Objectives

1. To identify the ways of preventing diseases.

2. To investigate symptoms, prevention and treatment of common animal diseases.

3. To learn to diagnose common animal diseases.

2

Table of Contents

Terminology

Disease Treatment & Prevention Methods

Nutritional Diseases

Bacterial Diseases

Viral Diseases

Fungal Diseases

Parasitic Diseases 3

4

Diseases

• Prevent or impair an animal’s daily functioning and can be harmful to development

• Can be caused by the following:– nutrient deficiencies– pathogens

5

Nutrient Deficiencies

• Result from under consumption of key nutrients

• Can affect the internal processes of animals

• Lower an animal’s immune system and increase chances of illness

6

Process of Immunity in Animals• Passive immunity

– antibodies come from outside the body– not permanent

• Active immunity– body produces own antibodies– permanent

• Protects animals from– bacteria, viruses and parasites

7

Nutritional Requirements

• Depend on an animal’s age and function• Allow animals to receive a well-balanced

diet• Include:

– vitamins– fats– carbohydrates– protein– minerals

8

Pathogens

• Are any organism causing a disease• Can be microscopic or macroscopic

9

Microscopic: an organism too small to be seen by the unaided eye, but large enough to be studied under a microscope. Example: bacteria, viruses

Macroscopic: an organism large enough to be perceived or examined by the unaided eye such as a worm or tick

Pathogens

• Are classified as follows:– viruses– bacteria– parasites– fungi– protozoa

10Source: www.ars.usda.gov

Pathogens

11

Viruses Bacteria Parasites

Fungi Protozoa

Viruses

• Cannot reproduce without a host• Consist of DNA and RNA • Can take over the functions of the host

cell

12

Bacteria

• Are single celled organisms• May produce toxins harmful to the body• Multiply rapidly without a host• Can be identified by shape

13

Bacteria Shapes

• Include:– cocci: spherical-shaped

– bacilli: rod-shaped

– spirilli: spiral-shaped

14

Parasites

• Can be external or internal• Effect host animals through contact or

ingestion• Have various life cycles• Are living organisms

15

Internal Parasite Life Cycle

16

External Parasite Life Cycle

17

Fungi

• Studies are known as mycology • Live in air, soil, plants and water• Produce transmittable spores which can

cause fungal diseases

18Mycology: the study of the characteristics of fungi

Protozoa

• Greek for first animal • Is a single-celled organism • Breath, move and reproduce similar to

multi-cellular animals• Can be classified into many different

types

19

20

Parasitic Treatments

• Usually involve a type of Anthelmintics• Vary depending on the parasite and host • Can cause parasite resistance • May require a veterinarian's prescription

and extended withdrawal time

21

Anthelmintics: an agent which destroys or causes the expulsion of parasitic intestinal worms

Vital Signs

• Help in early detection of health problems• Vary with activity and environmental

conditions• Include:

– temperature– pulse rate– respiration rate

22

Vital SignsSpecies Temperature,

°FPulse Rate,heart beats/min

Respiration Rate,breaths/min

Cattle 100.4-102.8 60-70 10-30

Sheep 100.9-103.8 70-80 12-20

Goats 101.7-105.3 70-80 12-20

Swine 102.0-103.6 60-80 8-13

Horses 99-100.8 32-44 8-16

23

Prevention

• Starts with proper management• Reduces chance of disease • Results in a healthy, productive herd

24

Proper Management

• Allows producers to prevent causes, prevent symptoms and treat diseases

• Involves the following techniques:– providing shelter– cleaning and sanitizing facilities and

equipment– rationing adequate diets– monitoring herd health daily– isolating new animals before introduction to

the herd25

26

Milk Fever

• Is a metabolic disorder• Is also known as

hypocalcemia• Affects cattle, sheep

and goats• Occurs when the

animal has low blood calcium levels during lactation

27

Milk Fever

• Symptoms include:– muscle tremors– wobbly– downer cow

• inability to stand– low body temperature– unconscious/coma

28

Milk Fever

• Treatments include:– injecting a solution of calcium borogluconate

subcutaneously or intravenously– providing a combined mineral solution

29

Intravenously: entering by way of vein

Subcutaneously: located or placed just beneath the skin

Milk Fever

• Prevention options include:– providing vitamin D, five to seven days

before parturition – keeping animals on a low calcium diet while

not lactating– providing high doses of calcium one day

before and one day after calving • alfalfa hay is high in calcium

30

• Is generalized as nutritional muscular dystrophy

• Affects young, rapidly growing lambs/kids (from dams with selenium deficient diets)

• Affects calves and foals• Is the result of a selenium and/or vitamin

E deficiency

31

White Muscle Disease

• Affects two different muscle groups, cardiac and skeletal

• Cardiac symptoms include:– sudden death– respiratory distress

• Skeletal symptoms include:– muscular weakness– inability to stand – muscle tremors

32

White Muscle Disease

Source: www.ars.usda.gov

White Muscle Disease

• Treatments include:– injections of selenium – oral drenches of selenium/vitamin E

• Can be prevented by:– supplementing the diet of susceptible

animals with selenium and vitamin E

33

Warning: too much selenium can cause toxicity in animals

Bloat

• Can occur in all ruminants• Refers to rapid fermentation, producing

excess gas or foam in the rumen• Is caused by consuming highly

concentrated rations and lush legume pastures

34

Fermentation: breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes

Bloat

• Symptoms include:– abdominal distention on left side– loss of appetite– respiratory distress– difficulty walking or moving

35

Bloat

• Treatments include:– keeping animal on feet and moving– drenching with mineral oil or poloxalene– putting stomach tube down throat to relieve

pressure from gas• Can be prevented by:

– feeding dry roughage with a mix of grasses– keeping animals from eating an excess of

lush green grass, especially alfalfa• Is difficult to prevent

36

Colic

• Is the general term referring to abdominal pain

• Mainly impacts horses because they are unable to vomit

• Is caused by a wide range of conditions affecting the digestive tract, including:– sudden changes in feed– a predominantly concentrate diet– cribbing– lack of water– presence of bloodworms

37

Colic

• Symptoms include:– distended abdomen– rolling and kicking – excruciating pain– sweating– constipation

• Can result in a twisted intestine

Source: Tiffanie Brooks, D.V.M. Texas Tech University

38

• Treatments include:– walking the horse– taking to veterinarian—animal might need

sedatives, laxatives, pain medicine or surgery

• Can be prevented by:– feeding small rations – feeding good quality roughages– providing clean water– monitoring eating habits– controlling internal parasites 39

Colic

Entertoxemia (Overeating Disease)

• Commonly affects sheep and goats• Is caused by toxins produced by naturally

occuring intestinal bacteria– Clostridium perfringens types C & D

• Occurs usually when an animal consumes excessive amounts of high energy feeds or milk

• Produces a quickly absorbed toxin• Can cause acute death

40

Entertoxemia (Overeating Disease)

• Symptoms include:– sudden death– diarrhea – neurologic signs

• circling• head pressing• incoordination• convulsions

41

Entertoxemia (Overeating Disease)

• If caught early, can be treated by:– administering antitoxins– administering oral antibiotics– feeding hay

42Source: www.ars.usda.gov

Entertoxemia (Overeating Disease)

• Can be prevented by:– slowly introducing concentrates– careful regulation of energy intake– administering a vaccination against

Clostridium perfringens types C & D to pregnant and young animals at approximately four weeks of age

43

Vaccination: injection of a killed microbe in order to stimulate the immune system against the microbe, thereby preventing disease

• Also known as carbohydrate engorgement

• Affects cattle• Is caused by a sudden shift from a

forage-based to a high concentrate diet• Results from low rumen pH due to an

increase of propionic acid production

44

Lactic Acidosis

Propionic Acid: an acid produced by bacteria in the rumen with a very low pH

• Symptoms include:– abdominal distension or bloat– dehydration– diarrhea– sore hooves– liver abscesses– decreased milk

production

45

Lactic Acidosis

Source: www.ars.usda.gov

Lactic Acidosis

• Includes the following treatments:– gradually adding more roughages to the

diet– adding feed

additives to help raise the rumen pH

– giving oral antacids– giving oral fluids

46

Lactic Acidosis

• Can be prevented by:– maintaining a roughage diet of 10 percent or

more – utilizing ionophores as feed additives

47

Ionophores: a group of organic compounds, facilitate the transport of ions across the cell membrane

48

Johne’s Disease

• Is an incurable wasting disease of adult cattle

• Is caused by organisms in the intestinal cells and lymph nodes– organisms are passed out in feces and

easily survive in manure • Causes progressive thickening of the

intestinal walls• Affects young animals and may not show

symptoms until adulthood49

Johne’s Disease • Can be determined with tests performed

by a veterinarian• Symptoms may not be present• Symptoms can include:

– chronic diarrhea– weight loss – lowered milk

production

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Johne’s Disease • Has no effective treatment• Can be prevented by checking health

history of animals before purchase

51

Blackleg • Is caused by a spore forming bacterium

attacking skeletal muscles• Spores can live in soil for years• Can cause death without any symptoms

52

Blackleg • Symptoms include:

– lameness– swelling over neck, shoulder and thighs

• will make a crackling sound when rubbed– wounds and bruises occurring in young

calves from four months to two years old– death occurs in one or two days

53

• Treatment:– massive doses of antibiotics may save

animals if detected early, not always effective

• Can be prevented by:– administering a vaccination at three to

four months of age

54

Blackleg

Foot Rot

• Is a contagious disease of sheep, goats and cattle

• Is caused by an interaction of two anaerobic bacteria– Fusobacterium necrophorum – Bacteroides nodosus

55Anaerobic: organisms living without oxygen

Foot Rot

• Bacteria must penetrate the interdigital epidermis

• Causes severe lameness• Contributing factors include:

– mud– manure– stones

56

Foot Rot

• Symptoms include:– moist and reddened hooves– inflamed interdigital space and coronary

band – foul odor– lameness

57

Foot Rot

• Treatments include:– foot trimming– antibiotics– zinc sulfate or copper sulfate footbaths – zinc sulfate as a dry chemical

58

Foot Rot

• Can be prevented by:– avoid using facilities

used by infected animals in the last two weeks prior to foot trimming

– trimming and treating the feet of all new animals

59

60

Bluetongue

• Is a viral disease mainly affecting sheep and goats but can affect cattle

• Can be transmitted by:– insects – in utero– infected needles– semen

61

Source: Dr. CV Kimberling, CSU Veterinary Extension

Bluetongue

• Symptoms include:– abortion– weak, “dummy lamb”

births– fever– excessive salivation– nasal discharge– inflamed mouths– swelling of muzzle and

ears– blue tongue 62

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Bluetongue

• Does not have a known cure

• Can be prevented by the following:– controlling vectors– using insecticides

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Bovine Virus Diarrhea

• Is a viral disease affecting cattle of all ages

• Spreads by contact• Is a transplacental pathogen

64

Transplacental: relating to or involving passage through or across the placenta

Bovine Virus Diarrhea

• Transmitted by blood feeding flies and contact with fomites

• Can appear in the following forms:– mild – acute– chronic

65

Fomite: any inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms Examples: soil, holding pens, chutes, feeding troughs

Bovine Virus Diarrhea

• Symptoms of an acute infection:– lethargy– poor appetite – diarrhea– fever– nasal discharge– oral erosions– abortions

66

Source: www.aphis.usda.gov

Bovine Virus Diarrhea

• Has no cure• Treatments are given to control

symptoms• Prevention methods include:

– vaccinating animals with a modified live virus

67

Foot-and-Mouth Disease

• Is a severe, highly contagious viral disease affecting cloven hoofed animals

• Leaves recovered animals debilitated

• Virus survives in lymph nodes and bone marrow at neutral pH

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Foot-and-Mouth Disease

• Can be spread by physical contact with the virus by susceptible animals

• Virus includes more than 60 subtypes

69Source: Dr. A.P. Knight, CSU Veterinary Extension

Foot-and-Mouth Disease

• Symptoms include:– blisters– erosions in the mouth,

on teats and hooves– excessive salivation – fever– lameness

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Foot-and-Mouth Disease

• Treatment:– vaccines must be matched to the specific

type and subtype of the virus• Prevention:

– observe excessive salivation, or lameness– report any signs of disease to your

veterinarian– do not bring prohibited animal products or

other at-risk materials from other countries into the United States

71

Porcine Circovirus

• Is an emerging problem in the United States

• Has two strains including:– PCVD1– PCVD2

• Is a member of the virus family Circoviridae

• Type II is the strain which affects pigs

72

73

• Symptoms include:– poor growth– increased mortality– weight loss– enlarged lymph

nodes– jaundice

• Can be present with no symptoms

Porcine Circovirus

Porcine Circovirus

• Includes the following treatment:– vaccines administered to piglets three to five

weeks of age in two doses • Can be controlled by:

– sanitizing facilities – quarantine new and sick animals from the

herd– lowering stress of animals– increasing immune system through proper

nutrition74

Avian Influenza

• Affects turkeys and chickens• Is transmitted through inhalation of feces

from an infected bird• Ranges from a mild to a highly fatal

disease depending on the strain

75

• Symptoms include:– coughing– sneezing– weight loss

• Treatment:– antibiotics for infected birds

76

Avian Influenza

• Can be prevented by:– decreasing contact with feces of wild birds– avoiding live markets– using good sanitation practices

77

Avian Influenza

Sore Mouth (Orf)

• Is the most common skin disease affecting sheep and goats

• Is a viral infection • Can produce painful

human infections• Affects young

animals more frequently

78

Source: Dr. CV Kimberling, CSU Veterinary Extension

Sore Mouth (Orf)

• Symptoms include:– loss of appetite– vesicles appear on lips, gums and tongue,

causing redness or swelling– vesicles break and form sores

79

Sore Mouth (Orf)

• Is a self-limiting infection • Treatments include:

– applying antibiotic ointment to the sores– tube feeding young individuals if not nursing

• Can be prevented by:– good sanitation– vaccination

80Source: Dr. CV Kimberling, CSU Veterinary Extension

81

Ringworm

• Known as Club Lamb Fungus• Affects all animals• Is highly contagious • Can be transmitted to humans• Is a fungus which invades the skin and

hair (wool)

82

Ringworm

• Symptoms include:– lesions appearing on the head, neck and

back– hair loss around infected area

83

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Source: Dr. A.P. Knight, CSU Veterinary Extension

Ringworm

• Treatment:– applying anti-fungal ointments to lesions

• Can be prevented by:– proper sanitation of brushes, clippers and

bedding– minimizing contact with infected animals

84

• Is a type of sunburn• Affects grazing animals• Is caused by a poisonous substance

"sporidesmin” produced by fungus on pasture plants

• Causes liver damage

85

Facial Eczema

• Symptoms include:– sunburn– puffy eyes – puffy face– rapid weight loss– jaundice

86

Facial Eczema

Facial Eczema

• Includes the following treatments:– sheltering animals from direct sunlight – removing animal from infected field– contacting a veterinary practitioner

87

Facial Eczema

• Prevention methods include:– keeping track of fungi counts in pastures– minimizing close grazing of pasture– shifting livestock to the pastures with low

fungi counts

88

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Mange

• Affects all animals • Is caused by an external parasite • Can be identified in various types,

including: – sarcoptic mange– psoroptic mange– chorioptic mange– demodectic mange – psorergatic mange

• Is most commonly identified as Chorioptic Mange in the United States 90

Mange

• Symptoms include:– lesions – itchiness– crusts and scabs– hair loss– ulcerations on the

legs – weight loss– decreased milk production– increased susceptibility to other diseases

91

Source: Dr. A.P. Knight, CSU Veterinary Extension

Mange

• Treatments include:– spraying the animal with a medicated

solution at high pressure– using a lime-sulfur dip weekly in cattle

• Can be prevented by:– avoiding close confinement– keeping animals outdoors as much as

possible– quarantining new animals

92

Coccidiosis

• Is caused by a number of protozoan from the family Coccidia

• Is caused by protozoan rupturing the intestinal cell lining

• Can be found in all animals, mostly in poultry and cattle

93

Protozoan: predominately single cell organism housing a membrane bound nucleus and belonging to the protista kingdom

Coccidiosis

• Symptoms include:– diarrhea (bloody at times) – straining – loss of appetite– fever

94

• Includes the following treatment:– sulfonamides is the drug mostly used

• Can be prevented by:– good sanitation– placing sulfa guanidine or nitrofurazone in

feed or water– using a feed with correct minerals and

antibiotics

95

Coccidiosis

Ostertagious

• Is the principal worm parasite of beef and dairy cattle

• Attacks the lining of the abomasum

• Causes irritation and interferes with the digestive function

96

Ostertagious

• Symptoms include:– decreased weight gain– decreased milk production – Ioss of blood protein– diarrhea

97

Ostertagious

• Includes the following treatments:– administered at three-week intervals

• Thiabendazole• Ivermectin

• Can be prevented by:– administering one or more anthelmintic

treatments during a production cycle – providing higher levels of protein in the diet– late turnout onto pasture in the spring

98

Haemonchus Contortus

• Is better known as the "barber pole" or wire worm

• Is the single most deadly stomach worm• Affects sheep in warm, moist climates• Pierces the lining of

the abomasum, causing protein loss

99

Haemonchus Contortus

• Symptoms include:– anemia– pale mucous membranes– swelling under the jaw

100

Haemonchus Contortus

• Treatment:– deworming using:

• Levamisole• Ivermectin• Thiabendazole

• Can be prevented by:– deworming at birth– carefully monitoring herds

101

Ascaris

• Is a common parasite affecting swine of two to three months of age

• Is generally known as roundworms• Resides in the stomach, intestinal tract

and even the lungs of swine• Can be transmitted to humans through

ingestion

102

Ascaris

• Symptoms include:– weight loss– slow weight gain– abdominal pain– coughing or trouble

breathing– pneumonia

103

Ascaris

• Includes the following treatments:– deworming animals using medicines such as:

• Fenbendazole• Doramectin• Levamisole

• Can be prevented by:– thorough cleaning and sanitation– control of pests and rodents– minimizing traffic– good nutrition

104

105

Assessment1. Which of the following CANNOT can cause disease?

A. FungiB. VirusesC. VitaminsD. Parasites

2. Nutrient deficiencies are caused by a lack of all but which of the following?

A. LiquidsB. VitaminsC. MineralsD. Protein

 

106

Assessment3. A cocci bacterium is shaped like which of the following?

A. RodB. SpiralC. SphericalD. Circular

 4. Which of the following is the study of fungi?

A. OrganismB. MycologyC. PolyporeD. Mushroom

 

107

Assessment5. Which of the following is a metabolic disorder occurring when

an animal has a low blood calcium level?A. White muscle diseaseB. Milk feverC. ColicD. Bloat

6. Which of the following digestive tract disease mainly affects horses?

A. ColicB. BloatC. Johne’s diseaseD. Acidosis

 108

Assessment7. Which of the following is NOT a vital sign?

A. Blood sugar levelB. TemperatureC. Pulse rateD. Respiration rate

 8. Which of the following is a nutritional disease relating to the

process of fermentation? A. EntertoxemiaB. ColicC. Milk feverD. Bloat

 

109

Assessment9. White muscle disease affects cardiac as well as which of the

following muscles? A. VascularB. SkeletalC. MuscularD. Vervous

 10. Which disease is caused by a spore forming bacterium?

A. BlacklegB. Lactic acidosisC. Foot-and-mouth diseaseD. Bovine virus diarrhea

 

110

Assessment11. Foot rot is caused by which of the following?

A. Anaerobic bacteriaB. Proper managementC. Soil fungusD. Poor digestive health

 12. Which of the following is a disease which can only be

transmitted through insects?A. BlacklegB. RingwormC. BluetongueD. Foot rot

 

111

Assessment13. Which viral disease has no known cure?

A. RingwormB. Bovine virus diarrheaC. Avian influenzaD. Foot rot

14. Foot-and-mouth disease has more than how many subtypes?

A. 20B. 30C. 50D. 60

 

112

Assessment15. Avian influenza can be prevented by avoiding which of the

following?A. Live marketsB. AntibioticsC. PesticidesD. Vitamins

 16. Which viral disease can also infect humans?

A. Sore mouthB. Bovine virus diarrheaC. AcidosisD. Avian influenza

 

113

Assessment17. Which of the following is a common symptom among viral

diseases? A. FeverB. Frequent urination C. HyperactivityD. Vomiting

 18. Club lamb fungus is another name for which of the

following?A. Facial eczemaB. MangeC. RingwormD. Sore mouth

 114

Assessment19. The main symptom of facial eczema is which of the

following?A. Weight gainB. LesionsC. DiarrheaD. Sunburn

 20. The most common form of mange in the Untied States is

which of the following?A. Psoroptic mangeB. Chorioptic mangeC. Demodectic mange D. Sarcoptic mange

 115

Assessment21. The principle worm parasite in beef interferes with what

functions? A. RespiratoryB. Cardiac C. MuscularD. Digestive

22. Which of the following is NOT the most deadly stomach worm affecting sheep?

A. Haemonchus contortus B. Barber pole wormC. Wire worm D. Ring worm

 116

Assessment23. Ascaris is a common parasite found in which species?

A. HorsesB. SheepC. ChickensD. Swine

 24. Which of the following is NOT a common prevention

method for parasitic diseases?A. Deworming at birthB. Good sanitationC. Contacting a veterinarian D. Isolating infected animals

 

117

Assessment25. Which of the following is commonly known as roundworms?

A. RingwormB. AscarisC. Barber poleD. Blackleg

 

118

Resources• Animal Disease Information. (2010). Retrieved from

http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu• Pond, Wilson G. Pond, Kevin R.(2000). Introduction to Animal

Science. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. • National Animal Disease Center.(2009). Retrieved from

http://ars.usda.gov/• United States Animal Health Report. (2008). Retrieved from

http://www.aphis.usda.gov• Weaver, David Johne's Disease or Paratuberculosis. (2010).

Retrieved from the http://extension.missouri.edu• Photos Courtesy of:

– Dr. AP Knight, CSU Veterinary Extension – Dr. CV Kimberling, CSU Veterinary Extension– Tiffanie Brooks, D. V. M. Texas Tech University

119

Acknowledgements

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