Pe74 showed positive to Stx2f and Stx2 150bp and 124bp respectively, Pe88 showed positive to

Stx2c with 124 bp and Pe93 showed positive to Stx2f and Stx2 with 150bp and 115bp respectively.

Further purification was carried outby subjecting the supernatant to (NH4)2SO4precipitationat 40%

saturation and then at 60% saturation. Partially purified sample from ammonium sulphateprecipitation was

subjected to dialysisusing 1% sucrose solution.Furtherpurification was carried by anion and cationfast-

protein chromatography followed by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis with 12% of SDS with standard

markers. Protein estimation was carried out by Lowry’s method with bovine serum albumin as the

standard. Ion exchange chromatography method was developed using Sepharose for cation

chromatography due to its fast flow and Deae-Cellulose for anion chromatography respectively. All

Chromatographic procedures were performed at room temperature.

Keywords: E.coli,Shiga-like toxin, Ion exchange chromatography, Lowry’s method, SDS-PAGE

GENDER INEQUITY1. Factors InfluencingGender PreferenceAmongAnte-natal Women In Urban slums, Hyderabad.

C.Desham, M.L.SuryaPrabha, B.Nirmala Devi, Osmania Medical College, Koti, Hyderabad.

INTRODUCTION:

“BetiBachaoBetiPadhao” campaign has been launched by the Prime Minister of India NarendraModi, on

22nd January,2015 for 1)Preventing gender biased sex selective elimination, 2)Ensuring survival and

protection of the girl child, 3)Ensuring education of the girl child.The decline of Child Sex Ratio in India

from 945 in 1991 to 927 in 2001 and further to 918 in 2011 is alarming.Hence the objectives of the study

are to determine the factors influencing gender preference of a child and awareness regarding sex

determinationamong antenatal women in Hyderabad where Child Sex Ratio is 914.

METHODS:

Study design:  Hospital based Cross sectional study.

Study duration:  Three months,2014-15(Nov–Jan)

Study population:  Antenatal women of Age group 18-35yrs,attending ten Urban Family Welfare Clinics.

Sample size: 106

Sampling technique: Systematic Random Sampling.A number was selected using random number table

and then every third pregnant woman attending the clinics was interviewed with a pre-tested

questionnaire during the period of November and December.

Data Analysis:Epi Info7.1.4.0

RESULTS:

Primigravida:42% and multigravida:58%.

Pregnancy loss:18%.

Women below 18 years of Age at marriage:19%

Male preference for first child: 38%, female preference:12%

If there is only one child option,male preference:32%,female preference:14%

Factors influencing gender preference are mainlycustoms like continuation of family lineage(gotra),funeral

rites performed by sons.

Others factors are –influence of husband and in laws, need for giving dowry at the time of

marriage,sonslooking after elders at old age,sons sharing financial burden of the family,marriage burden

for girls,girls leaving the family soon etc.

Awareness of sex determination techniques: 74%

Women who tried to know the sex of their baby: 4%

Sixteen percent of the women said that they knew about their relatives/closefriends who have undergone

sex determination tests and even opted for abortionsif a female foetus was detected (main reasons

behind being dowry and marriage burden).

CONCLUSIONS:

There is a strong desire for male child among people and thus are opting for sex determination.To

improve the declining child sex ratio,“PCPNDT act”,“The prohibition of child marriage Act” and “The

Dowry Prohibition Act” should be strictly enforced.There is a need to ensure that girls are born,loved and

nurtured without discrimination, by introducing more schemes like “BetiBachao,BetiPadhao”.Social and

cultural factors playing a major role in gender preference should be addressed and dealt accordingly.

2. Gender equity: Perception of Medical students of SMC, Vijayawada, A.P, India.

Dr. Pratima Matli1,Dr.Suman Nama2, Dr.C.Usha Rani3, Dr.A.Sita Rama4

1-Post Graduate (Presenting author), 2-Senior Resident, 3-Professor , 4-Professor and HOD, Department of Community Medicine, Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Introduction: Sustainable development is economic, social and environmental development that ensures

human well-being and dignity, ecological integrity, gender equality and social justice, now and in the

future. Although, women constitute half the world population, they do not have an equal privilege to

autonomy and opportunities. In the household, school, the workplace, and in politics, women continue to

face violence, sexual abuse, exploitation and discrimination. Globalization and libertarian reforms have

worsened injustices against women.

Gender justice is crucial for poverty reduction and progress. It is a moral and ethical imperative. Efforts to

achieve a just and sustainable future cannot ignore the rights, dignity and capabilities of half the world’s

population. Discrimination is ingrained in the perpetuating systems of patriarchy and negative social and

cultural norms.

Doctors are one of the highly educated and reputed community and are expected to be living examples

for the society. This study is an attempt to understand how today’s medical students view gender equity,

in a predominantly patriarchal society.

Objectives:

1. To elicit the perception of gender equity among medical students.

2. To study the association of these perceptions with certain demographic and social variables.

Material and Methods: A cross sectional observational study done on students pursuing MBBS at

Siddhartha Medical College, from June - September 2015, in Vijayawada, using a self administered,

structured questionnaire adapted from International Men and Gender Equality Survey, 2011. Students

who are not willing to participate in the study are excluded from the study.

The data obtained will be analysed using Microsoft excel and SPSS V.15. Descriptive statistics

like percentages and proportions and bar diagrams will be used. Inferential statistics like chi square test,

student t test will be used.

Observations and Conclusions: The observations and the subsequent conclusions drawn will be

presented at the time of conference.

Keywords: Gender equity, Sustainable development, Medical students

3. TITLE: A STUDY ON GENDER BIAS AMONG PARENTS OF UNDER FIVE YEAR CHILDREN IN URBAN FIELD PRACTICE AREA OF SSIMS AND RC, DAVANGERE

Ravikumar1, B.A.Varadaraja Rao2, Aswin kumar3,Bheemayya Badesab4

1. Post graduate student

2. Professor

3. Associate professor

4. Professor and head

S.S.INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES AND RESEARCH CENTRE, Davangere-577005

BACKGROUND:

The Millennium Developmental Goals(No 2) led to parity in girls’ access to primary education,

discrimination persists in access to secondary and tertiary education, work and economic assets, and

participation in decision-making. The Sustainable Developmental Goals offer a more holistic treatment of

gender equality and empowerment. India is a country of immense demographic miscellany, social

customs and traditional observes. Gender discrimination against females mainly seen in provision of

health care, nutrition, immunization and education by the parents.

The customs and beliefs of male preeminence have led female infanticide and also sex-selective

abortion. Census 2011 shows debility of female population under the age of seven.

Census 2011 also reveals a decline in the child sex ratio (0-6 years) reporting shows 914 females against

1000 males, declining from 927 females against 1000 males in Census 2001. About 42.5 percent of our

children suffer from malnutrition.Infant girls are often derelict and breastfed less frequently and shorter

duration over infant boys.

OBJECTIVES:

a) To study the gender bias among parents of under five children in urban field practice area of

SSIMS&RC, Davangere.

b) Factors influencing the gender bias among same subjects.

METHODOLOGY:

A Cross sectional study was conducted for a period of 2 months in urban field practice area of

SSIMS&RC, Davangere.There were 1700 houses attached to field practice area and among them 400

participants were interviewed after systematic random sampling. Houses were numbered under pulse

polio campaign. Every 4th house was selected for sampling. Data was collected by interviewing parents of

under five children by using pre tested semi-structured questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression was

done to determine the factors influencing gender bias.

RESULTS:

About 38.8% of study participants had prenatal sex discernment. Majority (68.7 %) of the parents had

preference for the male child. Majority (78.8%) study participants were unaware of schemes for girl child.

Most of the study participants (86.6%)had educational expenditure preference for boys. Food preference

was shown more (86.6%) for male child than female child. Regarding health care preference, male child

was given more (72%) importance. Majority (66%) of parents felt immunization is important for male child.

Among the factors Illiteracy, low socioeconomic class, Muslim religion were the influencing factors for

gender bias among the parents.

CONCLUSION:

Majority of study participants had a preference for male child in the community. In spite of Pre Natal

Diagnostic TestingAct in vogue the study showed almost 40% had a prenatal sex determination. Socio

economic factors were found to influence the preference for male child.

4. PLEASE DON’T KILL ME I WANT TO LIVE – AN OVERVIEW ON FEMALE FOETICIDE

Dr. Satender Tanwar* Dr. Shailaja S.V. **

* Junior Resident, Dept., of PG Studies in Shalya Tantra, SKAMH&RC, Bangalore.*

** Professor and Head, Dept., of PG Studies in Shalya Tantra SKAMCH&RC, Bangalore **

Female foeticide is the act of aborting a foetus because it is female child. The frequency of female

foeticide is indirectly estimated from the observed high birth sex ratio that is the ratio of boys to girls at

birth. The natural ratio is assumed to be between 103 to 107 and any number above it is considered as

suggestive of female foeticide. Human sex ratio is the relative number of males to females in a given age

group. The natural human sex ratio at birth was estimated, in a 2002 study, to be close to 106 boys to 100

girls.

The national average masks the variations in regional numbers according to 2011 census — Haryana’s

ratio was 120, Punjab’s ratio was 118, Jammu & Kashmir was 116, and Gujarat’s ratio was 111.

India is one of the several countries where higher human sex ratio is observed. This is assumed to be

caused by female foeticide, an assumption that is the subject of considerable scholarly debate and

continuing scientific studies. Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from

1941 through 2011. The data suggests the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of

ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India.

Ultrasound technology arrived in China and India in 1979, but its expansion was slower in India.

Ultrasound sex discernment technologies were first introduced in major cities of India in 1980s, its use

expanded in India's urban regions in 1990s, and became widespread in 2000s. Female foeticide has

been linked to the arrival, in the early 1990s, of affordable ultrasound technology and its widespread

adoption in India. 

Estimates for female foeticide vary by scholar. One group estimates more than 10 million female foetuses

may have been illegally aborted in India since 1990s, and 500,000 girls were being lost annually due to

female foeticide

The Mumbai High Court ruled that prenatal sex determination implied female foeticide. Sex determination

violated a woman's right to live and was against India's Constitution.

The Beti Bachao, or Save girls campaign, has been underway in many Indian communities since the early

2000s. The campaign uses the media to raise awareness of the gender disparities creating, and resulting

from, sex-selective abortion.

The Indian government has passed Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation

and Prevention of Misuse) (PCPNDT) Act in 2004 to ban and punish prenatal sex screening and female

foeticide. It is currently illegal in India to determine or disclose sex of the foetus to anyone. However, there

are concerns that PCPNDT Act has been poorly enforced by authorities.

Hence, this study is carried out prevalence of female foeticide in different parts of India and acts still

persisting even after banned by Supreme Court.

Key words –Beti, Girl child, Foeticide, Haryana, PNDT, Sex, USG.

5. Title: Gender inequalities among under six years children in rural Haryana - going beyond foeticide

Kalaiselvi Selvaraj,1* Anand Krishnan,2 Sanjeev Kumar Gupta,2 Chandrakant S Pandav3

1 Senior Resident, Dept of Preventive & Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical

Education and Research, Puducherry, JIPMER-6

2 Professor, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi.

3 Professor & Head, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi

Back ground: Gender differences can be in any age in the life cycle including before birth (feticide/ sex

selective abortions) which have been objectively documented. This study tries to identify the gender

differentials among the children which is a basic step in cascade process of female discrimination in the

society.

Objective: To study the gender differentials among children under 6 years in households of rural

Ballabgarh, Haryana in terms of nutrition, health care seeking , social aspects and to see whether they

differ by socio economic status

Methods: 55 households were selected from the four villages by multi stage sampling. Children below six

years from both the sex in the same household were selected. Gender differences in nutrition were

studied by breast feeding practices, ‘z’ score for anthropometry. Difference in health care seeking aspects

were assessed by occurrence of common childhood illnesses, type of health facilities visited and

expenditures incurred for that. Gender differences in social aspects were measured by ceremony

expenditures.

Results: Girls were breast fed for 5 months lesser than boys (p<0.02) though ‘Z’ score on anthropometry

did not show any significant difference. Even though occurrences of common childhood illnesses were

equal between the two, outpatient expenditures were more among the boys (Boys Vs girls Rs181.3 Vs

Rs123.9). Proportions of illnesses treated from health facilities located outside the villages (22.2%) were

higher among the boys [boys (22.2%), girls (11.4%)]. Expenditures incurred on social ceremonies were

higher for boys (Rs23184.3 and Rs3623.7 respectively for boys and girls). Some ceremonies were meant

exclusively for boys. Gender gap in breast feeding and social ceremonies was higher among the socio

economically better off. Gender gap in total nutrition and anthropometry was worsen among the

economically deprived.

Conclusion: In this patriarchal society, socio cultural norms have produced the gender gap which can

have adverse impact on health of the female children. Civil societies and government policies should

address this issue by social transformation, behavior change communication.

6.PREFERENCE FOR MALE CHILD AMONG MARRIED ADULTS IN RURAL AND URBAN FIELD PRACTICE AREAS, NARAYANA MEDICAL COLLEGE, NELLORE.

Y.Vishnu Vardhan, 2nd year Post-graduate, Community Medicine Dept, Narayana Medical College,

Nellore, Andhra Pradesh

Co- Author: V.Chandhrasekhar, E.RaviKiran, K.Vijaya, C.Kumar, C.Jyothi

BACKGROUND:Over the past decade, gender equality has been explicitlyrecognized as a key not only to

the health of nations, but also to their social and economic development. Its importance is further

emphasized by the fact that‘promotion of gender equality and women’s empowerment’ finds itself in the

list of Millennium Development

Goals (MDG).A strong preference for male child exists, particularly in India, and is a major obstacle for

reducing National fertility levels. Studies in India have identified some factors like old age security, socio-

cultural utility, property inheritance &economic utility etc that favors son preference. Discrimination of

female child is one of the main reasons for disappearance of female child and female feticide. This study

aims to ascertain the prevalence of this skewed sex ratio in the Nellore district.

OBJECTIVES:1. To determine prevalence of gender preference & its determinants among married adults

in rural & urban communities in Nellore district.

2. To find out the reasons for son preference in the study population.

MATERIALS & METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted in the married adults attending UHTC &

RHTC OP, using a pretested, close-ended structured, face-to-face interview. Duration of the study- 4

months: from July to October. Data analysis will be done using a SPSS 21.0 software.Appropriate

statistical methods and tests will be used to interpret the data.

RESULTS: Results will be presented during the conference.

7. Perception of Gender Equity in a Rural Community of District Jaipur, Rajasthan

Dr. Priyanka Bharti1, Dr. Manoj Verma1, Dr. Amita Kashyap2, Dr Monika Rathore3

1. Resident Doctor, 2 & 3 Professor, Dept. of PSM, SMS Medical College, Jaipur

Objective:

To determine the perception of people (15-45 years of age) towards gender equity & its associated

factors

Observation:

Total 150 subjects (75 of each gender) were interviewed. Twenty percent respondents were illiterate and

one-fourth were graduate and above (36% male, 13.4% female). Majority of the study population were

Hindus (94.7%). Perception on Gender Equity (GE) was assessed by their views on women’s status in

family including gender violence, reservations in job; service and politics and empowerment to take

decision including contraceptive use. Response to each question was given a score and based on the

total score of 13 questions, respondents were classified into 3 categories namely– ‘Totally in favor’ (4%,

all were male), ‘Partially in favor’ (78%), and ‘Against GE’ (17%).

Women had equal say in only 37.33% families, majority (83%) of them don’t believe that ‘rights for women means that men lose out their rights’. Same Perception prevailed significantly where mother was treated with respect (p=0.000), where women was working (P = 0.024), and where people were educated ≥ Graduate (P = 0.050).

Relatively younger people (<35Yrs) believed that Family planning is responsibility of both the partners (50% vs 44%) but were ready to tolerate a little violence to keep harmony at home (21% vs 12%). Resistance to violence against women were significantly associated with education, decision making power of women and respectful status of women. Significantly higher number of Older people (>35 yrs) agree that “when a women is raped it is usually her carelessness” (P=0.048). Three fourth of the families where mother was equal decision maker disagree with this statement (P=0.047).

Conclusion:

Women status in family was assessed by their say in household decisions, respect, and physical violence

against them. Overall women were respected in only 28% of families, 21% of families showed no respect

while 51.3% showed only partial respect. Education was significantly associated with favoring GE while

age had no statistically significant association.

8. Understanding the perceived reasons and practices related to gender preferences in an urban population of Puducherry: An Exploratory study

Bijaya Nanda Naik1, Anindo Majumdar1, Swaroop Kumar Sahu2

1Senior Resident, 2Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Preventive & Social Medicne, JIPMER, Puducherry – 605006

Objectives: 1) To find out the perceived reasons and preference for the gender of the prospective child 2)

to find out practices related to ultrasound (USG) scanning during pregnancy and abortion and 3) to find

out the child sex ratio in the selected urban field practice areas of JIPMER, Pondicherry.

Methods: A community-based explorative study was conducted during the months of June and July 2013.

A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on the socio-demographic

details, sex preference for the prospective child, and practices related to USG scanning during pregnancy

and abortion among 270 households in the study area of urban Puducherry.

Results: Among the respondents who had not completed their families (67), majority (60%, 40/67) didn’t

have any gender preference. Out of the rest 27, 16 respondents (60%) preferred their prospective child to

be male. The common reasons for male preference were 1st child being female, dowry and other financial

reasons. Majority (62%) of the USG during pregnancy were done in private set up. Nearly three fourth of

the abortions took place either in private set up or at home. Nearly 6% (16/270) of the respondents were

aware of existence of practice of sex determination and female foeticide in their area. The child sex ratio

was found to be 1012 per 1000 males.

Interpretation and Conclusion: Male preference in the backdrop of higher proportion of practice of abortion

in the private set up, along with participants’ awareness of existence of sex determination practices points

towards plausible female foeticide. There is a need to generate stronger evidence to confirm these

suspected links.

KEY WORDS: Community-based study, child sex ratio, explorative study, female foeticide, gender

preference

9.Perception of Social Support among Transgender persons: A Descriptive study from a Metropolitan City of southern part of India.

*1Virupaksha H.G., 2Muralidhar D.,

*1 Ph.D Scholar, Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro

Sciences, Bengaluru-560029,

2 Professor, Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro

Sciences, Bengaluru-560029,

____________________________________________________________________________________

_

Introduction: Transgender persons are those who exhibit gender variant behavior, appearance and roles

in the society. They are the most visible and exploited sexual minorities in India. The current study is an

effort to explore their perception of social support from their family members, friends and significant

others.

Materials and methods: The study conducted in a Metropolitan City of Southern part of India. 60 Male-to-

female transgender persons selected for the study by using consecutive sampling method. The

respondents are contacted through the local NGOs working for this community.

Results: Transgender persons are mostly separated from their families and migrated to urban areas and

half of them are migrated from other states. They stay in urban slum areas and Hammams along with

other transgender community members. They perceive no support from their parents, friends and

significant others. Sex work and begging are the sources of their livelihood. They spend all their earnings

mostly on substances and other day-to-day commodities and have no practice of saving for their future.

Those who are educated in high school and above and those who are staying in their family of origin have

expressed better perception of social support compared to their counterparts.

Conclusion: Transgender persons are stigmatized and minimally understood from the wider part of the

society. Hence, there is an urgent need to bring about awareness among the society and mainstream this

population. In this regard, the social workers have a major role to play in terms of bringing change in their

life.

Key words: Transgender persons, perceived social support

10. Gender – A barrier for willingness to eye donation?

Puri S (Associate Prof , Deptt Of Community Medicine, GMCH-32) Gupta N(Medical Officer, Deptt Of Community Medicine, GMCH-32) Ram J(Prof Deptt Of Opthalomology, PGIMER, Chandigarh) Arya S( Associate Prof, Deptt Of ophthalmology, GMCH-32) Sood S(Prof, Deptt Of Opthalmology, GMCH-32)

Aims:To assess awareness and barriers in attitude towards eye donation in women of Chandigarh.

Materials and Methods:

A pretested, semi-structured questionnaire.

Settings and Design:

Prospective cohort study

Study time: 10 months

Statistical Analysis Used:

Data were analyzed using the Epi-Info software package, Version 6.04.

Results:

The majority (82.4%) of women had known that eyes could be donated. But only 5.6 % were aware that eyes could be retrieved even at home also. Not much subjects 10.7%, knew about pledge form .Willingness to donate or filling of pledge form was only in 5.5%. Majority of subjects could not do independent decision in eye donation and responded that after consultation with other family members or husband would decide. The subjects were reassessed again after an interval of 3 months. The awareness increased to 100% in the study group. But the attitude towards eye donation did not show significant increase.

Conclusion:

This study depicted the women’s insufficiency in decision making regarding eye donation or signing of pledge forms. To achieve the objectives of vision 2020, prerequisite is to change the negative attitude through behaviour change communication towards eye donation and women empowerment for taking independent decisions.

Keywords: awareness, eye donation, dim vision, Chandigarh, corneal transplantation

11. Gender equity in cognitive function, functional impairment and disability in community dwelling older adults in Mysore, south India.

Murali Krishna1, Eunice Beulah1, Steve Jones,2 Rajesh Sundarachari3, Kiran Nagaraj1, SC Karat1, Kumaran Kalyanaraman4, Martin Prince5 and Caroline Fall4 1 Epidemiology Research Unit , CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore. India 2. Faculty of Health and social care, Edgehill University , Lancashire, UK 3 Statosys Analytical solutions , Mysore 4.. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit , University of Southampton, UK 5. Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK

Background: 10/66 Dementia Research group developed and validated a culture and education fair battery of cognitive tests for diagnosis of dementia in population based studies in low and middle income countries including India.

Aims: To examine gender equity in cognitive function, functional impairment and disability in community dwelling older adults in Mysore, south India

Methods: 129 adults aged 57-90 yrs from 186 households, residing in Karunapura, in the city of Mysore were recruited by a door to door survey and interviewed in their own homes. Cognitive functioning was measured by administering Kannada version of the 10/66 battery of cognitive tests comprising of: i) Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSI'D'): a 32 item cognitive test assessing orientation, comprehension, memory, naming and language expression for a measure of global cognitive function ii) Verbal fluency (VF):Total number of animals named in one minute iii) Memory (WLMR): modified CERAD word list memory and recall and iv) the informant interview: to ascertain if the subject's cognitive problems have resulted in 'functional impairment'. The degree of health impairment and disability were measured by administration of the Health Impairment Schedule and WHO Disability Schedule-II (DAS).

Cognitive scores were adjusted for age, education and gender at baseline. The regression analyses were adjusted for self-reported hypertension, diabetes, CVA and COAD.

Results: The women had significantly lower CSID score when compared to men (p=0.002). However, there were no differences in the level of disability, health impairment and prevalence of self reported hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke and chronic obstructive air way disease between men and women. The presence of 'functional impairment' resulting from cognitive decline was significantly associated with lower scores on VF (P=0.03), WLMR (P=0.03) and CSI'D' (p<0.01). There was a significant inverse association between DAS score and WLMR (p=0.011), VF(p<=0.001) and CSID scores (P<=0.001).

Conclusions: Lower cognitive function emerged as leading cause of the disability in late life, independent of other self reported chronic non-communicable disorders in both men and women, in south India. Large population based studies are warranted to examine the mediating effect of gender and other socioeconomic risk factors between cognition and disability in later life.

12. Title: Gender equity and other shared socioeconomic risk factors for depression and diabetes in late life: follow up study of the Mysore Birth Records Cohort

M Krishna 1 , C Osmond2, K Kumaran2, Karat SC1 , SR Veena2, GV Krishnaveni2, Prince M3, CHD Fall 2.

1 Early Career Fellow, Wellcome DBT Alliance, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India. 2 MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK 3. Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK.

Background: The Mysore Birth Records Cohort comprises 1069 men and women born between 1934-1966 at CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital and matched to their birth records. They participated in a

study (1993-2001) to examine the relationship between size at birth and adult cardiometabolic disorders. Neurocognitive disorders are one of the main causes of disability in late life. We are now re-tracing the cohort to examine the relationship between birth size and mental disorders, and the mediating effect of cardiometabolic disorders.

Methods: We aim to recruit 800 surviving members of this cohort now aged above 55 yrs to an ongoing follow up study to measure cognitive function, cardiometabolic and mental disorders in late life. As an interim analysis, we have examined for gender equity and other shared socioeconomic risk factors for diabetes and depression and the relationship between the two disorders in adults aged 55-80 yrs of age.

Results: Of the 428, 100 (23%) were diagnosed as having a depressive disorder and 211 (49%) had diabetes. Depression was more prevalent among women. After adjusting for age and sex, there was a significant inverse association of depression with socioeconomic position and attained education. Diabetes was associated with higher socio-economic status, lower education and higher BMI. There was no significant association between depression and diabetes.

Conclusions: Diabetes and depression have shared risk factors in this population. Both are associated with lower education but socioeconomic position has opposing associations with diabetes and depression. Unlike Western populations, depression and diabetes were not associated in this sample of men and women aged 55-80 years.

12. Article for paper presentation at international conference on Medicine and social sciences- nov,2016

Research article- Title-- “ PPIUCD -Empowering women by right choice at Birth”.

Author- Dr SUDHA.T.R.Banapurmath, Professor ,Department of OBG,HIMS Hassan.

Abstract:- WOMEN IN INDIA ARE DEPENDENT ON FAMILY IN DECISION MAKING AND ARE NOT EMPOWERED TO TAKE MAJOR DECISIONS BY CHOICE.MORE THAN 65% 0F WOMEN HAVE AN UNMET NEED FOR POST PARTUM CONTRACEPTION AND SEEK SERVICES FOR ABORTION DUE TO BREAST FED CHILD AND ASSOCIATED NEXT PREGNANCY.Post partum contraception is an evidence based intervention in preventing abortion related maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. post partum insertion of IUCD(PPIUCD) is an effective, feasible method of reversible long term contraception that may empower women during institutional delivery to practice contraception which may be denied later by interference by family or due to delay in accessibility. This study was conducted at a tertiary care centre to understand the feasibility of PPIUCD among women and to know the acceptance among them at institutional delivery.

Objective:- To evauate acceptability,Safety,side effects, efficacy ,of PPIUCD as method of women controlled post partum contraception.

Observation;-3650 were studied , Acceptance rate was 8.6%. 28% were post placental, 23% were immediate post partum, and 50% were intracaesarian insertions. side effects were minimal , expulsion rate 1.02%,Removal rate 0.76% for non medical/family pressure reason. Over all retention and satisfaction rate at end of 6months was 98.2%.

Conclusion;- the over-all good satisfaction rate indicates that PPIUCD is a safe,effective,feasible,women controlled choice of contraception at birth in institutions.

13. Gender Differentials in Mortality Rate fromWomb to Six Years of Life: Prediction Estimates

from Five Year Trends in Puducherry, South India

Mahendra M,1Sonali Sarkar,2Kalaiselvi Selvaraj,3Swaroop Kumar Sahu4

1Junior Resident, Dept. of Preventive and Social Medicine, 2Associate Professor, 3Senior Resident, 4Assistant Professor, Dept. of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate medical Education and Research, Puducherry-6

Background:Child sex ratio can act as an indicator that reflects the cultural, social and economic values of

the society and attitude towards the girl child. Puducherry is one of the well performing states in India in

terms of literacy, health indicators and also in overall sex ratio.

Objectives: To analysethe five year trends in various life stages such as child sex ratio, sex ratio at birth

and overall sex ratio.This study also aimed to identify gender differentials in mortality rates at critical

stages during the childhood periodin one of the project areas of Integrated Child Development Services

(ICDS) programme, Puducherry.

Methodology:This study was done in Ariyankuppam, which is one of the project areas of ICDS in

Puducherry. The project covers 151 anganwadis and includes both urban and rural areas. It caters to

about one-fifth of the Puducherry population.All the collated monthly reports from various anganwadis in

the project area from January 2010 to December 2014 were analysed. Data was entered in Microsoft

Excel and analysed using Stata. Monthly reports were represented in the form of sequential charts and

predictions are being attempted based on moving average and auto regression model.

Results: The overall sex ratio showed improvement from 999 in the year 2010 to 1010 in the year 2014.

Though overall sex ratio is better compared to the national average (940), there is a decreasing trend in

child sex ratio over the years from 970 in 2010 to 938 in 2014. However, the sex ratio at birth

isconsistently low over last 5 years period(~905). The still birth rate was more in males (8.7 in boys Vs 6.8

per 1000 live births among girls)as expected. But the death rate is found to be higher in females during

infancy (IMR girls:8.4 Vsboys: 7.4), first three years of life(girls: 9.7Vsboys: 7.8) and first six years of life

(girls: 9.8Vsboys: 8.0).

Conclusion:In Puducherry, child sex ratio is at a declining trend over the years although the overall sex

ratio is better compared to the national average. Mortality among females is comparatively higher in all

the critical stages of childhood, i.e., during infancy, 0-3 years and 0-6 years of life.

Keywords: Child sex ratio, Gender differentials, Child mortality

14. Sex ratio at Birth: Trends over time and sequential birth order in a rural area of Puducherry, South India

Yamini Marimuthu1, Pruthu Thekkur1, Kalaiselvi S2, Subitha L3, Palanivel C3, Ganesh Kumar S4

1Junior Resident, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate

Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry

2 Senior Resident, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate

Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate

Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry

4 Associate Professor, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of

Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry

Introduction:Sex ratio at birth acts as a proxy indicator to measure the impact of awareness drives and

implementation of laws against selective sex selection carried out over recent years in India.

Objectives:

In a rural area of Puducherry to find trends in sex ratio at birth over 7 years (2008 to 2014)and over

sequential birth orders.

Methodology: A record based cross sectional study was conducted in a Rural Health and Training Center

(RHTC), Ramanathapuram which caters to 9500 population spread over four villages. Information on birth

and death are routinely collected by field staff and validated by Medical Officer of RHTC. All the children

born between 2008 and 2014 were included in the study. The gender of the child, mothers name, village

and year of birth was extracted from the birth register. Birth order was extracted from Antenatal register

after cross matching mothers name and village obtained from birth register. Data was single entered in

EpiData software and analyzed using EpiData analysis. The sex ratio at birth (number of females per

1000 males at birth) was calculated across the year of birth, village and birth order.

Results:

In total 915 children were born between 2008 and 2014. The overall sex ratio at birth was 930 females

per 1000 males. In the year 2008 the sex ratio at birth was 1116 and during year 2014 it was 927. There

was no statistically significant difference in proportion of female births over the years (p for trend=0.162).

Also there was no difference across the four study villages (p value=0.532). The sex ratio at birth was

1000 for the first child, 936 for the second child and it dropped to 290 for third child. Birth order was

significantly associated with gender of the child (p value=0.002). The third order child had significantly

less chance (RR- 0.41 (95% CI: 0.22-0.77)) of being female child compared to first order child.

Conclusion:The study showed declining sex ratio at birth in the sequential birth order. This is a proxy

measure of sex selection during second and third birth order and indirectly gives an alarming message to

health care providers regarding increasing access to prenatal sex determination technique in this region.

Hence, there is a need to create awareness in the community and appraise the current implementation of

PNDT act in this area.

15.: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON PROPORTION OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE AMONG FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS IN KOTTAYAM DISTRICT.

Dr.AJAN M J, JR3, DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE, GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE

KOTTAYAM

OBJECTIVES

1) To study the proportion of gender based violence among female college students in our

community.

2) To assess the situations where gender based violence is experienced.

3) To assess the awareness among them regarding gender based violence.

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

A. Study design: Cross sectional study.

B. Study setting: Female students from three selected colleges of Kottayam

C. Study period:1 month (8-3-2015 to 8-4-2015)

D. Sample size : 397 students

E. Study tool : Questionnaire

F. Methodology: After obtaining clearance from the ethical committee and consent from the

students, the questionnaire was given and their response was collected.

G. Data management and statistical analysis: The data collected was coded and entered in MS

Excel and analysis was done using the SPSS version 16.0.

RESULTS

1. 86.4% of the respondents knew that gender based violence include psychological, physical,

sexual, and financial components.

2. 79.6% of the respondents had experienced some form of gender based violence.

3. 276 of the population experienced abuse from strangers,35 from the peer

4. 61.46% of respondents are moderately aware and 6.3% are well aware of the policies,

organizations and programs concerning gender based violence while rests of them have poor

awareness.

5. Among 316 of the respondents who have experienced gender based violence, 299 feel the need

for self-defense training in schools to prevent such experience.

CONCLUSION

The presentstudy showed that the proportion of females experiencing gender based violence is high. But

their awareness regarding its exact nature, protecting laws available etc was low.Those who knew about

the laws and policies were responding well to abuses. More awareness programmes about gender based

violence should be implemented. Self-defence training should be given to the school and college

students.

16. Gender stereotyping of women in Antarctica: The mirror of gendered world ecosphere

Tanmay Singh Pathani1*, Shivali Sissodia2, Rakesh Verma3, Anitha C T4

School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C R Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046

Background and objectives

Human beings are highly resistant and adaptable to the most varied environmental conditions. Vast white

wilderness of snow, ice, water and rock in Antarctica makes it a distinctive natural laboratory for gender

research which has been rare in the polar world. This article draws on the accounts of narratives and

travel logs from historic Antarctica expeditions in the 18th centuries to the narratives from the modern

times.The objective was toreflect on the link between gender relationships, roles and their assembly and

interpretation in the world and how are they reciprocated and interpreted by women in lieu of their status

in Antarctica which has no native population of its own.

Observation

The continent is considered as a boy’s club, symbol of masculinity and forbidden for women. The

challenges of balancing being one of the boy’s and considered unfeminine are evident widely. The

contending of female in their gendered roles, doubts on their physical and psychosocial strength and

argument of impact of jealousy, love, frailty of women on work shows the strong resemblance towards the

male dominated world and its similar correspondence in Antarctica.The key constrains on women’s

involvement have been the perception that they are interfering with the ‘heroic culture’, or taking men’s

jobs. In addition, women have strong ties to their families and the long separation required by many

positions interferes with their family priorities.

Conclusion

Antarctica is the mirror appearance of gender relations, norms, status as learnt in the ecosphere of the

world because there is no native culture and population. The women still remain as a minority even when

there has been alterations in organizational structure and ceasing of arguments about dearth in

infrastructure to support women in extreme environment. With time the roles and responsibilities and level

of participation of women has undergone a dynamic transformation from practical companions to era of

scientific contribution but segregation from involvement in many professions remains a challenge.

16.

Title “Marriage preparedness among newly married women in rural

Southern India”

Objective To study the marriage preparedness of newly married women

(less than one year of marriage) in a rural block in Southern India

Methodology The study had a cross-sectional design. It was a group project

carried out between April and May 2015 in the rural block (K.V.

Kuppam) under RUHSA (Rural unit for health and Social affairs),

Christian Medical College, Vellore. The list of newly married

peopleand their addresses were obtained from the RUHSA

computer database.

The block under RUHSA is divided into clusters of villages; each

cluster has a rural community officer (RCO) in-charge. We

randomly selected three RCOs and planned to select women from

the three clusters to reach a sample size of 100.The selected

participants from the database were traced in the community. A

structured questionnaire was administered to the participants after

informed consent. A marriage preparedness score was devised

and calculated for each participant.

Observations A sample size of 50 could be achieved in the period of two

months. The mean age of the participants was 22.6 years (SD

3.35). The mean age at marriage was 22.06 years (SD 3.39).

Based on the median score, 58% (n=29) had lowmarriage

preparedness and 42% (n=21)had better marriage preparedness.

Conclusions Young women need to be educated in various areas of sexual

and reproductive health. This might enable them to be better

prepared for an important event like marriage.

Authors Lydia Newton (Intern)

Nalli Mercy Evangelin (Intern)

Kusum V Moray (Second year PG, Department of Community

Health)

ShaliniJeyapaul ( First year PG, Department of Community

Health)

Sherin Paul ( Assistant Professor, RUHSA)

Rita Isaac ( Professor and head, RUHSA)

Institutional

affiliation

Rural Unit for Health and Social affairs,Kavanur,

Christian Medical College, Vellore.

Correspondenc

e

of Presenting

Author

Dr.Kusum V Moray

#639, First floor, CHAD PG Quarters, Bagayam Campus,

Christian Medical College, Vellore-632002

Phone- 09585308672

Email- kukimoray@gmail.com

kukimoray@cmcvellore.ac.in

GERIATRICS

1. A Cross Sectional Study on Socio Demographic, Medical problems and their Attitude on Ageing in an Old Aged Home of Indore, India

Dr Ashfaq Modiwala, Dr R. R Wavare

Department Of Community Medicine, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Postgraduate Institute, Indore (M.P)

Background: India’s older population will increase dramatically over the next four decades. WHO suggested that by 2015 death from chronic diseases will increase 17% that is from 35 million to 41 million. Ageing is mainly associated with social isolation, poverty, apparent reduction in family support, inadequate housing, impairment of cognitive functioning, mental illness, widowhood, bereavement, limited options for living arrangement and dependency towards end of life. Objectives:To study the Socio Demographic status, Medico Social problems and attitude towards life of study subjects.Methodology: A cross-sectional study carried out from March to May 2015 in Old Aged Home of Indore. A total of 79 out of 80 Elderly people of Ashram, aged 60 years and above were included.Detailed clinical history was recorded and relevant physical examination was also carried out. A detailed interview was conducted followed by medical examination.Result: Shows that maximum study subjects was in age group of 70 - 80 years, where males were (58.2%) and females (41.8%). Majority of population living in ashram were alone (83.5%). 79.7% of respondents felt that old age had affected their day-to-day life. Majority of respondents (86.1%) felt sad mainly because of his/her own Illness, the most common being Hypertension, Musculo-skeletal disorder and Depression. Conclusion: Study revealed that a major proportion of the elderly were partially or totally dependent on others, and suffering from health problems with the sense of neglect by their family members. It needs further qualitative research to explore their problems.

2. Morbidity profile among elderly population in rural areas of Allahabad district. Is there any gender difference?

Dr. Naveen K.H, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Mysore Medical College and

Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka.(Presenting author)

Dr. M.A. Hassan, Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, MLN Medical College,

Allahabad, U.P

Dr. (Mrs) S. Dwivedi, Professor and Former HOD, Department of Community Medicine, MLN Medical

College, Allahabad, U.P

Background: Globally the proportion of people aged 60 years and above is increasing and they are at risk

of multiple co morbidities. Women live longer and older women develop more chronic diseases than men.

Objectives: To study the morbidity pattern among elderly population in rural Allahabad and to detect

gender differences, if any among them.

Materials and methods: Cross sectional community based study was conducted in the rural areas of

Allahabad during the period 2007 – 2008. A total of 411 elderly were selected from 2 blocks, Jasra in

trans Yamuna area and Bahadurpur in trans Ganga area through multistage random sampling method.

Observations: Among 411 elderly 52.1 percent were males and 42.9 percent were females. 345(84%)

were affected by one or more morbidity, among them 166 (77.6%) were males and 179 (90.9%) were

females. This difference was found to be statistically significant. Average number of illness per person

was 3.29 and among elderly males and females it was 2.91 and 3.71 respectively. Most prevalent

morbidities were related to ocular, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems affecting 70.8%, 49.2%

and 39.2% respectively. Mental illness and disorders related to ear, gastrointestinal and respiratory

system were other common morbidities in that order, affecting elderly. Under nutrition and obesity was

found among 42.3% and anaemia (pallor) in 17.8% of elderly. Significant difference in proportion of

morbidities among elderly men and women was found with ocular, musculoskeletal and mental disorders

(p<0.001). Most common morbidities affecting elderly were hypertension (44.8%), under nutrition (41.6%)

and cataract (36.3%).

Conclusion: High prevalence of morbidity among elderly population highlights the need for proper care

directed towards them to treat and control diseases and prevent further deterioration.

3. Geriatric Morbidity in a rural area of Pondicherry: A cross sectional Study”

Dr .Sudarshan BP, DMWIMS, Wayanad, Kerala,

OBJECTIVES: - To study the Socio-Demographic profile and to identify the morbidity pattern among

the geriatric population.

METHODOLOGY: - A cross sectional study WAS CONDUCTED in the rural field practice area of

MGMC&RI .All aged people 60 years and above were taken for study and visited at home. Data

was collected by pretested questionnaire and clinical examination. Sample size of 360 was

selected from the three villages by simple random sampling.

OBSERVATIONS: - Majority of the elderly was in the age group of 60-69 (59.2%), Illiterate and in BPL

category. Even though 95% of elderly had own house, 12% stayed alone, 73% lived in Katcha

houses without sanitary latrines. Use of smoking and alcohol was more in males while tobacco in

chewable form was more in females. 50% had history of chronic diseases. Anemia was seen in

(96%) followed by , hypertension 28%, arthritis (25%), diabetes (22%), respiratory diseases

including asthma and tuberculosis (9%), acid peptic diseases (5%), falls (4%), and skin conditions

(2%). Presence of chronic diseases was associated with low SES (P = 0.003). 73% showed

psychological morbidity and was more associated in males (P=0.003).

CONCLUSION: - Fifty percent morbidity was observed regarding to the presence of chronic diseases.

Morbidities differ from place to place and unique to ones geographical area, customs, social and

cultural practices. Majority of the elderly with morbidities rated their health to be good showing

their mental attitude of understanding ageing and life.

4. GERIATRIC HEALTH - AN EMERGING NATIONAL PROBLEM; A STUDY ON HEALTH ISSUES AND FACTORS EFFECTING GERIATRIC POPULATION SPECIALLY WOMEN OF SOUTH-MOPUR, A RURAL VILLAGE OF NELLORE DISTRICT.

Author: Dr. Sumanth Kumar Marthyaya, 1st year Post-graduate, Community Medicine, Narayana Medical

College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh.

Co-Authors: Dr. V.Chandrasekhar, Dr. E.Ravi Kiran, Dr. K.Vijaya reddy, Dr. C.Kumar, Dr. C.Jyothi.

Background: A Developed Nation is one who care for the weaker population. India, being the 2nd largest

populated in the world, is in a phase of demographic transition constituting an elderly population (aged 60

years & above) of 76.6 million which is about 7.7% of total population in 2011. It has been projected that

by the year 2050, the number of elderly people would rise to about 324 million. As The UN defines a

country as ‘ageing’ where the proportion of people over 60 reaches 7 percent, India already qualifies as

‘Ageing Nation’. The problems facing by this group of elderly population is numerous in this nation of

diversity. The major concern is the health of the elderly with multiple medical and psychological problems.

Although there has been improvement in reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy in India, there

is lot more to do to revolutionise medical, social and economics through right strategies and planning.

Objectives:

1. To study a varied Health status of geriatric population of South-Mopur, Nellore dist.

2. To identify factors effecting Geriatric Health.

Material & Methods:

Type of study: Cross-Sectional study

Study setting: South-Mopur rural area, conveniently selected in Nellore district for study.

Study subjects: All elderly aged 60 years & above belong to South-Mopur, Nellore dist.

Duration of study: 3 months; July-Sept 2015

Data will be collected by face-to-face interview using pretested, predesigned semistructured questionnaire

after taking their consent.

Physical examination and basic laboratory investigations will be done.

Data Analysis: Appropriate statistical methods and tests will be used to interpret the data.

5. Yoga therapy for healthy aging

Ms.Deepa .Rajarajeshwari Medical College, Bangalore, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences

Background:Yoga means union of body and mind. Yoga is a therapy for promoting total health and to harmonize the body and soul. The mental stress plays a very important role on the autonomic nervous system (ANS). An imbalance in ANS will virtually lead to many diseases. Yoga which teaches holistic life style with good food habits, regulates ANS and acts as preventive medicine for most of the diseases helping healthy aging. Aim: To study the physical and psychological conditions of elderly people who practice yoga and who don’t practice yoga. Methodology:Data was collected from 73 people, male-40; female-33 (39 who practice yoga (from two yoga centers in Rajajinagar, Bangalore and 34 not practicing yoga from Rajajinagar, Bangalore). The survey questioners were readout and their answers were noted. Random blood sugar was recorded using ONETOUCH select simple from Johnson & Johnson and blood pressure (BP) using standard mercury sphygmomanometer during the survey. The survey questioner covered age, years of yoga practice, whether diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or diabetes (two most common disease among aging Indians), number of visits to the physician per year, BP, blood sugar as per their previous records, type of yoga posture normally performed and duration of practice.Result:The average age of people surveyed is 52.7 years. 87.2% of people who are practicing yoga for more than 25 years are found to have normal BP, blood sugar, don’t suffer from CVDs or diabetes and visit to a physician is less than 1.72 times/year. It is found 9% of people started practicing yoga after being diagnosed with CVDs or diabetes but claim that their BP and blood sugar are under control due to yoga practice. It was also found that 3.8% of people are suffering from hypertension and diabetes in spite of practicing yoga. The yoga posture practiced by people are simple breathing techniques (pranayama), warm ups (jathis and suryanamaskar), breath body movement coordination practices (kriyas), static stretching postures (asana), relaxation and chanting.

28.35% of people who don’t practice yoga were diabetic, 17.5% had CVDs, 21% suffer from hypertension and 65.3% accept mental stress. The average visit to doctor/ year is 7.6.

Conclusion:Study shows people practicing yoga stays healthy and stress free and lead their life to happy and healthy aging.

Keywords:

Yoga posture, Yoga and healthy aging, CVD, mental stress

6. Prevalence And Factors Associated With Depression Among Elderly In The Field Practice Area Of Primary Health Centre, Naravaripalli, AP.

R. Sowmya Pallavi1, K. Ashok Kumar Reddy2, R. Altaf Hussain3, D.Shankar Reddy4

1- Post graduate student, Department of Community Medicine

2- Professor & Head, Department of Community Medicine

3 - Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine

4- Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine

Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati, Chittoor dist., Andhra Pradesh.

Back ground: Today world is witnessing demographic shift due to increase in life expectancy and

reduction in fertility level. The elderly are more prone to psychological problems and depression is the

emerging public health problem leading to morbidity and affecting quality of life of elderly. Hence, the

present study was undertaken with the following objectives.

Objectives: 1)To determine the prevalence of depression among elderly.

2) To determine the factors associated with depression among elderly.

Materials and Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in the field practice

area of primary health centre, Naravaripalli. Multi stage random sampling was done. Study was done for 4

months from April to July, 2015. 400 persons aged ≥ 60 years were included. Those who are critically ill,

non responsive and without consent were excluded. A pre-designed, pre-tested proforma was used to

collect information. GDS -15 (shorter version) was used to assess depression. Data were entered in MS

excel and analysed in SPSS 17.0 Version Software.

Results and Conclusion: The prevalence of depression was 41%. Depression is associated with

increasing age, female gender, illiteracy, low socio economic status, those who are living alone.

7. Title of the Abstract : Fall Risk Assessment of the elderly in an urban community in Kochi

Dr. Divyamol K Sasidharan ,Dr. Rahul Unnikrishnan, Dr. Naganath Narasimhan Prem, Dr. Priya

Vijayakumar, Dr. Sunil K Senan, Dr. George Paul

Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences

Objectives:

Primary Objective:

1. To assess the risk of fall among the elderly in an urban community using Hendrich II Fall risk

Model.

Secondary Objective:

1. To assess the relationship between age and risk of fall.

Methods :

A community based cross sectional study was conducted in Kaloor division of Kochi city,Kerala.

Minimum sample size was calculated to be 145.House to house visit was done and data was collected

from 150 elderly by direct interview .Fall risk was assessed using Hendrich II fall risk assessment,

Confusion/ disorientation/ impulsivity was determined depending on the MMSE of the patient and

symptomatic depression was assessed using the GDS Scale.

Observations :

The mean age of the study population was 71 years. Majority were females (61.3%). As per the study

39.3 % elderly are at high risk of falls and its consequences. Risk of fall was found to be significantly

higher among those aged above 71 years (52.5%) than among the age group of 70 – 74 years (47.5%), p

< 0.05. There was a positive linear relationship between age and risk of fall (Pearson correlation

coefficient r=0.407). Symptomatic depression was found in 46.7 % of the study population.

Conclusion:

Falls constitute a major cause of morbidity among the elderly. Its consequences can range from reduced

quality of life to serious physical injuries such as hip fractures. This can be prevented to a very good

extent if intervened at the right time. Fall risk screening in the elderly would aid in identifying and

addressing the high risk patients with early interventions and preventive strategies. A multidisciplinary

approach involving a physiotherapist, medical social worker and a trained geriatric nurse can be

employed. Ultimately it will help us in our endeavour to provide a healthy and safe old age

8. A Study on Social issues in Geriatric Mental Health Care

*Ms. Kavitha S **Dr. Kumudini Achchi*Research Scholar, JSS Research Foundation, University of Mysore, Mysore-06,

**Assistant Professor, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysore-25

Keywords: Old age, mental health, social issues, social work

Ageing is natural and universal process, Old age is considered as the last stage of human life span. In the

words of the Seneca, ‘Old age is an incurable disease’. The geriatric population is defined as population

age 60 years and above. WHO defines, Health is a complete state of physical, psychological and social

aspects. Mental Health is considered to be a good state of well-being. In modern India, as the population

of the elders is increasing at an alarm rate, they are suffers from a lot of social problems which affects the

mental health status to a great extent.

A study was conducted to understand the social problems affecting the mental health status of the

geriatric population. The descriptive and exploratory research design was adapted to carry out the study,

interview schedule and observation techniques adopted as tool to elicit data from the 60 elderly

respondents living in families in Mysuru district of Karnataka state was selected for the study. Chi-square

statistical test was used analyze the data by using SPSS Package.

Study reveals that changes in the structure and function of family system, changes in social roles and

responsibilities and changes in social relationship and interaction affects the mental health status the

geriatric population living in family to a great extent in the modern period.

Application of social work methods such as Case work, Group work and Social work researches can be

conducted in focusing on the unravelled areas in the issues of elders is helpful in redressing the poor

mental health conditions of geriatric population and in turn resulting in social well – being.

9. A Study on Knee joint osteoarthritis among the women in the urban field practice area of

Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute.

Dr. Narasimha B C, 1 Dr. Ravish K S, 2 Dr. Ranganath T S 3

1. Postgraduate and Corresponding author, 2. Assistant Professor,

3. Professor and Head, Dept. of Community Medicine,

Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru.

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease. Prevalence of K n e e

osteoarthritis is reported to increase in females during perimenopausal age and remains high

throughout menopause. The reason for this is reveled in many studies that, loss of estrogen at the

time of menopause increases a woman’s risk of getting osteoarthritis. Average menopausal age in Indian

women is 46.3 years as compared to 51 years in western countries. This predisposes Indian women to

the risk of developing osteoarthritis at an earlier age compared to their western counterparts.

Osteoarthritis of the knee is very common in the women and 25.7% of women are in the age group 40 to

80 years. Apart from being a major contributor of pain, it is also associated with decreasing physical

activity, and may lead to limitation of one's independence and affect health related quality of life. Hence

we have taken up the study to explore effects of the disease in community.

Objectives: 1. To study the prevalence of osteoarthritis of knee joint among women.

2. To study the treatment seeking behavior of women with osteoarthritis.

Methodology:

Study Design: Community based cross sectional study. Osteoarthritis will be diagnosed using clinical

criteria given by American College of Rheumatology for diagnosis of Idiopathic Osteoarthritis of knee

joints.

Study population: women above the age group of 40 years.

Study Setting: Urban filed practice area of BMCRI.

Study period: January 2015 to March 2015.

Sample size: 110.

Results & Discussion: A total of 110 women were interviewed, out of which 56.36% (62) women were

found to be suffering from knee osteoarthritis. Prevalence of osteoarthritis was found to be increased with

age. In diagnosed cases around 80.64% (50) women underwent treatment because of intolerance to pain.

Because of this pain, around 72.58% (45) of the women were having difficulty in doing daily routine

activities. With this high prevalence of osteoarthritis there is need to spread awareness about the disease,

its prevention and rehabilitation in the community.

10. Title: Association of Mental Health and Spiritual Health: A Cross-sectional Study on Geriatric Population of Jaipur City (Rajasthan) India

1. Dr. Kusum Lata Gaur, Professor, Department of Community Medicine, SMS Medical College, Jaipur (Rajsthan) India.

2. Dr. Priyanka Kapoor, 3rd Year Senior resident, Department of Community Medicine, SMS Medical College, Jaipur (Rajsthan) India

3. Dr. Afifa Zafer, Professor, Department of Community Medicine, SMS Medical College, Jaipur (Rajsthan) India

4. Dr. R. K. Manohar, Professor and Head, Department of Community Medicine, SMS Medical College, Jaipur (Rajsthan) India

Background: Spiritual health is not given its due importance since long time. But nowadays modern medicine is seen in relation to spiritual health and studies were conducted to find out its association with various diseases.

Objectives: This study was aimed to find out association of spiritual health with mental health.

Methods: This study was conducted on 990 elderly residing in Municipal Corporation area of Jaipur City through 30 cluster technique to identify houses with elderly (≥60 years). After collecting general information Spiritual Health Assessment Scale (SHAS) was used to assess spiritual health and Modified Mini Screen (MMS) was used to assess mental health in elderly. Data were anlysed and inferred by Chi-square test and ANOVA with Post-hoc Tukey test.

Observations and Conclusions: It was found that significantly higher proportion of poor spiritual health elderly were in red and orange zone (29.18%) than that of fair and good spiritual health status elderly i.e. 19.9% and 1.79% respectively. Spiritual health was strongly associated with psycho-wellness in elderly. Poorer the spiritual health of elderly leads to poorer the psycho-wellness in elderly. Like wise, Suicidal tendency was found in 6.77% of elderly i.e. 6.77% , out of which, none of the elderly was having fair and good spiritual health. So it can be also be depicted that better the spiritual health of elderly probability of Suicidal tendency is less.

11. Title of Study: Factors influencing non compliance to treatment among elderly in the Urban Field Practice Area of RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore.

Parasuramalu B G1, Raghuram V2, Rajitha T3

Professor1, Associate Professor2, Postgraduate student3

Institution: RajaRajeshwari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore.

Introduction: Non compliance to treatment is a leading issue and a huge burden in our current healthcare system.. Medication compliance has been defined by the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research as the “extent to which a patient acts in accordance with the prescribed interval and dose of a dosing regimen”. Non adherence may be in the form of not fulfilling prescriptions, omission of doses, incorrect medication, incorrect dosages or schedules, premature discontinuation of drugs. Poor adherence has shown to decrease the effects of prescribed medications or other treatments and to increase the likelihood of poor outcomes.

Need for the study: There are only few studies on the non-adherence of medication among elderly. Thus, the need of this study is to assess medication adherence among elderly in the urban field practice area of RajaRajeswari Medical college and hospital(RRMCH), Bangalore.Objectives:

1. To describe the socio demographic profile of the elderly in the urban field practice area of RRMCH.

2. To assess the compliance to treatment among elderly in the urban field practice area of RRMCH.

3. To identify the reasons influencing non-compliance to treatment among elderly in the urban field

practice area of RRMCH

Materials and methods: A community based cross sectional study will be conducted in Channasandra Colony, the urban field practice area of Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore.

Source of Data: Elderly people ≥ 60 years of age

Study design: Cross sectional study.

Study period: 2 months (August 2015 – October 2015)

Inclusion criteria: All elderly ≥ 60 years of age, who are permanent residents of Channasandra colony.

Exclusion criteria: 1. Elderly who are seriously ill.

2.Elderly who have difficulty in speech and hearing.

Study Tool: Pre-designed, semi structured, pretested questionnaire which includes questions on sociodemographic profile of elderly.

Methodology: House to house survey was conducted in channasandra colony i.e. urban field practice area of Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore to cover all the elderly aged ≥ 60 years of age after obtaining informed consent from the study subjects. The information will be collected from the elderly subjects by using pre tested and pre designed questionnaire by interviewing method.

The questionnaire will include questions on socio demographic profile of the elderly, questions to assess compliance to medication, self-perceived adverse effects etc.

Results: Out of the 153 participants,89(58.16%) were males and 64(41.83%) were females. Majority of the study participants 91 (59.4%) were in the age group of 60-70 years,130 (85%) participants belonged to Hindu religion, majority of the study participants 90 (58.8) were illiterate and 111(72.5%) were not working. 100 (65.4%) belonged to the lower socio economic classes (class 4 and 5). Chi square test was used as test of significance and it was observed that compliance was significantly better as age increases, among married, literate, those who are working, those who belonged to lower socio economic groups and those who were living with care giver.

Conclusion: The overall non compliance rate was 37.6% and the reasons for non compliance were Forgetfullness, symptomatic improvement, Inaccessibility to medication, Financial issues, Treatment considered unnecessary, fear of side effects and lack of family support.

Key words: Non compliance to treatment, Urban, elderly, Bangalore

12. MORBIDITY PROFILE OF INMATES OF A SELECTED OLDAGE HOMES OF BANGALORE CITY

1DR SREEDHARA K C. 2nd Year Post Graduate, Community Medicine, Rajarajeswari Medical College &

Hospital Bangalore – 74, dr_chowsree@yahoo.co.in.2Dr Raghuram.V Associate professor, Department of Community Medicine, ACS Medical College &

Hospital, Chennai. 3Dr Jayanth kumar K professor. Department of Community Medicine Rajarajeswari Medical College &

Hospital, Bangalore.

Introduction: Aging is part of the development sequences of entire life span, from prenatal growth to

senescence. By 2025, the number of elderly people is expected to rise more than 1.2 Billion all over the

world. In 2011 the share of older person aged 60yrs and above was 8.6% which has placed India in the

“aged” category as per United National Classification. Morbidity among Elderly is a serious problem for

health service utilization in India due to increase in elderly population. 

Objective 1: To study the morbidity profile of inmates of selected oldage homes in Bangalore.  

2: To Study the Socio Demographic profile of study subjects.

Methods: A cross sectional study using predesigned questionnaire was conducted among inmates of

CADMS/ Florence oldage homes at Nagarbhavi, Bangalore from 1st September 2015 to 15th September

2015. Information was collected regarding age, sex, education status, type of family and Income.

General physical examination was done, Height, weight, BP, Random blood sugar was carried

out .history was elicited regarding existing morbidities and treatment history. Based on this, systems

wise morbidities were classified. 

Observations & conclusion: Data under analysis will be presented in the conference

13. A Study on social integration and health status of elderly people living in old age homes of Coimbatore

*R.Baskar, Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore

**Dwithun Bausmatary, MSW, Department of Social Work, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore

The world in near future is going to experience the major challenge of aging population. Increase in the

share of the aged population in the total population is going to be a tough task before the governments

and the families supporting the elderly. Old age is a stage marked by physical weakness, psychological

issues, loneliness and isolation. Social integration is a major issue that haunts the elderly. With a high

prevalence, and an increasing number of older persons, social isolation will have impact on the health,

well-being, and quality of life of numerous older adults now and in the foreseeable future. Social

integration means a dynamic and principled process where all members participate in dialogue to achieve

and maintain peaceful social relations. India like many other developing countries in the world is

witnessing the rapid aging of its population. Urbanization, modernization and globalization have led to

change in the economic structure, the erosion of societal values, weakening of social values, and social

institutions such as the joint family. The last stage is in the life span is frequently subdivided into early old

age, which extend from age sixty to age seventy, and advanced old age, which begin at 70 and extends

to the end of life. People during the sixties are equally refer to as “elderly”- meaning somewhat old or

advanced beyond middle age- and “old” after the reach the age of seventy. This study aims at studying

the health status of elderly people in old age homes, knowing the kind of relationship the elderly people

maintaining with their relatives, finding out the major problems faced by the elderly people living in old age

homes in Coimbatore.

14. Social Issues and challenges faced by the elderly residing in the old age homes of Davangere District, Karnataka

Santosh A1, BA Varadaraja Rao2, Sharankumar Holyachi3

1 - Assistant Professor Department of community medicine Raja Rajeshwari Medical College and Hospital Bangalore – 560074 2 - Professor , Department of Community Medicine, S S Institute of Medical sciences & Research Centre Davangere – 5770053 - Assistant Professor , Department of Community Medicine , S S Institute of Medical sciences & Research Centre , Davangere – 577005

Background : In this dynamic era, where the aging of population is rapidly increasing in one hand and the

erosion of traditional joint family practice and social values occurring on the other hand, the old age

homes concept prove to be helpful for the elderly people

Objective: 1.To assess the institutional arrangement and the facilities being provided by the old age

homes. 2. To determine the socio-economic problems of the residents in the old age home. 3. To

determine the reasons for shifting to the old age home

Results: Social security benefits in the form of old age pension/widow pension were available to about

43% of the elderly. Reason given by majority of the elderly to join OAH was elder abuse accounting for

35.2%. Almost half (47%) of the residents had not gone home to visit their family members. 49% reported

that none of the family members had come to see them since joining Old age home. All the Old age

homes had a separate kitchen facility with a cook. Living arrangement for the residents in all the Old age

homes was dormitory, Laundry facility was lacking in all the old age homes. There was no provision of

separate room for the married couple. Regarding health facilities, doctor was available to the residents in

5 (71%) old age homes. For emergency purpose, none of the old age homes has the facility of ambulance

or any emergency drugs. Only two old age homes had the provision of vehicle for transport to hospital.

Conclusion: Old age homes are surely a blessing in this modern era but in majority of the old age homes,

facilities and services were lacking in almost all aspects. Widowhood, illiteracy, lack of social security,

lack of family support, elder abuse were some of the major social problems faced by the elderly.

WOMEN, LITERATURE AND LAW1. A Turkish Lady in India: Halide Edip’sObservations on Indian Independence Movement and Mahatma Gandhi

MahmutCihatİzgi,

Ph.D. Candidate

Research Assistant in Sakarya University, History Department,

Researcher in Centre for Islamic Studies

Turkey

Halide EdipAdıvar (1882-1964) is one of the most significant and interesting female scholars and

novelistsof the Early Republican era in Turkey. She played crucial role during the Turkeish War of

Independence followed by the First World War. Upon, the foundation of Turkish Republic in 1923, Edip

was forced to leave due to political views and critiques for the Kemalist regime. She firstly went to Britain

then made several visit to India. In this period, published three books in this period; “Turkey Faces West”,

“Inside India”, and “Conflict of East and West in Turkey” as an eyewitness account throughout 1930s. In

this sense, this paper aims to focus on her books to analyze her these three books to examine her

observationsregardingIndia, Gandhi, anti-colonial resistance and Indian Independence Movementduring

this period.

Keywords: Halide Edip, India, Mahatma Gandhi, Indian Independence Movement, Anti-Colonial

Resistance

2.GROWTH OF FEMALE LITERACY RATE IN KARNATAKA STATE: A DISAAGGREGATE

ANALYSIS

Dr.P.T.BHARATHI, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF GEOGRAPHY,

MAHARAJA'S COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF MYSORE, MYSORE-570 005

The total literacy rate of Karnataka is increased 8.96% from 66.96%in 2001 to 75.60% in2011,

whereas male literacy grew 6.75%from 76.10% to 82.85%, contrary female literacy rate rose 11.23%from

56.90% to 68.13% in the same period respectively. This indicates that female literacy rate of Karnataka

has been improved from last decade in the state compare to total and male literacy rate.

Therefore the present investigtion aims at analysing the growth of female literacy rate and gender

difference of literacy rate of Karnataka state based on secondary data. Gender differencial literacy index

is used to find gender differencial literacy index. Choropleth technique is used for mapping. The study

found out that almost the entire northern districts have high growth of female literacy rate and high gender

differencial literacy index respectively.

Key words: differencial index, female literacy rate, growth rate

3.Ecopsychological Concerns in Select Works of Indian Women Writers

Poornima K.B., Research Scholar, DOS in English, Manasagangothri, Mysore

Ecopsychology brings together the principles of ecology and psychology. It stems from what is known as

the 'Biophilia hypothesis 'which was coined by Edward O Wilson in 1984. He theorised that humans have

an inbuilt emotional connection to nature. Ecopsychology seeks to help people to become aware of this

intrinsic link and to restore this bond where it has been broken. This has become an increasingly

prominent concern in industrial societies where ecopsychology is seeking to redress the destructive

relationship that often exists between people and the earth. The term was first used by a cultural historian

Theodore Roszak in 1992,. in his seminal book 'The Voice of the Earth' . Ecology/Nature has been

considered as an integral part of human kind since time immemorial. Several aspects of ecopsychology

can be traced from the various histories of cultural artefacts both ancient and modern. For example,

aboriginal, pagan, Buddhist and Hindu cultures as well as Shamanism which have histories of embracing

nature.

The paper makes an attempt to capture the nuances of ecopyschology in the works of the Indian women

writers like Anita Desai, Kiran Desai, Namita Gokhale and Anuradha Roy. The women characters

portrayed by these writers seek to take respite and repose amidst nature when they become fed up with

the fever and frets of the world. They derive enough strength and composure lying in the lap of nature.

Be it Nanda Kaul in Anita Desai's Fire on the Mountain where she aspires to become" a tree no more or

no less , was all she was prepared to undertake" or Rachita tiwary in Namita Gokhale's The Book of

Shadows when her face is ravaged by acid attack she inclines solitude and soliloquy to overcome the

bitter incident of the past and she finds consolation moving away from the urban city to that of her native

town abound with rich natural scenery of great Himalayas. In Anuradha Roy's The Folded Earth Maya,

the protagonist desperate to leave a private tragedy abandons herself to the rhythms of the village,

where people co-exist peacefully with nature. In Kiran Desai's The Inheritance of Loss Sai, the

protagonist now and then looks up at Kanchenjunga and observes its wizard phosphorescence and

seeks to come to terms with tragedy she had meted out in her life. A number of studies and research

work have been undertaken to show the link between green space, well-being and health. Through the

lens of ecopsychology the paper tries to explore the positive impact of the green environment on the

various health issues and on the deportment of the characters which are discussed in the works.

4. A study on factors influencing female literacy in rural field practice area of a Mediciti Institute Of Medical Sciences.Ranga Reddy district, Telangana.

Dr.Vaishnavi1,Dr.Satyavaraprasad2,Dr.Sita Rama Rao3, Dr.Govindrao.N.Kusneniwar4

Department of Community Medicine, MIMS, Hyderabad.1 – Post graduate,2-Assistant professor,3- professor, 4- Professor and HOD.

Background:According to the census 2011, the literacy rate in Telangana state is 67.10%.There is a great disparity in Literacy rates between males and females.While the literacy rate in males is-76.42%. it is only 57.9% in females.The difference is more pronounced in the rural areas.In Rangareddy district the male and female literacy rates are82.11% and 69.40% respectively.This marked contrast between male and female literacy rates is a general feature throughout India.However persistence of same situation in a district like Rangareddy district which almost constitutes a suburb of a metropolitan city like Hyderabad is a phenomenon that requires careful scrutiny and detailed study.Hence a study was taken up by the investigator in rural field practise area of MedicitiInstitute of Medical Sciences.Ghanpur,Medchal.

Objectives:To assess the factors influencing female literacy such as caste, economic status of the family and literacy level of parents and siblings etcin the studypopulation of Rural area ofshamirpetMandal.

Methodology:

A community based Cross sectional study is being carried out in rural field practise area from july 2015 will be continued till September 2015.1 village out of 13 villages in Rural field practise area of MIMSwas selected by simple random sampling and all the females of age group 15-35 are being covered in the study. A semistructuredpretested Questionnaire is being administered to . Data entry will be done in MS Excel and data analysiswill be donein EPI INFO 7.1.

Results &Conclusion

As thestudy is being carried out , the analysis along with the resultswill be displayed at the conference.

5.Women Rights in India- A Myth or Reality

Sridevi Krishna, Research Scholar, Manasagangotri, Mysore

The United Nations in its Millennium Summit, 2000 declared ‘Gender Equality and Women empowerment’

as one among the eight ‘Millennium Development Goal’ to be achieved by the year 2015. But how far

these goals are being realized in a country like India is a myth. Often women in India are deprived of their

fundamental right to dignity; leave alone the question of gender parity. The UN Commission on status of

women too adopted an agreement, accelerating the progress towards achieving the millennium

development goals and confirming their stand-alone goal on gender equality and women’s empowerment

in post 2015 goals. The agreement called on the governments to address discriminatory social practices,

laws and beliefs that undermine gender equality. This paper explores the question central to women’s

rights in India and attempts to study few challenges faced by women in India like the dowry, female

foeticide, inheritance rights, trafficking etc.

Objectives

To study strategies devised by the government and civil society to empower women in India To study steps undertaken under Indian Constitution to protect women’s human rights.

Observation

Although women have acquired a level of financial and political autonomy and consciousness about their rights, yet they experience helplessness in bringing about social changes for eliminating gender inequality.

Conclusion

Millennium Development Goal concerning gender equality and women’s empowerment can be achieved in India only when women is freed from practices like female foeticide, trafficking, dowry deaths etc.

6. A Cross Sectional Study of Effect Of Woman Education On Health Related Aspect of Female Population Nearby RHTC area, Vadodara, Gujarat. Patel H1, Kathad M2, Pandit N3

1,Resident, 2-Associate professor, 3-Professor Department of Community Medicine, S.B.K.S.M.I.R.C.

Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Background: Education is an important determinant of health status in both the developed and developing

world. Education may change mothers’ knowledge and perception of the importance of modern medicine

in the care of their children. Educated mothers are more likely than uneducated women to take advantage

of modern medicine and comply with recommended treatments.

Objective: Study of effect of woman education on health related aspect of female population nearby

RHTC area in Vadodara-District, Gujarat.

Methods: A community based cross sectional study was performed among 4071 population, from which

944 families were selected from one village for present study nearby areas of RHTC.The data was

collected with pilot pre-tested questionnaire for the study and was conducted during November –

December 2014. Data were collected through face to face verbal interview. Descriptive analyses were

conducted through SPSS version 11.5 for windows.

Results: Out of total 4071 population covered, 2143 (53%) were males and 1928 were females (46%)

culmination in sex ratio of 899 females per 1000 male population .Literacy rate of woman is72 %( 1385) &

Male is 84% (1800), literacy rate of population is 78 %( 3185) (chi-square =87.39 & p value < 0.001) out

of this 538 (61%) woman are illiterate. Out of total population, there are 15 Pregnant woman, in which

9(60%) woman taking ANC care from Government Hospital & 6 (40%) from Private Hospital. Out of Total

Population, 562(66%) are eligible couple, in which 428(76.16%) using any type of contraceptive methods,

out of these, 333(78%) female done tubectomy (chi-square =.12.9 & p value < 0.001)

Conclusions: The study was conducted among 944 families and in limited geographical area but it was

observed that literacy status is associated with expectation & practice of contraceptive services & use of

health care delivery .So literacy will improve health status of community indirectly.

Key words: Woman education, Literacy Rate, Health related aspect

7. Understanding discrimination in women’s education in a rural area of Coimbatore

Dr.Subhashini 1, Dr.Iswarya2, Dr.Thomas V Chacko3

1.Post graduate student, 2. Assistant professor, 3. Professor and HOD

Department of community medicine PSGIMS & R, Coimbatore

Objectives:

• To know women’s perception regarding gender discrimination in educational opportunities

• To understand why women face discrimination in education

• To find the impact of such discrimination on women’s personality and life

• To elicit recommendations for the change

Observation:

Two focus group discussions comprising 20 participants of age group 20 -30 years and above

was conducted in a rural area of Coimbatore.

Women’s perception of gender bias in education:

Majority of study participants said that they have faced discrimination with respect to education.

They feel that girl’s education is more dictated by society and parents and still they face discrimination

directly or indirectly at every stage – family, school, society or state.

Participants strongly felt that their education level was limited by, household economic

conditions, household workload, early marriage and cultural restrictions.

Why do women face such discrimination?

Participants came up with many reasons for these discriminations and many agreed that the

main reason is “Men fear that women will have equal status and rights” and she will not be submissive.

Other reasons were, women are considered to belong to their husband’s family and investing in

their education is of “no returns” to the parents.

If the family’s economical condition is poor, it prefers to spend on sons ignoring daughters which

is culturally and socially accepted and motivated, because sons are considered as old-age caretaker and

the one that continues the family clan.

Also the society’s conservative thinking and stereotyping that women are meant to take care of

household activities and rear children has still not changed.

Impact of such discrimination on women:

Women came with overwhelming response on discussing the consequences of these

discriminations. Most of them pointed out they are very dependent on others, especially on the men of

their family. They were emotional in discussing how much this has led to humiliation in family and society

and thereby a very low self esteem.

Recommendations for change:

In participant’s perspective, changes that they wanted were also discussed. Many strongly

recommended that men have to realize that women are equal and have to change the way they

stereotype women. Pertaining to education they have recommended that laws have to be made to make

education free of cost for women. Finally, everyone agreed, that a change is possible, only when it comes

from individual men & women, from within family and the larger society.

Conclusion:

The study revealed that rural women face a lot of discrimination in educational opportunities.

Such discrimination begins from their parents and extends up to husband and society. These differential

treatments are consequences of the patriarchal practices and the cultural stereotype of women.

Furthermore for this discriminative culture to change, society as a whole should undergo transformation,

beginning with each individual both men and women.

8. “Study on honour killing as a crime in India-cause and solutions”

Seied Beniamin Hosseini (beniamin_1@live.com), B.A, L.L.B, Department of Studies in Law, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Prof, Dr. C. BASAVARAJU, Professor and Dean, Department of Studies in Law, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore

In the present study the researcher is going to consider the related rights and regulations in protection

of honor killing victims in India. The barbarism carries the name of Honor Killing. An honor killing is the

homicide of a member of a family by other members, due to the perpetrators by having the belief that the

victim violated the principles of a community or a religion the victim has brought shame or dishonor upon

the family .The concept of women as property and honor is deeply entrenched in the social, political and

economic in South Asian countries, Muslim countries and India ,There are multiple causes for which

honor killings occur, and numerous factors interact with each other such as;

a. Dressing in ways or in manner which are deemed inappropriate and unacceptable to the family or

community

b. Wanting to terminate or refusing to enter an arranged marriage or desiring to marry by own

choice,

c. Seeking a divorce

d. Allegation and rumors about family member

e. Becoming the victim of rape

f. Engaging in heterosexual acts outside marriage, or even due to a non-sexual relationship

perceived as disapproved by their family

g. Engaging in homosexual acts or relation which the Women and girls are killed at much higher

rate than men.

It must mention, in the most of the countries data on honor killings is not collected systematically, and

many of these killings are reported and registered by the families as suicides or accidents. In 2000, the

United Nations estimated 5,000 women were victims of honor killings in each year in India and more than

20,000 women are killed worldwide in each year. Murder is not the only form of honor crime; the Methods

include stoning, stabbing, beating, burning, beheading, hanging, throat slashing, lethal acid attacks,

shooting and strangulation. The murders are sometimes performed in public to warn the other women

within the community.

Therefore there is need to prove that the Legal sanction definitely can play an important role in curbing

honor killings since, it is a sociological issue alone it cannot stop such killings when it is deeply rooted in

mind set of the people as well as traditions. The violence will only be reduced when these patriarchal

mindsets are challenged.

Furthermore the researcher will examine this kind of change both the internal and external control method

in Indian society such as, economic conditions and stringent law as well as the independent economic

status of women, and capable of taking her own decisions can be helpful in reducing the number of this

old age evil in India.

9.WOMEN AND EDUCATION Dr.rekhadevi S.HAssisant Propessor ,Languge FacultyKanrnataka Sanskrit universityPampa Mahakavi Road, ChamarajapetBengalore – 18

Female education is a catch all term for a complex set of issues and debatessurrounding education ( primary education, secondary education in particular) forgirls and women. It includes areas of gender quality and acces to education and itsconnection to the all eviation of poverty. Also involed are the issues of single sexeducation in that the division of education along gender lins as well as religiousteachings on education have been traditionally dominat and are still highly relevantin cotemporary discussions of education femals as a global consideration.Improving girls educational levels has been demonstrated to have clearimacts on the health and economic future of young women. Wich in turn improvesthe prospects of their entire community infant mortality rate of babies whosemother have received primary education is half that of children whose mothers areilliterate in the poorest countries of the word,50% of girls do not attend secondary

school yet research shows that every extra year of school income by 15% improvingfemale education, and thus the earning potential of women improves the standard ofliving for their own children,as women invest more of their income in their familiesthan men do. Yet, many barriers to education for girls remain. In some. Africancountries to attend school for such basic reasons as a lack of private latrine facilitiesfor girls.

10. WOMEN AND LITERETURE

VIDUSHI ANUPAMA B, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR KARNATAKA SAMSKRIT UNIVERSITY,

BENGALURU-18.

The soul reason of the epic mahabharatha’ decision of five strong willed women

The Mahabharatha which considered as Hindu Epic and also called as “Panchama veda” is exist only by the strong decisions which are taken by five women Ganga, Satyavati, Kunti, Drupadi and Ambika.

The most powerful decisions taken by Ganga the wife of Shantanu. Who gave birth to bheeshma and leave him and told that he is bounded by his oth that he always stand by his father shantanu’s side and he live his whole life for of Hastinapura. Satyavati who gave birth vedavyasa without wedlock After Chitrangada and Vichitravirya's death, Satyavati asks Bhishma to have sons with Ambika and Ambalika. But after his refusal, she asks her son, Vyasa who was born to her from sage Parashara, and made him as a spem donator for her daughter–in-law. Kunti who also took a dare step to have sons by using her boon. Drupadi is the another women who accept all the five Pandavas as her husband and also play a vital role for existence of Mahabharatha. Ambika who made bheeshma to lay down and made easy to Panadavas to win the battle and the main thing of Mahabharatha that “Dharma wins over adharma” .

In the modern world women should be learn how to make decisions and reach their goals by reading and understand the willness of feminine which is basic charecterstic of women by understaniding women in this literature.

11. WOMEN AND SANITATION: LEGAL CONTROL ON IMPROPER SANITARY WASTE DISPOSAL IS NEED OF THE HOUR!

Dr. Smt. Shiilpaa Mahaddevaswamy2

The life of women is always associated with cleanliness, sanitization and sanctity in and

around her. The first person to teach about hygiene and cleanliness is the ‘mother’ (Woman) as the whole

world witnesses this. But, now-a-days sanitation and women are getting separated logically as the

management of both is turned to be logger head at the two ends.

2 Guest Faculty of Law, Post –Graduate DOS in Law and Research, Manasa Gangothri, University of Mysore, Mysore. Completed Doctoral Degree on “Bio-medical waste Management and legal regime –with special reference to Mysore District” under the Guidance of Dr. C. Basavaraju, Professor and Dean Faculty of Law and present Registrar of University of Mysore. I thank my Guide for his eternal support and guidance that which it probed me to pick up a new legal research paper in the present context.

The modern world is concentrating on advancement, development, technological inventions

and innovations but, somewhere ethical point of views is lost. Every step towards ultra modern thinking,

the contribution of women is being a part of it without fail but, the natural concept which is inseparable

and inalienable right to have hygienic environment and all the facilities to be provided for her to maintain

the most important Menstrual Hygiene Management is lost and has gone unnoticed ever. Never the late,

it is time to bring a revolutionary adaptations of new changes to proclaim and practice the hygienic

environment in home and outside as her dignity and rights to be supported with management of proper

disposal system for Menstrual Hygienic materials and its management through strict implementations of

legal rules for effective control. It is the responsibility of every citizen towards clean Bharat that is towards

“Swatch Bharath Abhiyana” upholding Constitutional requirement of India.

While the five questions arise in the society about women and sanitation in the present context are as

follows:-

Eventually, it is only possible attempt to draw attention and create awareness to the public about this

unnoticed issue which is the growing menace of the century and it is the time to resolve the problems and

come to possible solutions. But, with a great sign of relief we have many such Action Plans, Management

Technologies and Techniques to manage but, a proper support from people and government is

utmost important altogether to solve this menace with possible solution.

12. Women Education for developing World and Society

Anjali M , Rathnakumari B.M, Soumya K.R& Sukanya T, Government Womens College, Kolar-563101,

Karnataka, INDIA

“You educate a man; you educate a man. You educate a woman;you educate a generation”

 Education has a fundamental role to play in personal and social development. It is not a miracle cure or a magic formula opening the door to a world in which all ideals will be attained. It is one of the principal means available to foster a deeper and more harmonious form of human development and thereby to reduce poverty, exclusion, ignorance, oppression and war.Women taking to higher education have been on the steady rise in India with many institutions of higher education having women in equal number to men if not more.  But there appears to be something more than what meets the eyes since this quantitative shift is not matched by the qualitative content. The present review seeks to probe into gender considerations and their implications for higher education in Indian context. An attempt is made to analyse and substantiate the situation based on information available with various government and developmental agencies.  Having analysed social reality pertaining to the state and status of higher education and the major limitations and constraints in achieving the envisaged and aspired levels of  expansion, excellence, quality and access for its inclusivity, My Study reveals that several  gender considerations come to condition the statics and dynamics of higher education, including access, exclusion, distribution and composition and even the governance of institutions of higher education and  the centres of excellence.. Over all we can conclude that education is very important for women to Survive in this society and to develop the world.

13. Women in Politics (Special Reference to Loksabha Elections in India)

Sunil Kavade,* Firoj Shaikh**,

B.P.H.E.Society’s, Ahmednagar College,

Ahmednagar, Maharashtra,India.

* Director, Gandhian Studies Centre, Ahmednagar College, Ahmednagar

** Reasearch Associate, Gandhian Studies Centre, Ahmednagar College,

Ahmednagar, Maharashtra,India

A new dimension of women in politics emerged in recent years all over the world. More and more

women have now been entering into politics. It is heartening to note that Indian women were among the

earliest to get their political rights (right to vote) without any political movement. After independence they

have achieved an unprecedented political breakthrough with the reservation of seats.

Whatever participation there is it is mostly limited to women from the urban elite groups. The poorer

women are more preoccupied with daily bread issues rather than the broader questions of women’s

development and national politics.

If we take the women’s participation in politics as one of the measurements of their emancipation, we find

at present their number is very low in comparison to men in Parliament. The percentage of women’s

participation increases from 1952 to 2014 in loksabha elections. The 16th Lok Sabha has 66 female MPs

out of 543(the two nominated seats remain vacant) constituting a mere 12.15% of the strength. 62 of

these ladies were elected in the General elections while the other 4 came in through subsequent by-

polls .In the current union government council of ministers, 6 out of 26 (23%) cabinet ministers are women

as are 2 out of 38 (5.3%) ministers of state. The Rajyasabha, has thirty one female members (out of

whom three are nominated). Since there are a total of 244 members, women constitute just 12.7% of the

upper house in 2015.

It seems Coalition politics has provided fruitful ground for increased membership of women in Loksabha.

As the field reality is that women’s participation in decision making at all level where national or local is

still marginal. The women’s are facing some problems while entering in to the politics. First, there has

been the problem of party backing. The political parties all give lip service to the ideal of women in politics

but have been reluctant to gamble with seats. Second, woman candidates have disliked the rough and

tumble of political life.

This trend is worrying given the recent state-led initiatives to ensure women’s representation in political

institutions. We can explore the dynamics between institutional and grass-root politics. Increasing

women’s political participation and representation in Indian politics requires electoral and parliamentary

reforms. It can be said that the position of women in India has improved in the last few decades. Of

course, because of the spread of the mass media network, more instances of atroc ities against women

come to light, but it would be wrong to conclude that the incidence of violence against women has risen. It

is truly essential to establish political egalitarianism in India.

(Key Words- Emancipation, Egalitarianism)

_________________________________________________________

.

14. Why Do You Need to Tie Me Down? Reflecting Back on a Significant Dynamic of Turmoil in Intimacy.

Cristina Curtolo M.A.1, Mudassir Azeez Khan2

1 University of Macerata, Italy2Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, India

The aim of this paper is to focus on the concept of aversion to intimacy, a personality trait that can give

rise to a dynamic of victimisation which in the peculiarities of psychological subjection is a minor

manifestation of domestic violence. By aversion, we mean a light inhibition in coping with difficult

emotions in facing turbulent situations. This defensive behaviour is a risk factor because it permeates the

family’s relationships with strain within a deficiency in the capacity for intimacy which is an indicator of

relational disturbances (PDM 2008). In examining the key mechanism of a developing family’s process

similar to the construction of a scapegoat (Girard 1972), we intend to exemplify how the ‘needness’ in

mothering can trigger the unconscious in a dynamic sequentiality that can sort out the kind of female

passivity that leads to mental laziness (Sen 2005).

Thanks to data coming from a case of infant observation, we had the chance to reflect upon a psychic

constellation that we have named “the emotional need for a familiar enemy” (Curtolo 2012). The onset

was mainly due to a stand-by of the mother’s function to work through the anger and jealousy of her two

children because she was so overwhelmed by her emotional perspective. Progressively her psychological

fatigue induced her to bypass questioning and judgments about a climate of enmity because she was

prone to tolerate it. The underlying consideration is that when mothers feel frustrated, a form of avoidance

in understanding can take place.

15. LEGAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN INDIA

Sujatha. J.K.*

Prof(Dr).C.Basavaraju**, University of Mysore, Mysore

Woman the Prosperity, Women the Slave, Women the Mistress, Women the temptress, but never woman an individual, a person, a human being. She is still fighting for her rights. Our Indian Constitution confers various constitutional rights to women in India. Along with the Indian Constitution various other laws which are in force in India also gives various legal rights like educational right, property right, equal right, and so on. Even after all these rights development of women cannot be made easily, unless the woman succeeds in Education, Economical, Social, Cultural and Psychological development. The purpose of this paper is to identify the provisions laid down in the Indian Constitution and various other Acts in India for the protection of women. This paper is divided into four parts in which First part is consists of various Constitutional Provisions, Second part consists of other legal provisions under various Acts in India, Third part consists of Role of Judiciary in protecting the Rights of Women in India, Fourth part consists of International Convention on protecting rights of women.

Key words: Rights, Judiciary, Elimination of Discrimination, Inadmissibility, Feminism.

16. A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON WOMEN’S HEALTH

VIJAYA KUMAR J. Research Scholar, Centre for Women’s Studies, University Of Mysore,

Manasagangotri, Mysore,

Education is an important social determinant of development. Education provides an individual to act

whenever need arises pertaining to health aspects. Earlier studies by eminent scholars and researchers

have proven that women education has more clear and distinct impact on their family members and

individual women’s health. Women education is very necessary for the country to achieve overall

development. Knowledge and skills achieved through it can better equip us to benefit from maximum

health services. The concept of women’s health today has become a major concern among the

developing countries especially in India, because of high prevalence of infant, child and maternal mortality

and deterioration in quality of life. Sex ratio among children has decreased. Towards, this end Education

can affect health including mental health in different ways at different stages of the life cycle level. .Basic

education provides girls and women with an understanding of basic health, nutrition and family planning,

increases their choices and decision making power. Women’s education leads directly to better

reproductive health, awareness about STD, improved family health, economic growth, for the family and

for society, as well as lower IMR, MMR and malnutrition.

This study tries to analyse the relationship between women’s education and family’s health. And it also

verify how does education affects health status and health behaviour of individuals. The analysis would

be carried out using appropriate statistical tools. Based on the obtained results, suggestions are made on

education operationalised to reach more girls and women.

MCH AND FAMILY PLANNING1. BIRTH PREPAREDNESS AND COMPLICATION READINESS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN OF URBAN SLUMS OF HUBLI A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

1) Dr. Geeta V Bathija MBBS MD

Associate Professor and I/C HOD Department of Community Medicine KIMS Hubli. 2) Dr. Anjana P Post Graduate Student Department of Community Medicine KIMS Hubli

Background: Every pregnant woman has a chance of facing a sudden, unpredictable complications that could lead to death or injury to mother or her infant. Birth Preparedness and complication readiness is a strategy that encourages the pregnant women, their families and communities to effectively plan for births and deal with emergencies if they occur. Apart from medical causes there are numerous Socio-cultural factors affecting the care seeking behaviour among the pregnant woman. Hence this study was undertaken to identify the status of Birth preparedness and complication readiness and factors affecting it among the pregnant women residing in urban slum of Hubli.

Objectives :

1) To assess the status of Birth Preparedness and complication Readiness (BPACR) among pregnant women of Urban slums of Hubli.

2) To study the Socio-demographic factors affecting BPACR.

Observations :

In this study the BPACR Index of our study population was 33.62. Only 79% of pregnant women were aware of birth preparedness. 79% of pregnant women had identified health facility for obstetric emergencies. 23% of pregnant women had not yet planned about mode of transportation during any emergency. 43% of pregnant women were aware of their blood group however only 11.8% had identified compatible blood donor. In this study only 35% were well prepared. On statistical analysis, literacy status, type of family, awareness of danger signs of pregnancy, postpartum and essential newborn care services was significantly associated with Birth preparedness level. Awareness regarding danger signs of pregnancy was significantly associated with parity status of women. However in our study there was no significant association found with age of the mother, Socio-economic status, husbands education, occupation and pregnancy registration.

Conclusions :

The awareness regarding BPACR was low. Need to Emphasize on promoting it through regular Health education sessions at the health care and community level. The expectant mother along with her family

members should be told about the importance of BPACR, which will help in bringing down the maternal morbidity and mortality enabling us to meet the millennium development goal.

Keywords : Pregnant , Urbanslum , Birth preparedness , complication readiness, danger signs

2. PREVALENCE AND FACTORS INFLUENCING ANAEMIA AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN RURAL MYSURU

Dr. Anup G1, Dr. NC Ashok2, Dr. Praveen Kulkarni3, Dr. Renuka M4

1Postgraduate, 2Professor, 3Assistant Professor, 4Professor and Head,

Department of Community Medicine, JSS Medical College, Mysuru.

Introduction

Anaemia in pregnancy is one of the major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality in the world

including India. Determining the status and factors influencing anaemia among pregnant women in rural

areas is essential to treat as well as prevent the same.

Objectives

1. To estimate the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women of rural areas of Mysuru.

2. To determine the factors influencing anaemia among the study participants.

Material and Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in the field practice areas of Primary Health Centres at

Hadinaru and Suttur of Nanjangud Taluk, Mysuru District for a period of 18 months (November 2013 –

April 2015). A total of 300 pregnant women residing in the villages under the Hadinaru and Suttur PHCs,

and consenting to participate were included in the study. A structured proforma was used to collect

sociodemographic details. Haemoglobin was estimated using Sahli’s haemoglobinometer, and typing of

anaemia was done by peripheral blood smear examination.

The data was entered using EpiData v3.1 software (www.epidata.dk), and analysed using R

Statistical Software v3.0.2 (www.r-project.org).

Results

The prevalence of Anaemia was found to be 51%, majority of whom had mild anaemia (37%).

The important factors influencing anaemia were poor nutrition, low socioeconomic status, not washing

vegetables before cooking, consumption of tea and coffee with meals, and open defecation.

Conclusion

Anaemia in pregnant women is an important health indicator. Although more than half of the

pregnant women are anaemic, the prevalence is much lesser than the national average. Also, majority of

the anaemic women have mild anaemia, which shows the positive impact of antenatal care services. The

social, environmental and personal factors influencing anaemia which have been identified in this study

need to be addressed to reduce the burden of anaemia among pregnant women in our country.

3.A cross-sectional study on the status of Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness, among pregnant and recently delivered women of North-Karnataka

Arun Joshi, Rajesh kumar T, R G Viveki.Belagavi Institute of Medical Sciences, Belagavi.

Introduction : A person who has a measure of obstacles coming his way will have a sweeter and safer journey, similarly the journey of nine months of pregnancy would be effectively accomplished when the pregnant lady knows about the complications, and is well-prepared, to face the challenges of pregnancy. BPCR (Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness) is that torch light which will guide every pregnant woman during her journey of pregnancy. It was against this backdrop of importance of BPCR, coupled with lack of community based study in this part of India, that prompted us to take up the present study.

Methodology : The present study is a cross-sectional study which was conducted in a district hospital of North- Karnataka. Study participants comprised of women currently pregnant and women who had delivered recently, that is, within the last 12 months. Assuming the prevalence of 50%, sample size was around 360. However 358 randomly selected participants who gave consent were included in the study. Perception and practices regarding BPCR of participants was assessed with a semi-structured questionnaire.

The indicators for individual level are quantifiable and expressed in percentage of women having specific characteristics. Such 13 indicators, were chosen in present study to construct BPCR index, which is the average of the indicators and it’s expressed as a score out of hundred.

Results : The study revealed that BPCR index was very low (35.45%). The study also showed that more than half of the respondents were not aware about birth-planning and danger signs of obstetric complications and newborn.

Conclusion : BPCR is a very simple index which helps in assessing the level of awareness of the pregnant and recently delivered women towards pregnancy and its complication. The low BPCR index in the present study is attributed to low level of BPCR practices.

4.Role of Focused Counseling in Adequate Utilization of Recommended Antenatal Services – A Non

Randomized Controlled Trial from Tamil Nadu

Dr.R.Arunmozhi, MD

Associate Professor, Institute of Community Medicine

Madras Medical College, Chennai

Background:

Positive birth outcome is often the result of adequate utilization of recommended antenatal services. Time

of first antenatal visit, number of recommended visits and the content of care are the determinants of

adequacy of care. National Family Health Survey III reveals a gap between availability of services and

utilization of the services by antenatal women in Chennai.

Objective:

This research was taken up to evaluate the role of focused counseling of antenatal women and her family

members on adequate utilization of antenatal services.

Materials and Methods:

This is a non randomized controlled study carried out in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, with 150 women in each of

the intervention and control group. Antenatal women registering within 12 weeks of pregnancy were

enrolled and followed throughout pregnancy. Women in the intervention group received focused

counseling in addition to routine care given by the health centre, while women in the control group

received routine care given by the health centre alone.

Observation:

The number of women who had all five recommended visits and those who had the recommended visit at

36-40 weeks was higher in the intervention group. Hemoglobin and blood sugar estimation was done in

67% and 50% of antenatal visits in the intervention compared to 54% and 30% in the control group. Mann

Whitney U test was done to compare the overall utilization of recommended services during the antenatal

visits between the study groups. Utilization of services by the intervention group (Mean rank 162.76) was

higher than the control group (Mean rank = 129.35) with a statistically significant difference between the

two groups (p = 0.001).

Conclusion:

Utilization of recommended services was higher among women who were given focused counseling.

However utilization of laboratory services like hemoglobin estimation, blood sugar estimation, and urine

analysis for albumin and sugar were suboptimal in both groups. Focused counseling, if provided as part of

routine health care services to antenatal women and their family members will not only give them better

understanding on the importance of recommended services to be availed, but also empower them to

demand the services.

Key words: Adequate utilization, antenatal services, focused counseling, non randomized controlled

study.

5. A STUDY TO ASSESS ESSENTIAL OBSTETRIC CARE SERVICES IN A RURAL MANDAL OF NELLORE DISTRICT.

Dr.AshokParvathala, 2nd year Post-graduate, Community Medicine Department, Narayana Medical

College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh.

CO-AUTHORS: Dr.V.Chandhrasekhar,Dr.E.RaviKiran, Dr. K.Vijaya, Dr. C.Kumar, Dr. C.Jyothi.

BACKGROUND:Reproductive and child health is an essential component of primary health care services,

and India is committed to provision of health for all through this primary health approach. The primary aim

of essential obstetric care is to achieve, at the end, a healthy mother and a healthy child. By this

approach, Millennium development goals 4 and 5, i.e. reduction in infant & maternal mortality can be

achieved. With this background, an attempt is made to study the utilization of the aforementioned services

by the women belonging to a rural mandal of Nellore district.

OBJECTIVES:1. To assess the obstetric care services extended to mothers who delivered in the past six

months in a rural mandal.

2. To find out reasons for non-utilization of these services.

MATERIALS & METHODS:

Type of study: A community based cross-sectional study

Study setting: Six villages randomly selected (50%) that comes under Buchireddypalemmandal, Nellore

district.

Sample population:All the mothers who delivered in the past six months from the Six villages of

Buchireddypalem.

Data collection: Data will be collected by face-to-face interview using a pretested, semi-

structuredquestionnaire after taking their consent.

Duration of the study: 4 months (from June to September)

Data analysis: Appropriate statistical methods and tests will be used to interpret the data.Data analysis

will be done using a SPSS 21.0 software.

RESULTS: Results will be presented during the conference.

6. Whether mothers follow optimal breast feeding practices: A community based cross sectional study from a selected urban slum of Puducherry.

Gomathi Ramaswamy, Karthik Balajee L, Mahalakshmy T, Jayalakshmy R, Swaroop Kumar Sahu

JIPMER, Puducherry

Introduction:

Optimal breast feeding practises is an effective intervention to prevent infant morbidities and mortalities. NFHS III (2005-06) shows that only 23% of children received breast milk within one hour of birth and about half of the infants received exclusive breastfeeding and complementary food at appropriate age.

Objectives:

Among mothers with children aged between six months to three years residing in JIPMER urban field practice area (JIUHC) a) to assess the breastfeeding practices and b) factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practices.

Methodology:

A community based cross sectional study was carried out during January 2015 in urban field practice area of JIUHC. The field practice area has population of around 9000 with birth rate of around 9 per 1000 population. All the mothers with child aged between six months to three years were included in the study. House to house survey was carried out to identify eligible participants. All the houses were surveyed unless the house was locked or the eligible mother was not available during two subsequent visits. A pre-designed, semi-structured questionnaire was used to capture the socio-demographic details, breastfeeding practices and health education received during ANC period about breastfeeding. Data was entered and analysed using SPSS 20.0.

Results:

In total 151 mothers were interviewed. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 27.3±3.98years. Majority of the participants had some formal education (98.7%), were homemakers (79.5%) and were above poverty line (60.9%). Around 41% mothers did not initiate breast feeding within one hour. About 41% did not exclusively breast feed for six months. Only 35% mothers initiated breastfeeding within one hour of birth and also gave exclusive breast feeding for six months. On multivariate analysis, receiving advice on breast feeding practices during ante natal period [AOR=8.13(CI=2.01-32.83)], delivering in government hospital [AOR=2.73(CI=1.01-7.40)] and encouragement by family member [AOR=3.42(CI=1.40-8.37)] were found to be independently associated with exclusive breast feeding.

Conclusion:

Only one in three mothers had followed optimal breast feeding practices. Health educations during

antenatal period, promoting institutional deliveries in government hospitals, involving the family in health

education need to be considered to achieve optimal breast feeding practices

7. A STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING UTILIZATION OF MATERNAL HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN URBAN COMMUNITY

Dr G.V.Kulkarni1, Dr M.M.Angadi2, Mrs. V.M.Sorganvi1.

1Lecturer, 2Professor & HOD, Dept. of Community Medicine, BLDE University’s Shri B.M.Patil Medical College, Bijapur.

Background: Even though the MMR dropped from 212 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2007-09 to 178 in 2010-12, India is behind the target of 103 deaths per live births to be achieved by 2015 under the United Nations-mandated Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).As per WHO, Three crucial factors understanding maternal deaths. Firstly lack of access and utilization of essential obstetric care. Secondly low social status of women in developing countries. Thirdly too much physical work together with poor diet also contributes to poor maternal outcomes. Out of these three factors, access and utilization of health care is the most crucial factor which is capable of reducing maternal morbidity and mortality. The present study was carried out to evaluate socio demographic correlates and barriers of maternal health care utilization in the urban community. Objective: To know the factors influencing the utilization of maternal health care services.

MATERIAL AND METHODS;

Study design: Cross sectional study.

Area of study: UHTC Kalal galli. Bijapur (Urban field practice area)

Participants: All married woman in the age group of 15-45 years who were either pregnant at the time of interview or delivered within last one year were included in the study.

Study period: January to March 2015

Sample size: 134 mother

Methods: Interview technique using pre tested Proforma.

Statistical analysis: Percentage and chi-square test.

Result: Utilization of maternal health services was found more among literate (70%) mothers compared to illiterate mothers. Utilization of maternal health services increased with increase in economic status. Major reasons for non-utilization of maternal service were not having a delivery complication in the past. (57%) Conclusion: The result reveals that educational level of women, exposure to mass media, birth order and wealth index are significant predictors in explaining the use of maternal health care services. There is a need of motivation and enhancing IEC activities for bringing desirable changes in the health care practice of the mother.

8. Adopting Evidence based practices in Essential Obstetric care – Current status and Implementation challenges in Tamilnadu, India

Dr T.P. Jayanthi MD, MIH, PhD

Dept of Community MedicineGovt Stanley Medical College, Chennai

Back ground:

Access to safe birthing and quality care is the right of every woman and is the responsibility of the welfare

state. WHO recommends evidence based practices to improve the quality of obstetric care. Adoption of

these practices would make services more humane and comfortable to women. Tamilnadu, a southern

state in India has a high percentage of institutional deliveries. While increased utilization of health

services is evident, information on adoption of evidence based obstetric practices is inadequate.

Objective:

This study was designed to assess the implementation status and challenges in adopting evidence based

practices in health facilities.

Materials and Methods:

Quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted and

one block PHC area from three health unit districts in the state was chosen as study sites. Quantitative

data was collected by interviews from 664 women, who had vaginal deliveries in health facilities.

Qualitative component includes interviews with health care providers, providing birthing services to

women in the study sites.

Observation:

Interviews with Health care providers showed that routine use of oxytocic drugs following delivery, use of

Magnesium sulphate for eclampsia, prophylactic antibiotics to women with prolonged rupture of

membranes, prophylactic steroids given prior to preterm birth was adopted in all health facilities. PHCs

provided maximum access to birth companions (96%), while the least was tertiary hospitals (4%).

Frequent changing of birth companions, their questioning, conversation with others; poor hygiene and

lack of privacy were reasons for not permitting birth companions. Adoption of practices which are

harmful/ not beneficial like routine episiotomy for the first delivery (95%), routine enema (86.3%) and

pubic shaving prior to delivery (89%), and women lying in supine position for delivery (85%) was

observed.

Conclusion:

Evidence based life saving measures in essential obstetric care is widely practised in all health facilities

yet practices to improve quality and humanity of obstetric care is neglected. Health care providers should

refrain from harmful practices and adopt recommended practices to improve quality and give women a

positive experience of child birth.

Key words: Evidence based practices, Essential obstetric care, quality care, harmful practices

9. Title: Breast Feeding Practices Among Mothers In Urban Slums Of Tirupati In Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh.

Dr. V.Lakshmidevi, post graduate student,

Dr.K.Ashok kumar Reddy , Professor and HOD,

Department of community Medicine,

Sri Venkateswara MedicalCollege, Tirupati, Chittoor.

Introduction : Children are the nature’s gift and fountain of life. Children under five years of age constitute

approximately 15% of the India’s population and are the most vulnerable section of the society and suffer

to highest morbidity.

Objectives: 1.To determine the breast feeding practices among mothers.

Methods: A community based cross sectional study is being carried out among mothers of infants whose

age is < 1 year, in urban slum area of Tirupati from 1 st May to 30th June 2015. A sample size of 100 was

calculated at 95% confidence interval using the formula (4x p x q / l2) with prevalence of 50%. The data

was collected by house-to-house visit, using predesigned, pre-tested questionnaire after taking informed

consent from mother of the child. Data will be analyzed by using SPSS 17.0 version software.

Results: Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months was followed by 60.21% of mothers. Initiation of breast

feeding within 1hour seen in 53% of cases. The most important factor identified for delayed initiation was

caesarean section. Most of the women given colostrums (91.84%) to their newborn babies. Present study

shows that 18.36% of infants were exposed to the risk of bottle feeding.

Conclusion: Though bottle feeding is hazardous, it is still practiced in urban slums of Chittoor district. The

old custom of not feeding colostrum was rejected by urban community.

.

10. The Prevalence of Early Initiation And Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Infant and Young Child in Urban Field Practice area of Mysore.

Roopadevi V1, Dayananda M2, Vadiraj N3

Department of Community Medicine, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, India

Introduction: The under nutrition is more common in developing countries like India. The importance of

proper nutrition of a infant starts from early initiation of breastfeeding and continues for first 6 months of

exclusive breastfeeding which helps the baby from many infections and provide appropriate nutrition.

Objectives:

1. To estimate the prevalence of early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding among children less

than 2 yrs.

2. To assess the factors affecting the early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding practices

Results: It is a cross sectional study conducted among 573 mothers of infant/young child less than 24

months in the field practice area of Mysore Medical college and Research Institute, Mysore. The data was

collected by using pretested and semi structured questionnaire introducing to the mother. Data analysis

was done by using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software.

The total participants were 573 mothers with a child less than 24 months, in which 0-6months were

161(28.09%), 7-23 months were 412(71.9%) children, majority of mothers belonged to 21-25 years,

535(93%) mothers were home makers and only 38(6.63%)were working mothers. 294(51.3%) mothers

had breastfed the child within 1 hour of delivery and for the delayed initiation most mothers perception

was milk was not excreted. 163(28.4%) children were provided with prelacteal feeds, 531(92.6%) mothers

have given colostrums to the child. Exclusive breastfeeding practice was there among 228(39.7%)

mothers.

Conclusion: The early initiatiation and exclusive breastfeeding practices are poor. Health education of the

mothers during antenatal period, and importance of breastfeeding re-emphasised in each visit.

11.A study on awareness about danger signs and birth preparedness among ante natal mothers in Shimoga district, Karnataka.

Dr Madhusudhana MV

Assistant professor

Community medicine

Shimoga institute of medical sciences

Objectives:

This cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at SIMS,

Shimoga with the objective to assess the level of awareness regarding pregnancy related warning signs

and to assess the level of awareness regarding birth preparedness.

Observations:

A total of 252 pregnant women were interviewed, 61% women were from rural area, 66% of the were in

the age group of 20-25 years, More than 70% were belonging to BPL and 6% were illiterates.

It was observed that although 65% had knowledge about birth spacing, 35% of the women had given birth

to the next child within three years. About 69% of the women who visited the antenatal clinic were

unaware of pregnancy related complications. Nearly 2/3rd of the women had inadequate or no knowledge

about the danger signs of pregnancy.

Regarding the warning signs during pregnancy, only 45% of the women knew about the important

warning signs. Birth preparedness was also poor among the pregnant women, 68% of them never heard

the term ‘Birth preparedness’. 74% have identified the hospital for delivery, 75% knew their blood group,

and 61% of them think that their husband must accompany them during their antenatal visits. 54% had

identified the mode of transport in emergency. Only 3% had knowledge about the blood donors who could

donate blood to them in emergency.

Conclusion:

Most of the ante-natal women were from the rural area and were studied up to primary school, nearly half

of the study subjects were in their first pregnancy. It is shocking to know that nearly 2/3 of the pregnant

women had either no or inadequate knowledge about danger signs of pregnancy, Just more than half of

the pregnant women were prepared for birth, even though most of them were about to deliver in next few

days or weeks. More emphasis should be given for Health education during the antenatal clinics

especially with regard to Birth preparedness and danger signs, as it has a significant role in reduction of

antenatal and birth related complications and mortalities.

12. Malnutrition and its association with academic performance of school going children in rural area, Kolar-A cross sectional study

Dr. Vishwas S1Dr.Manjunath T L2, Dr. Mahesh V3, Dr.Muninarayana C4Dr Sunil BN5 S Ravi Shankar 6

Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, Kolar

OBJECTIVES:

1) To assess the prevalence of malnutrition among government and private schools in rural area Kolar

2) To assess the association between malnutrition and academic performance of school going children in

Kolar

INTRODUCTION:

Malnutrition is the largest health problem of children in developing countries. Approximately 60 million

childrenare underweight in India and child malnutrition is responsible for 22% of the country’s burden of

disease. One in every three malnourished children in the world lives in India. Malnutrition is more

common in India than in Sub-Saharan Africa.An attempt to study its prevalence & also its association with

scholastic performance would help the policy makers to identify the loop poles in the schemes introduce

them to overcome accordingly. Also, the study focusing on difference in scholastic performance of under

nourished children studying in government & private school would also provide useful data to bring about

further introduction/correction in the steps targeted to overcome the problem of nutrition.

Thus this study is an attempt to estimate the nutritional status of children attending private schools and

also assess if there exists any relationship between malnutrition and academic performance.

Materials and Methods:

Study population: All the school children studying in class(1-7) in government and private schools

Study Duration: 1month

Study Design: cross sectional study design

Sample Size: 500

Results & Discussion: A total of 582 students participated in this study. Males were 66%(330) and females were 54% (270). One hundred and sixty eight (33.6%) of the children had pallor, 127 (25.4%) had under nutrition, 44(8.8%) had stunting, 224 (44.8%) had thinness and 3(0.6%) were found to be obese. Conclusion: Hence we concluded that the prevalence of malnutrition isstrongly associated with their academic performance.

13. Effectiveness of Educational Intervention on breastfeeding practices among Primigravida attending Antenatal clinic of a Tertiary care hospital, Mysore

DR. Nayanabai Shabadi, JSSMC, Mysore

Introduction: The promotion and support of breastfeeding is a global priority. However, in reality most of

the mothers are unable to practice exclusive breast feeding. They discontinue breastfeeding because of

lack of confidence in their ability to breastfeed, problems with infant suckling, breast pain, perception of

insufficient milk, etc. Some of these problems can be solved if the women are educated during their

antenatal period about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding, the proper method of feeding and their

substantial benefits. Therefore the present study was undertaken with following objectives,

Objectives:1) To assess the socio demographic factors associated with the knowledge, attitude and

practice of Breastfeeding.

2) To assess the effectiveness of different (pamphlet and video) educational interventions on knowledge,

attitude and practice among women after delivery.

Material and Methods: A Prospective interventional study was conducted in the Antenatal clinic of JSS

Hospital Mysore for the period of 10 months. 140 antenatal women (primigravida) were selected and they

were divided into two groups of equal numbers, educational material pamphlet Group B: video was used.

A predesigned and pretested questionnaire was used to study the Socio-demographic profile and

baseline knowledge and attitude of pregnant women regarding breastfeeding practices. Women of both

the groups were followed up through personal contact or telephone interview at immediately after

delivery, at third month and six months after delivery. Breastfeeding practice was assessed using

predesigned and pretested questionnaire.

Results: as the analysis of the study is still in the process the results of the study will be produced during

the presentation in the conference.

14. A COMMUNITY BASED STUDY TO EXPLORE DETERMINANTS OF FEEDING PRACTICES IN A RESETTLEMENT COLONY OF EAST DELHI

Dr.Neelima Thakur (Sr. Programme Officer Research, BPNI / IBFAN Asia , BP-33 Pitampura , Delhi 110034 INDIA Phone:+91-11-27343608, 42683059 Telefax:+91-11-27343606 Mobile:++919871067083 email id:- neelima@bpni.org

Dr. Anita Gupta CMO (NFSG), Department of Community Medicine,UCMS & GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden,   Delhi- 110095 email.id anitagupta58@gmail.com

Dr. J P Dadhich MD (Paediatrics), FNNF, PG-DDN National Coordinator,Breastfeeding Promotion Network of India (BPNI), BP-33, Pitampura, Delhi 110034, IndiaPhone: +91-11-27343608, Telefax: +91-11-27343606

Introduction: Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is essential to ensure the growth,

health and development of children to their full potential.Optimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF)

practices. Exclusive breastfeeding for first six months of life prevents morbidity and mortality due to

common childhood illnesses like diarrhoea and pneumonia. Breastfeeding also leads to higher IQ and

earning capacity later in life as proved in a recent research showing increasing IQ, educational attainment

and monthly income with increasing breastfeeding duratio

Objective: To assess the status of current feeding practices with associated socio-demographic factors

among the mothers having less than 6 months of infants.  

Material & method-  A cross sectional study was conducted in Nand Nagari village, a resettlement colony

of East Delhi among the mothers of infants aged 0-6 months. The Eligible mothers were selected from

Anganwadi centres (AWCs). Each sub-block on an average has 2 AWC. From each sub- block 1 AWC

was randomly selected. List of mothers of children 0-6 months of age group was obtained from the

selected AWC and from this list every second child was included in the study. A semi –structured

questionnaires was used for interviews that enquired information on socio-demographic characteristics,

obstetric health service, and breastfeeding related factors and socio-demographic factors. Prevalence of

EBF was calculating using 24 hours recall methods. Bivariate analysis was used to find out the

association of various socio-demographic factors with initiation of breastfeeding and excusive

breastfeeding. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Result:  Only 51.1% of the infant had initiation of breastfeeding within one hours of birth, 18.5% had pre-lacteal feeding. Insufficient milk supply and mother laziness / tiredness after delivery were the main reasons for late initiation of breastfeeding and introduction of pre-lacteal feeding in the present study. Similarly, a same reason was observed for discontinuation of breastfeeding among the mothers. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding from infants aged less than six months in the present study was

42% as measured by last 24 hours recall period. In the first six month of life, 67.5% of infants received EBF which decline to 46.1% in 2-3 months and 27.8% by the age of 4-5 months. Bivariat analysis revealed that timely initiation of breastfeeding was significantly associated with types of delivery (OR=6.40 , 95% CI=3.55, 11.54). Chi-square test shows signification association of initiation of breastfeeding with place of delivery. However, no significant association was observed between EBF with socio-demographic factors.

Conclusion: The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Nand Nagari is lower than the national figure (46.3%). Misconceptions of insufficiency of milk secretion coupled with lack of professional and family support lack of knowledge are the major obstacles for exclusive breastfeeding practices. These need tackling at a large scale by skilled counselling, support and motivation by trained health care providers and family members. Thus, the present study reveals a need for IYCF counselling centre with skilled counsellors at all health facilities and at community level to impart skilled counselling regarding IYCF practices not only to pregnant women and lactating mothers but also to their family members.

Key Words: Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding, resettlement colony, counselling during pregnancy

15. Evaluation of primary immunization coverage of children in the age group of 11 to 23 months in Bellary city by lot quality assurance sampling technique.

Dr.Bellara Raghavendra, Dr.Suresh.C.M, Dr.T.Gangadhara Goud, Dr.Pavithra.B.M

Department of Community Medicine, Vijayanagara Institute of Medical Sciences, Ballari.

Background:

It has been demonstrated globally that Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) is a useful

technique for monitoring and evaluation of immunization program at small area level In India. An attempt

is made here to demonstrate the usefulness of this technique in the context of immunization coverage in

wards of Bellary city.

Objectives

1. To assess the immunization coverage in each wards of entire Bellary city.

Methodology:

Immunization coverage was assessed using lot quality assurance technique, where in each ward is

considered as a lot, there are total of 35 wards in Bellary city, within each ward one area was selected

randomly by lottery method and after reaching centre point of that selected area, an empty bottle is

swirlled, in which ever direction the bottle pointed, in that direction house to house survey was done until

19 eligible children in the age group of 11-23 months were sampled. The lot was accepted when there are

at least 16 children are fully immunized according to national immunization schedule.

Results:

Out of total 35 wards 22(62.8%) wards had acceptable level of primary immunization. Individual

acceptable vaccination level is as follows - BCG- 35 wards (100%), OPV-32 wards (91.4%),

PENTAVALENT- 32wards(91.4%), MEASLES-30 wards (84.71), JE-22 wards(62.8%) had acceptable

level of vaccination.

Conclusion:

The primary immunization coverage in the wards of Ballari city was low. BCG, OPV and

Pentavalent vaccination coverage was acceptable in more than 90% of lots studied and Measles

vaccination coverage is almost on par with the accepted national coverage. However the JE vaccination

coverage is low.

16. “A STUDY ON UNMET NEED OF CONTRACEPTION AMONG MARRIED WOMEN IN AN URBAN SLUM OF DAVANGERE CITY”

Dr RITU [Postgraduate]; Dr G.S.VIDYA [Associate Professor]

Department of Community Medicine

J. J. M. Medical College, Davangere.

INTRODUCTION: Globally, the prevalence of contraceptive use has been increasing, but the unmet need

of contraception still remains a problem, despite the existence of the National Policy on Family Planning

since the year 1983. Theunmet need of contraception is not only a contributing factor that influences

population growth but also jeopardizes maternal and child health and hampers socio-economic

development of a family. The present study is being taken up to find out the unmet need of contraception

among married women.

OBJECTIVES-

1. To assess the unmet need of contraception among married women

2. To assess awareness and pattern of contraceptive usage among them

METHODOLOGY:

Study design: Community based cross-sectional study

Study tool: Pre-tested structured questionnaire

Study setting: Tippunagar- an urban field practice area of J.J.M Medical College, Davangere.

Study period: 1st July- 31stAugust, 2015

Sample size: All eligible married women between 15-49 years of age group (reproductive age group), who

give consent to participate in the study.

Inclusion criteria:

1. All married women in reproductive age group

2. Resident of the urban field practice area for at least 1 year

3. Thosewho are currently not using any contraceptive method

4. Pregnantand lactating mothers whose current pregnancies are mistimed

5. Those who give consent for the study

Exclusion criteria:

1. Those pregnant women who wanted their pregnancies within two years

Observation and Conclusion: are awaited as study is being going on and full paper will be presented at

the conference

Key words: Unmet need, contraception, married women, awareness

17. Awareness and practice of contraception among reproductive age group women

1) Dr. Saniya Tajeen, Final year PG Student MD- community Medicine

2) Dr. Sultan Rizwan Ahmad, Associate Professor, Community Medicine

OBJECTIVES: to assess the awareness and practice of contraception among reproductive age group

women attending urban health centre of a tertiary care institute.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: A facility based, cross sectional study was conducted during May 2015 –

July 2015 in G.M chhawni urban slum which is a catchment area of urban health centre of a tertiary care

institute. Married Women in the reproductive age group (15 to 45yrs) attending the health centre during

study period were interviewed after obtaining informed consent using a pretested semi structured

questionnaire. Women who are pregnant and those who did not give consent were excluded from study.

OBSERVATION: As the study is still going on the results will be sent along with full paper submission

before 20th September 2015.

Title : A Study on Prevelance of Anemia Among Rural Adolescent Girls

Authors: Shwetha1, Vinay M2, Harish B R3

1. Post Graduate student, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya

2. Associate Professor, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya

3. Prof & Head, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya

Objectives

1. To study the prevalence of anemia among rural adolescent girls

2. To study the association between anemia and socio demographic variables

3. To study the association between anemia and nutritional intake

Methodology

Type of study: Cross sectional study

Study subjects: rural adolescent girls

Study period: June 2014- July 2015

Sample size: 302

Sampling method: Simple random sampling

Estimation of hemoglobin percentage- Sahli’s method

Observations

Majority (28.6 %) of adolescent girls were in age group of 12-13years. More than 98% were Hindu by religion and

67.8% of adolescent girls belonged to SES Class IV according to modified B G Prasad classification. 98.1% were

unmarried and school/college going. 58.3% of adolescent girls belonged to nuclear family. Prevalance of anemia

among adolescent girls was 63.5% among which 4.0 % had mild anemia, 55.3% were moderately anaemic and

4.7 % were having severe anemia, There was a significant association between Socio economic status, education

of mother, type of diet and anemia.

Significant association was found between intake of iron & folic acid tablets and albendazole. There was no

association between use of foot wear and anemia

Conclusion: Overall prevalence of anemia among adolescent was 63.5 % which is high and is major health

problem among adolescent girls. SES, type of diet, education of the mothers, inadequate intake of iron rich foods

are contributing factors for prevalence of anemia.

19. Title: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about Family Planning Methods among reproductive age group women in a Tertiary Care Institute

Sindhu. B.M1, M.M.Angadi2

1 Post Graduate Student, 2 Professor and H.O.DB.L.D.E. University , Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Vijaypur

Introduction:

Even though India was the first county to launch a National Programme emphasising Family

Planning in 1952, India’s population according to 2011 census was 1.21 billion, second only to China

in the world, and is estimated to overtake china by 2050.

Because India has a socio-culturally and demographically mosaic pattern, various factors

influence the knowledge, attitude and practice of Family Planning methods across the country. Hence

this study was undertaken.1

Objectives of the study:

- To assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about Family Planning Methods among

Reproductive age group women in a Tertiary care institute

Study design: Cross - Sectional study.

Study population: Patients attending OBG Department, B.L.D.E Hospital, Vijaypur.

Sampling Method: Convenient sampling

Study Duration: 15thJune to 15th July 2015

Data collection methodology: Interview technique, using a Pre - designed, Pre-tested

questionnaire.2

Observations:

110 patients attending OPD were interviewed. Significant association was found between

woman’s age, education, occupation, place, type of housing, type of family, SES and Husband’s

education and Knowledge about Family Planning.

Knowledge about Family Planning was less among Women < 25 yrs (OR = 0.22), rural women

(OR=0.07), nuclear family (OR=0.028).

Significant association was found between Attitude towards Family planning and Religion. The

association between Practice of Family Planning and Woman’s age, education, occupation, place,

housing, type of family, SES, Husband’s education was significant. 3-6

Conclusions:

Many Socio-demographic factors affect knowledge, attitude and practice of Family Planning

among women. Hence, they should be addressed, so as to improve reproductive health of Women

and population stabilisation of the country.

Keywords: Family Planning, Reproductive Age Group, Knowledge Attitude and Practice

20. A STUDY ON THE RISK FACTORS AND FETO-MATERNAL OUTCOME AMONG MOTHERS WITH PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION ADMITTED TO GOVERNMENT MATERNITY HOSPITAL IN NELLORE, ANDHRA PRADESH.

AUTHOR: Dr.D.Srinivas rao, 2nd year Post-graduate, Community Medicine Department, Narayana

Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh.

CO-AUTHORS: Dr .V.Chandhrasekhar, Dr .E.RaviKiran, Dr. K.Vijaya, Dr. C.Kumar, Dr. C.Jyothi

BACKGROUND: Safe motherhood is an essential factor for all women. Maternal mortality rate is an

important indicator for utilization of MCH services in India. PIH is one of the major health problem

affecting 13% globally, 10-20% in India of all women. Eclampsia is often associated with increased

maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Early recognition and prompt treatment of PIH mothers helps

us to accomplish Millennium development goals 4 & 5 i.e., reducing childhood mortality and improving

maternal health.

OBJECTIVES:1. To study proportion of PIH among mothers delivered in government maternity hospital,

Nellore, AP.

2. To study risk factors associated with PIH.

3. To study feto-maternal outcome among mothers with PIH.

MATERIALS & METHODS:

Type of study: A hospital based cross-sectional study

Study setting: Government Maternity hospital, Nellore city, AP.

Sample population: Inclusion Criteria- Mothers with PIH admitted in the government maternity hospital.

Exclusion Criteria- PIH mothers with co-morbid conditions.

Data collection: Data will be collected by face-to-face interview using a pretested, semi-structured

questionnaire after taking their consent.

Duration of the study: 3 months (from July to September)

Data analysis: Appropriate statistical methods and tests will be used to interpret the data.

RESULTS: Results will be presented during the conference.

21. ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL BELIEFS AND PRACTICES DURING THE POSTNATAL PERIOD IN A FIELD PRACTICE AREA OF SRMC, NANDYAL

Venkateswarlu1,M.A.Mushtaq Pasha2,Afsar Fatima3,Isaac Ebenezer4

BLEDU Shri B.M. Patil medical college, Vijayapura

Back ground:The postpartum period continues to be an important part of the tradition and culture among Indian women. But frequently the health of the postnatal women is neglected. So, the present study aimed to explore the beliefs and practices in the postpartum period regarding diet, rest, hygiene and confinement and assess association between cultural practices and socio demographic characteristics.Methodology: This cross‐sectional descriptive study was conducted in the field practice area SRMC nandyal. The participants were women who had given births in the past three months. The data was collected using a pre‐tested semi‐structured questionnaire.

Results, conclusions and recommendations will be discussed during conference.

22. Utilization of Antenatal Services among Pregnant Women in Urban Slums of Dharwad District of North Karnataka.

Dr. Vijayalaxmi Mangasuli1, Dr. Mayur S Sherkhane2

1. Postgraduate 2. Professor & HOD, Department of community medicine, SDM college of medical sciences and hospital, Dharwad.

Objectives: To assess the utilization pattern of antenatal care services and factors affecting utilization of

these services among pregnant women of urban slums of Dharwad city.

Materials and Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in urban slums of Dharwad city and

the data was collected by a house-to-house survey to interview all women (n=482), who delivered 3

months prior to the start of the study, using a pre-designed and pre-tested proforma. Data were analyzed

by proportions, Chi-square test and Odds ratio.

Results: The mean age of women was 23.59 years. Out of 482 women, 11% were teenage pregnancies

while 56.85% of pregnancies were in the age group of 20-24 Years. 67.43% of the subjects were

housewives. 33.82% of the women belonged to Class III, followed by 32.16% to Class IV. 77.62%

literates had received full ANC package compared to 37.10% illiterates (χ2 = 44.4020, df = 1, p < 0.001,

highly significant, Odds ratio = 5.88). 84.06% women of economic Class I and II took full antenatal

package, followed by 82.82% Class III (χ2 = 45.9080, df = 3, p < 0.001, highly significant).

Conclusion: Better utilization of antenatal services is seen among literate women of higher socioeconomic

group. As antenatal registrations occur later in pregnancy there is need to emphasize on early registration

and regular follow-up during pregnancy for a safer and better outcome.

23. Comparative Study of Infant Feeding Practices and their outcomes among Working and Non-Working WomenAttending a Tertiary Care Hospital at Mysore.

Dr. Vindhya P1, Dr. Prakash B2, Dr.Renuka M3.

1-Post- Graduate Student,2-Professor, Dept of Community Medicine, 3- Professor & Head, Dept of Community Medicine, JSS Medical College, Mysore.

Introduction:

Infant and young child nutrition has been engaging the attention of scientists and planners since long

for the very simple reason that growth rate in the life of human beings is maximum during the first year of

life and infant feeding practices comprising of both the breastfeeding as well as complementary feeding

have major role in determining the nutritional status of the child. Breastfeeding creates a strong bond

between the mother and the child and has lifelong impact on psychosocial development.1

Only 35% of infants worldwide are exclusively breastfed during the first four months of life. Timely introduction of complementary feeding can prevent almost 6% of under-five mortality.

Maternal employment influences infant feeding. Nearly twice as many mothers of infants are engaged in

the labor force today compared to 30 years ago. Employed mothers working 30hrs or more per week are

less likely to initiate and sustain exclusive breastfeeding. Working mothers confront substantial time

demands, which may translate into systemic differences in the types of food fed to infants. Despite the

substantial demands and challenges confronted by working mothers, research to date has focused

primarily on the extent to which employment interferes with breastfeeding, there has been no research

documenting feeding patterns used by working mothers beyond versus formula feeding.

Research on infant feeding practices among working women is needed especially during the second

half of infant’s first year when complementary foods are introduced and infant feeding becomes

increasingly more complex. In this background the present study will be conducted in a tertiary care

centre at Mysore to compare the infant feeding practices among working and non-working women at

Mysore.

Objectives of the study:

1. To assess and compare infant feeding practices among working and non-working women.

2. To assess the influence of infant feeding practices over growth and development.

3. To describe and compare the factors influencing infant feeding practices among working and non-

working women.

Material and Methods:

Source of Data:

All working and non –working mothers having children aged between one to two years attending

the Immunization Clinic at JSS Hospital,Mysore.

Type Of Study:

Cross-Sectional comparative study

Inclusion criteria:

1. All women attending the immunization clinic having children aged between one to two years.

2. All women having children aged between one to two years engaged in income generating activity

(occupation) for at least one year.

Duration of Study: For a period of one year.

Sampling technique:Purposive sampling

Sample size: 107 in each group.

Ethical Clearance has been obtained.

Results:Majority of the women were from urban locality in both the groups, i.e, 67.3% of non-working

women and 84.1% of the working women. Majority of them of both the groups were from nuclear families.

47.7% of non-working mothers had exclusively breastfed their children for 6 months whereas only 13.1%

of working women had exclusively breastfed their children.77.6% of the non-working mothers had started

the complementary feeding at 6 months whereas majority of the working mothers i.e., 55.1% had started

the complementary feeding before 6 months.

Key words: Infant feeding, exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, working women.

24. A STUDY TO ASSESS THE BREASTFEEDING KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES AMONG RURAL

MOTHERS OF NELAMANGALA”

Dr. Viswanatha P G1,Dr. Ramakrishna reddy.N2,Dr. Ranganath T S 3

1. Postgraduate,

2. Professor,

3. Professor and Head, Dept. of Community Medicine,

Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru.

Introduction:The World Health Organization recommends the practice of exclusive breastfeeding of

infants for the first 6 months after birth. Breastfeeding is the simplest,healthiest and least expensive

feeding method that fulfils the infant’s needs for nutrition and growth and it also reduces child morbidity

and mortality. Most of the mothers do not understand the importance of proper breastfeeding practices

like, how it should be given, the timings, duration, correct techniques and appropriate time of weaning

mothers milk. Hence the study was taken up.

Objectives: 1. To assess the knowledge about breastfeeding and practices among

mothers .

2. To know the effectiveness of IEC among mothers.

Methodology:

Study Design: A cross- sectionalstudy.

Study Setting: Taluk health hospital of Nelamangla. A semi structured pre and post questionnaire was

used to collect data from study subjects.

Study population: Mothers of children less than 2 years of age

Study period: First week of August 2015.

Sample size: 180

Results& Discussion:Out of the 180 mothers interviewed, only 40% of mothers had knowledge about

correct duration of breastfeeding. 68% mothers had initiated breastfeeding within 4 hours, 74% mothers

had knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding, 12% gave pre-lacteal feeds and 28% weaned their children

before 6 months.

After IEC session, the knowledge regarding duration and initiation of breastfeeding showed the increase

from 40% to 95% and 68% to 90% respectively.

Conclusion:This study shows statistical significant improvement in knowledge following IEC (p<0.01).

Keywords:

Breastfeeding, mothers, weaning.

25. Title of the abstract: Occurence of Lower Genital Tract infection in Women with Preterm Labour.

Ravikumar M S1, Shwetha1, Deepti H R2, Lalitha Shivanna3

1-Post Graduate, Department of Community Medicine,

2-Senior Resident, 3-Professor & Head, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences , Mandya, Karnataka

Introduction

Preterm delivery remains a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Preterm labour is

defined as one where the labour starts before 37th completed week of gestation counting from the first

day of the last menstrual period. Vaginal infection during pregnancy leads to premature rupture of

membrane and preterm labour leading to low birth weight and thus in turn causes increase in perinatal

mortality and morbidity. Among the various maternal and fetal factors, vaginal infections during pregnancy

is an important cause for preterm labour. Studies have found a high prevalence of reproductive tract

infections during pregnancy

Objective: To determine the occurrence of lower genital tract infections in preterm labour by studying the

vaginal cytology among the women admitted with complaints of preterm labour.

Methodology:

Type of Study: Record based descriptive study

Study Setting: Labour wards, Department of Obstetrics, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences (MIMS)

Hospital, Mandya.

Study Population: All patients admitted for preterm labour from August 2013 to February 2014.

Data Collection: The data of all the patients admitted with complaints of preterm labour from August 2013

to February 2014 was collected from the records available at MIMS, Mandya after taking ethical clearance

from the Institutional Ethics Committee.

Analysis of Data: The data is analyzed using Percentages

Results: Total number of pregnant admitted for preterm were 147(n=147). The mean age was 23.1 ± 3.9

years. Among 147 pregnants, 115(84.4%) were between 28-37 weeks of gestation and 23(15.6%)

presented before 28 weeks of gestation. Among the 147 pregnants the vaginal cytology report of 40

(27.2%) came out to be positive for clue cells and and 29 (19.7%) were positive for presence of yeast

cells and 138 (94%) vaginal smears were positive for inflammatory cell.

Conclusion: There is a high occurence of lower genital tract infections among pregnant women admitted

for preterm labour. This emphasizes the need for screening for lower genital tract infections at the initial

clinical visit especially in the high risk women. Integrating a simple infection screening and treatment

program into routine antenatal care may reduce preterm births even in a general population of pregnant

women.

Key Words: Vaginal Cytology, Preterm labour

26. School dropout: Do reasons remain the same across generations?

Dr Aiswarya Lakshmi A S1, Dr Mudassir Azeez Khan2 ,Vadiraja N3

1) Post graduate, Dept of Community Medicine , MMCRI, Mysore 2) Professor & Head, Dept of Community Medicine , MMCRI, Mysore3) Assistant Professor & Statistician, Dept of Community Medicine, ,MMCRI, Mysore

INTRODUCTION: Discontinuing education has major social, economic and health implications. Parents

who drop out from school are often unable to motivate their children to continue their schooling. Thus

school dropout becomes a vicious intergenerational issue. Hence a study was undertaken to examine the

reasons for school dropout across two generations.

OBJECTIVES: 1.To determine the reasons for school dropout among school age children and their

parents in an urban slum.

METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study was carried out in the Urban slums of the field practice area of

MMC& RI.302 families were visited and the reason for school dropout was sought using a pretested semi

structured questionnaire

RESULTS:40.5%(N=122) fathers and 44.5%(N=137)of mothers were school dropouts. The major reasons

of drop out among fathers were financial problem including working(62),lack of interest in

studies(40),parental pressure(10),peer pressure(10).Among mothers the reasons were

menarche(21),financial problem (30),marriage(24),lack of interest in studies(28),to take care of family

members(3),misc(10),parental pressure(19),peer pressure(2).Around 18 school age children

(male=10,female=8)were found who were school dropouts. Among them the major cause for change of

residence (2), supplementing family income (3), taking care of family members(3),financial problem (1).All

children expect one had no interest in studies.

CONCLUSION: Though reasons like working to supplement family income and dropping out to take care

of family members persist, Lack of interest in studies remain a major contributory factor to school drop out

across two generation. This suggests lack of motivation among parents and their children towards

schooling. Motivating young people and generating interest in schooling needs concerted effort from both

parents as well as teachers.

27. Awareness on breastfeeding practices in rural population attending a tertiary care hospital-an interview based study.”

MAYANK

Introduction-Breastfeeding is one of the best and safest infant feeding methods. It has nutritional,

immunological, behavioral and economy benefits and also provide desirable mother and infant bonding.

Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life is still lower in many developing countries

Objectives: - To know the breastfeeding awareness and practices in general population of a tertiary care

hospital.

Material and Method: - It’s a cross sectional study conducted during the Breast Feeding week (1-7 Aug

2015) among the general population attending SAMC OPD. All those having children between 0 to 3 yrs.

and those who were willing to participate were included in the study. A semi structured questionnaire was

used and 122 of them responded.

Results: - The mean age of the study subject was 33.2 yr. almost all the participants knew about the

importance of breastfeeding, while regarding practices 77.04% agreed that breastfeeding must be

initiated within an hour. Awareness of exclusive breast feeding for six months was observed among

84.4% and 95.9% gave positive response to importance of colostrum feeding. The knowledge regarding

other food supplements such as animal milk was found in 43.44%. Breast feeding is essential for bonding

in both mother and child was seen in 95.08% of the respondents.

Conclusion: - Knowledge and importance of feeding colostrum, mother’s first milk, was correctly

answered by majority of respondents while response towards exclusive breastfeeding was also

encouraging. Large percentage of the study population was lagging behind regarding the knowledge of

other food supplements, which should be discouraged in regard to exclusive breast feeding.

Keywords: - Breast feeding, Exclusive, Colostrum.

28. Evaluation of health practices amongst villagers of Raghogarh district, Guna (M.P)- An interview based study.

Sonia

Background – NFHS-3 states that 54.9% of rural population in M.P. is using contraceptive methods (any methods).

Water supply and sanitation were added to the national agenda during the 1st five year plan during (1951-56).The primary responsibility for providing drinking water and sanitation facilities in the country rests with the state government and more specifically the local bodies in the urban areas.

Aims & objectives-1) Study of health seeking behavior 2) Awareness of MCH and water hygiene practices.

Methodology- It is an interview based cross sectional study in which 101 subjects were interviewed using a pretested predesigned proforma related to health care facility available in that area & healthy behavior adopted regarding maternal & child health & common diseases(locally endemic diseases) with water sanitation.

Results– Out of the total 92 % of the pregnant women received tetanus toxoid and iron folic tablets.Of the total 21% of the people didn’t shared about the use of contraception and family planning.

Of the total 88.1% had toilet facility at home.The knowledge of DOTS and cataract was found in 59.4% and 71.2% respectively.Water was used by straining with cloth by 66% of the participants.

Conclusion –There is need to increase more awareness amongst the people.More than half the population had toilet facility at home.About half of them knew about the locally endemic diseases.Whereas a significant number of people did not share their view regardingthe use of contraception.

Key words -NFHS-3, MCH

29. Assessment of 24-hrs Maternal and Child Health services at Primary Health Centers in Medak district of Telangana, India

Anitha Thippaiah

University of Hyderabad

Objectives:The study assessed the availability and utilization of 24-hrs MCH services at Primary Health

Centers (PHCs) in Medak district of Telangana. Cross sectional survey of round-the clock PHCs was

undertaken. The data on maternal and child health services were reviewed for the previous 5 years and

key informant interviews conducted with staff nurses, ANMs and medical officers from the sampled 24-hrs

MCH centers in Medak district. Data was analyzed to assess availability and utilization of 24-hrs MCH

services.

Observations:

We assessed 36 of the total 66 PHCs that were functioning as 24X7 delivery care institutions in the

district. 57% of the PHCs were available for 24X7 delivery services. In 12 PHCs, less than 2 Medical

Officers were posted. In 14 PHCs less than 3 Staff Nurses were posted.Only 6 of the total 36 PHCs

achieved minimum stipulated 10 deliveries per month. Blood storage unit was not established and the

operation theatre was not functional at CHC Narsapur. Hence, caesarian deliveries were not conducted

as the operation theatre (OT) was not functional and the Gynecologist not posted. There was no separate

budget released for 24X7 delivery service centres, except the salary budget to the contractual Staff

Nurses. Facilities for conducting delivery and new born care were adequate but due to inadequate human

resource less than 400 deliveries were conducted per annum in 24X7 PHCs. In PHC Raikode and Pulkal,

phototherapy unit was not available for treating jaundice in newborn andbaby care corner was not

created.

Conclusions: Lack of trained human resources and inadequate utilization of facilities by pregnant women

and newborn babies at 24X7 PHCs are major challenges in Medak district of Telangana state.Rapid and

innovative measures need to be further undertaken to improve maternal and child health service delivery

in Medak district of Telangana state.

30. Study of Primary Immunization Status among children in the urban slums of Bengaluru

Dr Dharaneesh Prasad S1, Dr Gadicherla Suman2

1 Assistant Professor, Dept of community Medicine, BGS GIMS

2 Associate Professor, Dept of community Medicine, MSRMC.

Introduction - The goal of immunizing children against the major diseases responsible for child mortality

and morbidity is a noble one. The prevention of child mortality through immunization is one of the most

cost-effective public health interventions in resource-poor settings. This study was done to find the

coverage of primary immunization and factors for coverage in the slums of Bengaluru.

Objective – To determine the status of Primary immunization coverage of children in urban slums of

BBMP.

Methodology- 510 children aged 12-23 months in the slums of Bengaluru were included in the study. The

slums were selected using the WHO cluster sampling methodology. The mothers of the children were

interviewed using questionnaire designed by WHO. Immunization status of these children was assessed.

Information on socio demographic factors and immunization status was analyzed.

Observations – Among 510 children studied, 422 (82.74%) were fully immunized, 85% (16.66%) were

partially immunized and 3 of them were non immunized (0.58 %) The dropout rates for BCG-DPT 1 were

2.9%, BCG-DPT 2 was 7.1%, BCG-DPT 3 was 11.17% and BCG – Measles was 16.86%.

Conclusions- In this study immunization coverage among children in the slums of Bengaluru was 82.74%.

Hence the efforts to sustain the immunization coverage levels need to be maintained. The health system

needs to be strengthened to reduce the dropout rates and to further increase the immunization coverage

upto 100%.

31. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Family Planning Among Male Migratory Construction

Workers in Rural Field Practice Area of Vydehi Institute of Medical Science and Research centre.

Bangalore

Dr. Achuth K S, Vydehi Institute Of Medical Sciences and Research Centre

Background:

Male participation is crucial to the success of family planning programmes and to the

empowerment of women. Since men play a prominent role in reproduction it is therefore extremely useful

to assess and encourage them to be involved in contraceptive practices, particularly in developing

countries where contraceptive goals have not yet been reached.

Objectives:

To assess the mens’ knowledge, attitude and practice of contraceptive methods.

Methodology:

A cross sectional study was conducted in Kannamangala Village from June 2015 to July 2015.

Using semi-structured questionnaire, the data was collected from the migratory men of age between 18-

50 years residing in the labor colonies. Study variables comprised of age, socio economic status,

education, knowledge of family planning and number of children.

A sample size of 362 was calculated using Lwanga and Lemeshow formula and using

proportionate sampling method 400 men participated in the study.

Observations and conclusions:

Awaited and will be sent before 20th September 2015.

32. “BIRTH PREPAREDNESS AND COMPLICATION READINESS STUDY AMONG ANTENATAL WOMEN IN TUMKUR, KARANATAKA”

Dr.Rajesh.P1, Dr.Rajanna M.S2, Dr.Swetha.R4, Dr.Krishna Iyengar3

1. Post graduate student, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur.

2. Professor and HOD, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur.

3. Professor, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur.

4. Assistant professor, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur.

Introduction:

Maternal mortality is a substantial burden in India. Apart from the medical causes, numerous socio-

cultural factors cause delay in care seeking and contribute to the deaths. Birth preparedness and

complication readiness (BPACR) is an intervention that addresses these delays. This study was

intended to assess the BPACR index.

Objectives :

a. To assess the birth preparedness and complication readiness among antenatal women in

Tumkur.

b. To study their socio-demographic factors affecting BPACR.

Observations: In this facility based cross-sectional study, it has been planned to interview 372

antenatal women with pre-structured questionnaire in district hospital during the month of June to

September 2015. So far 191 subjects have been interviewed.

1. Majority of the subjects belonged to the age group of 20 – 25 years (74%).

2. Majority of them were Hindus (58%).

3. Half of the subjects had attained education up to high school.

4. More than 50% of their husbands were working as daily wage labours.

5. Substantial number of them (44%) didn’t know even a single danger sign during pregnancy, while

70% were unaware of danger signs during child birth and 41% lacked knowledge about any

danger signs from the time of pregnancy up to two days after child birth.

6. Majority (99%) had identified health care facility and skilled health worker for their delivery.

7. Only 29% were planning to save money for the time of delivery, which may be due to increased

awareness (90%) about financial assistance through Janani Suraksha Yojana.

Conclusion:

Even though there is poor awareness regarding danger signs during pregnancy, child birth and two days

after delivery, the BPACR index was observed to be 60%. Most of the women were planning their child

birth in health care facility. Effective information education communication awareness programs may be

initiated to improve the BPACR index of these women

33. Title: Cross-sectional study to assess the factors affecting utilization of maternal health care services in an urban field practice area of Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute (BMCRI)

Names of authors: Dr.Swetha N B*,Dr.Shobha**,Dr.Ranganath T S***.

* Postgraduate, Dept.of Community Medicine, BMCRI.

**Assistant Professor, Dept.of Community Medicine, BMCRI.

***Professor and Head, Dept.of Community Medicine, BMCRI.

Introduction: Pregnancy is a special event and a vulnerable period in woman’s life. She is at-most risk of

morbidity and mortality during this period. Primary aim of antenatal care is to achieve at end of pregnancy

a healthy mother and a healthy child.

Many programmes like RMNCHA+, ICDS scheme are implemented to improve maternal health and

prevent maternal complications. One of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG-5) concentrates on

reduction of Maternal Mortality Ratio(MMR). Inspite of all efforts still MMR remains 167 per one lakh live

births in India and 133 per one lakh live births in Karnataka.(MDG report 2014) An important proximate

determinant of maternal mortality is access to and utilization of quality health care services.

Components of complete utilization of maternal health care services is, women with early registration

of pregnancy (within 1st trimester), minimum 4 ANC (antenatal checkups) covering entire period of

pregnancy, inj TT 2 doses/ booster, consumption of minimum 100 IFA (Iron & folic acid) tablets, delivery by

skilled birth attendant / institutional delivery and 6 postnatal check-ups.

Inspite of innumerable maternity benefit schemes for utilizing maternal services in public facility like

prasoothi araike, Janani suraksha Yojana, Madilu kit utilization remains low in public health care facility. In

Bangalore, utilization of antenatal services in Government health facility is only 58.6%. And women prefer

basic services also in private facility and incur high out of pocket expenses. Here is an attempt to

understand factors affecting utilization of maternal health care services from an Urban field practice area of

BMCRI, Bangalore.

Objectives:

1) To study the socio-demographic profile of women utilizing maternal health care services in an

urban field practice area (BMCRI)

2) To assess factors affecting utilization of maternal health care services

Methodology:

Study design: Cross-sectional study

Study setting: Urban field practice area, Bangalore

Study population: Women in postnatal period

Inclusion criteria: Women who have completed at least 6 weeks postnatal period

Women within six months of delivery.

Exclusion criteria: Those who do not consent for study

Sample size: As per DLHS-4 2012-13, data of utilization of government health services for ANC in

Bangalore is 58.6%, Sample size calculated to be 125.

Sampling method: Convenient sampling

Study duration: July-2015 to September-2015

Results: From interim assessment mean age of women in postnatal period is found to be 23.34 years.

Most women belonged to upper lower class of socio-economic status. Only 52% women included in study

had complete utilization of maternal health care services. Even though most fulfilled criteria of ANC but

PNC visits were not met. Further results shall be presented in the full paper.

Conclusion: The study shows poor utilization of maternal health care services. There is a need to improve

awareness regarding importance of ANC, Inj TT, Iron tablets & PNC. Postnatal visits by health worker

need to be monitored. Mothers and families should be encouraged to avail services in government facility

by creating awareness regarding various benefits and thereby avoiding high out of pocket expenses.

34. A Study on Factors associated with Utilization of Healthcare Services among Mothers of Under-Five Children in the Urban Field Practice Area of RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru.:

Ramya KS1, Shashikala M2

Postgraduate Student1, Professor & HOD2

RajaRajeshwari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore.

Introduction: Assessment of utilization of healthcare services and associated factors in a community

provides essential information for improving service delivery to achieve universal health coverage.

Domination of private health care services and low utilization of public healthcare services in India is a

matter of concern for policy makers. World Health Organization estimates that seeking prompt and

appropriate care during the most common acute childhood illnesses like acute respiratory and diarrheal

diseases could reduce child deaths by nearly 30%. In this context, healthcare seeking behavior and

prompt utilization of health care services among mothers is of utmost importance.

Need for the study: There are a few studies on the utilization of health services for childhood illness in

India, mostly in the rural settings. So the present study is undertaken in the urban area.

Objectives:

1. To estimate the utilization of healthcare services for childhood illness among mothers of under-five

children.

2. To assess the factors determining the utilization of healthcare services among mothers of under-five

children.

Materials and methods: A community based cross sectional study will be conducted in Channasandra

Colony, the urban field practice area of Rajarajeswari Medical Colleges and Hospital, Bangalore.

Source of Data: Mothers of under-five children.

Study design: Community based cross sectional study.

Study period: 2 months (July 2015 - August 2015)

Inclusion criteria: All mothers of under-five children, who are permanent residents of Channasandra

colony, present on the day of survey.

Exclusion criteria: Those study subjects were not willing to participate in the study.

Estimation of Sample size: In order to calculate sample size for this study, utilization of healthcare

services for diarrheal diseases for 60% children (least prevalence) according to NFHS 3 was taken. For

95% confidence level and relative precision of 15%, the study requires a minimum of 120 subjects.

Sampling technique and methodology: Systematic Random Sampling Technique. Channasandra Rotary

Urban Health Centre covers a population of 5711 in 1423 households. With sampling interval as 11, a

random number 7 was chosen to start with and every 11th house will be examined. If there are no under-

five children in the house, we proceed to the next house with under-five child.

Study Tool: Pre-designed, structured, pretested questionnaire which includes questions on

sociodemographic profile of mothers, perceived illness and utilization of healthcare services.

Data collection: Institutional Ethical Committee approval will be obtained prior to initiation of study. Written

informed consent will be taken from all study subjects before data collection. Data will be collected from

the subjects during house visit.

Method of Analysis: Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and suitable tests of significance

using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software.

Results: Results and Discussion of the study will be sent within September 2015

Key words: Utilization of Healthcare services, Urban, Mothers of under-five, Bangalore

Title : Availability of Socially Marketed Health Care Products in Medical Shops of Mandya City, Karnataka

State

Authors: Achuta Ram Rao B1, Vinay M2

1. Post Graduate student, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya

2. Associate Professor, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya

Objectives

1. To determine the availability of social marketed products in medical stores of Mandya city and assess

the factors affecting their availability.

2. To assess the awareness on social marketing products among pharmacists in medical stores of Mandya

city.

Methodology

Type of study: Cross sectional study

Study subjects: Pharmacists in medical shops in Mandya city

Study period: May 2015- Aug 2015

Sample: 54

Sampling method: All pharmacists in medical shops of Mandya city available during the

study period

Products Selected: Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS), Oral Contraceptive Pills(OCPs) and

Condoms

Observations

Availability of selected Socially Marketed Health Care Products in Medical Shops of Mandya City is as

follows OCPs(Mala-D etc.) 82%, Condoms(Thrill, Masti, Nirodh etc.) -54% and ORS(Jal Jeevan) –Nil. If not

specified by the people, thecommonly available commercially marketed products for sale in the medical

shops are (ORS) Electral78%, (OCPs) Ovral-G 58% and (Condoms) KS 61%.The demand for these

products is OCPs-80% and Condoms-42%. The rejection rates for these products are OCPs-20% &

Condoms-21%. Stock out situation arose 82% for OCPs & 21% for Condoms. The medical shops which

stopped selling these products are OCPs-5%, Condoms31%. None of the pharmacists were motivated for

selling Socially Marketed Health Care Products by any agency

Conclusion: Availability and awareness of Socially Marketed Health Care Products is not adequate except

for OCPs (Mala-D) in Medical Shops of Mandya.

36. Child Rearing Practices and immunization status among children in settlement populations in

Anekal Taluk, Bangalore

Sineesh P J, Sulekha T S, Haris P, Jerry J, Pretesh R K

Background: Infant and child rearing practices continue to be neglected, in spite of their important role in

growth and development. Infant mortality can be reduced by 13% just by proper child rearing practices.

Socioeconomic and environmental conditions in settlements have an impact on infant morbidity and

mortality. Very few studies have been done on infant and child rearing in settlement populations in rural

India. Objective: To document the feeding practices and immunization coverage in children below 60

months of age in high risk/ settlement areas of Anekal taluk Methodology: 32 settlement populations were

mapped in Anekal Taluk during the Pulse Polio Immunisation drive in February 2015. 94 children were

identified in these settlements and were included in the study. An interview schedule adapted from the

Breast Feeding Promotion Network of India questionnaire was used to assess child feeding practices and

immunization status. Anthropmetric measures and nutritional status were determined. Observations:

44.7% mothers received adequate ANCs and 63.8% mothers received adequate TT Immunisation. 75.5%

children were breastfed within one hour of birth. 77.7 % children were given colostrum and the rest were

given prelacteal feeds such as honey and sugar water. 65.8% children were exclusively breast fed for six

months. 41.5% children had an immunization card and 66% children were adequately immunized. 26.6%

children had wasting and 51.1% were stunted. Conclusion: Urgent steps are needed to ensure improved

and optimal infant feeding and immunisation in settlement populations to address the deficiencies that are

present in such populations.

Key words: child rearing practices, settlement populations, rural India

37. Study of Infant feeding practices in the Urban slums of Ballari City.

Dr Bellara Raghavendra; Dr T Gangadhar Goud; Dr Saraswati V Sajjan.VIMS, Ballari

Objectives

1. To know the prevalence of optimal breastfeeding practices and optimal complementary feeding practices in the Urban slums of Ballari City.2. To study the factors influencing infant feeding practices.

Methodology:Study Design: Cross sectional descriptive study.Study Setting: Urban slums of Ballari City.Study Period: July 2015 - Sept 2015 ( 3 Months)Sample Size: According to NFHS-3, taking the exclusive breast feeding prevalence of 44%, the sample size was calculated to be 143.Sampling: Simple Random sampling.Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics like percentages, mean, standard deviation were used to describe the data. Appropriate test like chi square tests was used.

Observations: A total of 150 mothers of infants were included in the study.Breast feeding practices: 22% of infants were exclusively breast fed, 52% of them initiated early breast feeding, 64% of them were fed with colostrum and 34% of infants were given pre lacteal feeds.Complementary feeding practices: 60% of them started complementary feeding at appropriate time, 58% of them were fed with appropriate consistency, only 32% of them were fed with appropriate frequency, 65% of them were fed with appropriate amount, overall the prevalence of optimal feeding practices was at 18.7%.

Conclusion: The overall prevalence of optimal infant feeding practices was less (18.7%) when compared to National average. Socio demographic variables like type of family, education, occupation and income and knowledge, attitude and husbands support were the influencing factors for infant feeding practices.

38. PROPORTION, RISK FACTORS AND ITS IMPACT OF DYSMENORRHOEA AMONG GIRLS.

Aravind Karinagannanavar1, Someshwar G M2, Bellara Raghavendra3, S Basavaraj4

T Gangadhara Goud5.

1) Aravind Karinagannanavar , Assistant professor, Dept of Community Medicine, Mysore Medical

College and Research Centre, Mysore, Karnataka

2) Someshwar G M Associate professor, Dept of Community Medicine, Basaveshwar Medical

College, Chitradurga. Karnataka

3) Bellara Raghavendra Associate Professor, Dept of Community Medicine, Vijayanagar Institute of

Medical Sciences, Bellary. Karnataka

4) S Basavaraj Professor, Dept of Community Medicine, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences,

Bellary. Karnataka

5) T Gangadhara Goud Professor, Dept of Community Medicine, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical

Sciences, Bellary. Karnataka

Background: Dysmenorrhea is the leading cause of recurrent short-term school absence in adolescent

girls and a common problem in women of reproductive age. They are many factors are related to this

disorder which include a younger age, low body mass index (BMI), smoking, early menarche, prolonged

menstrual flow. Objectives: 1) To find the proportion of dysmenorrhoea among Girls of Nursing college 2)

To find out the risk factors and impact of Dysmenorrhea. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study

was conducted from November 2011 to April 2012 at Nursing college, VIMS Bellary, Karnataka. Data was

collected by pre-tested and pre-designed semi- structured proforma. The study was performed on a total

of 196 students who agreed to participate and present at the time of study. Analysis was done by using

Epi-info version 3.4.3.Results: The average age of the study group was 19.3 + 1.8 years (range 17-30).

Proportion of Dysmenorrhea was found to be 77% and was significantly higher in females with positive

family history of Dysmenorrhea when compared to the others (P < 0.05). Who had early age of menarche,

irregular cycle, increased amount of flow, gynaecological problems and lack exercise had high rate of

dysmennohea compared to others but statistically it was not significant. In our study because of

Dysmenorrhea 20.5 % had class absenteeism, 23.2% college absenteeism, 44.4 % had poor

concentration, 31.8% were depressed, 53% were irritable and 2.6% had suicidal tendencies. Conclusion

and Recommendation: There was a high proportion of dysmennohea and also girls were very much

worried about it. There is a need to educated them about causes, treatment and also to cope up with

stress at the time of menstrual cycle.

Key words: Dysmenorrhea, risk factors, life style

SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

1. Insight into Recurrent Pregnancy Loss-A Biochemical and Molecular approachSuttur S Malini and Kavitha P

Molecular Reproductive and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, University of

Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore.

Introduction: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) is the occurrence of two or more consecutive losses of

clinically recognized pregnancies prior to the 20th week of gestation. The male gamete contributes 50% of

the genomic material to the placental and embryonic development. Sperms with altered or lowered

functional competencies, if they fertilize the oocytes, may lead to the development of an unsustainable

embryo resulting in early pregnancy loss.The medical evaluation till date has focused mainly on the

females. Following all investigation, majority of the cases fail to reveal an identifiable cause and are

therefore classified as idiopathic.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the possible male factors that are contributing to RPL in

females.

Materials and Methods: One hundred male whose partner with the history of 2 or more pregnancy loss

and fifty males with proven fertility were recruited for the present study. Biochemical analysis of seminal

plasma was done to assess the functional status of accessory reproductive glands and reactive oxygen

species. Polymerase chain reactions were performed for microdeletion analysis in AZFa, b and c region

of Yq region of Y chromosome.

Results : Spermiogram and sperm function tests exhibit sub normal scores which may be the possible

etiology for RPL. Positive correlation between oxidative stress and recurrent pregnancy loss

Conclusion: Screening of both partners in RPL cases should be made it mandatory to

achieve desirable outcome.

2. MENSTRUAL HYGIENE PRACTICES IN A RURAL AREA OF NORTH KERALAAnju C M1 Jesha M M2

1 Postgraduate 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, MES Medical College

Perinthalmanna, Kerala

BACKGROUND: Menstrual hygiene has implications on reproductive health and overall wellbeing

especially for adolescents. The gender unfriendly school infrastructure and lack of clean, safe and private

sanitation facilities for girls result in a fundamental infringement of human rights of female teachers and

girls.

OBJECTIVES: To study the menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls(10-19 years).

METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study was done among adolescent girls in classes 5 th to 12th in two

schools selected for Reproductive Health Day activities in the rural field practice area of MES Medical

College, Perinthalmanna. 10th and 12th standard students were excluded. A pre-tested questionnaire was

used after taking consent from the head of the institution and students. Descriptive analysis was done.

RESULTS: 436 adolescent girls between 10-17 years participated.Mean age was 13.42 years (SD 1.79).

Majority were from 8th and 9th standards. Half of them were aware of menarche but only 15 knew what

menstruation is. They got the information mostly from their mothers. 64.7% had attained menarche. 84%

(239) used sanitary pads. 60% disposed it through toilet drains. 205 reported of having facilities for pad

changing and disposal at schools. 54.9%(155) used clothes and more than half them sundry these

clothes. 7 girls reported not bathing during cycles.

CONCLUSION: Knowledge level regarding menstruation and their attitude towards it has to be

understood in detail to improvise awareness classes for these girls to upgrade their practices.

KEY WORDS: menstrual hygiene practices, rural, adolescent girls.

3. A study on Epidemiological Determinants & Reproductive health practices among Female commercial sex workers of Dharwad District.

Institution- Karnataka Institute of Medical College, Hubli

1. Dr. Geeta V Bathija, Associate professor & I/C HOD2. Dr. Madhavi Gajula Postgraduate

Dept. of community medicineKarnataka Institute of Medical sciences, Hubli

Introduction-Practice or engaging in sexual activity in exchange of money is known as prostitution, it’s a social evil. This non-familial activity, is a means of livelihood for her, whether out of volition or out of coercion, she has to fit into the pleasure giving role making her vulnerable to many sexually transmitted diseases. There is a significant paucity of publications in this regards among such vulnerable women.Objectives- To study the socio-demographic profile, reproductive health practices and the risk of violence and substance abuse among the female CSWs.Methodology- It’s a cross sectional study, done among 100 female CSWs of Hubli-Dharwad district over a month period, done in collaboration of a NGO, SPAD. The data was collected using pretested and semi-structured questionnaire following the informed oral consent. Analyzed using SPSS 20, and presented as means and percentages.Chi-square was applied to check statistical associations.Results- 48% of the sample belonged to 30-40 years, 67% were illiterates, 48% were married. 50% of the families of sample didn’t knew about this trade and 34% had no family support. 46% opted this out of poverty while 36% had no other means of earning.33% had abdominal pain, 19% had history of abortions and 68% of them underwent abortions in hospitals. 65% had experienced domestic violence, 54% had some kind of substance abuse and tobacco was most common, 29%. 24% didn’t knew about their HIV status and 64% were not bothered about clients HIV status. The association of condom usage and HIV status was found to be statistically significant (p=0.04) and that of sexual violence and substance abuse was significant (p=0.005).

Conclusion-FSWs were never within welfare policy of state and thus marginalized from society. A significant number of women chose this profession out of poverty. Education regarding HIV transmission and other STI’s have to be provided along with provision of other vocational training activities for this section of women.

Keywords- Female Commercial Sex Workers, SPAD, Dharwad

4. “INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN GROUP-D WORKERS OF A MEDICAL INSTITUTION IN TUMKUR, KARANATAKA”

Dr.Shwetha .T.M1.,Dr.Rajanna M.S.2, Dr. Ashok.J3,Dr.Rajesh.S.S.4

1.Post graduate student, Sri Siddhrtha Medical College, Tumkur.

2.Professor and HOD,Sri Siddhrtha Medical College, Tumkur.

3.Professor ,Sri Siddhrtha Medical College, Tumkur.

4.Assistant professor, Sri Siddhrtha Medical College, Tumkur.

Objectives :

Intimate partner violence and socio demographic factors associated with it among group –D

female workers in a medical college.

To study theirhelp seeking behaviour for intimate partner violence.

To study their attitude towards the intimate partner violence.

Observations:34group D married female workers in our institutions who gave informed consent were

interviewed with pre structured questionnaire.

Majority (56.2%)of them belonged to age group of 35-44 years

75% of workers are from rural area

Majority of them were Hindus ( 94%)

30% them had given dowry at the time of the marriage

Prevalence of intimate partner violence was 50%

There was physical, emotional abuse experienced by all who are experienced intimate partner

violence.

Help seeking for domestic violence is very less (13%)

Attitude towards the intimate partner violence was desirable(98%) in majority of them.

Conclusion:

50% of women in the study experienced intimate partner violence. Most of the women were

reluctant to share their state on intimate partner violence. Women experiencing the violence did

not seek for help. Majority of them are aware of hazards of domestic violence.

5. HEALTH STATUS OF POST MENOPAUSAL WOMEN IN URBAN FIELD PRACTICE AREA OF S.V.MEDICAL COLLEGE TIRUPATI.

Names of the Authors: T. Sylvia Solomon*, R. Altaf Hussian**

*Post Graduate, **Associate Professor

Department of Community Medicine

Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati, Chittoor dist., Andhra Pradesh

Introduction: Menopausal and postmenopausal health has emerged as an important concern owing to

increased longevity and changing lifestyle of Indian women. The world health organization defines Post-

menopause as amenorrhea for the past 12 months and no hysterectomy. The post-menopausal

symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats, insomnia, fatigue causes psychological distress. Coronary

heart diseases are major cause of morbidity in postmenopausal period.

Objectives:

1. To determine the socio demographic profile of the menopausal women.

2. To assess the various morbidity patterns among post menopausal women.

Methods: A community based descriptive cross-sectional study is being carried out in Urban field practice

area of S.V .Medical College, Tirupati . Data was collected from the women those who were attained

natural menopause and given informed consent. From 1st April 2015 – July 31st 2015. 99 post-

menopausal women were included which is calculated by using the formula ( 4pq/l2 ) 95% confidence

interval with an allowable error of 10% of absolute prevalence. A pre-designed, pre-tested proforma was

used to collect information regarding social and demographic factors and morbidity profile of menopausal

women. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics.

Results: Till now data regarding 59 post menopausal women were collected. The mean of age subjects

was 52.75; the mean age of menopause was 47.68. Among study subjects 74.6% were house wives,

majority were Hindus (89.8%).44.1%belonged to class III socio-economic status. Most common

symptoms of post menopausal women were night sweats 62.7%, palpitation 57.6%, hot flushes 52.5%,

burning sensation of extremities 45.8%, depression 32.2%, genital tract 1.7%.

6. Intimate Partner Violence among married women in Belagavi and the potential risk factors associated with it - A cross sectional study.

Dr Kruthika.K*; Postgraduate,

Dr.Sulakshana Baliga; Asst.Professor,

Mr. M.D.Mallapur; Asst.Professor of Statistics,

Dr.S.M.Katti; Prof. & Head

Department of Community Medicine, K.L.E University’s Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi.

Background: Violence against women has been recognized globally as a public health problem which

violates human rights and incurs substantial social, economic and health costs. In recent years violence

against women has emerged as an important social problem in India. Exposure to intimate partner

violence (IPV) among women has been associated with increased morbidity and is documented as the

third leading cause of mortality among women of reproductive age.

Objectives: 1) To study the prevalence and potential risk factors of physical, sexual and psychological IPV

in women in an urban area of Belagavi.

2) To assess the risk of danger among the women with IPV.

Materials and methods: The cross sectional study is done from June 2015 to October 2015 among all the

married women attending OPD of an urban health centre under the field practice area of department of

community medicine Belagavi. Data is collected using WHO multi-country study questionnaire and

“Danger assessment scale”. Informed written consent was taken from every participant. Analysis is done

by using univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results: The prevalence of lifetime intimate partner violence against women is 48.6% as per interim

analysis (N=126).The proportions of women experienced at least one form of lifetime IPV were: 52.1% for

emotional abuse; 30.6% for physical violence; and 17.3% for sexual violence. By using Danger

assessment scale it showed that 53.1% among the IPV women had variable danger, 33.2% had

increased danger,10.2% had severe danger and 3.5% of women had extreme danger.

Conclusion: Will be presented in the conference.

7.Occurence of Lower Genital Tract infection in Women with Preterm Labour.

Ravikumar M S1, Shwetha1, Deepti H R2, Lalitha Shivanna3

1-Post Graduate, Department of Community Medicine,

2-Senior Resident, 3-Professor & Head, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

Introduction

Preterm delivery remains a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Preterm labour is

defined as one where the labour starts before 37th completed week of gestation counting from the first

day of the last menstrual period. Vaginal infection during pregnancy leads to premature rupture of

membrane and preterm labour leading to low birth weight and thus in turn causes increase in perinatal

mortality and morbidity. Among the various maternal and fetal factors, vaginal infections during pregnancy

is an important cause for preterm labour. Studies have found a high prevalence of reproductive tract

infections during pregnancy

Objective: To determine the occurrence of lower genital tract infections in preterm labour by studying the

vaginal cytology among the women admitted with complaints of preterm labour.

Methodology:

Type of Study: Record based descriptive study

Study Setting: Labour wards, Department of Obstetrics, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences (MIMS)

Hospital, Mandya.

Study Population: All patients admitted for preterm labour from August 2013 to February 2014.

Data Collection: The data of all the patients admitted with complaints of preterm labour from August 2013

to February 2014 was collected from the records available at MIMS, Mandya after taking ethical clearance

from the Institutional Ethics Committee.

Analysis of Data: The data is analyzed using Percentages

Results: Total number of pregnant admitted for preterm were 147(n=147). The mean age was 23.1 ± 3.9

years. Among 147 pregnants, 115(84.4%) were between 28-37 weeks of gestation and 23(15.6%)

presented before 28 weeks of gestation. Among the 147 pregnants the vaginal cytology report of 40

(27.2%) came out to be positive for clue cells and and 29 (19.7%) were positive for presence of yeast

cells and 138 (94%) vaginal smears were positive for inflammatory cell.

Conclusion: There is a high occurence of lower genital tract infections among pregnant women admitted

for preterm labour. This emphasizes the need for screening for lower genital tract infections at the initial

clinical visit especially in the high risk women. Integrating a simple infection screening and treatment

program into routine antenatal care may reduce preterm births even in a general population of pregnant

women.

Key Words: Vaginal Cytology, Preterm labour

8. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ISSUES OF WOMAN IN TRIBAL SETTING

Ms.AneeshaSocial work traineeDept of social workAmrita VishwaVidyapeethamKollam,Kerala

Reproductive health is defined as a state of physical, mental, and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system, at all stages of life. Good reproductive health implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life, the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when, and how often to do so.In this study the researcher focus on reproductive health issues of women in tribal setting.The objective of the study is to understand the life style and behavior of tribal women concerning health and to identify the health issues faced by them. The researcher has adopted a descriptive research design. Survey method is used for data collection among women between the age group of 15 to 44. Major findings of the study are tribal women follow many rituals and traditional practices during their reproductive age. They build a separate shed for women who are in their menstrual period. They were not allowed to mingle with others during their periods. But cleanliness during their menstrual period is very poor. They use cloths for protection during this period and do not have access to pad. Bodywashing duringproper intervals or changing their dress are not seen among women. The main reason behind this is the lack of knowledge on the diseases that occurs due to unsanitary condition. Infant death was very common among women who had home delivery system in the earlier period but now most of the women prefer hospital delivery which can be considered as a positive change. As a whole the researcher can conclude that most of the reproductive health issues faced by women are due to ignorance of sanitation and unaware about the consequences of practices that they perform as part of their daily routine.

9. Barriers Faced by Women with Disabilities in Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health Care- Experiences from North India

Dr. Ruchi Sharma, Dr. Amarjeet Singh, Dr. Vanita Suri, Dr. Sukhpal Kaur

PGIMER, Chandigarh

Introduction-Women with disabilities (WWDs) face numerous challenges in accessingsexual and

reproductive (SRH) related services. These barriers include socio-cultural, political, economic and

structural factors,prohibitive costs, lack of availability of appropriate services (and equipment) and attitude

of family/ health service providers.

Objectives-To explore the opinion of WWDs regarding barriers faced in access to sexual and reproductive

health care services

Methodology- 50 WWDs with age 15+ were enlisted from various sources viz- Hospitals, Colleges, banks

etc. Their in-depth interview was done to gather information regarding socio-demographic details, self-

reported symptoms suggestive of gynecological morbidity. Their treatment seeking behavior and barriers

they faced pertaining to SRH care were also explored.

Results- Average age of respondents was 29.84 yrs. 78% females had loco motor disability followed by

blindness (8%). 36% respondents reported that access was major problem faced when they visited

hospitals e.g. transportation, lack of ramps, inappropriate examination tables etc. Long waiting hours

(22%) and inaccessible toilets (20%) also impedes disabled women's access to reproductive health

services. 8% women referred to attitude of Health care providers as barrier to health care. Their verbatim

responses reflected a range of such barriers to SRH-

“Lift operator did not allow us to use lift and my husband took me through ramp to fourth floor”

“We are not considered part of society. People think we are useless and burden to society”

“Attendants and clerks use abusive language for us”

“I did not go for checkup because nobody gives us priority and I can’t wait for that long. Govt. should

make some special arrangements for us”

Conclusion-WWDscontinues to experience'health disadvantage’ with respect to SRH in terms oflack of

physical access, hostile attitude of providers and discrimination in the society.

10. A COMPAIRATIVE STUDY ON POSTMENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS IN RURAL AND URBAN WOMEN.

Shilpa K1, Amit R Ugargol2

1.Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences,

Meeyannoor.Kollam, Kerala, India.

2.Assisstant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences, Meeyannoor.

Kollam, Kerala, India.

.Background: Health issues of postmenopausal women pose a significant challenge to public health.

Menopause is an unspoken, unattended, reality of life, the cause of which is still deciphered completely

by man. The prevalence of each of these symptoms related to menopause varies across ethnic and

socioeconomic groups, and between rural and urban women.

Objective: To compare the post-menopausal symptoms among rural& urban women.

• Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted in the month of September 2014, which

continued for 2 months in rural and urban areas of Azeezia Medical College’s field practice

area.Inclusion criteria- postmenopausal women more than 45 years of age. Exclusion criteria-

women who were not interested in participating in the study.

Predesigned, pretested questionnaire was used to interview 500 participants who met the selection

criteria. Data was analyzed using SPSS software.

Results: 250 participants from rural and 250 from urban area were included. Nearly half 223 (44.6%) of

them were in the age group of 55-64 years. Majority 161 (32.2%) of them belonged to the upper middle

class, 346 (69.2) were pre obese,according to WHO classification. Majority (385) 77% had no h/o

gynecological problems. Out of 500 we found that 276(55.2%) attained menopause during 45-50years157

31.4% had premature menopause. Almost all had one or the other menopausal symptom. Very few

45(9.0%) were aware of hormone replacement therapy.

Conclusion: The prevalence of postmenopausal symptoms was higher in urban women compared to the

rural population.

Key words: post menopause, symptoms, urban &rural.

11. SEXUAL VIOLENCE: GIRLS VIEWS AND IDEAS ABOUT THE CAUSES AND IMPACTS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Sanjeevkumar. Y.Yaliballi. *Guest Faculty, Dept.of Studies in Social Work, Karnataka State Women’s University, Vijayapura

Sexual violence is a global phenomenon and one of the burning issues for contemporary world. Now it is acknowledged worldwide as a violation of basic human right of women. In recent sexual violation, almost women’s in all ages from early child hood to old age were the victims and they are exposed to sexual violation almost all sectors.Victims of violence suffered in silence, with little public recognition of their plight. This began to change in the 1980s as women’s groups organized locally and internationally to demand attention to the physical, psychological, and economic abuse of women. Gradually, violence against women has come to be recognized as a legitimate human rights issue and as a significant threat to women’s health and well-being. The overall impact of such violence is incalculable, as it not only directly affects individual victims but also their children, their families and friends, workplaces and communities.Elimination of Sexual violence is not just a matter of concern to police and justice system but it is a more a matter of social concern. Public should respond to this evil. Unless and until the people do not understand their rights, this problem cannot be solved.

The study is to assess the girl’s knowledge, attitude and beliefs regarding sexual violence and violation of human rights of women. The objective of this research paper is to explore the views and responses of the girls regarding sexual violence. The study is basically descriptive design; it has adopted purposive sampling method. The primary data collected in Vijayapura district of Karnataka.

Key Words: Sexual violence, Human Rights, Attitude and Beliefs.

12. “GENDER EQUALITY:SOCIAL ISSUES AND HEALTH CHALLENGES IN TODAY’S CONTEXT”.

Ms: ASMATHUNNISA.G

Assistant professor in Law,

JSS Law College,

Mysuru.

‘Motherhood is the greatest thing and the hardest thing’.......Ricki Lake.

In this paper, the author intends to throw light upon “Surrogacy”, which is an emerging concept which is

having its repercussion throughout the world, to which India is not an exception. Surrogacy has been

defined under the garb of Reproduction Rights in 2000 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) as ‘The

basic rights of couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of

their children, to have the information and means to do so; and to have the right to make decisions

concerning reproduction, free of discrimination, coercion and violence’ 1 .

Family is a bond of relationship, for many couples infertility carries a stigma with serious personal and

social ramification. Infertility couples faces a serious rejection from the members of their family and

friends, since there is a loss of lifelong dream of rearing children. The psychological trauma associated

with infertility has created a great demand for a solution and the medical industry has responded with

eagerness .Surrogacy is when another woman carries and gives birth to a baby for the couple who want

to have a child. Infertility couples in America spend millions of dollars on medical treatments, including

vitro fertilization, surrogate pregnancy, egg donation and a myriad of infertility drugs are now on the

market.

The outlines of this paper sprout out from the Historical aspects of surrogacy, International perspective

on surrogacy (comparative analysis of various countries),International surrogacy arrangements, Legal

issues regarding surrogacy across the world, Legitimacy of child with groundbreaking rulings of the

concerned courts, India and surrogacy with special reference to The draft Assisted Reproductive bill-its

present scenario, Commercial surrogacy and fertility tourism in India,Legalisation of Surrogacy in India-

Indian Council for medical research guidelines ,success stories about surrogate mothers, surrogacy and

its implications, restraints in implementation of surrogacy laws ,covering recent trends with a through

suggestion/evaluations.

NUTRITION

1. INFLUENCE OF PRE- PREGNANCY WEIGHT, FOOD HABITS AND LIFESTYLE ON GESTATIONAL DIABETES

Sandhya S1 and Asna Urooj 2

1. Senior Clinical Dietitian, Dept. of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Apollo Hospitals, Bangalore.

2. Professor, DOS in Food Science and Nutrition, University of Mysore, Mysore.

Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosed during pregnancy accounts for 7.1%

of pregnancies annually. It increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and delivery for

both mother and foetus. This study investigated the contributing factors for the onset of

Gestational diabetes and its association with pre-pregnancy weight, food habits and lifestyle.

Methods: A total of 102 women (16-39 y) attending the antenatal clinic at Apollo hospital at

Bangalore were recruited. Questionnaire was used to elicit the required information like somatic

data, dietary intake and physical activity levels.

Results: Subjects were classified as GDM and control group based on their blood glucose levels.

The mean BMI of GDM group was higher 25.58 ±3.50 kg/m2 in GDM than the control group

(24.02 ±3.18 kg/m2 ). The mean calorie intake was 1844± 304 Kcals (GDM)) and 1968 ±

298Kcals(control), which was below the Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) while their protein

intake was 59.2 ± 20.73g (GDM), 57.8 ± 8.50g(Control) was low and fat intake was found to be

higher. Calorie contribution was from carbohydrates among GDMs while in the Control group it

was higher from fat. Difference in energy intake and expenditure were not significant.

Conclusion: Carbohydrate intake was above the Recommended Dietary Intake in GDMs. GDM

was more prevalent among subjects with family history of Diabetes.

2.STUDY ON AWARENESS ON HYGIENE PRACTICES OF FOOD HANDLERS IN FAST FOODS IN URBAN FIELD AREA OF S.V.MEDICAL COLLEGE,TIRUPATHI.

:* P.BHARGAVI*,** R.ALTAF HUSSAIN**

*POST GRADUATE *, **ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR**,

DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE

Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupathi, Chittoor Dist.,Andhrapradesh.

INTRODUCTION:”HEALTH IS WEALTH” Health of the community is depends on quality of the food they eat i.e.,hygiene of the food . The hygiene practices of food handlers play a important role in prevention and transmission of food borne diseases, like salmonellosis, botulism, typhoid, viral hepatitis (Hepatitis A), cholera , etc., globalization & urbanization introduced fast food culture in Indian society. Low standard of hygiene practices by food handlers causes food contamination .Good hygiene practices prevent food borne diseases ,their morbidity , mortality, and aid in protection& promotion of health of the community

AIM:ASSESSING HYGIENE PRACTICES OF FOOD HANDLERSIN FAST FOODS

OBJECTIVES: To Assess Hygiene Practices Of Food Handlers In Fast Foods

METHODS: A community based descriptive cross sectional study was being carried out in urban field practice area of S.V .Medical college, Ttirupati . Data was collected from about 100 food handlers in fast foods, from 1st july to 23rd july 2015, and their hygiene practices were included as a convenient sample. A pre-designed,pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect information regarding socio demographic factors and hygiene practices of food handlers. Data was analysed by descriptive statistics.

RESULTS: Till Now Data Regarding 80 Food Handlers Were Collected. Results Will Be Explained At the Time Of Paper Presentation

3. Role of IEC In The Improvement of Nutritional Status of Preschool Children In The Field Practice Area OF VIMS & RC, Bangalore.

Dr. Nivedita B M1, Dr. Hemavarneshwari2, Dr. Mangala S3, Dr. Subrahmanyam G4

1. Postgraduate, 2. Asst Prof, 3. Professor, 4. Prof and HOD

Department of Community Medicine, VIMS & RC, Bangalore

Objectives:

1. To assess the nutritional status of preschool children (2-5years)

2. To give IEC (information , education and communication) to the mothers of preschool children

with PEM (protein energy malnutrition)

3. To reassess the nutritional status of PEM children after IEC

Material and methods

Study setting: 4 anganwadis namely Dhinnur, Bevinamara colony, Jyothi Bapule Nagar and

Kannamangala.

Study place: Kannamangala, Rural Health Centre area of Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and

Research Centre.

Study population: preschool children (2- 5 yrs.)

Study period: December 2013 – March 2014

Study design: prospective non-invasive interventional study

Observations:

A total of 77 children participated in the study, out of which 45 were male and 32 were female.

There were 22 children who had PEM of whom 12 were male and 10 were female. Among them 13 had

grade 1, 7 grade 2, 2 grade 3 malnourishment.

After the IEC programme the total number of malnourished children reduced to 15 with decrease in

the number of children Grade 1 to 8, grade 2 to 6, grade 3 to 1.

Conclusion:

Nutrition Education of mothers regarding feeding practices, personal hygiene and care during illness

has empowered the mothers to improve the nutritional status of children which has led to improvement in

the growth and development of the children.

Key words: PEM, IEC, Nutritional status, Anthropometry

4. Zinc status of school going children and the Effectiveness of School based Nutrition Education Programme on zinc deficiencySana Khalid,Sangeeta Pandey

Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mount Carmel College, No.58, Palace Road, Bangalore-560052

Background:Zinc deficiency is widespread and a public health concern. Various studies report high

prevalence among children of the school going age due to relatively high requirement during growth

years. Objectives: i)to find out the prevalence of zinc deficiency and status of zinc among school going

children belonging to low income group ii) To assess the effectiveness of nutrition education

imparted.Method: Study subjects were selected from two government schools in urban Bengaluru.The

subjects selected for this study were boys and girls belonging to the age group of 8-12 years. A pre

structured, pre designed questionnaire was employed to elicit information on zinc related knowledge and

practice. Zinc status assessment was done using the Bryce-Smith Zinc Taste Test(BS-ZTT)and 24 hour

dietary recall. The study protocol was explained to the subjects who satisfied the inclusion criteria and

based on their willingness, were tested for zinc status. Nutrition education intervention was conducted in

two stages- pre and post evaluation. Observations: A majority of the study subjects(32%) belonged to the

10-11 years age group. A significant association(p<0.05) was found between socio-economic status and

prevalence of zinc deficiency. Lower income group children found to be more zinc deficient than upper

lower income group. A statistically significant correlation(r=+0.050, p<0.05) existed betweenthe pre and

post taste test scores which indicates a positive effect of the nutrition education intervention program on

the study subjects. Likewise, the zinc taste test was well correlated (r=+0.158,p<0.05) with the dietary

zinc intake, and provides a good idea about zinc deficiency. Conclusion: The incidence of under-nutrition

was found to be high in study population, with 100% being underweight in 8-9 and 11-12 years age group.

The mean intakes of all macronutrients and micronutrients were found to be lower than the RDA. In

conclusion ,the nutrition education intervention was found to be highly effective with a significant increase

in the knowledge and enhancement of zinc consumption of the study subjects (p<0.05).

Key words:Zinc Deficiency, Bryce-Smith Zinc Taste Test(BS-ZTT), 24-hour dietary recall, under-

nutrition ,RDA.

5. A Cross–Sectional Study to Evaluate Personal Hygiene Practices among Food Handlers during food handling and preparation at Eating Establishments within an Educational Institution Campus in Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka.

Dr. Vindya K.H.*1, Dr. A.G. Kulkarni2 Mrs. Rekha3 Dr. Pavitra Cheluvaraj4

*1 Postgraduate Student, Department of Community Medicine, KVG Medical College and Hospital, Sullia,

D.K, Karnataka.2 Head of the Department, Department of Community Medicine, KVG Medical College and Hospital,

Sullia, D.K, Karnataka.3 Lecturer in Biostatistics, Department of Community Medicine, KVG Medical College and Hospital, Sullia,

D.K, Karnataka.4 Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, KVG Medical College and Hospital, Sullia,

D.K, Karnataka.

INTRODUCTION: Food handler is any person who handles food, regardless whether he actually prepares

or serves it. They are the most important source for the transfer of microorganisms to the food from their

skin, nose, and bowel and also from the contaminated food prepared and served by them. Good hygiene,

both personal and in food handling practices, is the basis for preventing the transmission of pathogens

from food handling personnel to consumer.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

1. To assess the personal hygiene practice during food handling and preparation among food

handlers at eating establishments within the educational institution campus.

2. To compare the personal hygiene practice of the female food handlers to that of male food

handlers.

OBSERVATIONS: Number of female food handlers was in majority (66.45%) when compared to

number of male food handlers (33.55%). Overall practice among all regarding hand washing after

going to toilet (95.5%) and before preparing food (79.1%) was reported to be quite high, but for most

other practices, hygiene was found to be low. Cuts/injuries on hands were reported as the most

common morbidity in 31.2%. There is no significant difference in personal hygiene practice between

the female and male food handlers (p>0.05).

CONCLUCION: Preplacement training and education on personal hygiene should be provided to all

food handlers. Periodic medical checkups and routine sanitary inspection can improve their

adherence to personal hygiene and food safety practices and prevent outbreak of food borne

illnesses.

6. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN STRESS, ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND MORBIDITY PATTERN AND BMI AMONG EMPLOYED AND UNEMPLOYED WOMEN FROM MYSORE CITY- A COMPARATIVE STUDY.

Anees Fathima Thabassum.Z and Khyrunnisa Begum

Department of studies in Food Science and Nutrition Manasagangothri,University of Mysore,Mysore-06

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to investigate association between stress related problems, morbidity

profile and nutritional status of employed and unemployed females aged 25- 40 years. METHODOLOGY:

It was a cross sectional study carried out in Mysore city. 66 employed(EW) and 33 unemployed married

women(UEW) participated, self reported questionnaires were used to obtain information such as

demographic details, stress level, general health problems(GHP),type and duration of sickness, general

health profile(GHQ) and pre menstrual syndrome(PMS). Anthropometric measurements (Height, Weight,

Mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC), Skin-fold Thickness (SFT)) were also obtained. RESULTS: Our

results highlighted that household responsibilities did not differ among EW and UEW. UEW enjoyed more

recreation time (p<0.0001). Frequency of GHP and intensity of PMS did not differ however pattern of

morbidity i.e., type of sickness and their co occurrences differed significantly (p<0.0001) among the two

groups. Regularity of menstrual cycle and cycle duration was essentially similar while the frequency of

menstrual problems exhibited significant differences. Heavy bleeding (57%UEW) and dysmenorrhea

(77% EW, 68% UEW) were seen in higher frequency. EW experienced anxiety and depression at

moderate to severe levels while stress was mild to moderate. The UEW had mild to moderate levels of

anxiety and depression while 72% had no stress. Stress, anxiety and depression correlated with GHP,

GHQ, PMS and menstrual problems. The correlation was extremely significant for EW. Among UEW,

menstrual pain was positively and BMI was negatively correlated to stress, anxiety and depression.

CONCLUSION: Stress, anxiety and depression are commonly occurring mental health issues, working

women experience these at a higher frequency, and they have significant influence on morbidity pattern

and menstrual problems. These issues should be dealt at top priority in managing women’s health.

7. Influence of socio-economic status on the prevalence of malnutrition among subjects with cancer

Lohith M.S1, Namratha Pai. K1, Asna Urooj1, U.V. Mani1, Anil Thomas2, Sathya. M3, Mukesh S3, and Vishweshwara M.S4

1. DOS in Food Science and Nutrition, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

2. Preethi Cancer Centre, Lakshmipuram, Mysuru, Karnataka, India3. Krishna Rajendra Hospital, Sayyaji Rao Road, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

4. HCG-Bharath Hospital & Institute of Oncology, Hebbal, Mysuru, Karnataka, India

Objectives: The major objective of the study was to determine the association between the socio-

economic status and indicators of somatic status Viz., BMI, TSF and MUAC in subjects with Cancer.

Methods: The study was conducted in three cancer hospitals in Mysuru city. The subjects were recruited

based on their willingness to participate. The data on socio-economic status (SES) was classified using

the revised Kuppuswamy Scale for the year 2014. The somatic status was measured using indicators

such as BMI, TSF and MUAC using standard tools.

Observations: The results showed that majority of subjects in both the genders belonged to the upper

lower class (ULC). In the ULC, the association between SES and BMI was determined among 136

subjects and was found that 40.81% of men and 11.76% of women were underweight in the BMI range

for Asian population. The association between SES and TSF was analyzed among 124 subjects, 58% of

men in ULC and 60% of women in lower class (LC) had severe fat depletion (<25 th percentile). The

results of SES and MUAC among 125 subjects showed severe muscle depletion irrespective of the socio-

economic status in men whereas in women, severe muscle depletion was observed in ULC and LC.

Conclusions: It can be concluded that SES has an impact on the nutritional status as indicated by the

body composition viz., muscle and fat status. MUAC and TSF are better tools to study the nutritional

status than BMI since measurement of BMI includes the bone weight which is highly variable among

individuals.

8. Morbidity prevalence, food and nutrition security among mothers and children: Evidence from tribal Kerala

Prof. (Dr.)K.Gangadharan

Professor and Head

School of Development Studies

Department of Applied Economics

Kannur University,

Palayad P.O Thalassery PIN- 670 661

Women are highly exposed to the risk of malnutrition anaemia and infectious diseases and illness more

than men and are less likely to receive timely medical treatment. This is the case of general population,

whereas the situation is worse in the case of tribal mothers and the worsening health of mother inherits

to child and thereby to generation. Tribal women’s poor health and nutritional status are inextricably

bound with social, economic, cultural demographic, ethnic, traditional and environmental factors. The

balanced diet obtained from all the food groups is essential for the healthy growth and development of a

person. Proper nutrition also includes eating the required amount of food in every day. In the case of

tribals in Kerala, they are not able to get two meals a day . The average intake of various food items of

1-3 year children and mothers of various tribal communities in Kerala reveals that except root and

tubers, all other food items were lower than the required dietary intake. It is paradox that in a society

where a women were revered as Annapurna – the provider of malnourishment with in the household –are

also ones who bear the major brunt of malnutrition. Even though the life expectancy of India has

increased in the last few decades, level of morbidity is still in a higher position. In the tribal areas, the

situation is high prevalence of morbidity and it is same in the tribal hamlets of Kerala. The major

objectives proposed for the study are to examine the extent and intensity of nutritional and food security

of tribal mothers and children in Kerala and also to examine the dynamics, diversity and dimension of

morbidity prevalence among tribal mothers and children in Kerala. In the present study morbidity load and

nutritional anemia of the tribals was assessed by conducting a medical camps in different tribal hamlets

with the help of allopathic doctors and biomedical experts. The results reveal that morbidity prevalence is

very high among tribals in Kerala. Similarly they also suffer from severe problem malnutrition due to poor

intake required food with very low calorie and acute shortage of vital vitamin components. An attempt

has been made in this paper to study the dynamics of morbidity prevalence, food security and nutritional

deprivation of mothers and children in tribal hamlets of kerala.

MENTAL HEALTH

1. Study of Depression Among Medical Students in Private Medical College of South India

JAI PRAKASH

ABSTRACT: CONTEXT: Medical Education in Private Medical Colleges puts the medical students under stress to a great extent. It possibly even develops syndromic depression among them, which is an area of concern worldwide. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms and its associate factors among medical students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional survey was conducted among 400 medical students from first to fourth year in Private Medical College of South India. Beck Depression Inventory-II was used to assess the level of depression with score of 10 or higher considered depressive. Association between depression and sex, year of study, medium of teaching in 10+2, social factors like alcohol & other substance abuse, family history of depression & family problems, hostel-stay etc. were analyzed by EPI info version 7. RESULTS: A total of 400 medical students participated in the study and the overall prevalence was found to be 64%. The prevalence of depression was higher (79%) among newly entered students (1st year) as compared to 2nd, 3rd and 4th year which was 60%, 57% and 53%, respectively. It was statistically significant (X2=38.54, p=0.001252 with Yate’s correction). Students who were facing language problem in their MBBS course, because English was not the medium of teaching in their 10+2, reported symptoms suggestive of depression (X2=9.2091, p=0.0024). On the other hand students who undertook regular physical exercise were likely to suffer less depression (statistically significant, X2=34, p=0.000). Students taking alcohol (X2=8.315, p=0.00392) and with other substance abuse (X2=6.277, p=0.01233) reported more symptoms suggestive of depression. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of depression among students with family history and staying in hostel. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of depression is quite high in students of Private Medical College as revealed by this study. It is recommended that a screening may be carried out based on BDI-II scale at the end of first year and group counseling facilities by the Department of Psychiatry within the medical college should be made available to affected medical students to lead a healthier life.

2. Depression and Perceived Social Support: A cross-sectional study in a tribal population of Kannur, Kerala

DrAlwin Antony, PG, Dept of Community Medicine, Kannur Medical College, Kannur, Kerala

Background of study:Tribal population of India accounts for 8.6% of the total population and in Kerala the

scheduled tribes account for 1.5% of the total population of the state. Tribals are the most marginalised

social category in the country and there is little and scattered information on the actual burden and pattern

of illnesses they suffer from. Depression is known to impact general health status and quality of life in the

population.

Objective: This study was conducted to study the prevalence of depression among the tribal population

and factors associated with it.

Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted in the tribal belt of Kannavam, Kannur, Kerala

among 225 randomly sampled tribal adults for a period of 3 months. Data was collectedusing a

questionnaire-guided interview method. A 21- item Beck’s Depression Inventory and a 12-item Multi-

dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)was used as the main screening instrument for

depression and perceived social support respectively. Data was analyzed using the SPSS version 17.0.

Chi-square test and Analysis of variance was used, to determine the relationship between socio-

demographic factors and depression. ‘P’ value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The prevalence of depression in the study population was 65%.Perceived SocialSupport was

foundlowin 50% of the population. Depression among the tribals showed statistically significant

association with advancing age, female gender, lack of education, financial dependency,lower socio-

economic status, living in joint families, alcoholism and lack of social support.

Conclusion: The very high prevalence of depression and lack of social support among the tribals is a

cause of concern. Programmes for Mental health problems among the tribalsshould receive more

attention.

3. Title: Prevalence of depression among the elderly in old age homes in Kochi

Dr.Arjun.B, Dr.Paul T Francis, Ms.Nimitha Paul, Dr.K.Leelamoni

Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of depression among the elderly residing in old age homes in Kochi

and to determine its associated factors.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the institutionalised elderly in two selected

old age homes. From among the five listed old age homes in Kochi corporation area, the study was

conducted among the two that gave permission for the study. The study was carried out among all the

residents of the two old age homes. Data was collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire

and depression screened using the standardised GDS questionnaire in malayalam.

Observations: The study had 89 respondents (Female-79.8%; Male-20.2%) from two old age homes, one

private and one Government. Mean age of the respondents was 74±9 years. 44.9% of the respondents

never married while 37.1% were widow/widower. The prevalence of depression was found to be 70.8%

(Mild depressiveness-58.4%; Severe depressiveness-12.4%). The mean GDS score was

13.2±5.8(Range:2-28). Depression was found to be significantly higher among women(76.4%) as

compared to men(47.1%). The level of depression among those aged above 80 years was 73.7% while it

was 70% for those aged between 60-80 years. Depression was also significantly higher(85.7%) among

those with better education (p<0.05), those who had previously lived in a nuclear family(81.1%), p<0.01

and those suffering from a chronic ailment (76.1%), p<0.05.

Conclusion: The study shows that about three fourths (70.8%) of institutionalized elderly suffer from

depression. Depression is thus a major morbidity which needs urgent attention among the institutionalised

elderly. Particular attention needs to be given to those suffering from chronic ailments and those who had

previously resided in nuclear families. Hence mental health services should be a priority health service,

supplemented by management of chronic ailments in these old age homes. Larger studies are necessary

for a better understanding.

4. Perceived stress and burnout among post graduate medical students

Chandan N1, Mayur SS2

1.Post Graduate, Department of Community Medicine, SDM college of medical sciences and

hospital,Dharwad

2. Professor and HOD, Department of Community Medicine, SDM college of medical sciences and

hospital, Dharwad

Objectives: To assess the level of stress among medical students and to know the risk factors

contributing to burnout

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted. Perceived stress and burnout was assessed using

Perceived stress scale-14 and Maslach burnout inventory – student survey to all post graduate medical

students who gave voluntary consent (n=120). Data was entered in Epidata v3.1 and analysed using

SPSS(version 20)

Results: 38% of the postgraduate medical students had mild to moderate stress, 60% had severe stress

and 2% did not have any stress. Mild to moderate burnout was present in 88% of the participants. Severe

burnout was present in 8% participants and no burnout in 4%. Final year post graduates perceived more

stress and more burnout when compared to the junior post graduates, which was statistically significant

(p<0.05).

Conclusion:

Perceived stress and burnout are high among post graduate medical students, indicatinglong term

consequences on health of future specialists and danger sign to healthcare system in delivering quality

healthcare in the coming future, which will lead to compromised health of the patients as well as the

community

5. A STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS OF KOLAR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA STATE.

Dr.Muninarayana.C1DR.G.M.Nagaraja2, Dr. Anil.NS3, S.Ravishankar4

1 Professor &HOD of Community Medicine,

Sri Devraj Urs Medical College

2 Assistant Professor in Sociology, Department of Community Medicine,

Sri Devraj Urs Medical College

3Associate Professor in Community Medicine,

Sri Devraj Urs Medical College , Kolar

4 Assistant Professor in Bio-statistics,

Sri Devraj Urs medical college

Introduction: Nursing College is recognized as a stressful environment that often exerts a negative effect

on the academic performance, physical health and psychological wellbeing of the student. Depression

among nursing students is an area of increasing concern worldwide.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among nursing students of

Kolar district.

Observations: AStratified random sample of 430 students was assessed using separate

questionnaire(Becks Depression Inventory scale) by investigators. Association between depression and

class of studying, age group, social factors like family problems, family history of depression and staying

away from home were analyzed.

Results: Theoverall prevalence of sadness was found to be 47(10.9%).Among those with a symptoms of

pessimism is 30(7%) pastfailure15 (3.5%) loss of pleasure24 (5.6%), suicidal thoughts are 21(4.9%)

amajority of studentshad mild tomoderate degree of depression .This study showed thatamong

395females45are very close to sadness of the depressed and among 352are very close to sadness.

According to this study 18girls had decided to harm themselves or hadsuicidal thoughts. The prevalence

of depression was significantly more among those with family problems and family history of

depression.Conclusion: Prevalence of depression is highly prevalent among nursing students in this area.

Our findings point to the importance of broad screening and psychiatric counseling of this vulnerable

population.

Key words: Depression, Nursing, Prevalence, sadness, suicidal thoughts, loss of pleasure, past failure.

6. “A study on Substance abuse among Medical college students of a medical

College in Tumkur District”

Dr Ashiq Rashid Mir1,Dr Rajanna M S2,Dr Mahesh H3,Dr Ashok J4

1.Post Graduate student ,Sri Siddhartha Medical College ,Tumkur

2.Proffesor and head of department of Community Medicine ,SSMC,Tumkur

3.Assistant Professor ,Department of community Medicine ,SSMC ,Tumkur

4. Professor , Department of Community Medicine ,SSMC,Tumkur

Objectives:

a. To Find the prevalence of substance abuse

b. To find a pattern of substance abuse and various social factors leading to it

Observation: In this cross sectional study ,360 students will be chosen by systematic Random sampling

technique so as to get samples from all semesters.

A standard WHO ASSIST questionnaire will be used to interview the students and gather information

about various types of substances being used ,Reasons for initiation and source from which these

substances are available.

Study is in progress and will be completed by October

Conclusion:

Substance abuse is a serious problem and its roots are deeply embedded in our society .With influence

of substance abuse taking its toll on all fields ,young medical students are equally vulnerable .Medical

profession is a serious proffesion hence various recommendations at the end of the study will help in

understanding and controlling this problem among medical students.

7. Depression and associated risk factors among the elderly in rural field practice areas of tertiary care institution in Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh

K.Rudra reddy1,D.Surendra babu2, M.A.M Pasha3, Afsar Fatima4, Isaac Ebenezer5

Santhiram Medical College, Kurnool, AP

Background: Depression is a major leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The implementation of public

education campaigns and training of non-psychiatric health professionals on mental health neglected in

several countries, including India, which is the second most populous country in the world with a

population of more than 1.2 billion people, almost one-fifth of the world's population. Depression, the most

common psychiatric disorder among the elderly, is not yet perceived as an important health problem in

India,

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of depression and associated risk factors in the elderly

population. 

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in rural field practice area of Santhiram Medical

College, Nandyal. Almost 1500 individuals are given consent elderly more than 60 years and both sexes

were interviewed and examined. Physical impairment in the subjects was assessed with the Everyday

Abilities Scale for India (EASI), depression by the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), and

cognitive impairment by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Data were analyzed using Epi Info

version-7 software. Statistical analysis included proportions, Chi-square test, odds ratio, and its 95%

confidence interval. Multiple logistic regression was done using SPSS version 17.

Results: The prevalence of depression in the study population was 8.9%. It was significantly higher in

urban residents, females, older elderly, and nuclear families, in those living alone, those not working,

illiterates, poor, functionally impaired, and cognitively impaired. In the multivariate analysis,

unmarried/widowed status, unemployment, and illiteracy did not emerge as risk factors.

Conclusions: Urban residence, female gender, higher age, nuclear family, poverty, and functional and

cognitive impairment were found to be associated with depression even after controlling for other factors.

8. Work related stress and job satisfaction among doctors working in a rural hospital in Kolar.

Dr. Ruth Sneha Chandrakumar

Co-Authors: Dr. Mohan Reddy M, Dr. Jagadish SN, Dr Mona N

Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, Tamaka, Kolar

Objectives: a) To study the prevalence and levels of stress among doctors.

b) To study factors influencing job satisfaction.

Observations: Among the 160 doctors who participated in the study 47(29.37%) of them were found to

have work related stress. 16(34%) of them had mild stress, 20 (42.55%) had moderate stress and

11(23.4%) were severely stressed. Females reported higher score as compared to their male

counterparts. More than half of the participants were affected by depression (51.87%). 43 (26.87%) of

them scored high on the anxiety scale. A significant difference in stress between clinical and non-clinical

departments was observed which was statistically significant (p = 0.0000). Long working hours, heavy

workload, low level of reward and lack of resources to carry out their job, were most frequently identified

as stressors. The most common coping strategies used by the participants were acceptance to carry on,

sleep/rest and support network. The overall job satisfaction of all doctors with their jobs was at a very low

level (36%). Doctors who did not have shifts, had been working for longer in the institution and those who

had more vacations per year were more satisfied with their jobs. Working conditions, promotion, career

development and salaries were identified as the main factors causing job dissatisfaction.

Conclusion: From this study we can conclude that detecting stress early and inculcating stress

management skills may improve the quality of life for the doctors, their families and the patients they care

for and increase their motivation to work.

9. Study of socio demographic profile and economic impact in alcoholics attending deaddiction centre : A cross sectional study in Tumkur

AUTHORS:

1. Dr. Swetha .R

Assistant Professor

Department of Community Medicine

Sri Siddhartha Medical College

Tumkur

2. Dr. Ashok .J

Professor

Department of Community Medicine

Sri Siddhartha Medical College

Tumkur

3. Dr. Usha Rani. S

Assistant Professor

Department of Community Medicine

Sri Siddhartha Medical College

Tumkur

INTRODUCTION:

Alcohol abuse has been identified as one of the major areas of concern in public health in India.

The population groups at great risk are those undergoing rapid socio economic and cultural changes.

Alcohol has a marked effect on the central nervous system. Alcohol produces psychological dependence

of varying degree from mild to strong and physical dependence develops slowly.

AIM& OBJECTIVE: 1. To study the socio-demographic profile of alcoholics

2. To study the cost incurred during alcohol deaddiction

METHODOLOGY:

STUDY DESIGN: Cross –sectional study

STUDY PERIOD: April to July 2014

STUDY POPULATION: Alcoholics attending deaadiction centre

STUDY SETTING: Deaddiction centre

SAMPLE SIZE: 150

STUDY TOOL: Semi- structured questionnaire

DATA COLLECTION: After taking consent and explaining the purpose of the study pretested

questionnaire were filled by interviewing each participant.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Percentage & chi-square test

RESULTS: Average age of the participants was 36.40 ± 8.87 years. Majority of the participants in the

study were from rural area i.e 76% and only 24% were from urban area. Average age of initiation of

alcohol was 22.36± 7.476 years. Average years of usage of alcohol was 14.05±8.25 years.

CONCLUSION:

Alcohol initiation was observed in younger age group and most of them were in economically

productive age group which resulted in burden on the family. Awareness programs need to be conducted

in the community to address alcohol addiction specifically targeting teenagers.

10. TITLE: WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT AND THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE IN WORKING POPULATION OF A CITY IN KARNATAKA.Sindhu P1, Ratnaprabha GK2, Aswinkumar3, Prakash R Kengnal4, Ashok5

1Post-graduate student, 2Assistant Professor, 3Associate Professor, 4Statistician, 5Medico-Social worker,

SS Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Davangere, Karnataka

Background: Work and family represent two of the most central realms of adult life. The last two decades

have been marked by striking changes in the world of work and nature of the family. Work schedules,

work orientation, marriage, children and spouse employment patterns may all produce pressures to

effectively exhibit ones work role or the family role, which are interdependent. However there is dearth of

literature on this association in developing countries, which makes these kinds of studies more required.

Objectives:

1. To assess work family conflict among the working population of a city in Karnataka.

2. To assess quality of life of this study population.

3. To study association between work family conflict and their quality of life.

4. To assess the determinants of work family conflict.

Materials and methods: It’s a community based cross sectional study, carried out among 400 adult

working population of Davangere city during the period of 2 months (August-September 2015), working in

different sectors (Hospitals, Schools, Colleges, Banks and Police department) in Davanagere for atleast

one year. Proportionate samples were selected from each of these sectors representing both genders in

public and private sectors. After obtaining institution’s permission and individual’s written informed

consent, a pretested semi-structured self-administered questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic

details, Carlson’s Work-Familv Conflict Scale and WHO Quality Of Life questionnaire will be administered

to the study population and data will be entered in Microsoft Excel Sheet and analyzed using SPSS 17 for

frequencies and appropriate tests of significance.

Results: Awaited.

11. MANAGEMENT OF WORK STRESS THROUGH YOGA

*Dr Sowmya M N

*Assistant professor, Department of PG studies in Swasthavritta, JSS Ayurveda Medical college &

Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India.

Objectives : Stress is a normal physical response to events that make us to feel threatened or upset

balance in the body, causing major damage to health, mood, work productivity, relationships and quality

of life. Managing Stress with Yoga aid to enhance well-being both at work and in daily life.

Observations : yoga is a great stress reducer. During work stress, brain releases Glucocorticoid (Stress

Hormone) which helps to deal with physical and emotional emergencies in the body leading to headache,

backache, neck ache, sleeplessness, ulcers, weight gain and other illness. So Regular practice of

yogasana (postures), pranayama (breath control) and Dhyana (meditation) which helps to calm mind,

racing thoughts and brings those false emergencies into check by bringing equilibrium in autonomous

nervous system, control blood pressure and respiratory rate. Yoga asanas energizes the entire neuro-

glandular and neuro-muscular system of the body and its regular practice ensures a balanced supply of

oxygenated blood and maintains perfect harmony of all the systems. Mental functions are controlled and

regulated by practice of pranayama and Meditation. If practice yoga for few minutes a day that able to

reduce stress in work place and daily life.

Conclusion : Regular practice of Yoga, Pranayama and Meditation helps to improves work performance

by relieving tension and job stress.

Key words : work stress, Yoga, Pranayama , Dhyana

12. Title: Cross-sectional study on stress, anxiety and depression among medical undergraduate students of Guntur Medical College, A.P, India.

Nama Suman1, Pratima Matli2, Tej Kumar Chengalva3

1- Senior Resident (Presenting author), Department of Community Medicine, Guntur Medical College, Andhra Pradesh, India, 2- Post Graduate, Department of Community Medicine, Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India, 3- Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Background: Medical education is perceived to be highly stressful and Indian studies to document this

burden are very few. Therefore, the presence of depression, anxiety and stress among medical

undergraduate students was assessed using a previously validated and standardized instrument,

Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 42) and the associations with their socio-demographic

characteristics were identified.

Objectives:

1. To assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among medical undergraduate students.

2. To study the association of stress, anxiety and depression with the socio-demographic characteristics

of medical undergraduate students.

Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, a self-administered, pre-designed questionnaire

DASS 42 was used to collect data on depression, anxiety, and stress among the students along with

their basic socio-demographic profile. All the undergraduate medical students of Guntur medical college,

present on the day of survey were contacted for participation after obtaining informed consent. Scores for

each of the respondents over each of the sub-scales (Depression, Anxiety and Stress) were calculated

as per the severity-rating index.

The data obtained will be analysed using Microsoft excel and SPSS V.15. Descriptive statistics

like percentages and proportions will be used. Inferential statistics like chi square test, ANOVA test, etc

will be used appropriately.

Results and Conclusions: The observations and the subsequent conclusions drawn will be presented at the time of conference.

13. Study on Stress among working and Non Working Mothers in Tumkur city

1. Dr. Usha Rani. S

Assistant Professor

Department of Community Medicine

Sri Siddhartha Medical College

Tumkur

2. Dr. Swetha .R

Assistant Professor

Department of Community Medicine

Sri Siddhartha Medical College

Tumkur

INDRODUCTION:

Stress and depression symptoms affect over mostly in women especially in working mother’s day

by day due to various responsibilities and child rearing process. working mothers experiencd high level of

stress as compared to unemployed mothers. Work- family spill over may also occur due to having juggle

multiple roles and may result when pressure from work have an effect on ones attitude and behavior

within the family.

AIM& OBJECTIVE: 1. To study stress among working and non working mothers and its associated socio

demographic factors.

METHODOLOGY:

STUDY DESIGN: Cross –sectional study. Household survey

STUDY PERIOD: April to July 2015

STUDY POPULATION: field practice area of Sri Siddhartha medical college

SAMPLE SIZE: With reference to global research from Nielsens survey .prevalence of stress among

Indian women is 87%.

With 10% precision and 5%of alpa error. Sample size size comes to 59.rounded off to 60.So 60 working

mothers and 60 non working mothers are included in the study.

DATA COLLECTION: After taking consent and explaining the purpose of the study pretested

questionnaire were filled by interviewing each participant.300 households of field practice area were

selected by systematic random sampling. working and non working mothers were interviewed till they

reach the required sample size.

Socio demographic information collected and to measure stress holmes and rahe stress scale was used.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: percentages and chisquare test.

RESULTS: during conference

14. THE PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN AN URBAN POPULATION IN CHENNAI

Velmurugan. A, Post Graduate, Department of Community Medicine, Government Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Objective:This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and its associated factors in an

urban population in Chennai.

Observations: Depression was assessed using a self reported and previously validated instrument, the

Patient Health Questionnaire ( PHQ – 9 ). 600 subjects were recruited by simple random sampling using

Family Register from T.P. Chathram, the field practice area of Government Kilpauk Medical college,

chennai. The overall prevalence of depression was 21.6% ( C.I. 18.3% to 24.9% ) and was higher in

females compared to males (females 26.7 % vs. males 16.7% , p < 0.001) . The prevalence of depression

was higher in the lower socioeconomic group ( 17 % ) compared to the higher socioeconomic group

( 6% , p < 0.05 ) . The prevalence of depression was also higher among illiterate( 33 % ) compared to

graduates and professionals ( 20% , p< 0.01 ) .

Conclusions: Female gender, lower socioeconomic class, lack of education are associated with

depression in this population. Depression represents a neglected public health problem in india. Our

findings point to the importance of broad screening and psychiatric counselling of this vulnerable

population.

15. Prevalence and Predictors of Depression among the elderly population in rural areas of Allahabad district: A Cross sectional study.

Dr. Naveen K.H, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Mysore Medical College and

Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka.(Presenting author)

Dr. Manjunatha S.N, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, MMC & RI, Mysore.

Dr. Vadiraja. N, Assistant Professor cum Statistician, Department of Community Medicine, MMC & RI, Mysore.

Dr. M.A. Hassan, Professor, Department of Community Medicine, MLN Medical College, Allahabad, U.P

Dr. (Mrs) S. Dwivedi, Professor and Former HOD, Department of Community Medicine, MLN Medical

College, Allahabad, U.P

Background: Depression among elderly population is a major public health issue affecting nearly 10 to

20% of the world’s elderly. In the coming years major share will be contributed by developing countries

like India.

Objective: To study the prevalence of depression and factors associated with it among elderly in rural

areas of Allahabad.

Methodology: Cross sectional community based study was conducted in the rural areas of Allahabad

during the period 2007 – 2008. A total of 411 elderly were selected from 2 blocks, Jasra in trans Yamuna

area and Bahadurpur in trans Ganga area through multistage random sampling method. Geriatric

depression scale (GDS) short form was used to assess depression.

Results: Prevalence of depression among elderly was found to be 19.7%. It was significantly higher in

elderly females (30.5%) compared to elderly men (9.8%). In the univariate analysis gender, occupation,

marital status, current financial status, meeting with relatives and friends, relationship with family

members, care given during illness by family members, leisure time activities, involvement in social

activities, suggestions in family issues, Activities of Daily living index and anaemia were found to be

significantly associated with depression at 5 percent level. Literacy rate and family type were significant at

10 percent level. On logistic regression analysis gender, care given during illness by family members and

leisure time activities were found to be significant predictors of depression among the elderly people.

Conclusion: The prevalence of depression was high. The significant predictors are gender, care given

during illness by family members and leisure time activities.

Key words: Depression, prevalence, predictors, elderly, rural Allahabad

16. Assessment of Sleep Quality among Medical students of MMC&RI

Dr. Dushyanth.P1, Dr. Mudassir Azeez Khan2

1. Post graduate student, Department of Community Medicine, MMCRI2. Professor and Head, Department of Community Medicine, MMCRI

Objective

To assess the sleep quality among medical students of MMC&RI using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Observations:

A cross sectional observation study was conducted among medical students of MMC&RI in order to assess the quality of sleep by using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. The study was conducted among second and third year MBBS students of MMCRI. After obtained consent from the students the questionnaire was given and students were instructed to fill it anonymously. Additional information regarding age, sex and year of study were collected and analysed for their association with sleep quality.

A total of 180 students participated in the study. Among them 95 (52.77%) were females. The mean age of participants was 20.25 years. The mean PSQI score was 3.12 (Range: 0 to 10). This indicates that the participants have good sleep quality. There was no significant difference of PSQI between males and females (t = 1.72, p = 0.082). All the different components of sleep analysed had lower values except sleep latency in which 10(5.6%) students had very poor sleep latency. There was no statistically significant difference among males and females for all the component scores of PSQI.

Conclusion

The quality of sleep among medical college students of MMCRI is good with lower PSQI scores. There was no difference of sleep quality with respect sex. As sleep quality reflects the psychological health, majority of medical college students might have developed the ability to cope up with the stress involved in their study.

17. Gender Equality and Public Mental Health Services in India: A Case Study of Chamarajnagar District, Karnataka

Devaraj HosahallyCenter for Social Medicine and Community HealthSchool of Social Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067

Background: In India, there is a lack of understanding of gender equality and a lack of research studies on

gender equality and mental health. The present study aims to enhance knowledge and understand the

Gender Equality and Public Mental Health Services (PMHSs) in India from public health perspective.

Objectives: To understand the providers’ experiences, perception and attitude related to gender equality

and PMHSs. To document the perceived challenges faced by the mental health service providers’ in

treating female mental health patients in India. Methods: Semi-structured in-depth interviews were

conducted with the purposefully selected mental health service providers by quota sampling method. The

data were subjected to both qualitative and quantitative analysis by adapting the thematic analysis and

triangulation method. Results: The research study found that, the paramedical staffs like ANMs, ASHAs,

AWWs had positive attitude towards female mental health patients and also have deeper and broader

understanding of gender equality. Whereas, trained medical staff have slightly negative attitude towards

female mental health patients. Therefore, it is clear that the training was not effective to change the

negative attitude of the medical mental health service providers into positive attitude towards the female

mental health patients. Finally, some of the mental health service providers had a gendered and

discriminatory attitude towards female mental health patients in the district as study reveals.

Conclusions: This study highlights the significant contribution to enhance knowledge and understanding

of gender equality and PMHSs in India. The findings of this study have implications for practice, education

and policymaking.

Keywords: Gender Equality, Public Mental Health Services, Perception, Attitude,

18. Mental Health Status and Metabolic Syndrome Among Urban Working Population in a South Indian City.

Dr. Shashikala N1, Dr. Renuka M2, Dr. Praveen Kulkarni3

1.Faculty, Department of Community Medicine, MMCRI, 2.Professor and HOD, 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, JSS Medical College, Mysore.

Introduction

Metabolic Syndrome has also been suggested to be an intermediate pathway between depression and

CVD wherein, chronic stress due to prolonged exposure to work stress, repeated stress over a period of

time damages the HPA axis resulting in a maladaptive process and inflammatory factors like CRP

causes depression and poor health habits leading to development of metabolic syndrome.

The prevalence and factors causing stress among the school teachers is very high as compared to other

professional groups which not only affects their health but also adversely affects the students and their

learning environment.2

The interventions have been mainly to reduce the level of work related stress and improve their performance in teaching, but have neglected an holistic approach to improve their overall health conditions.

Methodology Cross sectional study was done in Mysore city among 320 Secondary school teachers aged 20 years and above, with at least one year of teaching experience. A self administered, pretested and structured

questionnaire based on the WHO Steps Approach for NCD, Gurmeet Singh’s Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale (PSLES) for stress, PHQ 9 for depression and GHQ28 for general mental health status.

Results The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 115 (38.3%). 30.6% had mild to moderate depression and only 2.3% had severe depression. 141(47.0%) had moderate stress and only 42(14.)%) had severe stress. The difference in prevalence between the various groups was statistically not significant stress (p= 0.108) and depression (p =0.708). Conclusion

The poor mental health status was significantly associated with high fasting blood glucose levels, moderate to severe depression was significantly high among females and stress was associated with diastolic blood pressure, TGs and dyslipidemia.

19.Title: Knowledge and Attitudes of hospital staff towards Deliberate Self Harm (DSH) patients

19. Narendra Kumar MS1, Sumanth M Majgi2, Rajagopal Rajendra3, Murali Krishna4, Steven Jones5, Paul Keenan6, Rob Poole7, Catherine Robinson8

1. Dr Narendra Kumar MS, Assistant Professor in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, India.

2. Dr Sumanth Mallikarjuna Majgi, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine , Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, India.

3. Dr Rajagopal Rajendra,  Associate Professor , Department of Psychiatry, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore , India.

4. Dr Murali Krishna,   Early Career Research Fellow, Wellcome DBT Alliance and Consultant Psychiatrist at CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, PO Box 28 , Mandimohalla  Mysore India 570021.

5. Steve Jones, Senior Lecturer, Edgehill University UK

6. Paul Keenan, Senior Lecturer Edgehill University , UK

7. Prof Catherine Robinson, Professor of Social Policy Research, Centre for Mental Health and Society, School of Social Sciences, Bangor University, UK

8. Prof Rob Poole, Professor of Social Psychiatry, Centre for Mental Health and Society, School of Social Sciences, Bangor University, UK.

Objectives: to measure the attitudes of different hospital staff towards patients of deliberate Self Harm

Methods:

Questionnaire based descriptive study, conducted at KR Hospital and CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital,

Mysore, during 2014. The questionnaires was administered to the hospital staff, which included the

consultants (60), post graduates and casualty medical officers (113), interns (100), staff nurses (84) and

the medical (192) and nursing students (224)

Observations: The maximum scores were noted across the consultants (103.44) followed by the post

graduates and casualty medical officers (102.12). Interns (101.5) scored better than the medical students

(99.97) out of Maximum score of 150. Nursing staff (99.7) marginally outscored their students (99.29).

Overall, the scores across different groups did not differ much. The attitude towards suicide was better

among those who had a history of suicide in family or friends except across the Staff Nurse group.

However, this difference was statistically significant (p<0.002) among Interns only. There was significant

correlation of age in years with years of clinical experience (r=0.71, p <0.0001) and years since qualified

(r=0.72, p< 0.0001). There were hardly 14 people who had received training with regard to the suicide

across all the groups except the nursing students where there were 40 students who had received

training.

Conclusions:

There is only about 66% of maximum achievable attitude score, towards DSH. This did not differ among

different level of health care workers. Attitude score increased with years of experience. There is lack of

training with regard to self harm for health workers.

20. Suicides in Military - A comprehensive review needed

- Dr. Asha Sougaijam (author) Assistant professor,Department of Sociology,Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Regional Campus,Manipur&

- Dr. Amrita Sougaijam (co-author)PGT, 2nd year,

Department of Community Medicine,

Regional Institute of Medical Sciences,

Imphal- Manipur.

Of late, incidence of suicide in the military, have been highlighted by the national press and the issue also came up for discussion in the Parliament. The yearly average of suicides in the Indian army is around 100. Some may argue that in an army of 1.2 million that figure is not alarming. For the military life of every soldier is valuable and needs to be protected. There are some very complex reasons for these suicides and it is not possible to compartmentalise these into any set pattern or causes.

Army seems to be losing more men to suicide and fratricide than to enemy bullets. Other reasons for the high suicide rate are 'domestic, family and financial problems.' Soldiers posted in far-flung areas often undergo tremendous mental stress for not being able to take care of the problems being faced by their families back home, which could range from property disputes and harassment by anti-social elements to financial and marital problems. Study reveals that stress, overwork and poor working conditions are some of the major factors responsible for suicides among the security personnel. Moreover, denial of sanction leaves to them also responsible for increasing suicides. Also, depression and tension after counter insurgency operations in J&K and North-East forced some them to take such extreme steps. While prolonged deployment in counter-insurgency operations in J&K and northeast also takes a toll on the physical endurance and mental health of soldiers, it's compounded by poor salaries, lack of basic amenities, ineffectual leadership and sometimes humiliation at the hands of their officers.

Units with high standards of discipline, good morale and esprit-de-corps, with good and caring officers are less likely to face suicide cases.  Good leadership coupled with feelings by each soldier that he forms a useful member of the unit and his efforts are recognized and appreciated reduces the chances of depression amongst soldiers who could otherwise be more susceptible to this malady. Efficient administration in the unit, such as timely grant of leave, ensuring that soldiers get their rightful emoluments, their professional skills are periodically enhanced adds to their well being and contentment and all this reduces stress and anxiety which could be precursors to depression. Some units adopt a system of early detection of cases of stress and anxiety through the ‘buddy system’ and arrange counselling. As an immediate help at unit level, certain number of Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs) are given basic training in counselling.

The government’s proactive measures to create appropriate environment for the defence personnel to facilitate performance of duties without any mental stress had helped reduce the number of suicides. Some of these include improvement in living and working conditions, liberalised leave policy, establishment of grievance redressal mechanism. More than physical and mental strain, extended deployment in counter-insurgency roles, domestic, family and financial problems have been blamed for the stress faced by the Indian defence personnel.

Keywords: Suicide, mental/physical health, family, depression, good leadership, Indian army.

21. Title: Substance abuse among tribal children at Wayanad district, KeralaSub theme: - Mental Health: Substance abuse.Authors: Ms.Veena Suresh & Mr.Vivek SResearch scholarsDepartment of Social WorkAmrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amritapuri Campus , Kerala

Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol

and illicit drugs. Psychoactive substance use can lead to dependence syndrome - a cluster of behavioral,

cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and that typically

include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite

harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations,

increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal state (WHO). In this study the researcher

focus on the psychological and social problems faced by tribal children and the risk factors around them

that leads to substance abuse especially tobacco chewing. The objective of the study is to analyze the

pattern of tobacco chewing, to identify the risk factors and psycho social problems faced by them which

indirectly lead to substance abuse. The researcher has adopted a descriptive research design. The

universe of the study is paniya tribal settlement at valaramkkunu, wayanad district. Survey method is

adopted for study and tools for data collection are participant observation and interview schedule from a

sample size of 50 families in paniya tribe. Major findings of the study are most of the tribal children in

paniya tribal settlement is addicted to tobacco chewing. It has become part of their life style. They pattern

of usage is thrice in a day and sometimes even more if they are not going to school. The ratio of both

male and female who are consuming tobacco are equal. The main reason behind tobacco chewing is it is

their part of custom that everybody in the settlement use tobacco. The parents will prepare these tobacco

packets and serve their children instead of meals so that the child will not ask for food for long time. Many

of them are aware about the harmful effects but unwilling to stop the usage due to peer pressure as well

as it part of their culture. The researcher can conclude the study by suggesting that treatment and

preventive measures should be administered for the current children and assertive skill training should be

imparting for the upcoming children to protect them from the risk factors of substance abuse.

22. Quality Of Life among Women Working as Teachers and in Multinational Companies

Kavitha.A* and Dr.Mangala S M**

*Research Scholar, Centre for Women Studies, University of Mysore, Mysore **The Director, Centre for Women Studies, Manasagangotri, Mysore – 570 005

The World Health Organization has defined quality of life as “an individual’s perception of their position in

life in the context of the culture and value system in which they live and in relation to their goals,

expectations, standards, and concerns. It is a broad ranging concept affected in a complex way by the

person’s physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships and their

relationships to salient features of the environment”. In the present study quality of life is also assessed in

terms of various other psychological, social and environmental variables. The aim of the study was to

analyse the difference in different aspects of quality of life between Women, Working as Teachers and in

Multinational Companies. It was hypothesised that there would be no significant difference in quality of life

between Women working as Teachers and in Multinational Companies. A between group design with

purposive sampling was opted for the study. 30 each of women working as Teachers and in Multinational

Companies were considered for the study. Women between age group of Individuals aged between 30 to

50 years, working at least from past 05 years and married for at least past 03 years were considered for

the study. Women who are single mothers/separated from husband/widows were not considered for the

study. The sample were administered Quality Of Life Questionnaire (BREF, WHO). The responses were

scored adequately and results analysed using t test to analyse the difference in quality of life between

Women working as Teachers and in Multinational Companies. The quality of life was analysed under the

domains of physical health, psychological, social relationships and environment. The results indicated that

that there was significant difference in quality of life in some areas and not in some areas. The results will

be discussed in detail also in reference with other studies and implications of the study will be highlighted

in background to problems faced by women in different occupations.

Key words: Quality Of Life, Women Working as Teachers and in Multinational Companies.

23. Title: Screening for postpartum depression and assessment of risk factors

Authors: Praveen Kumar N., Anirudh Krishna, Sanjay

SIMS, Shivamogga

Introduction: Postpartum depression adversely affects the health of the mother and has also been shown

to cause poor growth and development of the child. Maternal health programs do not undertake screening

of mothers for depression.

Objectives:

1) To screen women attending the district hospital for postpartum depression

2) To determine the risk factors for developing postpartum depression

Methodology: The cross-sectional study recruited 310 women from the immunization clinic during 6 th to 8th

week of postpartum period. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and the Edinburgh Postnatal

Depression Scale (EPDS) were used to interview the women. Descriptive statistics and comparison of

proportions are reported. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS version 21.

Observations: Among 310 women screened, 43 (13.9%) were screened positive for postpartum

depression. Postpartum depression was found to be significantly higher among women from rural families

(P<0.001), lower years of schooling (P=0.006), increasing parity (P=0.038), undesired gender of the child

(adjusted OR 6.5284, 95% CI 2.77-15.37, P<0.005) and marital conflicts (crude OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.01-

3.95, P=0.043).

Conclusion: Screening and management of postpartum depression should be considered for integration

with maternal and child health services.

24. Title: Pain catastrophizing, disability and its relationship with suicidality in patient with headache.

Author: Dr Harshal T. Rathod, Senior resident/ Post graduate in Dept of Neurology, J.S.S Hospital,

Mysore

OBJECTIVE: To study pain catastrophizing association with disability. In patient with headache it may

contribute to chronicity. Patients with chronic headache often develop suicidal ideation. This study was

conducted to know the catasprophization of pain, disability and its relationship with suicidality.

OBSERVATIONS:

Methods: Two hundred patients suffering from headache were recruited in this study as per selection

criteria. They were assessed with Sociodemographic proforma and Pain catastrophizing scale (PCS),

Henry ford headache disability inventory (HDI) and Columbia-suicide severity rating scale (C-SSRS).

Results: Our study revealed that 11 % of the patients had death wishes and 2% had attempted suicide.

Pain catastrophizing was higher in lower socioeconomic status, while disability is higher among females

and unemployed. Score on disability had a statistically significant association with suicidal thoughts or

intention to act. On the other hand score on catastrophizing pain was statistically significantly associated

with death wish, suicidal ideation with or without intention to act on it, deterrent and controllability of

suicidal ideation, and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviour.

Conclusions: Disability and tendency to magnify seriousness of pain are associated with suicidality in

patients with headache.

25.Title: “A Study to assess the parental stress and factors influencing it among the doctor mothers in a tertiary care center - Bangalore city”

Dr Ramya. M.S* , DrJyothijadhav** , Dr Ranganath T.S***.

*2 yr Post Graduate, BMCRI

**Associate Proffesor, BMCRI

***HOD &Professor , BMCRI

Introduction:

In olden days man was considered as breadwinner and women were considered as home maker’s. In

today’s scenario, it requires the husband and wife both to work towards fulfilling the financial needs of the

family.

Married working women play the role of homemaker along with the responsibility of balancing their career,

added to this a working mother also manages the responsibility of raising the child.

The profession of a Doctor requires consistent high intensity of work with conflicting time demands and

heavy professional responsibility. Working doctor mothers often play a triple role: mother, doctor and wife,

managing these multiple roles can be an extremely stressful at situations.

Stress is the physiological and psychological reaction that takes place when one perceives an imbalance

in the level of demand placed on the capacity to meet that demand on individuals. Such type of stress in

working mothers can leads to various problems such as prolonged headaches, hypertension and obesity

or can have an influence on their families and working place in varied forms hence affecting their

efficiency at both the places.

Although there are various components which might influence the psychological stress levels of working

doctor mothers, very few studies have been done to understand the parental stress among them hence

the present study is aimed at assessing the parental stress and factors influencing it among the working

doctor mothers so as to set priorities, help make each role more fulfilling which is important for balancing

career and personal life efficiently.

Objectives:

To measure the parental stress among working doctor mothers.

To assess the influence of various factors on the parental stress among working doctor mothers.

Methodology:

Study design: A cross-sectional study

Study period: July-Sept 2015

Study population and size: 100 working doctor mothers in a tertiary care center - Bangalore city- south

zone.

Study method: Data collection is done after obtaining clearance from the institutional Ethics Committee.

After taking informed consent, the subjects will be interviewed by personal interview method by using a

semi-structured, pre tested questionnaire.

Data is analyzed using SPSS statistical software and will be presented in the form of tables, figures,

graphs, diagrams wherever necessary.

Results: results awaited.

Key words: doctor mothers, parental stress .

26.TITLE: A STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION AND ITS INFLUENCING FACTORS AMONG RURAL WOMEN IN CENTRAL KARNATAKA.

Yamuna B. N1, Ayesha S Nawaz2, Mane Kusum S2, B.A.Varadaraja Rao3

1. Post-graduate student

2. Assistant Professor

3. Professor

S. S .Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Davangere-577005

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) refers to non-psychotic depressive episodes experienced by

mothers within the period of 4 to 6 weeks after delivery. It is a serious public health issue because of its

devastating effects on mothers, families, and infants. Despite the adverse consequences, it has been

found that more than half the cases of postpartum depression are not detected by health care providers.

This scenario calls for more studies on postnatal depression, in an attempt to better understand the

disease and its association, with a view to prevention, early diagnosis and management, especially in

rural areas of India. Thus, we aimed for this study to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated

with postpartum depression among rural women in south India.

Objectives:

1. To assess the prevalence of PPD among the rural women.

2. To study the factors influencing the occurrence of PPD.

Materials and methods: The present community based cross sectional study will be carried out for a

period of two months among women within 2 weeks to 24 weeks of postpartum period residing in the rural

field practice area of SSIMS & RC, Davangere. After obtaining written informed consent, a pretested

semi-structured questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic details, medical history and Edinburgh

Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) will be administered to the participants by face to face interview. The

results will be expressed as percentages and proportions. Chi square test and Multiple Logistic

Regression will be used to find the association between the study variables.

RESULTS: Ongoing study, results are awaited.

27.STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE & PRACTICE OF TOBACCO CONSUMPTION AMONG IST AND FINAL YEAR MEDICAL STUDENTS OF NMCH & RC, RAICHURDr. Ganesha*, Dr. Anant A Takalkar**, Dr. A.T. Kulkarni***, * PG Student, Department of Community Medicine, NMCH & RC, Raichur** Professor, Department of Community Medicine, NMCH & RC, Raichur*** Incharge HOD,Department of Community Medicine, NMCH & RC, Raichur

Introduction: Tobacco is the leading preventable cause of cancer world wide. The world Health

Organization(WHO) estimates that there are currently 6 million deaths every year due to tobacco use and

second hand smoking which unchecked may rise to more than 8 million per year by 20130. During the

21st century, tobacco could kill 1 billion people. Smoking is estimated to cause about 71% of lung cancer.

42% of chronic respiratory diseases and nearly 10% of cardiovascular disease.

Objectives:

1. To study the knowledge, attitude & practice of all forms of tobacco & its consumption in 1st year

and final year medical students.

2. To access the need of health education about the adverse effects or tobacco consumption to the

students participating in the study.

Methodology:

Study design: A cross-sectional study

Study setting: Navodaya Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Raichur

Study period: June-July 2015

Sample size: 171 medical students

Results: Awaited

Conclusion: Awaited

Keywords: KAP, tobacco consumption

28. Brainstem and cardiac abnormalities in autistic individuals.Shreyas Gomedic Ramachandra1, Lindsey Cheu2, Woody McGinnis3, Veronica Marie Miller1, 3, Mudassir

Azeez Khan4

1 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University ofNew York,

Wadsworth Center, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12201-0509. USA2 Autism Research Institute, 4182 Adams Avenue, San Diego, CA 92116. USA3 Center for Medical Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, NewScotland

Avenue, Albany New York, 12208. USA4Department of Community Medicine, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka,

570026 India

Introduction: Behavioral disorders are the hallmarks of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cardiovascular

and gastrointestinal dysfunction such as arrhythmias and dyspepsia are also reported in individuals with

autism. Some research have implicated autonomic nervous system comprising the vagus nerve and

dorsal motor nucleus in the pathogenesis of ASD.

Aim: To examine differences in autonomic nervous system between ASD and controls through biological

markers and understand the relationship between autonomic nervous system and ASD.

Method: We conducted a pathological and biochemical study on brainstem autonomic and cardiac tissues

on four autistic cases and four age-matched controls. We quantified inflammatory, neurotransmitter and

amino acid related markers in both the autistic and control tissues. The data was analyzed using

SPSSv18 software.

Results:Alterations in biogenic amines and amino acids associated with dopamine metabolism in the

cardiac tissues of the autistic cases was also present. Amino acids alanine, cysteine and tyrosine were

significantly low in individuals affected by ASD (p< 0.05). 3-methoxytyramine levels were significantly high

(p< 0.05)and dopamine and DOPAC (3-dihydrophenyl acetic acid) levels were low though not statistically

significant in ASD individuals suggesting dopamine pathway dysfunction.

Conclusion:The study is in concordance with the concept that autonomic nervous system is affected in

individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Cardio-vascular and gastrointestinal disturbancescould be

due to autonomic dysfunction and alteration in amino acid and neurotransmitter metabolism that could be

a result of inflammation. Further studies are needed to affirm the association.

Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorders, Autonomic Nervous System, Inflammation, Astrocytes, Microglia,

Amino acids, Neurotransmitters.

29. ASSESSMENT OFVIOLENT RECIDIVISM AND PSYCHOPATHY IN THE MENTALLY ILL PRISON INMATES USING VRAG SCORE- A PILOT STUDY IN MYSORE.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mudassir Azeez Khan1,Shreyas Gomedic Ramachandra1,Julian Gojer2,Anand Reddy3, Prashantha Bettappa1.

1Department of Community Medicine, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysore, India; 2

Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; 3Department of Police, Mysore Central Prison, Mysore, India.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ABSTRACT

Introduction:Psychopathy is associated with anti-social behavior and is linked to violent criminal

recidivism. Birth order, family size, educational attainment and substance abuse influence psychopathic

traits and it remains to be examined if these factors also have an effect on violent criminal recidivism.

Violent criminal recidivism could be predicted by The VRAG (Violent Risk Appraisal Guide) which is an

actuarial risk assessment instrument that is intended to assess violent criminal recidivism in the forensic

psychiatric subjects.

Aim: To predict violent recidivism, examine psychopathy and other factors such as birth order, family size,

educational attainment and substance abuse in the mentally ill prisoners in an Indian sample.

Method: The VRAG test was administered on a sample of 15 prisoners who were diagnosed mentally ill.

The scores obtained that reflected violent criminal recidivism was correlated with factors such as

psychopathy (PCL-R score), birth order and educational attainment using SPSS software using Pearson’s

correlation scale.

Results: PCL-R score did not show any association with criminal violent recidivism predicted by VRAG

instrument. Birth order did have an association with predicted score of criminal violent recidivism (R= -

0.608, P=0.036). There was also a moderate correlation between the commissions of non-violent

offenses with predicted criminal violent recidivism (R= 0.61, P= 0.046). Size of female siblings had a

moderating effect on re-offense (R= -0.694, P= 0.12). Educational attainment and sib-size has a link in

predicting early criminal violence(R=-0.59, P=0.04).

Conclusions:Earlier born sibling, large family size, lower educational attainment, absence or lesser female

siblings is linked to violent criminal recidivism. There was no association with psychopathic checklist

score and predicted recidivism using VRAG tool in this study. Although VRAG instruments are validated

by some studies in non-Indian setup, to validate the scale in India a longitudinal follow-up of the subjects

for violent recidivism is needed.

Keywords: Criminal Recidivism, VRAG, mental disorder, psychopathy, birth order, siblings.

NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

1.The Prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors among adults in rural Mandya, Karnataka

Ananthachari KR1, Harish BR2

1-Assistant professor, Department of Community Medicine, Malabar Medical College, Modakkallur, Kerala,

2- Professor and Head, Department of Community Medicine, Mandya institute of Medical Sciences (MIMS), Mandya

Background

Hypertension is the commonest cardiovascular disorder (CVD) due to its role in the causation of

coronary heart disease, stroke and other vascular complications. In India, hypertension is one of major

risk factors for cardiovascular mortality and is attributed for 10 % of all deaths. Increasing prevalence in

hypertension is expected due to economic transition, increased population growth, ageing, behavioural

risk factors such as, unhealthy diet and excessive alcohol consumption. Awareness of hypertension and

risk factors for hypertension is less among rural population. Hence the proposed study addresses the risk

factors and awareness of the rural community

Objectives

1. To estimate the prevalence of hypertension among adults in rural field practice area

2. To determine the risk factors associated with hypertension among adults in rural field

practice area

Methodology

Cross sectional study was conducted over a period of one year from June 2013 to May 2014

among adults from randomly selected villages in the Keragodu Primary Health Centre area of

MIMS, Mandya. House to house survey was conducted among adults in each village and was

examined for hypertension and interviewed regarding the risk factors of hypertension using a pre

tested, semi structured questionnaire.

Observations

Among 1786 study subjects, 38.6% were males and 61.4% were females. The prevalence of

hypertension was observed to be 25.9%. Prevalence increased as the age increased. The

prevalence of hypertension was high among obese, those who had history of Diabetes mellitus

and CAD. Awareness of hypertension status was observed to be 24.1%.

Conclusion

The prevalence of hypertension was 25.9%. Various factors like increase in age, obesity, history

of diabetes and CAD are implicated in the occurrence of hypertension

Key words

Prevalence; Hypertension; Risk factor; Rural; CAD

2.A STUDY OF CORD BLOOD LIPID PROFILE IN PRETERM AND TERM NEONATES

Aravind Karinagannanavar, Sreekarthik K P Shubha Jayaram

Background: According to foetal origin hypothesis, atherosclerosis originates during foetal period.

Studies have shown an enhanced rate of coronary heart disease among men and women whose birth

weights were at a lower end of normal range. Objectives: 1) To compare lipid profile of umbilical cord

blood of preterm and term neonates. 2) To compare lipid profile between male and female preterm

neonates. 3)To determine Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) and compare the obtained values between

preterm and term neonates. Methodology: A case-control study was conducted in OBG Department,

Cheluvamba Hospital, from June 2014 to July 2014. All the preterm deliveries reported during this period

were included in the study. Gender matched term babies were selected as controls. The proforma

included socio-demographic profile, obstetric history and cord blood lipid profile among preterm and term

neonates. Results: The mean gestational age in term and preterm neonates was 39.16 ± 1.01 weeks and

33.13 ± 3.28 weeks and birth weight was 3.13 ± 0.45 kg and 2.04 ± 0.55 kg respectively. Among term and

preterm neonates the mean value of serum cholesterol, serum LDL and Atherogenic Index were more

among preterm neonates except serum Triglycerides, serum HDL, serum VLDL and the difference was

not statistically significant. Among male and female preterm neonates the mean value of serum

cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum HDL, serum LDL and serum VLDL were more among female

preterm neonates except Atherogenic Index and the difference was not statistically significant except

HDL. Conclusion: Altered cord blood lipid profile values were found in preterm neonates in comparison

with term neonates except HDL. Atherogenic Index of Plasma was more in preterm neonates in

comparison with term neonates.

Key Words: Term and Preterm infants, Lipid Profile, Atherogenic Index.

3.Diabetes Mellitus: Current challenges and barriers in the delivery and utilization of health care in a Coastal district of Karnataka.

Dr. Chethan TK, Assistant Professor, DMWIMS, wayanad, Kerala

OBJECTIVES: - To identify barriers and challenges in health care delivery and utilization of service for the

prevention and control of Diabetes Mellitus

METHODOLOGY: - Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were undertaken to explore the barriers and

challenges.12 FGDs was conducted with healthcare providers and care seekers from the community

each. The FGDs was facilitated by the investigator in the local language Kannada and using structured

guidelines as per the FGD guide and a note taker will record it. The FGDs was also being record using a

voice recorder. Transcriptions from the audio recordings were the empirical basis for the content analysis.

OBSERVATION:- Health care providers related barriers reported are Lack of training, Lack of motivation,

Lack of consultation time due to high patient load, Lack of adequate staff, Poor management of drug

logistics, Weak referral system, Priorities given to communicable and acute diseases. Patients related

barriers reported are socio- economic constraints, Cultural constraints , difficulty in diet

restriction ,Difficulty in changing behavior ,Drug adherence ,Doctor patient communication gap, Lack of

knowledge regarding risk factor, treatment and complications., Lack of skills in self care

CONCULSION: - Lack of adequate staff leads to high patient load causing lack of adequate time for

health care delivery. Lack of knowledge regarding the diseases along with socio-economic and cultural

constraints made life-style modifications difficult. Health care system related barriers like Non availability

of drugs, Doctor patient communication gap are some of the barriers and challenges for utilization of

heath care service

4.Title: Assessing the knowledge, attitudes and practice among offsprings of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Dr. Deepa. K, Dr. Meera. S, Dr. Shubha jayaram, Dr. Sudhir

Assistant Professor, Professor& Head, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor.

Department of Biochemistry, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute. Department of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya

Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice among offsprings of type 2 diabetes mellitus

(DM) patients.

Observations:

Total of 300 offsprings of patients were included in the study. 52% were women. Mean age of offsprings

was 29.82±10.2 years with mean weight of 64.52±10.96 Kg. Mean duration of diabetes of their parents

was 8.2±6.8 years. 46% of offsprings knew the pathophysiology of diabetes. Nearly 30% knew the

complications of diabetes. Renal complication was least known to them. Dietary modifications were relied

more than exercises among the interviewed subjects. The offsprings didn’t know about self-care in

diabetes. Overall knowledge was poor in the offsprings. Majority of the offsprings had the knowledge of

role of exercise in diabetes but still they were not practicing it. Only 10% of offsprings had their blood

sugar checked ever.

Conclusions:

Our study reveals a variation between diabetes related health knowledge, attitude and practice among

offsprings of DM. The study shows that the potential diabetes health literacy needs to be improved or

developed for better health promotion. It is important to improve the literacy rate of offsprings of diabetes

as they are more prone. Diabetes education must be imparted by every clinician as per standard norms to

the offsprings who accompany the patients. Generalist or primary care physician should be enriched with

more knowledge so as to tackle the needs of such offsprings.

5.Title: Knowledge and awareness regarding diabetes mellitus among urban slum in Dharwad - A cross sectional study.

Authors: Dr.Kiran.Patil1,Dr.Pushpa .Patil2

1.Post Graduate, Department of community medicine, SDM college of medical sciences and

hospital,Dharwad

2. Professor, Department of community medicine, SDM college of medical sciences and hospital,

Dharwad

Objectives: To study the level of knowledge and awareness regarding diabetes mellitus in adults of urban

slum in

Dharwad.

Materials and Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in urban slum of Dharwad city among

adults(n=400) belonging to families of urban slum area of Jannat nagar which also happens to be field

practise area of Department of community medicine, SDM college of medical sciences and hospital. A

pre-tested, pre-designed questionnaire was used after taking verbal consent. Descriptive statistics was

used after entering the data in Excel sheet and analysed using SPSS(version 20)

Results: 74% of the study subjects had heard about diabetes. 79.5% of the study subjects were not

having any knowledge about signs & symptoms.47.5% of the study subjects had misconception that table

sugar is a risk factor for diabetes mellitus and 40% did not have any knowledge about the causes of

diabetes. Relatives & friends were the main source of information followed by doctors & media

Conclusion: Knowledge and awareness regarding diabetes was low in urban slum population.

Implementation of community based awareness programmes and community based diabetes prevention

programme are needed to promote life style changes. Targeted approach and more intensified

campaigns are also needed

6.Title-Awareness of cervical cancerand Human Papilloma Vaccine among Medical students.

Name of authors with their designation:

Dr.Manjula.K,*Dr. Ravish.K.S,** Dr.Ranganath.T.S***,

*Second year postgraduate, Department of Community Medicine, BMCRI

**Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, BMCRI

***Professor and Head, Dept. of Community Medicine, BMCRI

Introduction :

About 432.20 million women aged 15 years & above live in India. Cervical cancer is the most frequent

cancer affecting them. A study conducted in India found 100% Human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA in

cervical samples of cancer diagnosed women &about 82.7% of invasive cervical cancers were attributed

to HPV 16 or 18.Trials indicate that a three-dose schedule of vaccine are highly immunogenic with

98%sero-conversion to the most common HPV types. Misconceptions & poor access to information

influence acceptance of the vaccine by doctors,public in general. Hence this study is done among medical

students who are the future service providers to the community.

Objectives:

To assess the awareness of cervical cancer& various aspects of the Human Papilloma

Vaccinate among medical students.

Study setting:A medical college in Bengaluru.

Methodology:

A Cross sectional study was conducted on 220 medical students in Bangalore Medical College and

Research Institute. Students were asked to answer a questionnaireregarding cervical cancer, Knowledge

& efficacy of HPV vaccine, factors associated with recommending the vaccine& willingness in receiving

education from experts & theresults were analyzed.

Results:The awareness of burden of cervical cancer was 70%,85% student’saccepted, cervical cancer

was preventable by vaccine &the importance of screening. The information about the efficacy 36%&

schedule of the vaccine was 62%. Majority felt inadequate information ofthe vaccine was the main factor

preventing them from recommending the vaccine& none of the girls in the batch had taken the HPV

vaccine, 94% of the students were ready to receive education by experts.

Conclusion - More awarenessis neededamong medical students about cervical cancer and HPVvaccine.

This will prevent women suffering and reduce the socioeconomic burden on the country.

7.A study on Gender differences in cancer types in Mysuru city cancer care hospitals

Namratha Pai. K1, Lohith M.S1, Asna Urooj1, Mani U.V1, Anil Thomas2, Sathya. M3, Mukesh S3, and Vishweshwara M.S4

1.DOS in Food Science and Nutrition, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.2.Preethi Cancer Centre, Lakshmipuram, Mysuru, Karnataka, India3.Krishna Rajendra Hospital, Sayyaji Rao Road, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.4.HCG-Bharath Hospital & Institute of Oncology, Hebbal, Mysuru, Karnataka, India

Objectives: The major objective was to study the trend in different types of cancer, among subjects who

attend hospitals catering to cancer care.

Methods: The study was conducted in three cancer hospitals in Mysuru city. Adopting convenient

sampling technique, 152 subjects were recruited, after obtaining informed consent. The data was

recorded using medical history of histopathologically confirmed cancer subjects who were undergoing

cancer treatment.

Observations: Among the 152 subjects, 90 were males and 62 were females. In the study population 41

different types of cancers were observed. Among male subjects, head and neck cancer (HNC) and

Gastrointestinal cancer (GIC) were more predominant, of which oesophageal cancer was the most

common type followed by cancers of the stomach, lungs and base of tongue. Among female subjects,

other cancers (OC) such as cancers of the breast, cervix and ovary was higher and breast cancer was the

most prevalent cancer. Hence, the data was grouped into three major categories viz., HNC, GIC and OC.

The age of onset of the disease was higher in the age groups between 40-70 years (40-49yrs in females,

n=19; 50-59yrs in males, n=33) and was observed to be earlier in females than in males. A higher BMI

was seen among women with gender specific cancers. Most types of HNCs were seen only in men and

can be related to habits such as tobacco smoking (beedi and cigarette) and alcohol which was not seen in

women. It was observed that 23.33% and 43.33% of males; 25.80% and 30.64% of females were in

Stage III and Stage IV, respectively signifying diagnosis of the disease at terminal stage and lately in

males.

Conclusions: Gender disparity was observed for a majority of cancer types in this study population.

Higher prevalence of HNCs was among men, which associated well with habits such as tobacco smoking

and consumption of alcohol. Women had higher prevalence of gender specific cancers (breast, cervix and

ovary) and were associated with higher BMI. Most of these cancers are diagnosed at terminal stage

wherein, treatment and prognosis becomes more stringent therefore; early screening of the disease

becomes vital.

8.A STUDY OF RISK FACTORS FOR NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN RURAL FIELD PRACTISE AREA, DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE KAKATIYA MEDICAL COLLEGE WARANGAL.

Authors: Dr.Niharika Lakkoju 2nd year pg community medicine KMC, Warangal.

Dr.K.J.Kishore Kumar Ass.prof,community medicine KMC.

Dr.Punam Kumari Jha,prof & HOD,community medicine KMC.

ABSTRACT:

INTRODUCTION:

Chronic (non-communicable) diseases—including vascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory

diseases, diabetes,obesity and accidents—are the leading causes of disability and death are responsible

for 63% of all the deaths worldwide. 80% of all non-communicable diseases deaths occur in low and

middle income countries. It is estimated currently that of every 10 deaths, 6 are attributable to

noncommunicable condition. WHO has proposed a global goal for the prevention and control of chronic

diseases . This goal is for an additional 2% reduction per year in age-specific rates of death attributable to

these diseases.

And the present topic was taken up for study, with an interest to know about the risk factors among

adults 20-49 yrs both young and middle aged groups in rural areas of wardhanapet Kakatiya medical

college Warangal. As most of the young age groups has increase in overweight and tobacco

consumption which causes major morbidities.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES:

1) To study the Socio-demographic profile in study population.

2) TO study the risk factors for Non-communicable diseases in study population.

3) To study the morbidity patterns of non communicable diseases among the study population.

METHODOLOGY

The present study is being conducted at rural health practising area of Warangal.

STUDY DESIGN: A Community based Cross-Sectional Study

STUDY SETTING: wardhanapet, rural field practising area of kakatiya medical college Warangal.

STUDY POPULATION: Population of aged between 20-49 years residing in rural areas of wardhanapet

STUDY PERIOD: august to October 2015.

SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION: the study population ,residing in rural health center wardhanapet are

included.

STUDY TOOLS:, sphygmomanometer, Weighing machine, measuring tape, Stethoscope.

STUDY VARIABLES:

Study variables are age, gender, educational status, occupation, economic status, tobacco use, alcohol

consumption, dietary habits, physical activity and physical measurements like height, weight, BMI,

WHR .history of hypertension and diabetes.

DATA ANALYSIS:

All statistical analyses will be done by using SPSS software 17 and MS-Excel 2007.

RESULTS:

Will be discussed at the time of scientific session.

9.IMPACT OF A HEALTH EDUCATION INTERVENTION ON BREAST SELF EXAMINATION AMONG RURAL WOMEN, A CROSS-SECTIONAL COMMUNITY BASED STUDY.

Authors: Dr. Nisha.B, Dr. Murali. R

Department of Community Medicine, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institution

Introduction: Worldwide breast cancer is the most common cancer with 1,677,000 cases, and the most

frequent cause of cancer death in women, accounting for 522,000 deaths. In India it is the second most

common cancer in women with 149,371 new cases and 70218 deaths. Limited access to early detection

and treatment is responsible for more than half of the breast cancer deaths, mainly in low- and middle-

income countries, where no organized mammography screening is affordable or feasible. Breast self

examination (BSE) can detect 40% of breast lesions at an early stage. Awareness, understanding and

practising BSE of this disease is half the war won already and will help in making correct decisions.

Aim: To assess the impact of a health education intervention program on breast self examination (BSE)

among women in a rural area in Tamilnadu, India.

Methodology: The study was carried out in three phases; pre-intervention phase, intervention phase, and

post-intervention phase, using a single interventional group. A total of 250 women were included.

Interventional health education in the form of a lecture, pamphlets, flip charts and demonstration of the

five step method of breast self examination using audio-visual aids was administrated.

Results: There was a significant improvement in knowledge regarding all aspects of breast self

examination of the intervention group from pre- to post-test. After the intervention program, 148 (59%)

women had good knowledge and among them 90.7% practiced (BSE) compared to 0% pre-test. An

overall increase in the awareness of BSE was 43% and 53% of BSE practice was observed in the study

group after intervention. Three cases of breast disease were detected in which one was breast carcinoma

and two were fibro adenomas.

Conclusion: The knowledge and practices of women toward breast self examination for early detection

was observed to be inadequate in respondents but there was a significant improvement after the

intervention. Health education programs through various channels to increase the awareness and

knowledge about BSE are the need of the hour. Mass media cancer education should promote

widespread access to information about early detection behaviour.

10.KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE REGARDING CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING AMONG WOMEN IN URBAN KANCHIPURAM TAMILNADU INDIA.

Pradeepa S 1 , Rajamanickam Rajkumar 2

1.Final year Postgraduate student of Community Medicine

2.Professor of Communi ty Medicine

Department of communi ty medicine.

Meenakshi Medical Col lege and Research inst i tute, Kanchipuram Tamilnadu.

Introduct ion

Cervical cancer is the four th most common cancer in women worldwide, and is the

second most common cancer af fect ing females in India. I t is a major public health problem is

known to affect women in low socio-economic status in India. Screening for cervical cancer identifies pre

cancer and cancer among women who has no symptoms and may feel perfectly healthy. Previous studies

shows that screening helps in preventionof cervical cancer.

Objective

This study was designed to assess the Knowledge ,Attitude, and Practice regarding Cervical cancer

screening among women aged 30-60 years.

Methodology:

A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 415 women aged 30-60 years. The

street wise list of the women aged 30-60 years was made by random sampling method, 415 women were

selected from in and around the field practice area of Meenakshi Medical college Kanchipuram,

Tamilnadu. Data was collected by interview method, questionnaire was pre designed and pretested.

Results:

Among 415 participants 317 (76.4%) were aware of the term cancer. In that 317, 283(89.3) were aware of

the term cervical cancer, 51(18%) knew the symptoms of this, 21(2.9%) knew about the risk factors.

Women who were aware of cervical cancer, among them 225(79.5%) knew about the cervical cancer

screening, 16 (3.9%) were aware of the available screening methods. 120(28.9%) had positive attitude

towards screening by regularly consulting a doctor. Whereas rest of the women 295(71.1) were not willing

due to lack of interest(37.6%), pain(6.77%), fear(9.15%), feeling of uneasiness/embarrassment(8.81%),

distance(4.06%), cost(4.74%), lack of time (10.84%) and unawareness(58.30%).

It was observed that 56/283(13.5) were had undergone screening for cervical cancer before.

Conclusion:

This study shows, almost half of the women do not have knowledge about cervical cancer screening and

half of the women do have knowledge on this. Majority of those women had negative attitude towards

screening and less practice. Health education will help to improve knowledge and change the attitude and

practice towards screening of cervical cancer which will reduce the mortality towards it.

11.Title: The Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by Diabetic patients in Rural Field practice area of Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru.

Dr. Vidya , Rajarajeshwari Medical College, Bangalore

Introduction:

Diabetes is a major health problem worldwide and the burden is increasing globally, particularly in

developing countries. Mortality from diabetes is projected to rise by more than 50% in the next 10

years.1The use of Complementary and alternative Medicine (CAM) is widespread with a major

reason for use being chronic conditions like Diabetes Mellitus2. CAM has been defined as the

"Practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based

medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercise" 3.

Need for the study:

We have both a high prevalence of Diabetes and a long tradition of CAM use. However, there has

been little research carried out on the use of CAM in the community. So the present study

designed to know present status of perceptions and prevalence of use of CAM and factors

influencing their use.

Objectives:

1. To study perception and prevalence regarding CAM use among Diabetic Patients

2. To know factors influencing use of CAM among Diabetic patients.

Materials and methods:

A community based cross sectional study will be conducted in the rural field practice area of

Rajarajeswari Medical Colleges and Hospital, Bangalore.

Source of Data: Know diabetic subjects aged more than 18years and permanent residents of selected

villages.

Place of study: Villages coming under Primary health center Ittamadu, a rural field practice area of

Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital.

Study design: Community based cross sectional study.

Study period: 6 months( March 2015-september2015)

Inclusion criteria:

All study subjects aged more than 18 years of age,

Permanent residents and who were present on the day of survey.

Exclusion criteria:

Those study subjects were not willing to participate in the study.

Sampling technique: Simple random Sampling Technique.

Estimation of Sample size: In order to calculate sample size for this study, Prevalence of CAM use among

Diabetics was 67% in Allahabad, UP, was considered based on a study conducted by D Kumar et al4 . In

the present study, expecting similar prevalence and to get 95% confidence level and relative precision of

15%, the study requires a minimum of 80 subjects.

SAMPLING METHODOLOGY:

A cross- sectional study will be carried out in the rural field Practice area of Ittamadu Rural Health Centre

covering a population of 10,911(2014) people coming under 19 villages. Villages will be arranged

according to alphabetical order. Using a lottery method village will be selected by random. From the

centre of the village using a currency note the street will be selected. In that street by tossing a coin, side

of the street will be selected. The first house will be selected using a random number from currency note

then selected house in that Particular Street will be visited and adults in that house will be first asked for

known diabetic subjects The process will be repeated till the required sample is met..

Data collection:

IEC approval will be obtained prior to initiation of study.

Data will be collected from the subjects during house visit in rural area by using a specially

designed structured questionnaire and it includes information on the following.

Demographic data- name, age, gender, address, marital status, contacts no. etc.

Socioeconomic status, education level, occupation, monthly income of family.

Disease data:

CAM use: Types of CAM use, frequency of use, benefits and problems with CAM, whether patients using

CAM disclose this use to their physicians.

Method of analysis:

Base line data collected will be subjected to descriptive statistical analysis.

Categorical variables will be compared using Chi-square (χ2) test.

Comparison of continuous variables between groups will be done by t-test. Statistical analysis will

be done with SPSS statistics software for windows.

Results and Discussion of the study will be sent with in septmber 2015

12.GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AMONG TYPE 2 DIABETIC SUBJECTSSowmya Rajashekar and Asna Urooj

Department of Studies in Food science & Nutrition, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006

Introduction: In India currently around 40.9 million people are diabetic and is expected to rise to 69.9

million by 2025 unless preventive steps are taken. The so called “Asian Indian Phenotype” refers to

certain unique clinical and biochemical abnormalities . Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases act

as two sides of the same coin. Framingham study, diabetic women have an increased cardiovascular risk

about 3.5 fold higher than non diabetic women, against an increase of "only" 2.1 fold found in male

subjects. In view of the impact of sexual hormones on glucose homeostasis, the molecular pathways

involved in insulin resistance suggest a gender specificity mechanism in the development of diabetic

complications and also seems to progress at a faster rate in females compared to males and women

benefit less from treatment than do men. This provides scope for exploring the same in prevention /

management of inflammatory markers, and help to prevent the CVD risk in type 2 diabetics.

Objectives: To mark the gender differences in inflammatory markers among newly detected and known

type 2 diabetic subjects.

Observations : The study included 33 women and 17 men in the NDM group and 30 women and 20 men

in the DM5 group. The biomarkers namely homocysteine (µmol/l), C-reactive protein (mg/l)n, lipoprotein

(a) (mg / dl) and vitamin B12 (pg/ml)were analyzed. It was observed that the Hcy and Lp(a) values were

higher in males than the females but CRP and Vitamin B12 values were higher in women when compared

to males. (24.54±12.59, 3.81±1.14, 15.67±14.22 and 280.69±77.03 and among the women it was 17.06

±5.54, 5.84 ±3.47, 10.55 ±12.89 and 352.35± 238.02 respectively). Among the DM5 all the values of the

inflammatory markers were higher in males than in females. (It was 24.59 ±5.13, 4.25 ±0.79, 32.70

±14.54 and 343.43 ±178.39 and in women, 17.64 ±5.07, 3.68 ±0.51, 24.25 ± 9.40 and 338.40 ± 158.15

respectively).

Conclusion: From these observations it can be suggested that there are marked differences among the

gender in the values of the inflammatory markers. It can also be suggested that the process of

inflammation begins on the onset of diabetes which can progress as the disease progresses. Thus

periodic analysis is required to efficiently treat the inflammation process to avoid complications related to

cardio vascular risk

13. To assess the adequacy, KAP of diabetic care according to ADA-2015 guidelines amongst the

population of Mysore visiting Apollo Sugar Clinic, Mysore.

Mr. PADMARAJ GANESHMURTHY (RN RM CDE Nutritionist)

MIPS ,MBA HCM,3RD SEMISTER MYSORE

Background: Assessment of adequacy KAP is considered as important measures of outcome in Diabetes

for its better control in India.

Aims and objective

To assess the adequacy, KAP of diabetic care according to ADA-2015 guidelines amongst the population

of Mysore visiting Apollo Sugar Clinic, Mysore.

MATERIALS AND METHODS : Cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one month among

type 2 Diabetes patients attending Apollo Sugar Clinic Mysore, a pretested and structured questionnaire

was used to obtain the information on Socio-demographic profile Diabetic history and complications.

Data was analyzed using statistical software SPSS- version 16. Data were expressed as mean ± SD for

parametric variables and actual frequencies or percentages for non-parametric data. Comparison

between groups was done using student’s t test for independent groups, Chi square test, one-way

ANOVAs test, Karl Pearson’s Correlation test. Statistical significance is taken at p < .05.

Results: Total 112 subjects, 71 (63.39%) males and 41 (36.61%) females mean age group of females

58.4+/- 11.8,with most on OHA (64.3%) and 28% on Insulin & OHA had DM more than 10 years.

Hypertension was a predominant co-morbidity associated with DM with almost 63.4% correlation

concluding that prevalence of HTN increased with duration of DM increased incidence of dyslipidemia.

Neuropathy co-existed in 19.6% are males (21.1%) females. 13.4% retinopathy corelated duration with

DM.

Significant correlation was found between control of FBS/PPBS with achieving target levels of HbA1C.

LDL targets were achieved in 50% of the study population ,HDL targets were reached in 39% TGL targets

reached in 36%.

Conclusions of Study : The treatment without KAP is inadequate to achieve stringent goals. Diabetic

Education to the patients to modify the lifestyle and cope-up with the Diabetes can improve the quality of

life, reduce the morbidity and mortality due to Diabetes and its complications.

14.STUDY OF HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOUR AMONG DIABETICS IN URBAN FEILD PRACTISING AREAS OF KAKATIYA MEDICAL COLLEGE, WARANGAL

Authors : Dr. Rafath Unnisa Begum 2nd year pg , community medicine, KMC, Warangal

Dr.K.Bhavani Ass.prof,community medicine, KMC

Dr.Punam Kumari Jha,prof & HOD,community medicine, KMC

INTRODUCTION:

Diabetes is considered to be one of the ICEBERGS disease. It is a chronic disease that occurs when the

pancreas does not produce enough insulin called type 1 DM or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and

when the body cannot effectively use insulin it produces as type 2 DM or non insulin dependent diabetes

mellitus and according to it the diagnostic criteria for diabetes is Fasting plasma glucose

>7.0mmol/l(126mg/dl) ,2hr plasma glucose >11.1mmol/l (200mg/dl) and HbA1c>6.5. According to

WHO In 2014 the GLOBAL PREVALENCE of diabetes was estimated to be

9%among adults aged 18+ years.  Over the past 30 years, the prevalence of diabetes has increased to

12-18% in urban India and 3-6% in rural India.

Health-care seeking behaviour is important as it determines acceptance of health care and outcomes of

chronic conditions but it has been investigated to a limited extent among persons with diabetes in

developing countries. The aim of the study is to explore health-care seeking behaviour among persons

with type 2 diabetes to understand reasons for using therapies other than adequate treatment and other

factors influencing it.

AIMS & OBJECTIVES:

1. To study the sociodemographic profile among diabetics.

2. To study the health seeking behaviour among diabetics and factors influencing them.

MATERIAL & METHODS:

Study design : community based Cross sectional study

Study setting: urban field practicing areas of Kakatiya medical college ,Warangal

Study period: August – October2015

Study participants: Population of age above 18 reciding in urban areas.

Study tools : Pre designed and pre tested questionnaire.

Study Analysis: done by simple proportions , chi square test using SPSS.

Study variables: Age, sex occupation, socioeconomic status, educational status, religion, residence, duration of diabetes, family history of diabetes etc. Health seeking variables: Method of diabetes be diagnosed, seeking treatment upon diagnosis, early treatment at diagnosis, reason for delay in treatment like financial constraints ,utilizing health facility, use of modern medicine , traditional medicine etc

RESULTS: will be discussed in the presentation at the time of conference.

15.Title:Knowledge and practice about Cervical cancer screening among women in a rural population of South IndiaDr Sudhir, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Community Medicine, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya

Objectives:To find the knowledge of women regarding cervical cancerTo determine screening practices and its determinantsTo identify factors for non screening

Observations:Majority of study subjects were in the age group of 30-60 years. More than the half were illiterate, majority of them were Hindu and most of them were married with parity of 1-5. Most of the women belonged to poor socio-economic status. Predictors for doing Pap test were who had knowledge of screening for cervical cancer and Pap test. 57.5 per cent of women with poor knowledge scores cited knowledge factors as compared to only 5.8 per cent of women with good knowledge score for not undergoing screening. A multinomial logistic regression confirmed that those with poor knowledge were significantly more likely to cite knowledge factors than psychosocial factors (OR=3.36, CI 1.007-11.218). Similarly those with at least a primary education were less likely to report knowledge factors compared to psychosocial factors (OR=0.347,CI 0.122- 0.198 P<0.05).

Conclusions:Major proportions of the rural women were not aware of the risk factors of cervical cancer, the screening process and its importance as well as good hygienic practices. A comprehensive cancer awareness and screening programme should be started in the district by involving medical college staff, school teachers, government officials etc. to create awareness about carcinoma cervix and to dispel misconceptions. Efforts should be made to prevent the disease and avert untimely deaths in young women.

16.PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN A MUNICIPAL AREA OF NORTH KERALA

NM Sebastian, Feroz Jenner, Jesha MM, Sheela P Haveri, Veena MoneyDept of Community Medicine, MES Medical College, Perinthalmanna

INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is a major public health problem worldwide. Hence it is important to know

the extent of this problem in our community. Though easily measurable it goes undiagnosed.

OBJECTIVES:

1. To estimate the prevalence of Hypertension among adults aged 30 years and above in

Perinthalmanna municipality.

2. To estimate the proportion of those taking regular treatment among previously diagnosed cases

and among them the proportion having controlled BP.

3. To study the knowledge and practice among hypertensives. METHODOLOGY: Cluster sampling

was done taking each 35 ward as a cluster in Perinthalmanna municipality between February and

April 2015.Sample size was 1070 (Using 20% prevalence as per NCD risk factor survey by IDSP

2007-08). 32 houses were covered from each ward in 35 days and adult >30 years were

interviewed. Pregnant women, terminally ill persons were excluded. Details regarding treatment

pattern, dietary and lifestyle modifications were collected.Blood pressure was recorded on 2

occasions and lowest value was taken.

ETHICAL CONCERN: Institutional Ethics Committee clearance and individual consent taken.

STASTICAL ANALYSIS: Using epi info 3.5.4. various proportions were calculated.

RESULTS: 1154 subjects were interviewed their BP was recorded. Prevalence of hypertension was 32%

in Perinthalmanna municipality. Among previously diagnosed cases 88.2% informed that they take regular

treatment and among them 58% had uncontrolled BP.84.8 % and 36.3% respectively informed that they

made dietary modifications and lifestyle changes.

Conclusion :Prevalence of hypertension was 32% similar to other studies.88.2% informed that they take

regular treatment and 58% were having uncontrolled BP among them.

17.Title: Challenges in seeking health care for hypertension and diabetes patients in tribal areas, Koraput, Odisha, 2014

Prabhdeep Kaur1, Piyalee Pal1, P Shanmugapriya1, Sudhanshu Sahu2, PK Mohapatra3, Sanjay

Mahendale1

1National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai

2 Vector Control Research Centre (Field station), Koraput, Odisha

3Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam

Background

Cardiovascular diseases are leading cause of death in India not only in urban but also rural/tribal areas.

Early detection and treatment of hypertension and diabetes can reduce cardiovascular morbidity and

mortality. We identified challenges in seeking health care among patients with hypertension and diabetes

and drug adherence among patients in rural Koraput, Odisha, India.

Methods

We conducted community based cross-sectional survey among 97 patients with hypertension and 34

patients with diabetes in Koraput, Odisha. We collected data regarding accessibility, availability and

affordability of treatment and drug adherence using a structured questionnaire and measured blood

pressure to estimate control.

Results

Among the 97 hypertensive and 34 diabetic patients, mean age was 51 years. Walking was the mode of

transport for half of the patients to reach nearest government health facility, median time to reach facility

being 30 minutes. Nearly half of the patients reported lack of availability of drugs for both diseases.

Majority (93%-97%) purchased tablets from outside pharmacies. Median out of pocket expenditure was

Rs 550/- for both the diseases. Overall, 88% of hypertensive and diabetic patients took treatment in the

previous one month and among them 30% missed tablets on one or more days. Only 25% patients had

their blood pressure control.

Conclusions

Patients with hypertension and diabetes had difficulty in accessing health facilities and poor availability of

required drugs. Availability of drugs need to ensured in the public sector health facilities and need to

emphasize the importance of drug adherence to achieve blood pressure control.

18.Title: Prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors among pre and post menopausal urban employed women – Mysuru city.

.Charlotte G Karunakaran, and Asna Urooj

(Department of studies in Food Science Nutrition, University of Mysore Manasagangothri. Mysuru)

Objective: To assess the modifiable cardiovascular risk factor pattern among urban employed women in

the context to the menopause status.

Observations: The study covered 443 women employed in various organizations in Mysore city. The

volunteers were administered a set of pre- tested questionnaire, to elicit information on demography,

socio economic status, anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters, health practices and

family history for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). Results showed BMI and WHR to be higher in women

aged > 30years. Higher BMI (>25) was associated with high serum total and LDL cholesterol. Presence of

> 2 CVD risk factors was reported by majority (>50%) of the 1st degree relatives of the participants. It was

observed that irrespective of menopausal status a higher percentage of women exhibited features of

metabolic syndrome. Irrespective of the menopausal status, food behavior showed a trend towards

preference for foods rich in salt, sugar and fat in terms of ”every day” snacking during break time while, at work

Conclusions: Prevalence of CVD risk factors in urban employed women can be attributed to time contraint

to adapt to lifestyle changes and job stress. The results provide valuable information and opportunity for

undertaking primary prevention strategies to reduce the burden of CVD risk factors which can predispose an

individual to determinental cardiac events.

19.Title: Cervical cancer awareness and willingness to participate in screening programme: public health policy implications Upadhyay Madhu, Patra Somdatta, Chhabra Pragati

Department of Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, Delhi

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the commonest malignancies among women in India. There is high

mortality as patients usually present at an advanced stage because of lack of awareness and nonexistent

screening programs.

Objectives: To find out awareness about cervical cancer among women and their willingness to utilize

screening services in an urban resettlement colony of Delhi.

Methodology: A community based, cross-sectional study was carried out in a resettlement colony of

North-West Delhi. Semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect information regarding different

aspects of cervical cancer. Analysis was done using SPSS package.

Observations: A total of 373 women were included in the study. Mean age of study participants was 39.14

years. Two third of study population were illiterate. Half of study population was aware of cervical cancer

and only one fourth of population was willing to participate in a screening test. Willingness was higher

among educated, ever user of family planning method and having knowledge about at least one risk

factor, sign or symptom or possibility of early diagnosis of cancer cervix.

Conclusion: The country’s national programme advocates for opportunistic and targeted screening of

women. An understanding of the factors that influences women’s willingness to participate in screening

programme is essential for the success of such programmes. So, this study emphasizes the need for

dissemination of knowledge about various aspects of cancer cervix which is critical for uptake of any

screening programme.

20.A Study on oral cancer awareness in an urban resettlement colony of North East Delhi

Somdatta Patra, Vikas Kumar, Kamal Agarwal

Department of Community Medicine, UCMS & GTB Hospital, Delhi.

Introduction and Objective

Oral cancer, a major cause of mortality is largely preventable by avoiding known risk factors. Early

diagnosis is easy as mouth is accessible for clinical examination. However in India, oral cancer is

frequently diagnosed in advanced stages and thus increasing the mortality rate. The study was conducted

to assess awareness regarding oral cancer among adults in an urban resettlement colony of Delhi.

Methodology

A cross-sectional community based survey was conducted in a resettlement colony of North-east Delhi.

Data were collected using a pretested semi structured questionnaire. Data was entered using Microsoft

Office Excel 2007 spread sheet and analyzed using SPSS.

Results/Observations

A total of 775 study participants were included in the study. Majority (63.5%), of them were females and in

age group of 31-50 years. Although 81 % of the study participants have heard about oral cancer less than

half of them knew that it is preventable (45%) and curable if detected and treated early (42%). It was seen

that females were less aware than males (p value, 0.004). Proportion of participants who were aware

increased as the literacy status increased. No statistical significant association was found between

awareness and socioeconomic status.

Conclusion

This study emphasizes the need for dissemination of awareness about various aspects of oral cancer

especially among females which is critical for reducing incidence and mortality in a developing country.

21. Title: Diabetes treatment compliance and self care practices among patients attending tertiary care hospital, Mysore

Sumanth M Majgi1, Aparna Balagopal2, Nivedha S3

1- Dr Sumanth Mallikarjuna Majgi, Assistant professor, department of Community Medicine, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, India

2- Aparna Balagopal Final year MBBS Student, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, India

3- Nivedha S, Final year MBBS Student, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, India

Objectives:

To measure the following in diabetes patients attending tertiary care hospital in Mysore

1. Diabetes treatment compliance 2. self care practices3. the barriers to non-pharmacological interventions

Methods:

It is a cross sectional study with qualitative analysis with a sample size of 171, assuming prevalence (50%) and relative precision (15%).Inclusion criteria is any known cases of diabetes mellitus attending medicine/endocrinology OPD at K R hospital ,Mysore and exclusion criteria is all thosepatients who do not consent for the study. The study was done during April-October 2014 at KR Hospital, Mysore.Quantitative part included direct interview using Brief medication questionnaire & modified SDSCA. Qualitative part included in depth interview of subjects.

Observations: A high level of medication adherence was found in 80% of the study population. The adherence to self-care was found to be 50-75% for diet, 25-50% for exercise and 0-25% for foot care.According to the qualitative analysis, the important barriers to adherence werefound to be the economic factors, social factors, time factors and physicalconstraints.

Conclusions:

The compliance of diabetes for drugs is high. It emphasizes the need to increase awareness among the public towards the importance of self care activities. The barriers for non-pharmacological interventions are more of motivational and social types.

22.Assessment of Body Mass Index in Undergraduate MBBS Students of SAIMS, Indore. A Cross Sectional Study

Dr Ashfaq Modiwala, Dr R. R Wavare, Dr Madhuri Inamdar

Department Of Community Medicine, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Postgraduate Institute, Indore (M.P)

An Alarming rise in overweight among young adults which forms a key to upsurge other non-

communicable diseases like diabetes, HTN, stroke, MI as a major concern. Medical students are mature

and also understand the importance of good diet but mostly they ignore proper diet. Around the globe, for

Higher education most of the students live in hostels and hostel life have strong impact on the health

because they depend on themselves and get food from Canteen, whereas Day-scholars are living with

their parents at home who look after them. Objectives: 1)To Assess BMI of Hostlers and Day scholars of

SAIMS, Indore. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted among first year to part 1, final MBBS

undergraduate medical students from Jan 2015 to May 2015 during Afternoon time in SAIMS, Indore. A

pre tested pre designed questionnaire was used, data collection tools and height and weight were

measured and BMI was calculated.Result:Out of 289 medical students, 39.4% were male and 60.6%

were female. Majority were living in 56.1% Hostel and 43.9% were Day-scholars. Association of BMI with

sex (p=0.018) and place of residence Hostel/Day-scholars (p= 0.000) was statistically significant.

Comparison between undergraduate students of Hostler and Day-scholars according to BMIwas found to

be Significant in Normal BMI group (p=0.0038) and in Pre-obese group (p=0.000).Conclusion: In contrast

with some studies, present study shows Abnormal BMI in Hostlers and Day scholars were statistically

significant. Students who are having overweight BMI should get dietary and exercise counseling as

preventive strategy.

Keywords: Obesity, Hostler, Day-scholars, Medical students

23.Barriers in Utilisation of Doorstep Mammography screening by women of Chandigarh

Puri S, Sharma R, Raman, Kaur R

Mobile mammography is an effort to provide doorstep screening and address barriers to avail screening by women . Though many mobile mammography outreach are there but there is paucity of data regarding population served and the barriers to avail utilization.

Aims and Objectives: 1) To ascertain the sociodemographic profile of women getting mammography done.

2) To assess the barriers faced by women in utilization of mammography screening.Methodology: Cross Sectional Study Study Time: 18 monthsResults: During the 18 months of study period, a total of 34 camps were organized and 272

women had undergone mammography scan. The mean age of the participants under study was 41 years.

Most of the women had middle level of income status (INR 10,001 – 50,000 per month) and education

levels up to secondary level. The major barriers of participants not undergoing for mammography scans

were; difficulty taking time away from work or family 91 ((61.4%), 86 (58.1 %) had fear of being diagnosed

with breast cancer and they avoided being checked. Feeling of embarrassment during mammography test

63 (42.5%), 16 (10.8%) were apprehensive about harmful effect of radioactivity exposure etc.

Conclusions: In developing country like India, there is a need for raising awareness in relation to

breast cancer and bust the myths pertaining to mammography screening in population.

Key words: Mammography, Chandigarh, women, barriers

24.Title :Hospice and Palliative care: A new movement in India

1. Dr.Vikas Bhatia*Professor and Head,

Deptt. of Community Medicine and Family Medicine

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar

2. Dr.Swayam P. ParidaAssistant professor

Deptt. of Community Medicine and Family Medicine

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar

Background :“Palliative care” is the speciality which delivers care to persons with debilitating illnesses and it starts from diagnosis till death and continues further into bereavement care of family members. The objective of palliative care is to decrease pain and other distressing factors and not merely disease cure. The focus is also on providing psycho-social and spiritual support to the affected, thus making palliative care services inter disciplinary comprising of experts from different fields.

Objective : To understand the situation and advocate for palliative care in India

Observations : The trend of ever increasing elderly population, rising NCDs and cancer burden in Indiamakes it quite comparable to the trendsseen in developed countries. The prevalence of cancer has increased in recent years. Nearly one million new cancer cases are diagnosed and more than 80% of cases present themselves in advanced stage. In India every hour around 60 persons die from cancer and pain. The figure might increase because of increased life span and more of chronic diseases. It is estimated that more than 60 % of people who die annually will suffer from advanced diseases.“Hidden lives, hidden patients” is the theme of World Hospice & Palliative care day being organized on 10 th

Oct,2015, worldwide to bring forth the issues.

Therefore, palliative care is also applicable for people living with HIV AIDS, psychiatric illnesses, disabilities, congenital diseases, rare diseases, dementia, people affected by war or natural calamities etc., who need continuous support. The proportion of people affected by all these conditions will continue to increase in future, demanding palliative care as an essential component of health system.The concept of palliative care was introduced into India in mid-eighties and has slowly progressed over years. Around 140 organisations spread over 16 States and UTs, are currently providing Hospice and Palliative care services. These services are more concentrated in metros and large cities with exception of Kerala where services are more wide spread.

Conclusion :Even after three decades of its inception, the accessibility of palliative care services are not optimum and a variety of diseases and groups need care. Improved coverage of palliative care services on governmental policy, education and drug availability are critical. We need to focus on these aspects as India is committed to provide “Universal Health coverage” and Sustainable Development Goals.

25. ASSESSMENT OF ORAL ANTI-DIABETIC MEDICATION ADHERENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF NON-ADHERENCE AMONG TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS RESIDING AT URBAN LOW INCOME AREA, BANGALORE

Chethana R1, Lakshmi H2

1Associate Professor, 2Post graduate cum tutor

Department of Community Medicine, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore

BACKGROUND:

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with high morbidity and mortality among

patients. Adherence to prescribed medication is a key dimension of healthcare quality.

OBJECTIVES:

1. To describe the socio-demographic profile of study subjects.

2. To assess the oral anti-diabetic drug adherence in study subjects.

3. To determine the factors influencing oral anti-diabetic drug non-adherence in study subjects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The study was conducted at Urban Health Training Centre, Bangalore from March 2015 to August 2015.

Samples of 70 Type II Diabetes Mellitus patients only on oral anti-diabetic drugs were included. A pre-

tested semi structured proforma was administered and information about socio-demographic profile was

obtained. Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS) was used to assess medication adherence.

The probable factors that affect adherence to prescribed medications were obtained. Blood sugar level

estimation was done for all subjects.

RESULTS:

Most of the subjects were female 56(80%) in the age group of 35-45yrs 24(34%). Of which 28(40%) were

illiterate, 47(67%) were unemployed with socio-economic status Class IV 53 (78%) of Modified

Kuppuswamy Classification.

A total of 27(38%) had poor adherence (MMAS-8 score of >2). The reasons for poor adherence as

reflected in the present study are - 42(60%) felt hassled about sticking to treatment plan, 31(44%) quoted

as forgetfulness, 22(31%) had difficulty in remembering to take all medications, 16(23%) forgot to bring

along when travelling, 14(20%) had financial problem and stopped when blood sugar levels controlled.

The factors influencing drug non-adherence are non-affordability 50(71%), forgetfulness 31(44%), side

effects 28(40%), unpleasant taste 27(39%), being busy 21(30%), lack of financial support from the family

20(29%) and difficulty in getting the prescribed medications and inaccessibility 16(22%).

Conclusion

An improvement with adherence can be achieved through motivation, continuing patient education about

diabetes.The side effects, cost should always be considered in selecting therapeutic regimen for patients.

Keywords: Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Adherence, factors

26. SERUM ELECTROLYTES STATUS AND ITS CORRELATION WITH GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS IN DIABETES MELLITUS

Dr Snehal Patil, Registrar/Junior Consultant, Apollo BGS Hospitals, Mysore

OBJECTIVES: To Study electrolytes derangements in diabetics which may lead to diabetic complications.

Electrolytes abnormalities may be correlated with Glycated hemoglobin levels. This study hence is an

attempt to asses the status of serum electrolytes and correlate the electrolyte levels with HbA1c levels in

patients of Diabetes Mellitus.

OBSERVATION:

I) Materials and Methods: 340 subjects were enrolled for the study as per selection criteria. All subjects

were screened for Serum sodium, Serum Potassium by Ion Selective Electrode method, serum calcium,

magnesium and blood sugar levels by automation and glycated hemoglobin by ion exchange resin

method.

2) Results: Study reveals significant elevation in mean blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels in

diabetics as compared to controls. Serum sodium, calcium and magnesium levels show statistically

significant decline whereas serum potassium levels are elevated in diabetics as compared to healthy

controls. Subjects were divided in 3 groups depending upon glycated hemoglobin levels. Significant

positive correlation was seen for serum potassium with glycated hemoglobin and a significant negative

correlation was seen for serum sodium, calcium and magnesium with glycated hemoglobin levels.

Conclusion: Study concluded that electrolyte abnormalities exist in Diabetes Mellitus and are correlated to

glycated hemoglobin levels. Hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia along with increased

potassium levels are seen in diabetics. These abnormalities in turn lead to various diabetic complications.

A better glycemic control can maintain normal electrolyte status and help in minimizing the complications

associated with chronic hyperglycemia especially the microvascular changes leading to chronic

complications. Early detection of electrolyte imbalance and proper therapeutic institution will help change

the outcome of these patients.

27. PREVALENCE OF MYOPIA AMONG HIGH SCHOOL CHILDREN IN AN URBAN AREA.

RajashreeKotabal, Prashanth H L, MangalaBelur, Nandini C, Anirudh Krishna

Background:

Blindness is one of the significant social problems in India with uncorrected refractive errors as

the second major cause accounting for 19.7% of the blindness. The prevalence of myopia in

children varies between countries and ranges from7% to 30%. Among all refractive problems

myopia is the major cause of disability in children.

Objectives:To study the prevalence of myopia in high school children.

Methodology: Study design: Descriptive Cross sectional study.

Study period: Two months (June-July 2015).

Study population: 13 - 16 year-old high school children.

Study setting:This study was conducted among high-school children in the urban area of

Shivamogga city of Karnataka state.

Sample size: With expected frequency of 20%, confidence limit at 5% and confidence level at

95% the sample size was calculated to be 246. We recruited 300 children in the study.

Method of data collection:A pretested questionnaire was used for collection of data. Snellen's

chart was used to find themyopia.

Statistical analysis:It was done by using SPSS 21.

Result: The prevalence of myopia was found to be 23%. Out of 300 students 16%, 5%, and 1.7% of the

students had mild, moderate and severe visual impairment respectively.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of myopia, was high among high school children in urban area and is more in

girls than boys. Early diagnosis and correction of refractive errors has to be done to prevent

future development of blindness.

MISCELLANEOUS

1.Title: A cross sectional study on the factors associated with blood donation among patients attending Urban Health Training Centre Dharwad, Karnataka.1.Authors: Dr.Diganth.C.Divya1, Dr. Kotrabasappa K2

1. Post graduate. 2. Associate professor, Department of community medicine, SDM College of medical

sciences and hospital, Dharwad.

Introduction: India, with itsever growing population, is always in short supply of blood for transfusions. The

serious mismatch between demand and availability of blood in Indiais estimated to be 85, 00,000

units/year, against the availability of

44,00,000 units/year. This study was an attempt to know the factors related to blood donation practices

among the public.

Objective: To assess the factors associated with Blood donation practises among the patients attending

urban health training centre, SDMCMSH, Dharwad

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending urban health

training centre in the months of June and July2015.A close ended questionnaire was designed and

employed for the study. 199 patients were interviewed after taking verbal consent. Descriptive statistics

was used after entering the data in Excel sheet and analysed using SPSS (version 22)

Results: Only12.1% of the study subjects had donated blood previously. 72% of study subjects attributed

to lack of opportunity as the reason for not donating the blood. 66.8% of the subjects felt campaigns

undertaken by Govt./ NGOs is insufficient motivating factor for blood donation. Males were found to have

donated at a higher proportion than females. The gender differencewas found to be statisticallysignificant.

Educationlevel was also found to be significantly associated.

Conclusions: The study showed that only12.1% of patients had donated blood previously. Govt./NGOs

should more actively campaign on importance of blood donation and take measures to channelize the

subjects who are willing to donate blood voluntarily.

2.“Organ Donation- Awareness, Attitudes and Beliefs among Medical Students of MMCRI, Mysore”

Dr.Amrutha.A.M1, Dr.Mansoor Ahmed2

1. Post graduate, Department of community medicine, MMCRI, Mysore

2. Associate Professor, Department of community medicine, MMCRI, Mysore

Objectives:

a) To understand the awareness about organ donation among the medical students.

b) To study their attitudes and beliefs with regard to organ donation

c) To assess the correlation between awareness, attitudes and beliefs towards organ donation.

Observations:

A convenience sample of 181 medical students studying in 2nd and 3rd year MBBS in Mysore Medical

College were surveyed using self-administered,pre-tested,semi-structured questionnaire.Out of 181 study

subjects, 93 were females and 88 were males. Mean age of the study subject was 20.23 years.Majority

(90.6%) were belonging to Hindu religion. Majority (N= 150,82.9%) opined that the ideal candidate for

organ donation is the brain dead followed by healthy living donors(N=23,12.7 %) and

cadaver(N=07,3.9%). The mean attitude score was 44.4+/- 5.11(SD). It was found to have a positive

attitude regarding the organ donation process and that their attitude would be influenced by increasing

their knowledge of the organ donation process.

Conclusions: This study suggests the need for further research into the effectiveness of current education

programs for healthcare professionals regarding the organ donationprocess. Future research should also

focus on alternative education programs.

3.Women Work Force in Health for nurturing healthy society: Analysis of role played by grass root health service and information providers

Mrs. Vahini, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronic Media, Bangalore University. Contact:

vahinias@gmail.com, 9482218980.

Women, as the main agents of primary health care, play an essential role in maintaining family and

community health. Literate women contribute not only for the healthy family but also for healthy

community. Anganwadi Centers (AWCs) in the community acts as bridge between women in the

community and the government to cater to the health needs of the society. In implementation of health

projects Anganwadi workers (AWWs) and Lady Health Visitors (LHV) play crucial role. Therefore the

present study would like to seek answer for “What is the role played female health work force specifically

by the AWWs and LHVs in catering to the health needs of the community?” The study used document

analysis, survey with questionnaire and the interview as research tools. Study is done in fifteen AWCs of

Ramanagara District of Karnataka. Total sample size of the study is 85.

Study found that female literacy is crucial in creating healthy society. One third of health workforce is

women and there is a significant disparity in literacy among male and female. It is also found that AWW

and LHV are effective change agents in the community. This platform can be used more effectively by

giving communication training. Audio-visuals can compliment and lessen the burden of AWCs.

Key words: Health Communication, Development, literacy, health workforce, Community health,

Anganwadi, effective communication, rural women.

Title : A study to assess the knowledge and practice regarding anemia and its prevention among rural high school girls Authors: Shwetha1, Vinay M2, Harish B R3

1. Post Graduate student, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya2. Associate Professor, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya3. Prof & head, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya

Objectives1. To assess the knowledge of rural high school girls regarding anemia and its prevention2. To assess the practices that they follow which helps prevent anemia

Methodology Type of study: Cross sectional studyStudy subjects: High school studentsStudy period: March to May 2015Sample size: 172Sampling method: Simple random sampling

ObservationsAge group of high school girls ranged between 12-14 years. 98.7% of them were Hindus and 1.3% were Muslims. 62% of them had attained menarche. Most of them belonged to social class IV & V (46%- class IV, 23%-class V). Maximum number of girls belonged to nuclear family and followed non vegetarian diet.37% of them had inadequate knowledge, 63% of them had moderate knowledge and none of them had adequate knowledge about anemia, its causes and prevention. Most of them received iron tablets and albendazole tablets less than 6 months back and more than 30% of them did not follow the practice of wearing footwear while going out. We observed good practice among high school girls with regard to prevention of anemia.

Conclusion: Anemia remains as a common health problem among women. Most of the girls had poor knowledge regarding anemia, its causes and prevention. There is need to improve the knowledge about anemia which in turn will help in decreasing the prevelance of anemia and spread of

knowledge among other member of the community.

Effect of social support and disclosure of HIV status on adherence among patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy

Mallya S D 1 , Kamath V G2, Nair S3, Kamath A4, Hegde B M5

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal

2 Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal

3 Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal

4 Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal

5 Ex-Senior Medical Officer, ART Centre, Udupi

Objectives: To study the effect of social support and disclosure of HIV status on

adherence among patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy

Observations:The study was conducted in ART centre at district hospital, Udupi,

Karnataka. Participants aged 18 years and above who received ART for more than 3

months were interviewed using a validated, semi structured questionnaire. Most of the

individuals 148(46.5%) belonged to the age category of 31-40 years. Adherence over

the preceding 30 days was >95% among 95.6% of the participants. Among the study

participants, 305(95.9%) were receiving either family or external support or both and 13

(4.1%) of the participants didn‘t receive any support.Of the participants, 295(92.7%) told

that they received support from their family members and 110(34.5%) reported that they

were receiving support from external sources.Majority 209(65.6%) of the participants

received family support for remembering their ART medication.Among the participants,

214 (67.2%) had disclosed their status to their partners. Not disclosing the HIV status

was statistically significantly associated with non-adherence(p=0.029). However social

support was not found to be statistically significantly associated with non-adherence.

Conclusions:An encouraging high proportion (96.9%) of adherence to ART over a 30

day period was observed among this group. However, non- adherence was also of

concern among a small proportion of the participants. The present study reported a very

high level of family support among the participants. Behavioural factors such as not

disclosing the HIV status was found to be a significant predictor of non- adherence.

Participation of Women in Zilla Panchayat: A Sociological Study of Mandya District

Y. K. Bhagya and R. SandhyaDepartment of Post Graduate Studies in Sociology, Government College for Women,

Mandya-571 401. Email: ykbhagya@gmail.com

Women constitute almost half of the population of India. Many factors not limiting to

psychological, social and physical factors hold women from active political involvement.

This is true as far as the panchayat raj Institutions, state or national politics involvement.

Mandya district is an important contributor to agriculture sector in Karnataka state with

major sugarcane, rice and sericulture famers. Mandya district has contributed to state

and national politics, represented by chief minister and central union ministers. In the

present study, the emphasis is given to study women’s participation in Zilla panchayat.

The study was conducted on 25 respondents from elected women Zilla Panchayat

members from Mandya District. The data was collected through individual interviews of

the respondent and was coded, tabulated and analyzed with the help of standard

methods commonly used in social science research in India. The interview schedule

was used to collect primary data from the respondents. About 48% of elected members

come from political background family. Most of members stood election due to pressure

from their family, not on their own interest. The study highlights the awareness of

women members on their knowledge related to panchayat raj, reservation to women in

panchayat raj, various source of panchayat etc. The present study emphasizes the

need for political socialization and political empowerment to women.