O

Oath, Cross of A golden cross of smaller dimensions, used during coronations, upon which the Kings declared their oath to the Country. The cross, stored in the treasury of Esztergom, an 11/12th century creation by a Hungarian goldsmith, has upright and transverse ends finished in seven semicircles. Its base originates from the 16th century. – B: 0942, T: 7673.

Oberfrank, Géza (Budapest, 16 January 1936 - ) – Conductor, music director and literary translator. He completed his studies between 1956 and 1961 at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, as a student of András (Andrew) Kórodi. From 1961 to 1979 he was a music coach, chorus master and conductor at the Opera House, Budapest. He made his debut as a conductor with Sándor (Alexander) Szokolay’s work, entitled: Blood-Wedding (Vérnász). The Opera House presented Szokolay’s work, Hamlet, in 1968, also under Oberfrank’s direction. From 1973 to 1975 he was Music Director of the Komische Oper in Berlin. Later, he conducted Zoltán Kodály’s Háry János, and Mozart’s the Marriage of Figaro (Figaró házassága), produced by Walter Felsenstein. Between 1975 and 1982 he was First Conductor of the Hungarian State Railways’ (MÁV’s) Symphony Orchestra; from 1868 he was Music Director of the Metropolitan Operetta Theater (Fővárosi Operettszínház), Budapest; from 1980 to 1983 he was its Artistic Director. From 1983 to 1989 he was the Primary Musical Director of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház) of Szeged, and also of the Symphony Orchestra. In 1989 he was again a member of the Opera House. He performed as a guest conductor regularly in Europe and the USA. Numerous operas were performed in Hungary in his translations. He keeps himself occupied with producing mainly operettas and musicals as well. He also made a number of recordings. He is a recipient of the Liszt Ferenc Prize (1970), the Merited Artist (1982) and the Outstanding Artist titles (1988). – B: 1445, 1426, T: 7684.→Szokolay, Sándor; Kórodi, András. Obermayer, Ernő (Ernest) (Nagyszölős, now Vynohradiv, Carpatho-Ukraine, 13 December 1888 - Szeged, 27 May 1969) – Chemical engineer, biologist and agriculturalist. He graduated from the Budapest Polytechnic in 1910. At that time, he began examining the oil content of green peppers. He furthered his education at the National Plant Improving Research Institute (Országos Növénynemesítési Intézet) in Magyaróvár. As a plant research chemist, he worked first at the National Chemical Institute (Nemzeti Kémiai Intézet) in 1918, then in Kalocsa, where he succeeded with the creation of new paprika hybrids. In Szeged, he worked at the Chemical Research Station (Kemiai Kisérleti Állomás) (1927); then at the Agricultural Cultivation and Breeding Station (Növénytermesztési és Növénynemesítő Kísérleti Állomás) (1931). He achieved significant results in improving the quality and cultivation of the red pepper of Szeged. He also dealt with the question of rice production in Hungary. He was the author of several articles and books. He was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1953), and was awarded the Kossuth Prize in 1949. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7617.

1978

Obernyik, Károly (Charles) (Kömlőd, 22 October 1815 - Pest, 17 August 1855) – Writer and playwright. He studied at the Reformed College of Debrecen. From 1837 he acted as a tutor to a nephew of the poet Ferenc (Francis) Kölcsey, in Szatmárcseke. Kölcsey kindled in him the ambition to write. The French romantics, especially Victor Hugo influenced Obernyik. He moved to Pest in 1840; in 1841 he received a Degree in Law. He made the acquaintance of writers Gergely (Gregory) Czuczor and Imre (Emeric) Vahot. He befriended the poet Sándor (Alexander) Petőfi, and was a member of the “Group of Ten”. In 1843 he won the Academy’s First Prize with his social drama Nobleman and Peasant (Főúr és pór); however, the censors refused to let the play be performed because of its anti-aristocracy stance. As Obernyik played a part in the preparation of the 1848 Revolution, in 1849 he deemed it safer to remove himself to Szatmárcseke. In 1850 he moved back to Pest, where he became a secretary to the drama selection committee of the National Theater. From 1851 until his death, he taught at the Reformed High School in Kecskemét. His friend, Gyula (Julius) Bulyovszky, finished his last drama, György Brankovics posthumously, and the lead character of the play was Gábor Egressy. His main works are: Inheritance (Örökség) play (1845); Firstborn (Elsőszülött) (1846); Unmarried Husband (Nőtlen férj) play (1846); Speeches (Beszélyek), with a biographical study by Lajos Abafi (1875), and The Complete Belletristic Works of Károly Obernyik, vols. i-iv (Obernyik Károly szépirodalmi összes munkái I-IV), arranged for publication with a biography by József Ferenczy (1878-1879). He is regarded as a pioneer of Hungarian social drama. – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7617.→Kölcsey, Ferenc; Czuczor, Gergely; Petőfi, Sándor; Egressy, Gábor.

Oberschall, Magda (Mrs. Bárány) (Budapest, 22 December 1904 - Bryn Mawr, PA, USA, 28 October 1985). – Art historian. She received her education at the University of Budapest and at the University of Paris (Sorbonne). She wrote her doctoral thesis on The National Characteristics of Dutch and Flemish Painting (A holland és flamand festészet nemzeti sajátosságai) (1930). Between 1943 and 1946 she headed the History Section of the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest. In 1946 she lectured at the University of Budapest. After she emigrated from Hungary in 1946, for a while she resided in the USA; then she moved to Munich, where she worked for Radio Free Europe. After her retirement in 1970 she returned to the USA. Her main works include The Crown of Emperor Konstantinos Monomachos (Konstantinos Monomachos császár koronája) (Budapest, 1937); Hungarian Church Vestments (Magyarországi miseruhák) (1937); The Stalls of the Nyírbátor Church (A nyírbátori stallumok) (1937); Hungarian Furniture (Magyar bútorok) (1938); Old Hungarian Ironworks (Régi magyar vasművesség) (1941); Applied Arts in Buda During the Turkish-era (Iparművesség Budán a törökkorban) (1944), and Die Sankt Stephans Krone und die Insignien des Königreiches Ungarn (St. Stephen’s Crown and the Insignia of the Kingdom of Hungary) (Vienna-Munich, 1961). – B: 0883, 1267, T: 7617. Obersovszky, Gyula (Julius) (pen name Gyula Oby) (Pécs, 1 January 1927 - Budapest, 15 March 2001) – Writer, poet and journalist. He was born into a family of Polish origin. In 1944 he joined the illegal Communist Party. After 1945 he was a clerk at a cement factory. His higher studies were at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest, from 1946 he also worked for the Alliance of National People’s Colleges (Népi Kollégiumok

1979

Nemzeti Szövetsége – NÉKOSZ). From 1950 he was an associate of the paper the People’s News of County Hajdú-Bihar (Hajdú-Bihari Néplap); Editor for the satirical paper Bumblebee (Dongó), and one of the founders of the Bumblebee Stage (Dongó Színpad). He moved to Budapest and, from 1954, he was a board member of the Cultural Department of National Alliance of Hungarian Journalists (Magyar Újságírók Országos Szövetsége – MUOSZ). In the same year, he was excluded from the Communist Party and dismissed from his work. He participated in the siege of the Radio Building, Budapest, on 23 October 1956, and founded the newspaper Truth (Igazság) and, after 4 November 1956, he founded the illegal newspaper We are Alive (Élünk). In the dying days of 1956, he was arrested, prosecuted, and sentenced to death, but saved by international protest. In 1963 he was freed by general amnesty. Between 1967 and 1989, he worked as Editor for the paper Sport-bet (Sportfogadás). His literary works appeared in Hungary and abroad under the pen name: Gyula Oby. From 1991 he was Editor-in-Chief for the above-mentioned papers Truth (Igazság), We are Alive (Élünk), and the literary review We Exist (Vagyunk). His works include My Letter to X (Levelem X-hez) (1964); If You were (Ha lennél) poems (New York, 1971); Musical Eternity (Zenés örökkévalóság) diary (1971); Letters on the Subject of Love (Levelek a szerelem tárgyköréből (1993); Prelude after Death (Prelűd halál után) (1995, 1998), and Black Letters (Fekete levelek) (1997). He received a number of awards, including the Imre Nagy Memorial Medal (1994), the Golden Pen (1996), and the Sándor Petőfi Freedom Prize (1999). – B: 1257, 0878, 1105, 1031, T: 7103.

Obrusánszky, Borbála (Barbara) (Hungary, 1974 ? - ) – Historian, Orientalist. She completed her studies at the University of Budapest between 1992 and 1997 in History and Mongol Civilization. This was followed by a postgraduate course at the Mongol State University in Ulan Bator, where she was awarded a Ph.D. in 1999. Between 2000 and 2002 she worked as an external consultant of the Asia Center at the University of Pécs, and organized the Mongol programs of the Shambala Tibet Center. During this period she participated in several expeditions to Mongolia and China. She became an archivist at the Folklore Shaman Archive at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Later, she became a lecturer at the Kőrösi Csoma Sándor University, Budapest. Ms. Obrusánszky is a member and/or founder of several Hungarian scientific associations. She is the author of numerous books and articles, including History of Mongolia (Mongólia története); The Thirty-three Faces of the Gobi (A Góbi harminchárom arca); The Marco Polo of the East (A Kelet Marco Polója); Nestorian Christianity (Nesztoriánus kereszténység); The Cultural History of the Huns (A Hunok kultúrtörénete); Three Mongolian Fables (Három Mongol mese), translation, and The Heritage of the Huns (A hunok öröksége), with L. Marácz (2009). She has provided analyses on Central-Asia in the scientific press. In addition, she is Editor-in-Chief of an educational journal. She received a Distinction of Azerbaijan “for invaluable work in deepening the relations between Azerbaijanis and Hungarians” (2010). – T: 1440, 1752, 2113, T: 2113, 7103.→Kőrösi Csoma, Sándor; Marácz, László.

Óbuda (Old Buda, Aquincum) – In the 1st century BC, Romans occupied the Transdanubian region that became the Roman Province of Pannonia to defend the Empire from the northeast. The Romans established the town of Aquincum on the western bank

1980

of the Danube River. In 106 AD Pannonia was divided into two regions, Pannonia Superior and Pannonia Inferior. Aquincum became the capital of Pannonia Inferior. Today the northwestern side of Budapest, Óbuda stands on the site of Aquincum. Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD) sent a Roman cavalry unit of 500 men to Aquincum. From 89 AD a legion of 6000 soldiers was stationed permanently in the town. A military town was built surrounding the legionary fortress, where the families of the legionaries, craftsmen, etc. lived, about 20,000–30,000 residents. A civil town was established 2 km north of the fortress. The town was promoted to the status of municipium around 124 AD, during the reign of Emperor Hadrian; and to the status of colonia in 194 AD, under Emperor Septimius Severus. From the middle of the 1st century to the end of the 4th century almost every Roman emperor visited Aquincum. The ruins of the Roman town of Aquincum can be seen in different places in Buda, but primarily in Aquincum, where new artifacts have been found as a result of continuous excavations. There are the ruins of an amphitheater an aquaduct, Christian chapels, and houses with floor heating systems and, among other objects the famous water organ is in the Museum. Today Óbuda is District III of Budapest. – B&T: 1308.→Aquincum Organ; Brigetium; Gorsium; Savaria; Strigonium; Pannonia.

Óbuda, Council of (1309) – Church Council regulating education in Hungary, resulting in important decrees. The IV. Lateran Council of 1215 decreed that in every archiepiscopal seat, there should be a theologian, who can teach the Scripture and the Pastorate. This council already required that each jurist should teach Canon Law; and church centers should have only grammaticus level of teaching Latin. When these decrees had been carried out, then, depending on the subjects taught, the collegiate schools of Esztergom and Kalocsa must have qualified as higher educational institutions. In all likelihood, Law must have been taught at Eger only in the 14th century. During the Age of liberal Humanism, it was allowed that arts to be developed to a high degree at Pécs and Várad (Nagyvárad, now Oradea, Romania). This Council also decreed that teachers should provide free instruction to clerics and poor students, while moderate teaching fees should be charged only to the more well-to-do. – B: 0945, T: 7456. Óbuda Decrees (Óbudai végzések) (ca.1 September 1290) – After the coronation at Székesfehérvár on 23 July 1290, and after the meeting of the noblemen, prelates and lower nobility in Óbuda, King András III (Andrew, Endre) (1290-1301) issued the Decrees of the Diet, in which he directed that the proprietary rights of the churches be restored; he prohibited the alienation of the counties and the selling-out of dignities and castles as endowments to foreigners, non-Christians, or commoners. He tied the jurisdiction of county Bailiffs to four noblemen’s judgment; confirmed the endowments of King Béla IV (1235-1270) and King István V (Stephen, 1270-1272). He prescribed the review of the endowments handed out by King (Kun) László IV (Ladislas, 1272-1290), also withdrew his unlawful endowments; regulated the compulsory military service, juridical privileges and immunity from taxes of the nobility and of the Transylvanian Saxons; assured the redemption of the dowry (dos) and the daughter’s quarter part of legacy, and the redemption of the property of the relative, whose estate had been forfeited. He regulated the provincial administration of justice on the part of the Palatine; annulled the duty taxes introduced during the reign of King (Kun) László IV; took

1981

measures regarding the method of duty payments; decreed to pull down newly built fortifications and made decisions about returning illegally seized properties. He determined the method of paying the tithe; prescribed the Chancellor’s price of charters; directed that the barons and noblemen hold an annual meeting at Fehérvár (now Székesfehérvár); arranged for the reparation of arbitrary measures, for the punishment of despotic lords of large estates, and declared null and void all the purchases and sales made under duress. These decrees were issued also for Transylvania at Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia, Romania) on 22 Februray 1291, at the meeting of the nobles, Szeklers (Székelyek, Transylvanian Hungarians) and Transylvanian Saxons. – B: 0945, T: 7456. Ocskay, László (Ladislas) (Around 1680 - Érsekújvár, now Nové Zámky, Slovakia, 3 January 1710) – Kuruc (Hungarian rebel) military officer and also military offiver of the Imperial Army. He was member of an aristocratic family of Nyitra County; served with the Pálffy Regiment and, later, the Ebergényi Cavalry (Hussar) Regiment. He fought in Italy, but deserted from the Imperial Army and, on 30 June 1703, joined Prince Ferenc (Francis) Rákóczi II’s rebel forces at his Zvadka camp, where he was promoted to Brigadier in August 1705. He became known and feared for his daring raids. However, following the Battle of Trencsén (now Trencin, Slovakia), he changed sides, rejoined the pro-Imperial Austrian “Labanc” forces, and received the rank of Colonel. The Kuruc forces of Érsekújvár, led by Ádám Jávorka captured him on 1 January 1710, and the military tribunal sentenced him to death by beheading. Publications on L. Ocskay include Ocskay, Gusztáv: The True Biography of Brigadier Ocskay and the Characterization of the Rákóczi-era (Ocskay brigadéros igazi életrajza és a Rákóczi-kor jellemzése) (Budapest, 1902), Thaly, Kálmán: Ocskay László I-II (Budapest, 1905) and Angyal, Dávid: Ocskay László (Historical Studies, Budapest, 1937). – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7617.→Freedom Fight of Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc; Kuruc; Labanc. October Diploma – A document issued by Emperor Franz Joseph (Ferenc József) on 20 October 1860, containing concessions to Hungary and the Czechs. This was inspired by the critical situation of Austrian absolutism, resulting from its recent diplomatic and military debacles: (1) Russia, a close alley of Austria, lost the Crimean war. (2) The second War of Italian Independence had ended in 1859, with an Austrian defeat at the hands of Napoleon III, and the Emperor was forced to cede Lombardy to the French. (3) In addition, there was the weak state of the Austrian economy. The Diploma gave the conservative nobles more power over their own lands through aristocratic feudalism. This policy was not satisfactory, and the Emperor made further concessions in the February Patent (Pátens) of 1861. The historians more or less agree that the October Diploma was the beginning of the “constitutional” period of the Habsburg Empire. – B: 1078, 1138, 1231, 1031, T: 7103.→Ferenc József; Patens of February; Teleki, Count László (2); Tisza, Count Kálmán.

Ode – The most outstanding Hungarian ode writers were: Benedek Virág, Mihály (Michael) Csokonai Vitéz, Dániel Berzsenyi and Ferenc (Francis) Kölcsey. Kölcsey was more a master of the modern, rather than the old form. János (John) Arany and Mihály Tompa also wrote masterly odes. Sándor (Alexander) Petőfi’s songs often reached the sublimity of an ode, both in their patriotic and romantic sentiments. – B: 0942, T:

1982

7617.→Virág, Benedek; Csokonai Vitéz, Mihály; Berzsenyi, Dániel; Kölcsey, Ferenc; Arany, János; Tompa, Mihály.

Ódry, Árpád (Budapest, 25 September 1876 - 5 April 1937) – Actor, manager and pedagogue. After completing his studies at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest, for several years he performed in the country: in Nagyvárad (now Oradea, Romania), Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), Debrecen and Temesvár (now Timişoara, Romania). In 1904 the Comedy Theater (Víg Színház) gave him a contract and, a year later, so did the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház). In 1923 he became its life member. From 1928 he was Chief Manager of the Magyar Rádió, and in 1930 he became the Director of the Academy of Dramatic Art. He directed 45 plays at the National Theater. He trained himself constantly and overcame his speech impediment; read avidly and studied languages. He played both tragic and comic roles in excellent style. His delivery and facial expressions could change shades; his presence created constant tension on the stage. He could portray different types of spiritual depths, especially differences in mentality. His roles included Prospero in Shakespeare’s The Tempest (A Vihar); King Lear; Richard III; title role in J. Katona’s Bánk bán; Lucifer in I. Madách’s The Tragedy of Man (Az ember tragédiája), and Löfborg in F.R. Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler. He acted the leading roles in plays by Molière, Pierre Beaumarchais, Friedrich Schiller, Gerhart Hauptmann, Pierre Wolf, Jules Romains, Hervieu-Brieux, Rudolph Besier, W. Somerset Maugham, August Strindberg, Lajos (Louis) Zilahy, Zsigmond (Sigismund) Móricz and Sándor (Alexander) Hevesi. He trained excellent actors and stage managers, such as Endre Gellért, Tamás Major, Magda Olty, István Egri, József Szendrő and Oszkár Ascher. He was great actor and great pedagogue. In 1927 he received the Greguss Prize. The theater on Vas Street and a senior actors’ home in Budapest were named after him. – B: 0871, 0883, 1445, T: 7684.→ Major, Tamás; Olty, Magda, Szendrő, József; Ascher, Oszkár.

Odry, Lehel (de Pacsér) (Audry) (Nemesmilitics, now Svetozar Miletic, Serbia, 30 November 1837 - Arad, 5 February 1920) – Opera singer (bariton). He was educated at the Military College of Pécs, and at the high school of Baja. Actually, he became an iron-trader and worked in Pest and Vienna, where he studied bookkeeping. He worked as a book-keeper in a factory in Pest. He joined a theater, where he excelled with his baritone voice. In 1858, he was employed by the Theater of Pécs (Pécsi Színház) and, in 1862, he sang in the choir of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest. Soon he joined the National Theater of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), where he achieved success (1865-1869). Thereafter, he returned to the National Theater, Budapest, where he played leading roles. Later, he spent a year in Vienna, then returned to the theater in Budapest and excelled in Hamlet, The Flying Dutchman (A Bolygó Hollandi), and The Queen of Sheba (Sába királynője). During the 1880s, he was a frequent performer in Vienna. He retired in 1895. His works include articles in Budapest magazines; and books: About Life and the Stage, vols. i, ii (Az életről és színpadról, I,II) (1875); Panna Piros (Piros Panna) musical play (1877), and Master of Song and Play (Ének és játékmester) (1893). Some of his works remained in manuscript. He was a versatile, highly educated artist (writer,

1983

painter, chemist) whose extraordinary creative talent to portray human nature enabled him to rule the Hungarian operatic stage. Several of his plays about village life were performed. – B: 0883, 0907, 1197, T: 7103.

Oesterreicher Manes, József (Joseph) (Óbuda ? - Vienna, 1832) – Physician and balneologist. By the Edict of Tolerance (Türelmi Rendelet), issued by Emperor and King József II (Joseph, 1780-1790), Oesterreicher was the first Jewish person in 1782 to qualify as a physician. During 1785 and 1786, a Royal Decree appointed him Chief Medical Officer at Balatonfüred. Oesterreicher was the first to introduce the therapeutic uses of electricity. His other achievement was the chemical analysis of the medicinal springs of Buda and Balatonfüred. He also produced a laxative-salt called: Sal Mirabilis Nativus Hungaricus. His main works were: Analysis of the Water of Buda (Analysis aquarum Budensium) (Vienna, 1781); Report on the Lasting Effects of and on the Efficacy of the Sour-wells of Füred (Nachricht von den Bestandheilen und Kräften des Füreder Sauerbrunnen) (Vienna, 1792), and Useful Medical Experiences with the Use of the Wondrous Hungarian Natural Salt (Természeti csodálatos magyar sóval való hasznos orvosi tapasztalatok) (1801). – B: 0883, 1730, T: 7617.→Edict of Tolerance.

Oghuz Family Clan – Originates from an ancient Turkish name. Peter’s son, László, known by this national name in 1274, was an estate holder in County Zala. – B: 0942, T: 7676.

Ogotáj, (Ögödej, also known as Genghis Kan), (1185-1241) – Conqueror. He was a son of Temujin. Together with his brother, Chugataj, he headed an army of 600,000 strong against Chorezm and, from that time on, dedicated his life to the conquest of the Western World. In 1226 he became Genghis Khan, and immediately proceeded on his mission. He conquered the Caliphate of Baghdad and then Russia. Brother Julianus brought the first news to Hungary of his further war preparations. He conducted raids into Poland and Hungary and carried out widespread devastation. Only his death prevented the complete conquest of Hungary and Western Europe. Batu Khan returned the armies to Asia, where fratricidal wars broke out over Ogotáj’s legacy. – B: 0942, 1031, T: 7658.→Chorezm; Julianus Friar; Mongol-Tartar Invasion; Muhi, Battle; Ogotáj; Batu; Béla IV, King;

Ogurs – A branch of the Turkic peoples and languages. It was the Turkic ethnic group, the Onogurs, which was gradually assimilated by the Proto-Hungarians. The Onogurs belong to the Bulgaro-Turkic language group, which could have added some words to the Hungarian vocabulary when the Magyars were still in the vicinity of the Urals. A much more extensive addition of Turkic words to Hungarian (e.g. bika, búza, bor, gyümölcs, altogether about 200 words) must have taken place, when the Magyars were already on the Steppes by Lake Maeotis (now the Sea of Azov) north of the Caucasus Mountain Range, from the 6th to the 8th centuries, with evidence for significant linguistic and cultural influence on the Magyar language. – B: 1068, 1553, T: 7456.→Maeotis; Uralic languages; Turkic languages.

1984

Oguzians – The earliest tribe among the Turks, whose origin was from the legendary Oghuz Khan. To this tribe belong the Cumanians (Kunok), Turkmen, and the Ozmanlis. By all accounts, its ancient name does not mean one tribe, but a whole tribal alliance. Their tribal bird was the Turul, (a kind of falcon), as it was for the Magyars. Their national organizational system was the same as that of the Szeklers. In both cases it was divided into six ethnic groups (nations) and each group into four branches. In total, there were 24 branches. The Oguzian language was probably a transition between the Oguzian-Magyar and the Turkic languages. – B: 0942, T: 7684.→Cumanians; Hungarian Language; Szeklers; Turul.

Okolicsányi, Ferenc (Francis) (Budapest, 1 January 1894 - London, October 1954) – Physicist and an important pioneer in the development of television. He studied at the Budapest Polytechnic but, at the outbreak of World War I, his studies were interrupted, as he was conscripted into the army. After the war, he attempted to realize some of his practical inventions; however, the then current domestic situation did not make it possible. In 1926 he conducted research in Berlin into the fledgling science of television with Mihály (Michael) Dénes and Gusztáv (Gustavius) Wikkerhauser at the Telekor AG firm. After Telekor merged with the TEKADE firm of Nuremberg, he continued with his research there, together with Wikkerhauser. During this time Okolicsányi obtained his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Erlangen, Germany. In 1936 he worked on television problems with Wikkerhauser at the Scophony Company’s research laboratory in London. At the 1938 British Radio Exhibition, they were able to project large pictures with the aforementioned system. After World War II, he worked on the problems of colored television. He patented in the USA his invention for color cathode-tube-line-changing, prior to the similar Lorentz-tube. His tube was produced in a series. Until his death he worked as chief engineer. His main work was entitled: Spiegelschraube (Fernsehen) (1930). – B: 0883, 1731, 7617.→Dénes, Mihály.

Okolicsányi-Kuthy, Dezső (Desider) (Vienna, 13 July 1869 - Budapest, 26 December 1947) – Physician. He completed his studies at the Medical Faculty of the University of Budapest in 1892. After 1895, he studied in Austria, Italy, Switzerland, France, Egypt and Germany; he specialized in lung diseases, especially in tuberculosis. In 1898 he became Professor of Hydrotherapy and Tuberculosis at the Medical Faculty of the University of Budapest. From 1901 to 1909 he was Director of the Lung Institute of Budakeszi. After 1914 he became Head of the Lung Unit of St. János Hospital in Budapest. He retired in 1939. He is regarded as one of the pioneers in the treatment of tuberculosis. He was the author of many scientific works concerning its treatment, including Clinical Treatment of Tuberculosis…(A tüdővész szanatóriumi gyógyitása…) (in Hungarian 1897, in German 1898); The Disease of Tuberculosis (A gümőkor) (1908), and Prevention Against Tuberculosis (A tüdővész elleni védekezés) (1913). – B: 1730, 1160, T: 7656.

Oláh, Gábor (Gabriel) (Tapolca, 19 August 1938 - ) – Film-director. From 1958 to 1962 he studied at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest. In 1957 and 1958 he was a surgeon’s assistant at the Hospital on Tétényi Street. From 1963 to 1993 he was Manager of Mafilm. He worked for the Hungarian TV, and also for the Radio. In 1990 he

1985

published a magazine and TV program for youth, called Now (Most). He is one of the most outstanding and productive film documentarians. His works include The House (A ház) diploma film (1963); Curiosity (Kiváncsiság),documentary (1963); The Mummy Interrupts (A mumia közbeszól) cartoon, (1967); The Three Wishes (Három kívánság) documentary (1968); Early Risers (Koránkelők) documentary (1970); Come With Us to the Zselic Jungle (Tartson velünk a zselici rengetegbe) documentary, TV (1972); We Catch it, You Carry it (Fogjuk meg és vigyétek) cartoon (1978); Public Enemy (Közellenség) TV documentary (1980); Hospital in the Heart of the City (Kórház a város közepén) TV documentary (1986); With Great Pleasure (Nagyon szívesen) TV program (1993); Lucky People (Szerencsés emberek) documentary (1997); Umbrellas (Ernyők) TV series (1997), and Elizabeth Bridge Is On My Lot (Telkemen az Erzsébet-híd), radio documentary play. He is a recipient of the Miskolc Festival’s Grand Prize; Grand Prize of the Kőszeg Festival, and Special Prize of the Veszprém Festival. – B: 0874, T: 7684.

Olah, Georg Andrew (Oláh, György András) (Budapest, 22 May 1927 ) – Research Chemist. He was educated at the Polytechnic in Budapest, where he became Assistant Professor of Organic Chemistry and was also an Associate Scientific Director of the Central Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. After the crushed Hungarian Revolution and Freedom Fight in 1956, he emigrated to the USA. He became a research scientist at the Dow Chemical Company, then Professor and Chairman of the Department of Chemistry at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Later, he became the Chairman of the Combined Departments of Chemistry of the Case Institute of Technology and Case Western Reserve University, and was a C. F. Mabery

Distinguished Professor of Research in Chemistry. Oláh became a distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Scientific Director of the Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute of the University of Southern California in 1977, and is presently there. He is interested in a wide range of organic chemistry such as: electrophilic organic reactions, particularly carbonium ion reactions, Friedel-Crafts chemistry, aliphatic and aromatic substitutions and hydrocarbon chemistry. He pioneered new techniques and solvent systems of super-acid type, which allow the study of reactive intermediates, particularly carbonations, as long-lived stable species in solutions; the application of physical methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopy to the study of these systems and extensive structural and mechanistic studies, involving large variety of organic systems and many other topics. He has published 1200 scientific papers, 15 books, and has 115 patents. His books, among others, include Introduction to Theoretical Organic Chemistry, in German; Friedel-Crafts and related Reactions, vols. i-iv; Halonium Ions; Superacids; Hydrocarbon Chemistry, and the autobiographical A Life of Magic Chemistry. In 1994 he was awarded the Nobel Prize (unshared) and he holds 34 International Awards and Medals, and Honorary Doctorates from Hungarian Universities, as well as American, English and French Universities; he was also awarded the Széchenyi Grand Prize in 2011. - B: 0872, 7718, 1122, T: 7103.

1986

Oláh, Gusztáv (1) (Gustavus) (Lándséri and Talmácsi) (Eperjes, now Prešov in Slovakia, 10 January 1857 - Budapest, 31 January 1944) – Physician, neurologist and psychiatrist. He graduated from the Medical School of the University of Vienna in 1880, specializing in Psychiatry. He started his practice at the National Psychiatric Institute of Lipótmező (a suburb of Budapest) in 1881. In 1889 he became Director of the Psychiatric Institute of Angyalföld (another suburb of Budapest). In 1910 he returned to the Lipótmező Institute as Director. He retired from active practice in 1925, and became President of the Hungarian Society of Psychiatrists. He had been a correspondent member of the Société Médicopsychologique of France. Some of his major contributions to psychiatry were: Law-protection of Psychiatric Patients (Az elmebetegek jogvédelméről) (1898); Treatment of Psychiatric Illnesses (Elmebetegségek ápolása) (1903); Wartime Observations of a Psychiatrist (Elmeorvosi háborús megfigyelések) (1916), and Political Psychopaths (Politikai pszychopaták) (1923). He recognized the importance of no-restraint and open-door treatments in psychiatry and the protection of the law for psychiatric patients. His life and work were significant for the development of Hungarian psychiatry. – B: 1730, 0883, T: 7656.→Oláh, Gusztáv (2).

Oláh, Gusztáv (2) (Gustavus) Budapest, 20 August 1901 - Munich, Germany, 19 December 1956) – Opera director, stage designer and artist. He was the son of the psychiatrist Gusztáv Oláh. As a polytechnic student, he was appointed by the Opera House as Assistant Stage Designer. Already in his initial years, he designed more than a hundred exhibits in the Opera House and in the National Theater (Nemezeti Színház), Budapest. In 1928 he was a scenic supervisor of the state theaters; then, in 1936, stage-designer, later Chief Stage Designer and Director in the Opera House. He scored great success at the Maggio Musicale of Florence, where the Budapest Opera House Ensemble performed Respighi’s opera, The Flame (La Flamma), of which he was director, stage- and costume designer. He was a talented painter and musician; in scholarly, esthetic and technical fields, he was a lecturer at the Academy of Applied Arts and at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest. He was also Director of the National Theater concurrently with his activities at the Opera. In 1943, from a novel by Lajos Zilahy, he directed a film entitled: Something is Carrying by the Water (Valamit visz a víz). He participated in directing the first few open-air plays in Szeged. A number of European theaters (Sweden, Soviet Union, East Germany) employed him on several occasions. He died unexpectedly during the performance of Mussorgsky’s opera Khovanshchina in Munich. He was awarded the Kossuth Prize twice, in 1951 and 1954, and was nominated for the title of outstanding artist in 1952. A memorial plate is named after him. – B: 0883, 1445, T: 456.→Oláh, Gusztáv (1).

Oláh, Gyula (Julius) (Arad, now in Romania, 3 February 1836 - Budapest, 18 June 1917) – Physician. He graduated from the Medical School of Pest in 1863. From 1863 to 1865 he worked at the Rókus Hospital in Budapest. From 1867 to 1872 he was responsible for the medical administration of Jászladány district. From 1872 to 1875 he was elected a Member of Parliament. After 1875 he became Advisor in the Ministry of Health. From 1883 to 1885 he again became a medical administrator of the town of Nagyvárad (now Oradea, Romania). After 1885, he became Deputy Minister of the Health Services of

1987

Hungary. He devoted all his life to the improvement of the country’s medical services. In all his publications, he focused on their improvements. He wrote a comprehensive book on public health entitled On the Situation of Public Health in Hungary (Magyarország közegészségügyi viszonyairól) (1899). His other works include General Medical and Health Conditions in Hungary (1889) and Physicians’ Privileges and Responsibilities (Az orvosok jogai és kötelességei) (1898). In his medical research, he concentrated on the prevention of cholera infestations, e.g. Treatment of Cholera (Bp. 1909). In 1890, he launched the periodical Public Health Review (Közegészségügyi Szemle). – B: 1730, 0883, T: 7656.

Oláh, Miklós (Nicholas) (Olahus, Nicolaus) (Nagyszeben, now Sibiu, Transylvania, Romania, ca. 10 January 1493 - Vienna, 15 January 1568) – Archbishop, politician and historian. On his paternal side, he came from a Wallachian (now Romanian) aristocratic family that settled in Transylvania, Hungary. He studied in Várad (Nagyvárad, now Oradea, Romania) and resided at the Court of the Bishop of Várad, Zsigmond Thurzó, and subsequently at the Court of King Ulászló II (1490-1516). In 1516 he became a priest and later, Canon of Esztergom. After the loss of the Battle of Mohács (1526), as the Royal Secretary, he escorted the widowed Queen Mária Habsburg to the German lowland and remained with her in Brussels until 1542. It is here that he produced two of his thoughtfully reflective and related works, as initial pieces of a historic series, Hungaria (1536) and Athila (Attila) (1537). He was a friend of Erasmus of Rotterdam, whom he also asked, among others, to review his works. Returning to Hungary, he became Vice-Chancellor to King Ferdinand (1526-1564), and later, Bishop of Zágráb (now Zagreb, Croatia). Following these positions, he became Chancellor to the King, the Archbishop of Eger, and from 1553, Archbishop of Esztergom; then Head Chancellor, and finally Prince Regent. Fleeing from the Turks, he moved his primary residence from Esztergom to Nagyszombat (now Trnava, Slovakia). He became an unhindered feudal lord, and invited the Jesuits into Hungary to further the interests of the Counter-Reformation. He labored diligently in the interest of the Catholic Church and for the improvement of its schools. In 1558 he elevated the Nagyszombat Collegiate School to Academy status. In the history of Hungarian humanism, it was he, who linked together the era of King Lajos II (Louis) with the humanism of the latter half of the 16th century. His works are notable for having the Renaissance qualities of beautiful landscapes, portraying the loveliness and richness of the nation. Like the chronicler János (John) Thuróczi, he also had a certain anecdotal narrative style, which remained unique in Hungarian prose. His publications include Hungaria et Aiola, published by Mátyás (Matthias) Bél (1735); Ephemerides, published by Martinus Kovachich (1798), and Catalogus archirepiscoporum Strigoniensium 1009-1564, published by Arnold Ipolyi (1875). – B: 1136, 1122, 0882, 0883, 0945,1257, T: 7676, 7617.→Mohács, Battle of; Mária, Queen; Bél Mátyás; Thuróczy, János.

Old Gradual – A large, printed Reformed Liturgical Hymn Book, published in 1636, in Gyulafehérvár (now Aiud, Transylvania, Romania), on the initiative of Reigning Prince Gábor Bethlen (1613-1629). It was compiled and edited by János (John) Keserűi Dajka and István Geleji Katona, and published by and at the expense of Reigning Prince

1988

György Rákóczi I (1630-1648). Two hundred original autographed copies were published. The Preface is an important historical document on the musical leanings and life of the l7th Century Reformed Church in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). It contains more than 800 folios, a rich collection of annual Church Services, and an earlier work of Bishops of the Reformed Church. The work is a collection of liturgical hymns for diverse occasions, and it contains two Gregorian Passions, written on four stave lines in Gothic choral notation. The Gregorian chants were adopted, with certain modifications, from Gradual manuscripts, but several melodies especially the general Sunday antiphons are the work of István Geleji Katona. Besides the verse cycles and several Benedicti, there are 252 antiphons and 77 hymns, as well as psalms and prose translations. However, the rapidly spreading Puritanism movement within the Reformed Church soon swept away this type of church service. – B: 1194, 1136, T: 7607.→Bethlen, Prince Gábor; Rákóczi I, Prince György; Geleji Katona, István; Keserüi Dajka, János.

Old Hungarian Lamentation of Mary→Maria’s Lamentation, Old Hungarian.

Olgyay, Miklós (Nicholas) (Letenye, 15 May 1904 - Budapest, 29 November 1958) – Plant pathologist and mycologist. In 1929, he obtained a degree in Agriculture from the University of Economics, Budapest and, in 1934, received a Ph.D. in the field of Plant Pathology. From 1927 he studied at the Budapest Polytechnic, first as a research student, then working as a demonstrator, and later as assistant lecturer. Between 1941 and 1947 he was a lecturer in experimentation at the Institute of Plant Protection. In 1944 he was an instructor; in 1947 a professor in the Economics Department of the University of Economics; from 1948, a professor in the Department of Horticulture, and from 1953, a professor at the Horticultural College. His field of research covered mainly the study of fungi-damaging cultivated plants, with numerous published works in this field. His works include Plant Pathology, the Mycological Section, textbook, (1938, 1951), and Horticultural Plant Pathology (1953). – B: 0883, T: 7456.

Olmütz Constitution – A Constitution proclaimed in Olmütz by Emperor and King Franz Joseph (Ferenc József, 1830-1916) on 4 March 1849 and, at the same time, he dissolved the Imperial Council. The young Emperor and King’s decision was inspired by the advisors of the Imperial Court, which fled from Vienna to Olmütz, in fear of a revolution. The drastic step was taken because the battle against the Hungarian army was won by Windischgrätz at Kápolna, on 26 February 1849, and he mistakenly reported that he had completely destroyed the Hungarian armies. Consequently, Franz Joseph, in the new Constitution, withdrew the April Laws, promulgated by his predecessor, Ferdinand V (1835-1848), and abolished Hungary’s pre-1848 Constitution, separating Transylvania, the Partium, Croatia, Slovenia, the Bácska, the Temes region, and the Military Border region from Hungary. He declared these Provinces, together with the Hungarian Kingdom, part of a “united and indivisible Austrian Empire”. This decision of the Camarilla caused national outrage in Hungary and the National Army, the Honvédség, expelled all Austrian troops from the country. The Habsburg Court could only defeat the Hungarian War of Independence with the aid of the 200,000-strong Russian army. – B: 1230, 1153, 1231, T: 7665.→Ferenc József; Freedom Fight of 1848-1849.

1989

Olmütz Peace – The Peace Treaty made in December of 1478 between Hungarian King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus, 1458-1490) and the Polish Wladislas (Ulászló), who had been crowned Czech King, was ceremonially ratified on 21 July 1479 at Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Repuiblic). In this treaty, Mátyás I accepted the conditions ending the Czech War, which was started in 1468. He also recognized Wladislas’ right to use the Czech royal title, which was now shared between them. After Mátyás’ death, Ulászló could regain the territories then held by Mátyás – Silesia, Moravia, and Lausitz – for a payment of 400,000 golden forints. Though King Mátyás I could retain his Czech territories, the Polish Jagellos would now have the possibility of obtaining the Hungarian throne. – B: 1230, 0942, 1031, T: 7665.→Matthias I, King. Olt, Károly (Charles) (Zágráb, now Zagreb in Croatia, 14 May 1904 - Budapest, 22 March 1985) – Politician. In 1920 he moved to Hungary (dismembered by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920) from Croatia. In 1929 he organized an East-Europe Seminar, at which university students became acquainted with Marxism. From 1930 he was a member of the Communist Party. In 1932 and 1933 he was arrested for Communist student activities and convicted. In 1933 he was placed under police supervision. From 1934, as a private clerk, he was active in the Communist section of the National Association of Private Employees. From 1939 he took part in the reorganization of the Communist Workers’ Party and, until the end of 1941, he was involved in illegal press information work. In the summer of 1944, he became a member of the Intellectual Committee of the Communist Party and took part in the organization of the Resistance Movement. In 1945-1946 he was President of the Insurance Company of Private Employees; from 1946 to 1947, he was in charge of the Cadre Division of the Communist Party. From September 1947 to 1 June 1949 he was Minister of Public Welfare; in 1949 he was elected President of Parliament. In 1949-1950 he was Secretary of the Presidium. From February 1950 until 24 October 1956, he was Treasurer in the Government. Between 1956 and 1959 he was Head of the Secretariat of the Hungarian Revolutionary Workers-Peasants’ Government. From 1959 until his retirement in 1961, he was President of the State Office for Church Affairs (Állami Egyházügyi Hivatal). Between 1945 and 1967 he was Member of Parliament and, from 1957 to 1961 member of the Presidium. – B: 0883, 0945, T: 7456.→State Office for Church Affairs.

Oltványi, Ambrus (Ambrose) (Budapest, 1 April 1932 - Budapest, 30 September 1983) – Literary historian. His entire life was affected by childhood paralysis. He earned teaching and doctoral qualifications from the Department of Humanities of the University of Budapest (1954). Afterwards he worked at the Institute for Literary History. On November 15th 1956, Soviet soldiers arrested him for allegedly distributing counter-revolutionary pamphlets. He was freed within a few days. From 1957 he did not take an official job; instead, his research and criticism appeared in scholarly publications. His main area of study was 19th century Hungarian Literature and Cultural History. His compilations and collected critical writings were exemplary. Between 1962 and 1975 he was involved in preparing several of Mór Jókai’s novels for publication. After his death, a fund was created in his name for researchers of literary history. His publications include The Letters of Mór Jókai, 1860-1876 (Jókai Mór levelezése, 1860-1876) (1975); The

1990

Diary of István Széchenyi (Széchenyi István: Napló) (1978), and Eötvös József’s The Ruling Ideas of the Nineteenth Century and their Impact upon the State (A XIX. század uralkodó eszméinek befolyása az államra), political philosophy (1981). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7688.→Jókai, Mór; Széchenyi, Count István; Eötvös, Baron József.

Olty, Magda (Budapest, 28 June 1912 - Budapest, 22 February 1983) – Actress. After completing her studies at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest, in 1931, she entered into a contract with the National Repertory Theater of Nándor Alapi, appearing not only in prose roles, but also in operetta and soubrette roles. From 1933 to 1968 she was a member of the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest. In 1943, because she took part in the Resistance Movement, she was arrested at Sopronkőhida, from where she was freed in 1945. Between 1948 and 1962 she was a teacher at the Academy of Dramatic Art and, from 1957 to 1962, was its Director. She appeared in all the housemaid roles of the Molière plays; she was at home in the roles of gossip-mongering, clever, temperamental girls and young wives, but excelled also in conversational roles. Earlier in her career she completed the stage management course of Sándor Hevesi, successfully staging several plays. She worked successfully as a teacher of actors and appeared in several films as well. She retired in 1968, never to appear on the stage again; she spent the final decade and a half of her life in complete seclusion at Nagykovácsi in the Buda Mountains, west of Budapest. Her main roles included Mariska in Szigligeti’s Lly-lad (Liliomfi); Beatrice in Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing (Sok hűhó semmiért); Jessica in Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice (A velencei kalmár); Emilia in Shakespeare’s Othello, Dorina in Molière’s Tartuffe; Toinette in Molière’s The Hypochondriac (Le Malade Imaginaire; A képzelt beteg); Nicole in Molière’s The Citizen Turned Gentleman (Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme; Az úrhatnám polgár); Varja in Chekhov’s Cherry Orchard; Ilma in Vörösmarty’s Csongor and Tünde (Csongor és Tünde); Canina in Ben Jonson’s Volpone, and in the title role of George Bernard Shaw’s Candida. She was a recipient of the Jászai Prize in 1954, the Kossuth Prize in 1955, and the title of Outstanding Artist in 1968. – B: 0883, 1445, T: 7456.→Hevesi, Sándor; Ódry, Árpád.

Ölvedi, János (John) (Érsekújvár, now Nové Zámky, Slovakia, 20 July 1914 - Munich, 22 April 1983) – Writer and journalist. He begun his higher studies at the University of Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia), in 1934, and he continued his studies at the University of Budapest; but early in 1937, he gave them up. He took part in the work of the University Circle. From the spring of 1935 he wrote analyses in the journal Hungarian Review (Magyar Szemle) on the problems of the Hungarian minority in Slovakia. When the Hungarian-inhabited part of Northern Hungary (Slovakia) was returned to Hungary in 1938, he became Secretary in the Ministry of Minority Affairs. From there he advanced to the diplomatic service, becoming Press Attaché in the Consulate at Sofia, Bulgaria. From early 1944 he was a correspondent of the daily, Independence (Függetlenség). In the spring of 1945 he emigrated to the West and, in the post-war years, took an active part in the cultural life of the Hungarian emigrants of Germany; later, he went to the USA. In 1951, Radio Free Europe in New York engaged him as a correspondent; in March 1953 he was transferred to its Editorial Office in Munich. He worked there (under the name László Nyárhidi) until July 1979, when he retired. In the center of his interest as a writer were the nationality problem and the fate of

1991

the Hungarian minority in Slovakia. Studies and articles dealing with this subject appeared mainly in New Horizon (Új Látóhatár) and Catholic Review (Katolikus Szemle), sometimes also in New Hungaria (Új Hungaria,) and Viennese Diary (Bécsi Napló). His works include Letters from Exile (Levelek a számüzetésből) (1947) and Solar Eclipse, Hungarians in Slovakia (Napfogyatkozás, Magyarok Szlovákiában) (1985). – B: 1724, T: 7456. Ölvedi, László (Ladislas) (Érsekújvár, now Nové Zámky, Slovakia, 22 May 1903 - Budapest, 21 June 1931) – Poet. He obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Budapest. Thereafter, he returned to Slovakia. He was a correspondent of the Hungarian Newspaper (Magyar Hírlap) of Prague. As a Hungarian patriot and advocate of irredentist aspirations, he opposed the leftist Sarló movement. He often traveled abroad. For a while, as the representative of the interests of the Horthy Government, he was the Secretary of the Hungarian Society of Paris; at a workers’ meeting there, he was seriously wounded and died. His lyric poems are characterized by extreme nationalistic spirit. His works include We Are Waiting for Somebody (Valakit várunk), poems (1922); Song of the Miner (A bányász éneke), poems (1923), and Muses (Múzsák), poems (1928). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456.

Ómagyar Mária-siralom→Maria’s Lamentation, Old Hungarian.

Omega Rock Band – Formed in September 1962, Budapest, by László (Ladislas) Benkő organist and János (John) Kóbor as singer and rhythm guitarist. Although the musicians have changed over the years, the current group has remained the same for over 30 years: János Kóbor (“Mecky”) lead vocalist; György Molnár (“Elefánt”) guitar; László Benkő (“Lac”) keyboard and singer; Tamás Mihály (“Misi”) double bass and singer, and Ferenc Debreceni (“Ciki”) drums. After a few years of inactivity, the band reunited in 1994 with former member Gábor Presser joining them at concerts and contributing several tracks. The band has achieved great international success through releases in a variety of languages, and tours in England and Germany in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s. The 1969 song, Pearls in her hair (Gyöngyhajú lány) became an international hit. They produced more than 15 Hungarian language albums including Nightly Highway (Éjszakai országút) (1970); Omega 6: I don’t know your name (Nem tudom a neved) (1975); Gammapolis (1979); Omega XIII: Babylon (1987), and Omega XVI: Heavenly Sign (Égi jel) (2006). They have some 10 English language albums including Omega Red Star from Hungary (1968); 200 Years After the Last War (1974); Sky Rover (1978); Gammapolis (1979), and Transcendent (1996). A German studio album was also released: Das Deutsche Album (1973). They also released 10 live albums including People’s Stadium (Népstadion) (1994, 1999). The Omega Band is one of the most successful rock bands in Hungary. – B: 1031, T: 7103.→Illés Ensemble; Metro Ensemble.

Onczay, Csaba (Budapest, 29 December 1946 - ) – Cello virtuoso. He was a student of Antal (Anthony) Friss at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest (1965-1970). He participated in the master-course of André Navarra in Siena, Italy (1970). He pursued his post-graduate studies at the Tchaikovsky Conservatory of Music, Moscow (1970-1971). Since 1971 he has been teaching at the Liszt Academy of Music; since

1992

1994, he is a university professor in Budapest. He was a visiting professor at Oberlin Conservatory of Music in Oberlin, Ohio, USA, and at Indiana University Jacobs School of Music (cello) in Bloomington, Ind., USA (2006-2007). Onczay has won first prize at the International Pablo Casals Competition in Budapest (1973), and first prize at the International Villa Lobos Competition of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1976). He appears as a soloist in some of the most prestigious concert halls of Europe, America, Korea, and Japan. He regularly holds master-courses in Italy, Germany, France, Austria, Switzerland, USA, Japan and Hungary. He has been invited to many international Festivals as a soloist and chamber musician. They include the Pablo Casals Festival in Prades, France, and Kronberg, Germany, the Spring Festival in Budapest, the Beaumaris Festival in Bergamo, Italy, and the Spring Festival in Prague, Czech Republic; and also in Gifu and Ishikawa in Japan. In addition to numerous recordings of concerts for radio and television, Mr. Onczay has recorded numerous CD's: concertos of C.P.E. Bach, R. Schumann, Lalo, Villa E. Lobos, E. Dohnányi, and all the sonatas of Beethoven, and solo suites of J. S. Bach. He has been awarded the Liszt Ferenc Prize (1976), the Merited Artist title (1986), the Bartók-Pásztory Prize in 2004, and the Kossuth Prize (1993). – B: 0874, 2054, T: 7103.

Ond, (9-10th century) – One of the khans (leaders) of the Seven Hungarian Tribes. According to the sources of the chronicler Anonymus, at the time of the conquest of the Carpathian Basin, Ond, together with khans Ketel and Tarcal, delivered the gifts from Khagan (Reigning Prince) Árpád to Zalán (Szalan, Salán?) the then ruler of the Trans-Tisza region, consisting of twelve white horses, twelve camels, twelve Cumanian boys, twelve Ruthenian girls, and several more treasures. Zalán graciously accepted these gifts and allowed the bearers to return after ten days. Árpád donated as living quarters to Ond and his tribes the land of Szer, extending from the River Tisza to the Marsh Botva and from Lake Körtvély to the hills of Alpár. His son Ete constructed the Fortress of Csongrád. Khan Ond was the ancestor of the Kalán and Kölcse Clans. The Kölcse Clan’s name is preserved by the town of Kölcse in the Trans-Tisza region, and by the Kölcsey family that produced the famous 19th century poet, Ferenc (Francis) Kölcsey, author of the Hungarian National Anthem, the Himnusz. The Kalán Clan’s name is preserved in a town in the County of Zemplén, and in two villages in the County of Vas. B: 0942, 0663, T: 7658, 7456.→Anonymus; Árpád; Kölcsey, Ferenc. Ónod Parliament – The Hungarian National Assembly of the Estates, convoked by Ferenc (Francis) Rákóczi II, the Reigning Prince of Transylvania, on 31 May 1707 at Ónod for negotiations with the Imperial (Habsburg) Party, failed. It was held in Korom in Northern Hungary, near the castle of Ónod and ended on 22 June the same year. During the negotiations, on 6 June, Count Miklós (Nicholas) Bercsényi brought up for discussion Turócz County’s 31 January circular, which supported the peace, but also contained accusations. Since the two representatives of the County, Menyhért (Melchior) Rakovszky and Kristóf (Christopher) Okolicsányi, could not prove the accusations, in their anger, those present attacked Rakovszky and cut him to pieces, while Okolicsányi was sentenced to death and beheaded on 9 June. On 13 June, Rákóczi proposed to the Assembly to abrogate the Habsburg’s right to the Hungarian throne, since their only intention was to ruin the country. Bercsényi finished his spirited speech supporting

1993

Rákóczi’s proposal with the words “… Starting from today Joseph is not our Emperor!” The Estates passed the Law, finalizing Hungary’s separation from Austria. On the same day, Parliament elected Ferenc Rákóczi II to be the Reigning Prince of Hungary, and entrusted the governing of the country to the Prince and a Senate. On 6 June 1707, in his proclamation from Ónod, Ferenc Rákóczi II made known to the peoples of Europe the annulment of the Habsburgs’ right to the throne and declared the Hungarian throne to be vacant. On 29 June, in the name of those high ranking members of the aristocracy, who remained loyal to the Habsburg House, Prince Pál (Paul) Esterházy, the Palatine, protested against the decisions of the Parliament of Ónod and, in his 29 August proclamation delivered to the European states, he declared them invalid. – B: 0942, 1078, 1230, T: 7665.→Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc; Bercsényi, Miklós; Freedom Fight of Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc; Esterházy, Prince Pál. Ónodi, Adolf (Miskolc, 7 November 1857 - Vienna, 15 November 1919) – Physician. In 1881 he graduated from the Medical School of the University of Budapest. From 1880 to 1887 he was an assistant professor at the Institute of Anatomy in Budapest. From 1887 to 1890, he ran a private practice for the treatment of laryngitis in the Korányi Clinic. After 1890 he became Professor of Rhino-laryngology. In 1919 he moved to Vienna. He was a member of the Société Française d’Otologie, de Laryngologie et de Rhinologie and the American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society. In his research, he concentrated on the study of the nervous system of the larynx and the nasal cavities. Some of his publications are Das Geherin und die Nebenholen der Nase (Wien, 1908) and Die Nase (Bp. 1916). His famous anatomy collection was deposited in London, but it perished during World War II. He was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1896). – B: 1730, 1160, 0907, T: 7656.

Onogurs (Onogundurs or Utigurs) – Early Hungarian people’s tribal alliance of ten, assumed to be Hungarian-speaking tribes, with settlements (territories) formerly located north of the Caucasian Mountains. Their name (Onogur) means – in Turkish – “ten Ogurs” or “ten arrows”. Byzantine writers mention them from the middle of the 5th century. In the second half of the 7th century, they defeated – through several battles – the “Várkhonys”, and settled down in the Carpathian Basin. The Illuminated Chronicle (Chronicon pictum, Képes Krónika) of 1360 records the arrival of the Onogurs in the Carpathian Basin in 677, and mentions it as a “return arrival” (arrival the second time). It also records Árpád’s arrival without a date in the following manner: “God gave back Pannonia to the Hungarians...” According to the assumption of the chronicler, the arrival of Árpád in the Carpathian Basin enabled the Onogurs to regain their ancient land, Pannonia. – B: 1666, 1031, T: 7684.→Hungarians, History of; Dual Conquest; Dual, Successive Hungarian Settlement; László, Gyula; Illuminated Chronicle.

On the Administration of the Empire (De administrando imperio) – The literary work of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII, Porphyrogenitus, “the purple-born” (September 905 - 9 November 959). He was a scholarly emperor, who wrote books in Greek, among them the noted one. The author did not give its title; a Roman translator did. The work describes, inter alia, the Petchenegs (Besenyők), the Kievan Rus,

1994

Bulgarians, Khazars, Tartars and the Magyars, to whom it refers as “Turks in the north”; the Arabs to the east and south; and the Germans, Lombards, Venetians, Dalmatians Croats, Serbs and Moravians to the west. He provided even geographical information about imperial provinces, with useful records of diplomatic events. As to the Magyars: it contains valuable information about them, including information about the 10th century Magyar language, primarily in the form of personal names and geographical features, which he obtained from the Magyar visitors to his Court, i.e. the tribal leaders Bulcsu, and Tormás (Termatzu), as well as from his envoys to the Hungarians. The work listed for the first time the names of the seven Hungarian tribes: Nyék, Megyer, Kürt-Gyarmat, Tarján, Jenő, Kér, Keszi. – B: 0881, 1031, T: 7103.→Bulcsu; Khazars.

Opera House, Hungarian State (Magyar Állami Operaház) – The construction of the Budapest Opera House in Renaissance style, was commissioned by Emperor and King Ferenc József (Franz Joseph (1830-1916). The preparations for the construction began when the Interior Minister, Count Gyula (Julius) Szapáry, invited some specialists for this purpose. The leading architect, Miklós (Nicholas) Ybl, prepared a plan for the building, which was accepted. The building operations were started on 11 October 1875, and were completed by 1880. The safety system was additionally planned and carried

out, using the up-to-date, hydraulically operated Asphaleia system, although, for the time being, the gaslight illumination was retained. The Hungarian Royal Opera House, one of the most attractive opera houses in Europe, was opened on 27 September 1884. During the festive opening performance, King Francis Joseph I appeared briefly. The program consisted of Ferenc (Francis) Erkel’s opera Bánk bán Act I, the great overture to his opera, László Hunyadi, and Act I. of Richard Wagner’s opera, Lohengrin. The complete modernization of the building was completed by the time of its hundredth anniversary. Frigyes (Frederick) Podmaniczky was the administrator for the first ten years. The Musical Director was the composer, Ferenc Erkel. Famous figures as directors in the first decades were: Gustav Mahler (1888-1891), Arthur Nikisch (1893-1895) and Imre (Emeric) Mészáros (1907-1913). During the interwar years, the work of the director Miklós (Nicholas) Radnai stood out (1925-1935). In the years of World War II, it was László Márkus, who worked as Director (1940-1944) and Sergio Failoni acted as guest conductor. The work of the Opera House was reorganized after the end of the war in 1945. In the post-war years, the leading personage proved to be János (John) Ferencsik, who was Principal Conductor from 1945 to 1957, and Musical Director from 1957 to 1973, and 1978 to 1984. Aladár Tóth was Director between 1945 and 1955. Otto Klemperer was guest conductor for three active years (1947-1950). Gusztáv Oláh worked as the leading stage manager from 1936 to 1956. Lamberto Gardelli was a famous guest personality in the 1960s, and later. Emil Petrovics filled the director’s position for four

1995

seasons. After the death of Ferencsik, the musical director was András (Andrew) Kórodi from 1984, Ervin Lukács from 1987, and Ádám Medveczky from 1990. The Hungarian State Opera House has become the postwar new name for the Budapest Opera (Hungary having become a Republic in the Communist era after 1945). The grand operas on the program were the works of Mozart, Bellini, Donizetti, Verdi, Gounod, Thomas, and the increasingly often-performed works of Wagner, especially Lohengrin, Tannhäuser and The Flying Dutchman, while the result of Mahler’s creative activity brought onto the stage Das Rhinegold and Die Valküre from Der Ring des Nibelungen cycle. New attractive operas by Puccini started to appear on the stage from 1894; he himself conducted and interpreted them on occasion. Mascagni’s one-act opera, Cavalleria Rusticana started a long string of successes from 1890. Between 1912 and 1915, the stage manager, Dr. Sándor Hevesi, excelled with his production of the works of Mozart and Verdi, both musically and dramatically; he also undertook to present a more recent opera: Mussorgsky’s Boris Godunov. Stage works of Béla Bartók began to appear: the ballet, The Wooden Prince (A fából faragott királyfi) in 1917; the one-act opera Bluebeard’s Castle (A kékszakállú herceg vára) in 1918, and the ballet-pantomime, The Miraculous Mandarin (A csodálatos mandarin) in 1919. Ballet presentations were slow to develop in the Opera House; however, from 1902 to 1915, Miklós (Nicholas) Guerra created twenty choreographies with talented soloists; his most successful work was The Dwarf Grenadier (A törpe gránátos), by F. S. Guerra M., which remained on the stage till 1934, and reached 100 performances. After World War I, the repertoire was modernized after Miklós Radnai was appointed as director. Novelties like Debussy’s Pelléas et Mélisande, Stravinsky’s ballet Petrushka, and his opera Oedipus were performed. Respighi’s opera, The Flame (La flamma, A láng), became a great success as a result of the multi-faceted artistic stage work of the internationally known Gusztáv Oláh. In the 1930s, a new Verdi cycle and a new Wagner cycle were put on stage. Two talented choreographers, Gyula Harangozó and Aurél Milloss, encouraged new growth in the world of ballet. After the 1944-1945 war-torn years, the Opera House was relatively quickly reorganized and, as early as 1946, the five great Mozart operas were performed. The first modern item presented was Benjamin Britten’s Peter Grimes in 1947. National romanticism also came to the fore with Erkel’s operatic-version of Bánk bán. Works of Russian and Soviet opera and ballet composers (e.g. Shostakovich) were performed, as well as the Austrian Alban Berg’s Wozzeck (1964). A young generation of operatic composers appeared, such as Emil Petrovics, György Ránki, Sándor Szokolay. The last decades of the twentieth century saw the emergence of the stage managers of determination: András Mikó (1963-1987) and Viktor Nagy (from 1991), together with Gusztáv Oláh as chief superintendent. Zoltán Fülöp’s over three decades of stage designing (1928-1967) proved significant. Tivadar Márk was a renowned costume designer (1938-1974), Gizella Szeitz did fine work in dress designing (1945-1975), and the imaginative work of the artist Gábor Forray contributed enormously to the preparation of stage-settings (1967-1974). – B: 1445, 1031, T: 7456.→Ferenc, József; Ybl, Miklós; Erkel, Ferenc; Mahler, Gustav; Nikitsch, Artur; Márkus, László; Radnai, Miklós; Ferencsik, János; Kórodi, András; Lukács, Ervin; Medveczky, Ádám; Hevesi, Sándor; Bartók, Béla; Oláh, Gusztáv; Harangozó Gyula; Petrovics, Emil; Ránki, György; Szokolay, Sándor; Márk, Tivadar.

1996

Operatic Performances in Hungary – The history of opera in Hungary originates from three different sources. The first information dates back to 1646, to the Comico Tragedia, written by an anonymous artist. In this respect, the Reformed Colleges promoted primarily the Hungarian language and, during the subsequent one-and-a-half century, its musical school dramas had great effect. The second starting date came from the operatic performances of the Italian touring companies. Such performances took place in Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia), on the occasion of the coronation of Ferdinand III’s second wife, the Habsburg Princess Maria Leopoldina (1632-1649). At that time, Pozsony was the scene of the coronations of the Hungarian kings and queens. The Italian opera companies then performed in Sopron and Nagyszeben, followed by the German companies. In Pozsony, at that time, the operas and theatrical plays were performed in inns. Since these were not considered safe, in 1776 Count György Csáki built, at his own expense, a three-story theater, which was available for rent to any theatrical company. Anyone, who purchased a ticket, was free to go in to see or hear the performances. Soon, other towns followed the example of Pozsony; in 1769, a flourmill was converted into a theater; Pest created a theater from a bastion, the Rondella, which operated between 1774 and 1815. In 1778 in Nagyszeben (now Sibiu, Romania); in 1787 in Buda, the Várszinház (Castle Theater), which still stands; in 1789 in Kassa; in 1795 in Temesvár (now Timisoara, Romania), and in 1798 in Győr, theaters were also built. Operas of Italian, French and German composers, performed in the German language, suddenly appeared in these theaters. The third starting point of the operatic performances was the performance of plays in the courts of the aristocrats. The initiator was Prince Miklós József (Nicholas, Joseph) Esterházy, who invited Joseph Haydn in 1761. The opera performances were held first in Kismarton (now Eisenstadt, Austria), and later, in Eszterháza (now Fertőd, Hungary), particularly after the Opera House, with a capacity of 660, was built in 1768. These were open only to the Prince’s family and their guests. All the operas, which were the works of Haydn and other composers, were sung in Italian. While the singers were predominantly Italian, the majority of the orchestra members were German. The Prince built a puppet theater in 1772, for which Haydn composed puppet show operas. After the death of the Prince, the theatrical company was disbanded; but Prince Miklós (Nicholas) Esterházy reorganized it and, between 1800 and 1812, put it on the stage exclusively at Kismarton. Following the example of the Esterházys, the Bishop of Nagyvárad built a theater at his residence, and to these performances members of the nobility from the town and the outskirts were invited. Since mainly Latin and Hungarian were understood, the presentations were performed in Latin. Count József Batthyány, Archbishop of Pozsony, organized the third courtly theater, where he periodically engaged opera companies. These performances were open to the nobility and the civilian population as well. Other aristocrats also followed their example. In spite of the powerful German influence, the Hungarian opera performances commenced almost simultaneously in both Buda and Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), using mainly actors, who had formerly performed in school dramas. After finishing his legal studies, László (Ladislas) Kelemen returned home from abroad and created, in 1790, a Hungarian Theatrical Company in Buda and, in 1793, they presented in the Hungarian language a musical comedy Pikkó Hertzeg and Jutka Perzsi, composed by their conductor József Chudy. After a few years, the company went bankrupt because of financial difficulties. In Kolozsvár in 1792, with financial assistance from Baron Miklós (Nicholas) Wesselényi,

1997

under the direction of János Kotsi Patkó, a high quality, permanent theatrical company was established. János (John) Kotsi Patkó was the first to translate Shakespeare’s Hamlet into Hungarian and, in 1794, presented it splendidly on stage. The company, annually averaging one hundred productions, performed not only in Kolozsvár, but in Marosvásárhely and in Debrecen as well. Thus, musical comedies and French and Italian operas contributed to the development of the Hungarian opera. Until 1833, Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia) was famous because of its opera performances. Permanent opera performances commenced at the Castle Theater (Várszinház) of Buda in 1835. Ferenc (Francis) Erkel was its musical director for 30 years. He was the founder of the Hungarian National Opera. Of the operas he composed, Hunyadi László and Bánk bán proved to be the most popular. In the fourth quarter of the 19th century, several opera houses were built. In 1884 the new Opera House in Budapest was opened. Operas, composed by the great composers of Europe, were performed by gifted singers, orchestras and conductors. The Hungarian composers at that time were guided by different trends until the great personage, Béla Bartók appeared. The end of the First World War closed an era of the Hungarian opera, when the nation lost two thirds of its territory. Besides Budapest, regular operas are also performed in Debrecen, Szeged and Pécs. The opera houses in Miskolc and Győr also operate on a reduced scale. Significantly, Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály stand out among the operatic composers of the era. – B: 1020, T: 7685.→Most of the persons in the article have their own entry.

Opré, Kálmán (Coloman) (Szeged, 9 September 1924 - North Vancouver, 19 October 2010) – Publisher, museum designer, mechanical engineer, cultural consultant, and graphic artist since childhood. After completing his secondary education in Szeged, he began engineering studies at the Budapest Polytechnic. During World War II, he worked as mechanical engineer at the war factory Rába Works in Győr. In 1944, the war forced him to move to Austria, to the migrant camp of Kufstein, where he came under French occupation in the spring of 1945. He joined the French forces, where he worked for 5 years. In 1949 he emigrated to Canada and settled near Ottawa, working on the construction of a hydroelectric station. Later he worked for the railways and settled in Vancouver, where he met his wife. At first he worked as a graphic artist, but later he started his own business, was engaged in the publication of books and gramophone records. He was commissioned to work out a plan for the Britannia Beach Museum of Mining in North Vancouver. Already in his childhood he was associated with art. As a high school student he was one of those fortunate, who was able to work on the famous fresco ”The Heroes’ Gate” by Vilmos Aba-Novák in Szeged. Since his retirement he devoted his time to art. He had his first one-man show in 1985 at the Harrison Galleries in Vancouver, consisting of black-and-white tonal paintings of North Vancouver, Europe, and of the Queen Charlottes. In the 1980s, he did a series of 12 watercolour paintings of Edgemont Village, which he donated to the District of North Vancouver. Some of the paintings are hung in offices at the Municipal Hall. Opré taught design in North Vancouver’s Continuing Education Program as well as in West Vancouver for the Recreation Commission. He served on several Boards and Arts Councils. He had close to 50 exhibitions in Vancouver and its environs. Opré did not forget his Hungarian roots. At the Commemoration of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution at the Hungarian Cultural Society of Greater Vancouver on 21

1998

October 2006, he presented an audio-visual show “Remember 1956”; to capture the human drama of the uprising, he combined images from books and films published about the Revolution. – B&T: 7617, 7456.→Aba Novák, Vilmos.

Opus Pacis (Békemű – Peace Work) – It was the name of the Catholic Clerical Peace Movement (Katolikus Papi Békemozgalom). During the Communist rule in Hungary under Soviet military occupation, the idea of a Catholic Clerical Peace Movement was introduced in or about 1949, with the aim of helping to iron out the differences between the “new order” and the Catholic Church. On 1 August 1950, a national conference of the Catholic clergy of Hungary assembled, with one of the speakers being Pater István (Stephen) Balogh. It was here that a decision was signed by nearly 300 priests, under duress; it was to be the document that heralded the clerical peace movement in Hungary. The members of its National Executive Committee were: Archbishop József (Joseph) Grősz, Bishop Endre (Andrew) Hamvas, titular Provost Miklós (Nicholas) Beresztóczy, Church Director Richárd Horváth, Parish Priest Béla Mag, and others. The task of Opus Pacis was to help bring into being the program of both the National Peace Council (Országos Béketanács) and the Patriotic People’s Front (Hazafias Népfront). Its action began with a notice sent out to every parish priest. The paper of the movement was the Catholic Word (Katolikus Szó). The Patriotic People’s Front organized the Clerical Peace Movement’s meetings on national or county level for the information of the Roman Catholic clergy, and later also for the clergy of other denominations. Lectures were held on the problems of community peace, with the intention that, through the priests, all that had been discussed would reach the faithful. At first, the meetings were held once a month; from the 1970s, at every quarter, and then, more and more less frequently. The presence of the clergy at the meetings was considered to be a condition of reliability and a sign of “progressive thinking”. The Central Seminary of Budapest was dissolved in 1959, because its students refused to participate in the Opus Pacis meeting. The movement ended with the termination of the Communist regime in 1989. – B: 0945, 1031, T: 7456.→Balogh, István; Grősz, József, Hamvas, Endre; Peace Priests; State Office for Church Affairs.

Oravecz, Imre (Emeric) (Szajla, 16 February 1943 - ) – Poet and translator of literary works. He graduated from the University of Debrecen in Hungarian and German Literature (1967). For political reasons, he could not get a teaching job and he was a manual laborer, cinema manager, educator and, later, Secretary at the European Publishers (Európai Könyvkiadó) (1968-1973). In 1973-1974 he was on a scholarship at the University of Iowa, USA. From 1974 to 1976 he was an assistant professor at the Foreign Language Institution of the University of Economics, Budapest. In 1976 he studied Linguistics at the University of Illinois, USA; thereafter, he was a free-lance writer. From 1982, back in Hungary, he was editor of the poetry column of the literary review, Life and Literature (Élet és Irodalom). In 1985-1986 he was a Fulbright Guest Professor at the University of California. From 1990, for a short while, he was a member of the Advisory Committee of the Prime Minister of Hungary. In 1991 and 1992 he was chief contributor for the paper, New Hungary (Új Magyarország); and after that, of the Pest Newsletter (Pesti Hírlap) in 1993. From 1995 on, he has been a professor at the Catholic University; and in 2006 he became a member of the Digital Literary Academy.

1999

On the surface, his poetry is heavy and objective. He discovered a unity between nature and man in his newly created folk-poetry, the Hopi-Indian poems. He dedicated a cycle to his village of birth, with almost ethnographic precision. His writing about unrequited love is remarkable. His works include The Books of the Hopis (A hopik könyve) (1983); September 1972 (1972 szeptember) (1988, 1993); Collected Poems (Egybegyüjtött versek) (1994); Fisherman, Szajla… (Halászóember, Szajla…) 1998), and The Appropriate Day (A megfelelő nap) (2002). He has translated works from Paul Celam, Barbara Frischmuth, Franz Xaver Kroetz and the Japanese Ryokan. He is recipient of a number of awards, among them: the Lajos Kassák Prize (1972), the Milán Füst Prize (1988), the Sándor Weöres Prize (1996), the Book of the Year Prize (1997), and the Kossuth Prize (2003). – B: 1257, 0878, 1031, T: 7103. Oravecz, Pál (Paul) (Budapest, 7 May 1895 - Budapest, 14 August 1962 – Physician and stomatologist. He graduated from the Medical School of Budapest in 1921, specializing infant stomatology. From 1921 to 1931 he practiced at the Stomatological Clinic at the Medical Faculty of the University of Budapest. From 1933 to 1945 he was Medical Director of the Stephania Children’s Hospital (Stefánia Gyermekkórház). From 1926 to 1931 he was Chief Executive Secretary of the Hungarian Dental Society. In 1937 he became Professor of Dentistry at the University of Pécs, where, in 1952, he became an honorary lecturer in Medicine. In the latter part of his professional life, he concentrated on the research of dental hygiene in children and in schools. He set up the Stomatology Clinic at the University of Pécs. His works include New Characterization of the Circular Caries of Milk-Teeth (A tejfogak cirkularis cariesének új jellemzése) (1934), and Description of the Diastema Physiologicum (A diastéma physiologikum leírása) (Dental Observer, 1934). – B: 1730, 0883, T: 7656. Orbán, Baron Balázs (Blaise) (Lengyelfalva, near Székelyudvarhely, now Odorheiu Seculiesc in Transylvania, Romania, 3 February 1830 - Budapest, 19 April 1890) – Ethnographer, geographer and writer; scion of a noble Szekler (Transylvanian Hungarian) family. He completed his higher studies at the Reformed College of Székelyudvarhely. In 1847 he traveled through Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and the Arabian Peninsula. In 1849, on his way back to Hungary, he learned of the outbreak of the War of Independence against Habsburg rule, and organized a detachment of 150 soldiers in Constantinople to assist the Hungarian Army; but he arrived in Hungary too late, shortly before the surrender at Világos. He was forced to emigrate, first to London, then, for a second time, he went to Constantinople, where he lived for 14 years; he wrote reports about his travels and helped the local Hungarian refugees. During this time, he became acquainted with Lajos (Louis) Kossuth, Richard Guyon, and among his friends was Victor Hugo. Later, he lived in Paris and London. He returned to Hungary in 1859 and settled in his Szekler region of Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania), where he pursued administrative activities: first, in 1867, as recorder for County Kolozs and, from 1871, as Member of Parliament, representing the Szekler region, Marosvásárhely (now Targu Mures, Romania), as its center. During his travels he made valuable ethnographic collections and geographical descriptions. In his time, he was the leading expert on the Szekler-question. He wrote a number of articles and ten books. His magnum opus is a still valuable, six-volume treatise entitled: Description of Szeklerland (A Székelyföld

2000

leírása) (1868-1873). About his ethnographic collecting in Transylvania, he wrote the Szeklerland Collections (Székelyföldi gyűjtés) (1882). He also wrote: The Town of Torda and its Environs (Torda és környéke) (1889). His lifetime aim was to achieve independence for Hungary. He was a generous patron of students, of schools, and of the Cultural Society of Transylvania (Edélyi Közművelődésügyi Egylet). He became a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1887. Foundations, schools, and streets bear his name. – B: 0883, 0907, T: 7456.→Kossuth, Lajos; Freedom Fight of 1848-1849; Szeklers.

Orbán, Dezső (Desider) (Győr, 26 November 1884 - Sydney, Australia, 5 October 1985) – Painter, graphic artist and educator. He obtained a B.Sc. degree in Mathematics from the University of Budapest. Self-taught, he painted nudes, landscapes and still-life pictures. As early as 1905 and 1906, he had several exhibitions in Budapest. Later, he went to Paris and tried with little success to study at the Julian Private College. While in Paris, he became acquainted with Róbert Berény, who helped him to meet some important figures in the field of Art. Back in Hungary in 1909, it was in his studio, where the Seekers’ Society (Keresők Társasága) was formed. In 1911 it became the well-known group of progressive bourgeois artists, called: The Eight (Nyolcak). The painting, Landscape (Tájkép) was his introductory piece at an exhibition, a work that reflected the influence of Cézanne. His peculiar style was formed between 1910 and 1912, e.g. Great Still Life (Nagy csendélet) (1911); Books, Cacti, Tableware (Könyvek, kaktuszok, edények) (1911); Reclining Nude (Fekvő akt) (1911), and Still Life (Csendélet) (1909, 1911). In the second exhibition of The Eight in 1911, eight of his paintings and some drawings were shown. His first independent exhibition was arranged in 1917, and a number of his paintings were shown in the Ernst Museum in Budapest. During his travels in the 1920s in Spain, Italy and Germany, he exhibited scenes and townscapes, e.g. in Nuremberg (1929), Rothenburg (1929) and, in Hungary, his works were shown in a number of exhibitions in the 1920s. He won a Gold Medal at an exhibition in Barcelona (1929). In 1931, he founded the Atelier School and Studio of Artistic Planning, similar to the German Bauhaus, emphasizing the planned method of the training of artists. In his Private Art School, he employed talented artists, such as Lajos (Louis) Kozma, Farkas Molnár and Anna Lesznai. In 1938, critics recognized his students favorably. In 1939, he settled in Sydney, Australia with his family, where he founded an Art School in 1943. In the 1960s, he visited Japan; one of his paintings from there is the Wave (Hullám) (1965). At the age of 85, he won the Blake Prize for his painting Hosanna (Hozsanna) (1969) in Sydney. His works on art-theory include Understanding Art (1968) and What is Art all about (1975). – B: 0883, 1721, 1445, T: 7456.→Berény, Róbert; Eight, The Group of.

Orbán, György (1) (George) (Marosvásárhely, now Târgu Mureş, Transylvania, Romania, 12 July 1947 - ) – Composer. He studied at the Music Academy of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) under the guidance of Sigismund Toduta and János Jagamas. After completing his studies in 1973, he taught music theory at the same institution. Since 1979 he has been living in Hungary, teaching composition at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest. His early style was closest to the western avant-garde technique. Around the middle of the 1980s, he turned toward the neo-romantic style. Oratories and choral compositions characterized his works. He composed

2001

instrumental works in many different forms: from symphonic pieces, solo instrumental-vocal works, and works for brass wind instruments to chamber music. His works include Serenade I (1988); Sonata for Clarinet and Piano; Sonata concertante Scherzo I, Ballade II, Finale III (1995); Hymns: a. Te lucis; b. Nobis natus; c. Ave regina (1995); Album Pages (Albumlapok); Overture for Count Razumosky (Razumovszkij grófnak Nyitány) etc., and Zingarese (2002). His choral works include Psalm 126; Ave Maria; Adeste fideles; Nunc dimittis; Pange lingua; Veni creator spiritus; a Psalm Variation, and a Preacher-song. He wrote 13 masses with orchestral and organ accompaniment, music for films, and had a number of recordings. Orbán is a prolific composer with ever-increasing reputation. He received the Bartók-Pásztory Award (1991), and the Ferenc Erkel Award (1989, 2002). – B: 1178, 1438, 1031, T: 7684,7456. Orbán, György (2) (George) (Budapest, 25 August 1906 - Budapest, 16 February 1976) – Physician, gynecologist. He graduated from the Medical Faculty of the University of Budapest in 1931, specializing in Gynecology. From 1931 to 1947 he was Assistant Professor at No. I. Clinic for Women in Budapest. From 1947 to 1955 he was Chief Surgeon and Director of the Balassa Hospital, and concurrently, Director of the National Institute of Female Infertility. He developed early tests for pregnancy and researched new methods of child delivery. His major works are: The Painless Delivery (A fájdalomnélküli szülés) (1962) and On Pregnancy, Childbirth and Confinement (A terhességről, szülésről, gyermekágyról) (1963). – B: 1730, T: 7656.

Orbán, Ottó (Budapest, 20 May 1936 - Szigliget, 25 May 2002) – Poet, essayist and literary translator. He was raised in an orphanage. He graduated from the Arts Faculty of the University of Budapest in 1961. From 1958 he earned his living from literary activity. From 1981 on, he was Column-Editor for the periodical, Contemporary (Kortárs,) and from 1990, its chief contributor. In 1997 he was a guest professor at the University of Hamlin in St. Paul, Minnesota, and at the University of Minnesota, USA. He presented papers at a number of International Poets’ Conferences (USA, India, South Korea). His first journey to India was immortalized in his travelogue Window to the Earth (Ablak a földre) (1972, 1989). His American experiences appeared in his volume Road-crossing in Minneapolis… (Útkereszteződés Minneapolisban…) (1993). In 1989 he became Vice-President of the Hungarian Pen Club and, in 1993, a member of the Széchenyi Literary and Art Academy in Budapest. The basic motives of his work were: war, persecution, orphanhood, the challenges and lessons of history, the relationship of Hungary to the world, and the possibilities of the individual, society and poetry. His literary translation intended to present world-poetry from the ancient Greeks to that of modern nations. His works include Black Poems (Fekete versek) (1960); Farewell to Bethlehem (Búcsú Bethlehemtől) (1967); The Postponed Resurrection (A feltámadás elmarad) (1971); Being Poor (Szegénynek lenni) (1974); Where Does the Poet Come from? (Honnan jön a költő?) essays (1980); Collected Poems (Összegyüjtött versek) (1986); Note on the Ruins (Cédula a romokon) essays (1994), and Around the World in Sixty Years (Hatvan év a fold körül), collected poems in translation (1998). He received a number of awards, among them: Attila József Prize (1973, 1985), Graves Prize (1974), the Book of the Year Award (1986, 1994), the Radnóti Prize (1987), the Soros Foundation Prize, the Weöres

2002

Prize (1990), the Kossuth Prize (1992), and the Pro Literature Life-Achievement Prize (1997). – B: 1178, 0878, 1258, T: 7103. Orbán, Viktor (Székesfehérvár, 31 March 1963 - ) – Politician, statesman, writer, orator. He spent his childhood in Alcsút, Felcsút and Vértesacsa (40 km west of Budapest). He completed his high school studies at the English Department of the Teleki Blanka High School of Székesfehévár in 1981. He was conscripted into the army at Zalaegerszeg (1981-1982). He studied Law and Political Science at the University of Budapest, and acquired his Ph.D. in 1987. He worked at the Leadership Training Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food-Supply in 1987-1988. The Soros Foundation awarded him with a scholarship to the Pembroke College of Oxford University (1988-1989), where he studied the History of English Liberal Philosophy. He was one of the founders of the Bíbó István College, Budapest (1983). In 1984, with others, he launched the journal, Century’s End (Századvég), and was one of its Editors. He was among the founders of the “FIDESZ” – acronym of Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége (Alliance of Young Democrats) political movement, on 30 March 1988; later, it became a political party with the name Magyar Polgári Párt – MPP (Hungarian Civil Party). In it, he filled various leadership positions and became its President in 1993. With his leadership the Party was transformed from a radical youth movement to a moderate civil party with national characteristics. He came to the forefront of political life with his oration at the state funeral of Prime Minister Imre Nagy, and other victims of the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight, organized at Heroes’ Square, Budapest, on 16 June 1989. In his speech, he demanded the withdrawal of the Soviet Military Forces from Hungary and free elections. In the summer of 1989, he was one of the opposition members of the so called “round table negotiations”. He has been a Member of Parliament since 1990. Between 1998 and 2002, he was Prime Minister of Hungary. His party led the coalition that barely lost the elections in 2002. Some achievements of his administration were: Hungary became member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1999; the new National Theater was constructed; the Mária Valéria Bridge was rebuilt between Esztergom and Párkány (now Sturovo, Slovakia); and the “Status Law” was legislated, declaring that all Hungarians are members of the Hungarian nation, wherever they live. This law provides certain assistance for some 2.5 million ethnic Hungarians living in the surrounding states since the Versailles-Trianon Peace Dictate (1920), which dismembered Historic Hungary. Orbán’s party lost the 2002 and 2006 elections and was in Opposition. In 2007, he was re-elected as President of the FIDESZ MP Party. He won an overwhelming, 2/3rd victory at the 2010 parliamentary election for the FIDESZ and the KDNP coalition, formed the Second Orbán Cabinet, and started rebuilding the country after eight years of devastating governing of the Left-Liberal governments. He has been a member of important international organizations, and Vice-President of the European People’s Party. Besides his collected speeches, he wrote: On the Main Road to History. Hungary 1998-2002 (A

2003

történelem főutcáján. Magyarország 1998-2002) (2003); 20 Years. Speeches, Writings and Interviews, 1986-2006 (20 év. Beszédek, írások, interjúk 1982-2006) (2006); One Country (Egy az ország) (2007), and Shake-waves (Rengéshullámok) (2010). He received the Freedom Prize of the American Enterprise and the New Atlantic Initiative (2201), the Polak Award (2001), the Franz Josef Strauss Prize (2001), the St. István Prize (2002), the Mérite Européen Golden Prize (2004), and the Great Cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great (2004). He is an Honorary Senator of the European Art Academy and an Honorary Doctor of the Fletcher Academy of Tufts University, USA. – B: 0988, T: 7103. Orbók, Attila (Pozsony, now Bratislava in Slovakia, 17 September 1887 - Budapest, 5 October 1964) – Writer and journalist. For a while he lived in Munich. He obtained his Law Degree from the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), and he went to France and studied at the University of Paris (Sorbonne). From 1912 to 1914 he was a reporter for the daily paper, Hungary (Magyarország) from Paris. In 1918 he was Press Attaché for the Hungarian Consulate in Bern, Switzerland. From 1920 to 1922 he was a Member of Parliament, representing County Bihar. From 1927 on, he worked as a collaborator for various dailies and literary journals. From 1933 he was a correspondent for the daily, Independence (Függetlenség), later, editor of the foreign affairs column. After 1945 he joined the Smallholders’ Party (Kisgazda Párt) working in the Press Department; later, he took part in the editing of Novella-paper (Regényújság). He also wrote a number of stage-plays and film scripts. His works include Phenomenon (Tünemény) stage-play (1922), which appeared in Paris, Berlin and London; in the USA, it was adapted for a film; Smile of Transylvania (Erdély mosolya), a collection of anecdotes (1940); The Garden of God (Az isten kertje) novel (1944), and Tom Sawyer’s Adventure, a comedy (1959). His other works include The Actress (A színésznő) novel (1926); Life of Paris (Párizs élete) (1927), and Velvet Chair (Bársonyszék), novel (1943). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456.

Orczy, Baroness Emma (Emmuska) (born: Emma Magdalena Rosalia Maria Josefa Barbara Orczy) (Tarnaörs, 27 September 1865 - London, 12 November 1947) – English novelist, playwright and artist. Her family friends at their Hungarian estates included, among others, famous musicians, such as: Charles Gounod, Ferenc (Franz) Liszt and Richard Wagner. She moved to London with her father in the early 1881 and, on 7 November 1894, she married the English Esquire Barstow Montagu. She began to write in 1900. Her major works are Old Fairy Tales (Régi tündérmesék) (Budapest, 1898); Adventures of Lady Molly (Lady Molly kalandjai) (1918); Candelabras of József Ferenc (Ferenc József gyertytartói) novel (1926); Pimpernel in Transylvania (Pimpernel Erdélyben) (1927); The Wise Pimpernel (Az okos Pimpernel) (1931), and Sir Percy Strikes Back (Sir Percy visszaüt) 1930). She became famous with her novel series of The Scarlet Pimpernel (Vörös Pimpernel), and its film version became a world success (1905). Some of her works were translated into other languages. She was also engaged in painting: among the life scenes she painted in the 1880s, the oil painting entitled Good Night (Jó éjszakát), appeared in the 1889 exhibition of the Art Gallery of Budapest. – B: 0907, 1031, 0883, T: 7103, 7456.

2004

Orczy Family – The first known ancestor of the Orczy family was György (George), who lived during the reign of Emperor and King Ferdinand I, (1526-1564). It was one of the oldest families in County Somogy. Their name derives from the area’s place-name of Orczi. Mention was made of the family in the 15th century, but continuous lineage can be shown only from the end of the 16th century, through Gergely. István (Gregory Stephan, 1669-1749), who gave the family its rank, when he received the upgraded title of Baron in 1736. Lord Lieutenant László (Ladislas) (1750-1807), who was Commander-in-Chief of the National Banderiums (Nemzeti Banderiumok), donated the land that was used for the City of Pest, which has preserved his name to this day. Many generations of courageous soldiers descended from this family. – B: 0942, 0883, T: 7676.

Orczy, Lőrinc (Lawrence), Baron (Tarnaörs, 9 August 1718 - Pest, 28 July 1789) – Poet. As a cavalry officer he took part in the War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748), and in the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763). During the siege of Dresden and then Berlin, he led regiments of Hajdus and Jazygs (Jászok), established by him. He was conversant with the French writers. In 1764 he retired with the rank of Cavalry General and managed his estate in Tarnaörs. In 1767, the King appointed him Vice Lord Lieutenant of County Abaúj. Later, he became its Lord Lieutenant proper. He resigned in 1784. From 1774 to 1782, he was Government Commissioner for the regulation of the upper course of the River Tisza. Writers used to visit him in his manor house in Tarnaörs; after 1772, he sometimes appeared in Pest and Buda. He was the first poet of Hungary to sing of the Great Plains and the River Tisza. He was the poet of late Hungarian feudalism, the late representative of the poet-type of a large estate owner, reflecting the old aristocratic view of life, with only an occasional glimmer of the enlightenment. His poems were often pictures of morality, important culturally and historically. Miklós (Nicholas) Révai (1750-1807) edited the collection of his poems. The great poet, János (John) Arany wrote a masterly character sketch of him. His works include Company of György Bessenyei (Bessenyei György társasága (1777) and Poetic Creations of Two Great Minds (Két nagyságos elmének költeményes szüleményei) including poetry from Ábrahám Barcsay (1789). – B: 0883, 1068, T: 7456, 7668.→Arany, János; Révay, Miklós.

Ordass, Lajos (Louis) (Wolf) (Torzsa, now Savino Selo, Serbia, 6 February 1901 - Budapest, 14 August 1978) – Lutheran Bishop. He studied in Bonyhád, Budapest, Sopron, and Halle, Germany. First he served as an assistant pastor in congregations in the countryside; then became an assistant pastor of the Budapest Deák Square Congregation. In 1927 he received a scholarship to Sweden. Consequently he became Pastor of the Cegléd Congregation in Hungary in 1931. He was Arch-Deacon in County Pest from 1937 on, and Pastor of the Budapest-Kelenföld congregation. Utilizing his foreign connections, he took part in saving Jews from persecution, during World War II. From 1945 he was Bishop of the Bányai District of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary. He played an active role in the process of renewing the Church after World War II. Due to his strong stand against the nationalization of church schools, he was arrested, tried in a show trial, and imprisoned in 1948. In 1950 the

2005

Church-Court, under State pressure, removed him from office. He returned to office in 1956 but, in 1958, he was permanently removed. He lived in forced seclusion, translating from Swedish as well as from Icelandic, for which he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the University of Reykjavik. He was the Deputy President of the Lutheran World Federation from 1947 to 1952, and from 1957 to 1963. His most important works are Good News for the Sufferers (Jó hír szenvedőknek) sermons (1992); At the Foot of the Cross (A keresztfa tövében) (1989); Passion Songs (Passió Énekek), translation from Icelandic (1974); Autobiographical Writings, vols. i,ii. (Önéletrajzi Írások, I-II) (1985, 1987), and Selected Works, vols. i,ii (Válogatott írások I-II) (1982, 1998), both were compiled by Pastor István (Stephen) Szépfalusi. There is a Lajos Ordass prize. – B: 1050, 1122, T: 7691.→Szépfalusi, István.

Ordódy, Katalin (Catherine) (Léva. now Levice, Slovakia, 22 February 1918 - Pozsony, now Bratislava, Slovakia, 17 June, 2000) – Writer. In 1938 she completed her high-school studies at the Women Teachers’ College of Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia) and obtained her teacher’s qualification in 1938. In 1938-1939 she was a bank clerk in Zseliz (now Želiezovce, Slovakia). In 1952 and 1953 she worked in an office in Pozsony. From 1953 to 1958 she was Editor of the Advertising Section of a Company. She was unemployed from 1958 to 1964. From 1964 until her retirement in 1972 she was Editor-Reporter for the magazine, Week (Hét). From 1990 she was a member of the Czechoslovak-Hungarian Writers’ Association. Her articles appeared in numerous papers and magazines, e.g. the New Word (Új Szó); New Youth (Új Ifjúság); Torch (Fáklya); Week (Hét); Literary Review (Irodalmi Szemle), and Working Woman (Dolgozó Nő). She was the writer of the women’s column and weekly discussions for the magazine Week (Hét) from 1964 to 1972. Her works include The Discovered Life (Megtalált élet) novel (1958); Generations (Nemzedékek) novel (1961); On the Wrong Track (Téves nyomon), translation, novel by Karel Michal (1964, 2nd edition, 1967); The Stranger (Az idegen) novel (1968); Key and Sword (Kulcs és kard) novel (1991), and Dóra, novel (1994). She wrote juvenile poems, stories and translated Slovakian works into Hungarian. She was awarded the Madách Prize in 1972. – B: 1083, 1890, T: 7456.

Ördögh, Szilveszter (Sylvester) (Szeged, 28 October 1948 - Budapest, 16 November, 2007) – Writer and translator literary works. His highere studies were at the French Department of the University of Budapest (1968-1973). Thereafter, he was on a scholarship at the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest. From 1975 he was Editor at the Publishing House Magvető Kiadó, Budapest, and from 1983, a columnist for New Writing (Új Írás). He was on a Zsigmond Móricz scholarship in 1982. In 1988 he founded the newspaper Glimpse (Tekintet), and became its Editor. He started publishing in 1966. In his early work he wrote about peasant life of his times, the conflicts between peasant parents and their intellectual sons. His parabolic novel, the Mount of Skulls (Koponyák hegye) (1976), is an actualization of the Biblical passion. Another work: Lo! You Will Not Die (Bizony nem haltok meg) is a mixture of history and myth. Some of his works were adapted to Radio and TV plays. His other works include The Colt (A csikó), story (1973); Gates in Thebes (Kapuk Thébában) drama (1978); The Peace of Lazarus (Lázár békéje) novel (1985, in German 1986); Drumming Snow (Dobol a hó) story (1993), and Skull Cavity (Koponyaüreg) (1994). He translated works from French and

2006

Vietnamese authors. Among his awards are the Attila József Prize (1974), MSZOSZ Prize (1995), Hazám Prize, posthumous (2007). – B: 1257, 0878, 1031, T: 7103. Orient, Gyula (Julius) (Nagybocskó, now Bocicoiu Mare, Romania, 21 October 1869 - Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 8 October 1940) – Pharmacist and physician. He obtained his Doctorate in Pharmaceutics from the University of Budapest in 1900; in 1906, he obtained his Doctorate in Medicine. He owned a pharmaceutical store between 1892 and 1898 in Csetnek. In 1898 he became an assistant professor, then an associate professor and, in 1918 full Professor of Chemistry at the University of Kolozsvár. He founded the Pharmaceutical Museum of Kolozsvár in 1918. In his research, he concentrated on the practice and history of pharmaceutical science. His works include Concept and Task of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A gyógyszerészi chemia fogalma és feladata) (1918), and Ancient Roman Relics of Surgical Instruments and Medical Treatments (Régi római sebészi műszerek és gyógyászati emlékek) (1937). – B: 1730, 1160, T: 7656.

Origin, Legends of – Peoples’ legends of their origin, based on recollections related to their early history. Among Hungarian legends there are some, which contain historically verifiable elements and are of eastern origin; research into their individual motifs has largely completed. (1) In the 11th century Hungarian Gestas, which served as a common source for Anonymus and other chroniclers, Ménrót appears as the ancestor of the Magyars. Clerically educated writers of Gestas and chronicles identify Ménrót with the Biblical Nimrod. According to the legend of origin, Hunor and Magor were Ménrót’s sons. Their descendants were the Huns and the Magyars. As to the Hun-Hungarian chronicle, where the Hungarians are identified as Huns, they are descended only from Hunor. (2) In yet another clerical version of the legend, the Empire of Ménrót and his sons is placed in the Meotis region (the Sea of Azov). During a hunt, the two brothers came upon a white stag, which fled into the Meotis swamps. They searched for a long time without success, before returning home. After some time, they again went into the swamp region “to have a feast”. This is the legend of the Wondrous Stag (Csodaszervas). (3) In the swamps of Meotis the two brothers and their warriors surprised the daughters of Dulo, King of the Alans, and married them, thereby becoming the ancestors of the two peoples, the Huns and the Magyars (Hungarians). This is the Abduction of the Women Legend. (4) The Álmos legend is the origin legend of the ruling family, which was preserved by Anonymus. Ügek took Emese as his wife, in whose dream there appeared the holy bird, Astur, which settled on her. In her vision, a river springs from her womb that runs in a foreign land and glorious kings descend from her. – B: 1150, T: 7617.→Anonymus; Meotis; Nimród; Wondrous Stag Legend; Álmos; Hun-Hungarian Legends circle.

Örkény, István (Stephen) (Budapest, 5 April 1912 - Budapest, 24 June 1979) – Writer, playwright and translator of literary works. He completed his high school studies at the Piarist High School, Budapest, in 1930. In the same year, he started his higher studies in the Chemical Engineering Department of the Budapest Polytechnic; but in 1932, transferred to the Pharmacology Department and obtained his Ph.D. degree in 1934. His short story, Sea Dance (Tengertánc) was published in the journal, Nice Word (Szép Szó)

2007

in 1937, launching his career as a writer. He was in London in 1938, and in Paris in 1939, existing under rather difficult conditions; he returned to Hungary after the outbreak of World War II. He resumed his studies at the Polytechnic and, in 1941, obtained his B.Sc. Degree in Engineering. In 1942 he did forced labor service on the Soviet-Russian Front, survived the Voronezh offensive of the Russians, and lived in a prisoner-of-war camp near Tambov for two years. In 1945 he was taken to Krasnogorsk, near Moscow, where he was able to start writing again. There, he completed his play Voronezh, also his documentary novel, People of the Camps (Lágerek népe), and his confessions, entitled: Recollections (Emlékezők). He arrived back to Hungary in 1946. He was a dramaturge for the Youth Theater (Ifjúsági Szinház) in 1949, and for the Hungarian People’s Army Theater (Magyar Néphadsereg Szinháza) from 1951. He was text editor for the Literary Publishers (Szépirodalmi Kiadó) from 1954. Until 1963, he could not publish, because of his participation in the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight. He worked as a Chemical Engineer in the United Pharmaceutical Industry (Egyesült Gyógyszergyár) in Budapest. In the early 1950s, his political convictions brought him to the blind alley of schematics. His novel Marriage Partners was published in 1951. However, he gradually recognized the true reality. His world-view was the grotesque. In 1957 he completed his popular novelette, Gloria, exhibiting his irony and his talent for the grotesque. Pisti in the Blood Bath (Pisti a vérfürdőben) drama (1962), and The Cat’s Play (Macskajáték) (1963) were huge international successes. His novel, The Tót Family (Tóték) (1964), later a play, was the first attempt at the “theater of the absurd” in Hungary. His book, Princess of Jerusalem (Jeruzsálem hercegnője) was a success in 1966. The One-Minute Novels (Egyperces novellák) (1968) was translated into several languages. His other works include Stories (Novellák) (1971); Novels (Regények) (1972); Plays (Szinművek) (1972); Portraits, Mirror of an Epoch (Arcképek, korképek) (1972); Silence of the Dead (A holtak hallgatása) with István (Stephen) Nemeskürty (1973), and A Scenario Script (Forgatókönyv), drama (1979). He translated works from J. Conrad, T. Williams, E. Hemingway, T. Capote, A. Dumas, Choderlas de Lacios, and H. Cocteau. He created a new literary genre, and it was this new genre that made him famous. He was awarded the Attila József Prize (1955, 1967) and the Kossuth Prize (1973). – B: 0881, 0878, 0877, 1445, 1122, T: 7103, 7456.→Freedom Fight of 1956; Nemeskürty, István.

Orlai Petrics, Soma (Mezőberény, 22 October 1822 - Budapest, 6 June 1880) – Painter. Orlai was the second cousin and friend of the renowned poet Sándor Petőfi, whose portrait he painted. First, he attended high school in his hometown, then in Szarvas and Sopron. He read Law in Sopron, studied Art in Vienna from 1846, then in Munich from 1850. He also undertook a study trip to Rome and Paris. He painted historical tableaux as well as portraits. Some of his works are: St. Stephen and the Assassin (St István és az orgyilkos); King Solomon Curses his Mother (Salamon király anyját megátkozza); Let the Little Children Come to Me (Engedjétek hozzám jönni a kisdedeket); Sándor Petőfi (Petőfi Sándor); National Assembly at Ónod (Ónódi gyülés), and My Mother (Anyám). He made illustrations for Petőfi’s poem, Silly Istók (Bolond Istók). His work is characterized by patriotism. He also wrote critiques. – B: 0931, 0907, 0883, T: 7103.→Petőfi, Sándor.

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Orlay, János (John) (Palágy, now Ruska, Carpathian-Ukraine, 1770 - Odessa, Russia, 27 February 1829) – Physician and court physician to the Czar. He emigrated to St. Petersburg and started his medical studies in Russia. In 1795 he obtained his Medical Degree from the University of Vienna. He returned to Russia and, after a few years of medical practice, he became physician at the Czarist Court. He became a member of the Medical Council of the Russian Empire. He taught Gogol, and was the friend of Goethe. He became Professor of Natural Science and Director of the College of Nobles of Odessa in 1812. Among his numerous publications are: Observationes medico-chirurgichae…(St. Petersburg, 1800), and Dissertatio inauguralis medica sister doctrinae…(Dorpat, 1807). – B: 1730, 0883, T: 7656. Örley, István (Stephen) (Berettyóújfalu 21 April 1913 - Budapest, January 1945) – Writer and critic. A soldier by training, Örley was an artillery lieutenant, who left the military after four years of active service. From 1939 to 1944 he was Copy Editor for the Literary Department of Hungarian Radio. In 1941, he became the Assistant Editor for the paper Hungarian Star (Magyar Csillag). After the German occupation of Hungary, he left his work at the Hungarian Radio and went into hiding as a military deserter. During the siege of Budapest, he was killed by an aerial attack. His writings appeared primarily in papers, such as the West (Nyugat); Hungarian Star (Magyar Csillag), and Life (Élet). His main works are: Carnival (Farsang), short novel serialized in the paper; Life (Élet) (1940), and The Fall of Flocsek (Flocsek bukása), a novel published in the paper Life (1941). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7688. Örley, László (Ladislas) (Pest, 27 October 1856 - Budapest, 12 June 1887) – Zoologist. He completed his studies in Natural Sciences at the University of Budapest in 1876. Thereafter, for five years he was a demonstrator in the Department of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy under Tivadar Margó. In 1878 he obtained a Ph.D. in Arts. In 1880-1881 he worked on a scholarship in Leipzig; then, in 1881-1882, in the British Museum of London, where he worked on the determination and classification of worms in its collection. He also worked briefly in the Zoological Station of Naples. In 1882 he became Assistant Curator for the Zoological Collection at the National Museum, Budapest, and in 1883 he qualified as an honorary lecturer at the University. From 1884 he worked again in the Zoological Station of Naples. He published a number of papers in journals, both in Hungary and abroad. He committed suicide. His works include On Hainworms in the Collection of the British Museum (1881); The Oligochneta Fauna of Hungary (A magyarországi Oligochneták faunája) (1881); On the Color of Animals (Az állatok szinéről) (1886), and The Leech Fauna of Hungary (A magyarországi piócák faunája) (1887). – B: 0883, T: 7456.

Ormai, József (Josip) (Újvidék, now Novi-Sad, Serbia, 18 October 1923 - Szabadka, now Subotica, Serbia, 26 April 1991) – Actor, puppeteer and producer. He studied acting in Belgrade. He spent eight years in Pristina, where the Children’s Theater was established, and became its Manager and Producer. He did acting for two years at Kragujevac, where he also produced children’s performances. He returned to Szabadka, and lived there from 1958 to 1959. He produced the first performance of F. Molnár’s The Paul Street Boys (A Pál utcai fiúk) in the Children’s Theater, for which he received

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several awards.. He signed a contract with the Children’s Theater and was its member until his retirement in 1981. He performed primarily in Serbian and Croatian plays, but acted regularly in Hungarian plays as well. His main role was Medve (Bear) in Matveyeva’s The Miraculous Galoshes (A csodálatos kalucsni). – B: 1445, T: 7684. Ormándy, Eugene (Jenő) (Budapest, 18 November 1899 - Philadelphia, PA., USA, 12

March 1985) – American conductor, originally a violin virtuoso, of Hungarian origin. He started his career as a child prodigy; at the age of 5, he was already a student of Jenő (Eugene) Hubay in the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, under whom he received his diploma at the age of 14. In 1919, when he was 17, he was appointed Professor of Violin. He was already giving concerts in the musical centers of Europe (e.g. Berlin in 1917), and was Concertmaster of the New York Philharmonic in 1921. He settled there and it was in the USA that his career as a conductor began in 1924. He was a guest conductor with the

New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Between 1931, and 1936, he conducted the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra. In 1936-1937, with Leopold Stokowski, he led the Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra, taking over as its permanent conductor in 1938. For 44 years he was Music Director of this distinguished orchestra (1936-1980), contributing considerably to its fame; it was well known for its polished sound. He was very particular over every detail and was also celebrated for his dynamic interpretation and his extreme vitality. He usually conducted without a score. He was referred to as the “luxurious” Conductor and Director of the “luxurious” Philadelphia Orchestra, with the world’s highest paid musicians under his baton. On several occasions, he also gave concerts in Budapest. He often appeared in other European cities as a guest conductor. He championed the music of 20th century composers, like Rachmaninov and Shostakovich, Britten and Bartók (e.g. his piano concerto no. 3). He was an enthusiastic promoter of the masters of the Hungarian musical art, first of all of Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály. He retired in 1980. – B: 0883, 1153, 1197, 1725, T: 7456.→Hubay, Jenő; Bartók, Béla, Kodály, Zoltán.

Ormos, Mária (Debrecen, 1 October 1930 - ) – Historian. Her higher studies were at the University of Debrecen, where she read History and Hungarian Literature (1947-1948). She continued her studies at the University of Budapest (1948-1949). She was an assistant professor at the University of Debrecen (1951-1953), then at the University of Szeged (1953-1957), from where she was dismissed for disciplinary reasons. She was an unskilled laborer at the National Archives in 1957-1958. She worked as a teacher, Encyclopaedia editor, and a contributor for the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. From 1982 to 2000 she was a professor at the Janus Pannonius University in Pécs, later, as Dean. From 2000 until her retirement she was President of the European Historical Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and of the University of Pécs. She was on study trips in Paris (1973-1974) and in Bonn in 1976. Her field of research is 20th century history. She is a member of many learned societies at home and abroad. Her works include France and Eastern Security (Franciaország és a keleti biztonság) (1969);

2010

From Padua to Trianon (Padovától Trianonig) (1983); Hitler (1993); Mussolini (1984), and Hungary In the Age of the Two World Wars (Magyarország a két világháború korában), (1998). She is a recipient of the Academy Prize (1984), the Albert Szent-Györgyi Prize (1995), the Széchenyi Prize (1995), the Ferenc Deák Prize (2001), and the Pulitzer Memorial Prize (2001). – B: 0874, 1729, 1257, T: 7103.

Ormós, Zsigmond (Sigismund) (Magyarpécska, now Rovine, Romania and Ópécska, now Pecica, Romania, the two settlements now merged as Pécska; 17 km west of Arad, 20 February 1813 - Budapest, 16 November 1894) – Writer and art historian. After completing his studies in Law, as secretary of Consul Sebő Vukovics, he was in the parliamentary youth movements. In 1848 he became a Member of Parliament and, in 1849, took active part in the War of Independence from Habsburg rule (1848-1849). As a result, he was imprisoned for 9 months. After being freed, he retired from political life and lived in Italy for a while. After his return to Hungary in 1867, he became Deputy-Lieutenant and, in 1871, Lord Lieutenant of County Temes in Southern Hungary (the region is now in Romania). He founded the Southern Hungarian Museum Society, soon becoming its President. He wrote a number of novels, studies and articles, including An Exile’s Diary (A bujdosó naplója) novel (1840); Data for the History of Art (Adatok a művészet történetéhez) (1859); Memories of Travels, vols. i-vi (Utazási emlékek, I-VI), a description of Art in Germany (1860-1863), and History of Our Culture During the Árpád Era (Árpádkori művelődésünk története), (1881). He became a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1861. – B: 0883, 1068, T: 7456.

Orosz, Adél (Adela) (Budapest, 17 March 1938 - ) – Dancer, ballet director and pedagogue. She was a student of Ferenc Nádasi in the Ballet School of the Opera House, Budapest; thereafter, she continued her studies at the State Ballet Institute, where she obtained a Ballet Artist’s Diploma in 1954. From 1954 on, she was member of the Opera House, Budapest; from 1947 she was also its solo dancer. In the 1950s, she received further training in Leningrad. She was a virtuoso, dynamic dancer of pure technique, who danced almost every major role of the repertoire, and traveled all over the world as a guest artist. She was a member of the Opera House until 1982 and, between 1984 and 1988 she was its Ballet Manager. She taught at the State Ballet Institute from 1989. She danced the main role in the only Hungarian dance film: The Girl who Came Alive by Dancing (Az életbe táncoltatott lány) (1973). Her chief roles were: Princess Maria in Voynonen’s: Nutcracker (Diótörő); Odette-Odalia in Messzerer’s Swan Lake (Hatyúk tava); Aurora in Petipa’s Sleeping Beauty (Csipkerózsika); Zarema in Rostislav Zacharov’s The Fountain of Bakhchisarai (Bahcsiszeráji szökőkút); Királykisasszony (Royal princess) in L. Sergey’s The Wooden Prince (A fából faragott királyfi); Flavia in L. Seregi’s Spartacus; Lise in Ashton’s The Badly Guarded Girl, a.k.a. The Girl Who Needed Watching (La Fille mal gardée – A rosszul őrzött leány); Fiatal lány (Young lady) in Fokine’s The Spectre of the Rose (A rózsa lelke,) and Taglioni in Dolin’s Pas de quatre. She received the Kossuth Award (1965), the Ferenc Liszt Award (1961), the Meritorious Artist title (1972) and Outstanding Artist title (1976), as well as The White Rose of the Finnish Order of Knights. She was made a Life Member of the Opera House in Budapest. – T: 1445, T: 7684.

2011

Orosz, István (Stephen) (Kecskemét, 24 October 1951 - ) – Painter, printmaker, graphic designer and animated film director, known for his mathematically inspired works, impossible objects, optical illusions, double-meaning images and anamorphoses. He studied at the University of Art and Design (now Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design) in Budapest, as a student of Ernő (Ernest) Rubik. After graduating in 1975, he began to work at theatres as a stage designer, as an animator and film director. He likes to use visual paradox, double meaning images and illusionist approaches, while following traditional printing techniques, such as woodcutting and etching. He also tries to renew the technique of anamorphosis. He is a regular participant in major international biennials of posters and graphic art, and his work has been shown in individual and group exhibitions in Hungary and abroad. He is a film director at the Pannónia Film Studio in Budapest, a professor at the University of Western Hungary in Sopron; co-founder of the Hungarian Poster Association, a member of Alliance Graphique International (AGI), and the Hungarian Art Academy. He often uses OYTI∑, or Utisz as his artist's pseudonym. István Orosz was known as a poster designer in the first part of his career. He made mainly cultural posters for theaters, movies, galleries, museums and publishing houses. At the time of the quiet revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe, he also drew some political posters. His “Tovarishi Adieu” (also used with the text “Tovarishi Koniec” –meaning ”Comrades, it is over”) appeared in many countries and was known as a symbolic image for changes in the area. He also designs anamorphosis, i.e. optical illusion plays with a perspective to create a distorted image that appears normal only when viewed from the correct angle, or with the aid of curved mirrors. Orosz tries to renew the technique of anamorphosis, used by Renaissance-era artists, and his aim is to develop it as well, when he gives a meaning to the distorted image, which is independent of that which appears in the mirror, or which is viewed from a special point of view. This approach of anamorphosis is suitable for expressing more sophisticated messages. He is a recipient the Munkácsy Prize, and the Merited Artist title; in 2011 he was awarded the Kossuth Prize. – B: 1031, T: 7103.→Rubik, Ernő.

Orosz, Júlia (Julie) (Budapest, 3 March 1908 - Budapest, 19 October 1997) – Singer (soprano). Her musical studies were at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest. At the age of 18 she gave successful concerts in France, including Paris, and sang at the concert of the Capital City Orchestra (Székesfővárosi Zenekar) in 1928. In 1929 she made her debut at the Opera House, Budapest, as Blonde in Mozart’s Abduction from the Seraglio (Szöktetés a Szerájból). From 1919 to 1930 she was on a scholarship of the Opera House and from 1930 to 1969 she was its private singer. She was one of the multi-faceted divas. She appeared as guest singer on many famous opera stages of Europe. During her career, she sang more than 80 lyric and dramatic soprano roles from Mozart to Wagner and Puccini. Her roles included Desdemone in Verdi’s Othello; Elza in Wagner’s Lohengrin, Margaret in Gounod’s Faust; Mimi in Puccini’s La Bohème (Bohémélet); Liu in Turandot, and Zerlina in Mozart’s Don Giovanni. She sang at the première of a number of Lehár’s operettas, under the baton of Lehár. She was also a fine interpreter of Béla Bartók’s arrangements of Hungarian folk songs. She received the the Merited Artist title (1953), the Kossuth Prize (1956), the Outstanding Artist title (1959), the Middle Cross of Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1994), and she was

2012

made Life Member of the Opera House, Budapest. – B: 1445, 1767, 1031, T: 7103.→Lehár, Ferenc; Bartók, Béla. Orosz, László (1) (Ladislas) (Csicsér, now Cicarovce, Slovakia, 18 December 1697 - Nagyszombat, now Trnava, Slovakia, 11 July 1773) – Jesuit monk, missionary and writer. After completing his secondary school education in Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia), he entered the Jesuit Order. After repeated petitions, he was finally permitted to set out on a transatlantic missionary assignment in 1726. After spending two years in Spain, his Order sent him to South America. In 1729 he reached Buenos Aires, where the Provost of the local Jesuit Order directed him to the newly opened Jesuit University in Cordoba, Argentina. Only 30 years old, he was one of the leading authorities in Philosophy; he introduced reforms to the Jesuit method of teaching the subject. In 1834 he became Rector of the University of Cordoba. Under his leadership, the intellectual life of the University came alive. In 1743 he became Administrator of the Order House, and built a second Jesuit College in Buenos Aires. By that time the Jesuits were operating 4 Universities, 10 Colleges, 42 Elementary Schools, and 5 Theological Schools in Paraguay. He continued and finished the work of Nicolas de Techo on the history of the Order House. The original manuscripts are at the University Library in Budapest. The huge biographical work on South America is also his work, and it is now in the Cabildo Museum. He founded a printing house in Cordoba in 1764, the first of its kind in the countries along the Rio de Plata. A Royal Decree expelled the Jesuits from Argentina in the middle of 1767, and he was shipped to the Cadiz jail in Spain. Orosz was soon able to make his escape and returned to Nagyszombat, where he resumed his teaching duties. His works include Eucharistion Diuo Ignatio de Loyola (Bártfa, 1715), and Decades (quinque) Virorum illustrium Paraquariae, vols. i,ii. (Nagyszombat, 1759). In manuscript: De transmigratione guaranitica (1756); and a Chinese Vocabulary, translated from Spanish. Orosz was one of the most outstanding personalities of the Hungarian Jesuits serving in Latin America. – B: 0945, 0907, T: 7617→Jesuits, Hungarian, in Latin America; Brentán, Károly.

Orosz, László (2) (Ladislas) (Csépa, 13 July 1925 - ) – Literary historian. His secondary education was in Kecskemét and Beregszász (now Berehovo, Carpathian-Ukraine). From 1943 he studied at the Eötvös College of the University of Budapest. From 1948 he taught at the High School in Kecskemét. In 1957 he was arrested for political reasons. From 1958 he was unemployed. In 1959 he worked as an administrator and, from 1961, was a teacher and librarian. From 1976 he was the chief contributor to the József Katona Museum of Kecskemét. He taught again from 1978 until his retirement in 1986. His field of research is the literature of the Enlightenment and the Reform Age, as well as the literary work of József Katona. Some of his works are: József Katona (1954); Ady Bibliography (1972); Literary Heritage of Kecskemét (Kecskemét irodalmi öröksége) (1990); Works of Daniel Berzsenyi (Berzsenyi Dániel művei) (1994), and History of the Interpretations of Bánk bán (A Bánk bán értelmezéseinek története) (1999). Among the awards he received are: the Ferenc Toldy Memorial Medal (1981), the János Apáczai-Csere Prize (1986), and the Pilinszky Prize (1995). He is a Titular Doctor of the University of Szeged, and an Honorary Citizen of Kecskemét. – B: 1257, 0878, T: 7103.→Katona, József; Ady, Endre; Berzsenyi, Dániel.

2013

Oroszlán, Zoltán (Budapest, 16 March 1891 - Budapest, 9 January 1971) – Archeologist and art historian. In 1913 he obtained a Teacher’s Degree from the University of Budapest and, in 1918 a Ph.D. in Art. At first, he was a teacher at the Reformed High School of Budapest. In 1914 he was a trainee in the Numismatic and Archeological Department of the National Museum. Between 1914 and 1917 he taught Military Geography and Military History at the Royal Hungarian Ludovika Military Academy. From 1917 to 1919 he was Secretary of the Hungarian Scientific Institute in Constantinople and, from 1919, was Assistant Curator of the National Museum, Budapest. From 1923 he was in charge of the Statue Collection of the Department of Antiquaries of the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest and, later its Curator. From 1936 he was an honorary lecturer and, from 1941, a professor at the University of Szeged. He took part in several study trips abroad. From 1945 until his retirement in 1967, he was professor at the University of Budapest, lecturing in History of Art, Classical Archeology and Museology; from 1957 to 1959 he was its Deputy Dean. From 1959 he was President of the Hungarian Archeological and Art Historical Society. In 1946 he was a member of the commission to ensure the return the Hungarian art collections from Russia taken during World War II. His publications reached 400, the result of his research on Greek and Roman art, especially Greek terracotta sculpture and Pannonian relief sculpture. Among his published works are Mythological and Symbolic Picture Types on Pannonian Tombs (Mitológiai és szimbolikus képtipusok a pannoniai síremlékeken) (1918), and Terrakotten-Studien (1945). – B: 0883, 1160, T: 7456.

Orovecz, Béla (Budapest, 5 September 1909 - Budapest, 17 December 1966) – Physician. In 1934 he graduated in Medicine from the University of Budapest. From 1934 to 1936 he worked in the No. II and No. III. Clinics, Budapest. From 1936 to 1945 he worked with the Hungarian Red Cross. From 1945 to 1948 he worked as physician in the Hungarian Army. After 1948 he reorganized and directed the Hungarian Ambulance Service (Országos Mentőszolgálat – OMSZ), and was its Director. In 1956 he organized the Ambulance Hospital and, in 1958, the Air Ambulance Services. His field of research was axiology and lifesaving. He was the author of The Handbook of First Aid (Az elsősegélynyújtás kézikönyve) with L. Rácz (1950). – B: the 1730, T: 7656. Orowan, Egon (Orován) (Óbuda, 2 August 1902 - Cambridge, Mass., 3 August 1989) – Hungarian and American physicist and metallurgist. He studied Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, and later Physics at the Technical University at Berlin and Vienna, where he received a Ph.D. in Engineering in 1932, then returned to Hungary. In 1934, Orowan realized that the plastic deformation of ductile materials could be explained in terms of the theory of dislocation – the understanding of how materials plastically deform under stress. From this concept, after World War II, the modern science of solid mechanics was developed. After working for a short while on the extraction of krypton from the air for the manufacture of light bulbs, in 1937 Orowan moved to the University of Birmingham, England, where he worked on the theory of fatigue. In 1939 he moved to the University of Cambridge. During World War II, he worked on problems of munitions production. He was invited to join the Faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, so he emigrated to the USA in 1950 and, a year

2014

later, he was named George Westinghouse Professor of Mechanical Engineering. He retired from the active faculty in 1968. He published a great number of scientific articles. He won many honors, including the Paul Bergse Medal from the Danish Metallurgical Society in 1973. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of London and a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Unites States. – B: 0872, 1031, T: 7103. Örs or Ursu, son of Acsád (Osád) – According to 13th century chronicler Anonymus, Örs led his tiny army to the River Nyárád and Prince Árpád bestowed the land of the River Nyárád on his people; later, he built the guard fortress of Örs (Erusur or, Ursur) near the source of the same river. The Clan of Örs lived there in 1347, and they had 36 estates in the Counties of Borsod, Szabolcs, Veszprém and Zala. – B: 0942, 1078, T: 7103.→Anonymus.

Orseolo, Peter, King (Velencei Péter – Peter of Venice) (Venice, 1010-1015 - Székesfhérvár, 1046 or 30 August 1059) – He was born into a Doge family in Venice. He was King of Hungary from 1038 to 1041 and from 1044 to 1046. His mother was the sister of King István I (St. Stephen, 997-1038), and lived in the royal court of his uncle. After the death of Prince Emeric (Imre) in 1031, and after the failed rebellion of Vazul, who was blided, and his sons Levente, András (Andrew) and Béla were exiled, King István confirmed Peter's succession rights. After ascending to the throne he continued his predecessor's policy and tried to strengthen Christianity in his half-converted kingdom; but his arbitrary actions resulted in his deposition. He could only restore his rule with the assistance of Holy Roman Emperor Henry III; but shortly afterwards he was again dethroned during a revolt of the pagan Hungarians led by Samuel Aba until the Imperial troops defeated him in the Battle of Ménfő in 1044. Now Orseolo had to acknowledge the overlordship of Henry III. However, Orseolo lost again the support of the Hungarian nobles and the prelates. In 1046 they called back to the country the two older expelled sons of Duke Vazul from Kijev, and an extensive revolt among the pagan Hungarians broke out, led by Vata, and Peter had to flee to the Western part of the country. In the meantime Peter fell into captivity near Zámoly, was blinded by the rebels, and as a captive he was taken to Székesfehérvár, where he soon died. – B: 1031, T: 7103.→ István I, King; Imre, Saint Prince; Aba, Sámuel; Vata; Vazul.

Orsolya, Erzsi (Bessy) (Budapest, 6 November 1901 - Budapest, 13 May 1984) – Actress. She completed the Acting School of the National Association of Actors. She acted in Kaposvár in 1921-1922; at Szeged in 1922-1923; and in Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia) in 1923-1924. In 1924-1925 she was a member of the Comedy Theater (Víg Színház) and, from 1927-1931 and in 1933 of the New Theater (Új Színház), Budapest. She was given acting assignments in the Chamber Theater (Kamara Színház) in 1934, the Operetta Theater (Operett Színház) of Budapest from 1958 to 1960, and between 1934 and 1967, in a succession of theaters in Budapest, as well as in country townsThereafter, she performed occasionally on various stages. She was equally successful with her attractive presence, beautiful elocution and well prepared acting either in dramatic or comic roles. Her major roles include Margaret in Goethe’s Faust; Puck in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Szentivánéji álom); Queen Margaret (Margit királyné) in Richard III; Maria in E. Boross’ False Window (Vakablak); Mrs. Pearce in G.B. Shaw’s

2015

Pygmalion; Kvasnya in Gorky’s Night Asylum (Éjjeli menedékhely), and Mrs. Baradlay (Baradlayné) in M. Jókai - S. Hevesi’s Sons of the Stone Hearted Man (A kőszívű ember fiai). There are 66 feature films to her credit, including Budapest Spring (Budapesti tavasz) (1955); Love on Thursday (Szerelem csütörtökön) (1959); Town without a Face (Arcnélküli város) (1969); I had Thirty-two Names (Harminckét nevem volt) (1971); Cat’s Play (Macskajáték) (1974), and Mirror Images (Tükörképek) (1976). – B: 1445, 1732, T: 7684. Orsós, Ferenc (Francis) (Spindl, next to Temesvár, now Timişoara, Romania, 22 August 1879 - Mainz, Germany, 25 July 1962) – Physician and pathologist. He completed his medical studies at the University of Budapest in 1903. He was Honorary Lecturer of Pathology in 1913. In World War I, he was a physician in the military. He became Professor of Pathology at the Medical School of the University of Debrecen in 1931. From 1935 he was Professor of Forensic Medicine at the Medical School of the University of Budapest. From April to June of 1943 he was a member of one of the three independent International Medical Teams and, as such, worked on the exhumation of the mass graves at Katyn Forest, Poland, where 8000 Polish army officers were executed by the Soviet NKVD in May 1941, and buried in mass graves at the beginning of World War II. The Germans put the blame on the Soviets; the Soviets blamed the Germans for these atrocities. Orsós found a particular calcium deposit on the inner wall of the skull of the victims and, with its help, the date of death could be established. This particular compound develops only three years after death. It proved that massacre occurred when the region was occupied by the Soviets prior to the German occupation. For his discovery, he was declared a war criminal by the Soviets for his ”false expert opinion”. However, he moved to Germany in December 1944, together with the Medical School. He settled down first in Hamburg, then in Mainz, and taught at its University (1946-1955). Soviet secret agents wanted to kidnap Orsós. About this incident one of his neighbors in the Michelsdorf refugee camp in Germany noted: “The Nuremberg Trials opened in November of 1945. The Soviets, afraid that their guilt in the Katyn massacre will be made public, began to search for the forensic experts involved in the investigation. Whether or not they found any of the others I don’t know. But they did discover the whereabouts of Professor Orsós in the Michelsdorf Hungarian refugee camp in Germany. One day, while walking in the neighboring town of Cham, two men grabbed him and tried to force him into a car. Fortunately two American MPs (Military Police) heard his cries and intervened. The assailants fled. After lengthy interrogation by the CIC (Central Intelligence Command), Orsós was assigned 24-hour protection. One MP stood under his barrack window, and one at both barrack entrances. We lived next door to him. He was later invited by the University of Tübingen to fill the Chair of Forensic Medicine. The matter of the Katyn massacre was swept under the carpet at the Nuremberg Trials”. In 1945, the People’s Court in Hungary declared him a war criminal and, since he was not extradited by the Germans, he, in absentia, was deprived of all his offices. He wrote more than 200 papers and some textbooks, such as: The Guidelines of Pathological Anatomy (A kórboncolás vezérfonala) (1928). His membership of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences was not restored in 1994. – B: 0883, 1031, 1730, 7617, T: 7103, 7617.

2016

Országh, Antal (Anthony) (Máramarossziget, now Sighetu Marmaţiei, Romania, 1818 - Buda, 6 April 1878) – Painter, graphic artist, photographer. In 1848, as an Imperial Royal Cadet, he fled to Italy with about 60 others, becoming an officer of the Venetian Legion. From there, he went to Constantinople, where he earned his living as a photographer and language teacher. In 1853 he moved to Paris, where he excelled himself with masterly pen-and-ink drawings, working as a painter and photographer. He led a rich and carefree life. He invented porcelain photography, but his pieces did not prove durable. He returned to Pest and opened a workshop on Kerepes Avenue, but he was unable to make a success of his invention here either. He was ruined and, as a daily paid clerk, he worked for the Ministry of Commerce, leading a wretched life in Buda, where he shot himself. He was a true master of pen-and-ink drawing, requiring painstaking, arduous work. His work, entitled Huszt Castle (Husztvár), prepared in a medieval tone, was considered a remarkable manuscript both historically and artistically; its text is a translation of Simoncsich’s Latin work, but with numerous new data and documents. He was the author of many articles, letters and a novel, The Parisian Mohicans (A párisi mohikánok), in 34 vols., translated from the French work of Alexander Dumas, by Országh and others (1854-1861). He also wrote a stage work, Exchange Pair (Cserepár), dedicated to the memory of Ferenc (Francis) Kölcsey. Many translations of his stage works remained in manuscript form, unpublished. – B: 0907, T: 7456.→Kölcsey, Ferenc.

Országh, László (Ladislas) (Szombathely, 25 October 1907 - Budapest, 27 January 1984) – Philologist and lexicographer. He was a student of the Eötvös College of the University of Budapest, traveled to the USA on a scholarship, and completed his university studies at Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida (a suburb of Orlando, Florida). He obtained his Ph.D. in 1935 and, from 1937, was a Professor at Eötvös College, Budapest. Between the years of 1947 and 1950, and from 1957 to 1969, he was Professor and Head of the Department of English Language and Literature at the University of Debrecen. In 1963 he received the Award of the Academy for his outstanding work as Editor-in-Chief of the seven-volume Thesaurus of the Hungarian Language (Magyar Nyelv Értelmezõ Szótára). From 1950 to 1962 he also published various English-Hungarian and Hungarian-English dictionaries, whose circulation exceeded a million copies. While at the English Department of the University of Debrecen in 1963, he began to publish annals that became one of the most important forums for English studies in Hungarian, the Philological Studies in English (Angol Filológiai Tanulmányok) series. His principal area of research was English and American literary history. His major works include The Origin of the English Novel (Az angol regény eredete) (1941); Shakespeare (1944); The Story of American Literature (Az amerikai irodalom története) (1967); Introduction to American Studies (Bevezetés az amerikanisztikába), (1972), and Elements of English Origin in the Hungarian Vocabulary (Angol eredetû elemek a magyar szókészletben) (1977). He was the holder of a Candidate’s Degree in Linguistics (1957), and Academic Doctor of Philology (1974). For his many achievements, the London Institute of Linguists honored him with a Commemorative Gold Medal in 1970. Then, in 1977, on his seventieth birthday, the British Government conferred on him the honorary title of Commander of the Order of the British Empire (C.B.E.), for his efforts in propagating English language and culture. – B: 0877, 0883, T: 7657.

2017

Országh, Pál (Paul) (Pavel Országh Hviezdoslav)(pen name: Jozef Zbranský) (Felsőkubin, now Vyšný Kubín, Slovakia, 2 February 1849 - Alsókubin, now Dolný Kubín, Slovakia, 8 November 1921) – Slovak poet, playwright and lawyer. He came from a family of the lesser gentry. He studied in the Hungarian schools of Miskolc and Késmárk (now Kesmarok, Slovakia), and received a Law Degree from the University of Eperjes (now Prešov, Slovakia). Here, he participated in editing the Almanach Napred (Előre Almanach), signifying a new milestone in Slovak literature (1871). Already during his secondary school years, he had written around 200 poems, all of which reflect patriotism and a desire for freedom. At first, he published only Slovak translations of the works of Hungarian poets, such as János (John) Arany and Sándor (Alexander) Petőfi, as well as some of the world’s classics under the name of Hviesdoslav Pavel. In 1906 he published an excellent Slovak translation of the great Hungarian drama The Tragedy of Man (Az Ember tragédiája) by Imre Madách. The Kisfaludy Literary Society made him a member in 1912. He began his career as a Hungarian poet, but never achieved prominence. Later, with the encouragement of the Slovaks in the County of Árva, he began to write in the Slovak language. He founded the Matica Slovenská (Slovak mother) Cultural Institute, which fostered Slovak Literature. In the end, he became an outstanding Slovak poet and classical writer of Slovak literature. His important works include Sonety (Sonnets), (1882-1886); Žalmy a hymny (Psalms and Hymns) (1885-1892); Stesky (Complains) (1903); Krvavé sonety (Bloody Sonnets) (1914/1919); epic works: Ežo Vlkolinský (1890); Gábor Vlkolinský (1897-1899); dramas: Pomsta (Revenge) (1909); Herodes a Herodias (1909) (Herod és Herodias), and Biblical poetry. He gave service to Hungarian literature by translating Hungarian classics into Slovakian. There is a statue of Országh in every larger Slovak town. Hviezdosfalva was named after him in 1921. – B: 1138, 1031, 1304, T: 7617.→Petőfi, Sándor, Arany, János; Madách, Imre.

Országh, Tivadar (Soroksár, 5 December 1901 - Budapest, 11 October 1963) – Violinist, composer and educator. At the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, he was a student of Jenő (Eugene) Hubay and Zoltán Kodály. From 1929 he was a professor at the Academy of Music. From 1961 until his death, he was Head of the Department of String Instruments. From 1927 to 1946, he was a member of the Waldbauer-Kerpely String Quartet; between 1947 and 1958 was leader of his own string quartet. From 1934 to 1938, he was Concertmaster of the National Capital Orchestra (Székesfővárosi Zenekar); from 1934 to 1938, Concertmaster of the Budapest Concert Orchestra (Budapesti Hangversenyzenekar); from 1938 to 1943, and again from 1948, Concertmaster of the Radio Orchestra (Rádiózenekar); from 1958-1960 he was solo viola-player there. As soloist and chamber-musician he traveled throughout Europe on concert tours. He wrote chamber music, violin compositions and mainly instructive works including his Viola-School (Brácsaiskola). – B: 0883; T: 7456.→Hubay, Jenő; Kodály Zoltán. Orth, György (George) (Budapest, 30 April 1901 - Porto, Portugal, 11 January 1962) – Soccer player, businessman. He started to play soccer in the youth team of the Vasas Club, then became the center forward of the Hungarian Athletic Circle and became one of the Hungarian National Eleven for the first time in 1917. In the autumn of 1925 he was seriously injured in Vienna and he could play again only in the 1926-1927 professional match, in the team of the Hungária Football Club. He was a member of the National

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Eleven on 30 separate occasions. After a rich and successful football career he was a trainer in Italy, Germany, France, Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Peru and Portugal. He was a famous Hungarian soccer player in his time, and a successful coach abroad. His bronze bust is in the Népsatadion (Peoples’ Stadium), Budapest. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456.

Orth, Győző (Victor) (Temesvár, now Timişoara, Romania, 23 August 1912 - Lake Village, IL. USA., 5 September 1988) – Minister of the Reformed Church in the USA. He attended secondary school in Temesvár, where the famous Hungarian poet-preacher, Mihály (Michael) Szabolcska taught religion. Győző received his love for the Christian faith from Szabolcska and, from the school’s Youth Organization he received a deep appreciation for his Hungarian heritage. In 1933, after graduating from the Protestant Academy of Theology in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), he spent a year as an assistant minister in the small mining town of Oravica in the southwestern part of Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). In 1934 he studied for a year at the University of Basel, under the renowned Pastoral-Theologian, Edward Thurneysen. In 1937 he was appointed Regional Missionary Minister. For several years, he organized Sunday Schools and other church groups in the 181 congregations of the Transylvanian Királyhágó Reformed District. During this time, he also edited the paper Reformed Future (Református Jövő), and published a collection of religious poems entitled Godly Songs (Istenes énekek). Early in 1945, Orth fled to Germany from advancing Soviet troops, to settle in the town of Osterode. In the following years, he visited Hungarian Protestants in refugee camps in the British Occupied Zone of Germany, publishing for them the Newsletter Evangelical World Service (Evangéliumi Világszolgálat). In 1949 he emigrated to Canada, where he began his ministry in Lethbridge, Alberta, under the guidance of Rev. Dr. Kálmán (Coloman) Tóth of Calgary. In 1951 Orth instituted English-language Sunday school instructions and English sermons in Békevár (now Kipling, Manitoba). Békevár Church, at that time, was the largest Hungarian Reformed Congregation in Canada. For seven years, he also taught Hungarian language at summer camps, with the help of a dedicated church leader. In 1959 he moved to the United States, where he served several Hungarian congregations. In 1968, he accepted a call from the Kálvin Hungarian Church (Kálvin Magyar Református Egyház) in South Chicago. From there, the congregation moved to Lynwood, IL. where they built a new church. It was dedicated on 4 July 1976 on the Bicentenary of the USA. For several years, Revered Orth was Dean of the Western Diocese of the Hungarian Reformed Church in America. He also edited the Reformed Newsletter (Reformátusok Lapja), and was one of the Hungarian translators of the Upper Room publication. In 1987, due to ill health, he resigned his post as Dean and retired to the nearby town of Lake Village, where he passed away at the aged 76. – B: 0906, T: 7617.→Szabolcska, Mihály.

Orthodox Churches (Greek Orthodox, Eastern Churches) – As a result of the Great Schism in 1054, the Orthodox Churches became separated from the Roman Catholic Church, and used the Byzantine liturgy and Church Organization. Their followers were known in southern and eastern Hungary after the Magyars settled in the Carpathian Basin at the end of 9th century. At first, the Byzantine and the Roman Church existed side by side and it was only in the 13th and 14th centuries that the Roman Church became the major church in Hungary, and the national minorities (Serbs, Ruthenians, Wlachs and

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Greeks) were members of the Orthodox Church. The first Orthodox Bishopric was founded in Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia, Romania) in 1572. The seat of the Serbian Metropolitan was in Szentendre, near Budapest, and from 1739, in Karlóca (now Novi Karlovci, Vojvodina, Serbia). Until 1864, in the Kingdom of Hungary, only the Serbian Autocephalous Orthodox Church was active. It became a recognized religion after the Toleration Act (Türelmi Rendelet) of Emperor József II (Joseph), confirmed by the No. XVII Act of the 1790 National Assembly and the 1848 the National Assembly. Since the Versailles-Trianon Peace Dictate in 1920, which partitioned Hungary, the present Orthodox Churches of Hungary have belonged to the patriarchate of their distinctive nationality. The basic units of the church organizations are the parishes, organized into deaneries, which together with the convents (Orthodox religious orders), constitute the diocese; the dioceses together constitute the District of the Metropolitan. The Hungarian Orthodox Administration, and the Hungarian and Russian parishes and diaspora are under the authority of Moscow Patriarchate. They have ten parishes (2 in Budapest, 1 each in Miskolc, Nyíregyháza, Szentes, Szeged, Gyöngyös, Kecskemét, Karcag and Üröm). They have about 5-6 thousand members. The Serbian Parish of Buda with about 7,000 members is under the Serbian Patriarchate of Belgrade; the Romanian Orthodox Church of Hungary, with about 16,000 members, is under the Romanian Orthodox Patriarchate of Bucharest, and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, with about 500 members, is under the authority of the Bulgarian Orthodox Patriarch of Sofia. – B: 1042, T: 7359.

Ortutay, Gyula (Julius) (Szabadka, now Subotica, Serbia, 24 March 1910 - Budapest 22 March 1978) – Politician and folklorist. He pursued his studies at the University of Szeged, worked at the National Museum of Budapest, became Deputy Chair of the Literary Department of the Hungarian Radio; was a private tutor, and an Editor for the periodical, Hungarology (Magyarságtudomány). He joined the Smallholders’ Party in 1942 and was organizer of the Historical Memorial Committee (Történelmi Emlékbizottság). Ortutay was in contact with the resistance group of Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky. After the German occupation of Hungary on 19 March 1944, he worked at a bookstore and participated in the Resistance Movement. After 1945 he was President of the Hungarian Radio and the Hungarian News Agency (Magyar Távirati Iroda – MTI). He was Minister of Culture and Public Education (1947-1950), and he played a decisive role in the nationalization of the church school system. After 1950, he was also involved in literary activities and was an editor or co-editor of lexicons, periodicals and folklorist publications. He was a recipient of the Kossuth Prize, the Academy Prize and the State Prize. – B: 0932, 1122, T: 7103.→Bajcsy-Zsilinszky, Endre; Ortutay, Zsuzsa; Hungarology.

Ortutay, Zsuzsa (Susie) (née Kemény) (Budapest, 13 February 1913 - Budapest, 12 February 1982) – Dancer and technical writer. She received her professional training at the Eurhythmics School of Olga Szentpál. After 1932 she appeared in the productions of the Szentpál Dance Troupe (Szentpál Tánccsoport), including Hungarian Mourning (Magyar halottas) and Maria-girls (Mária-lányok), and also participated in pedagogical work. In 1938, after her marriage to Gyula Ortutay, she stopped her performing and pedagogical work. In 1948 she accepted the responsibility of President of the Dance

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Association that she continued until 1950. Between 1951 and 1956, she was Editor of the monthly, The Art of Dance (Táncművészet) – B: 1445, 0883, T: 7684.→ Ortutay, Gyula.

Ortvay, Tivadar (until 1875 Ortmayr) (Csiklovabánya, now Ciclova Montana, Romania, 19 November 1843 - Budapest, 8 July 1916) – Catholic cleric, historian and archeologist. His studies in Theology took place in Temesvár (now Timišoara, Romania). He was a priest in various parishes, then a teacher at the High School in Lugos. While working in this capacity, he earned university credentials to be a private tutor. From 1873 he was the Assistant Custodian for the Antiquities Section of the Hungarian National Museum. In 1875 he taught Archeology at the Academy of Law in Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia). In 1892 he was made Chamberlain in Pápa, and in 1900 Abbot of Csanád. His historical and archeological work was broad in scope, and original in its methods. His main works are Ecclesiastical Mapping of Hungary at the Beginning of the 14th Century, vols. i-iii (Magyarország egyházi földleirása a XIV. század elején, Volumes I-III) (1891-1892); History of the City of Pozsony, vols. i-iv (Pozsony város története, Volumes I-IV), (1892-1913); History of Temes County and the City of Temesvár (Temes vármegye és Temesvár város története) (1896-1914), and Maria, the Wife of Lajos II (Louis), King of Hungary (Mária, II Lajos magyar király neje) (1914). He was a Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (corresponding in 1875, ordinary member in 1905). He was awarded the Marczibányi Award by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1916. – B: 0883, 0945, T: 7688. Örvényes monastery (or Örményes) – Monastery founded in County Zala by Miklós (Nicholas) I. Kanizsai, Lord Lieutenant of the Counties of Zala, Vas and Sopron. It was established around 1390 for the Pauline friars, near the village of Kehida (north of Zala-Apáti), in honor of the Virgin Mother. A short time later, a fine Chapel was built near the shrine in honor of King László I (St. Ladislas, 1077-1095). The site quickly became a famous shrine. By 1400, papal approval was requested for pilgrimages to the shrine. It was destroyed by the Turkish invasion in the 16th century. Its ruins could still be seen at the beginning of the 19th century. – B: 0942, T: 7103.→Pauline Order.

Őry, Miklós S.J. (Nicholas) (Németlövő, now Deutsch Schützen, Austria, 9 September 1909 - Klagenfurt, 19 February 1984) – Church historian and writer. In 1927 he joined the Jesuit Order. In the University of Szeged, he studied Philosophy and Theology. In 1938 he was ordained. Fom 1940 to 1943 in Rome, he studied at St. Gregory University and obtained a Ph.D. in Dogmatics. From 1949 he lived in Italy, then in Belgium and, from 1954, he lived in Austria. He taught at the Canisianum of Innsbruck and, later, at the Diocesan Seminary of Klagenfurt. From 1955 he worked to rally the Hungarian priests and the faithful in the West. He participated in editing the Catholic journal launched in 1969 entitled Service (Szolgálat). Péter Pázmány’s life and activity was the main subject of his research and literary work. Among his four published books on Pázmány, there was Pázmány’s first Latin work, dealing with the Church, entitled Diatriba Theologica in facsimile edition. Among his works there was Péter Pázmány’s Spirituality (Pázmány Péter lelkisége) (1964). – B: 1702, 1257, T: 7456.→Pázmány, Péter.

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Ösbő (Usubu) – A noted warrior who, according to 13th century chronicler Anonymus, was sent by Árpád in a delegation to Mén-Marót, to ask for permission to cross his land from the River Szamos to the border of Nyír and the gate of Meszes. He received a warm welcome and was lavished with gifts but, after three days, was refused permission. Ösbő excelled in warfare in the western part of the country. After a two-week battle, he captured Veszprém, Vásár and Tihany, as he chased the adversaries to the western border. Prince Árpád appointed him Army Commander and sent him against Ménrót. Bolstered with Szekler troops, he fought at the fortress of Bihar in a thirteen-day siege. Szalók, son of Ösbő, became the scion of the Szalók people. – B: 0942, T: 7658.→Anonymus; Árpád. Osl, Clan of (Osl nemzetség) – Originating from the tribal leader of Sur, the clan had its origins as well as a monastery in Csorna in Transdanubia. Its most notable members were Lieutenant Osl (†1230) and his son Benedek (†1244), who became Bishop of Várad and later, of Győr; Miklós (Nicholas) and Domonkos (Dominic), who were viceroys at the time of Kings Károly Robert I (Charles Robert, 1307-1342) and Lajos I (Louis the Great, 1342-1382). The Kanizsai, Móricz, Németi and Nicky families originate from the Osli branch. The Clan and its family lineage are remembered by the Transdanubian villages of Németi, Nick, Osli, Ostffyaszszonyfa and Sur. – B: 1078, T: 7676.

Ostyaks – People (in their own tongue Hanti) living near the northern, sub-arctic end of the Ural Mountains, on its eastern, Asian side, on the lower course of the River Ob, near the confluence with the River Irtis(h). They speak a Uralic language, the Ob-Ugric branch of the Proto-Ugric part of the Proto-Finno-Ugric family of languages, all derived from the Proto-Uralic (the other part being the Proto-Samoyed), existing as an independent ethnic unit since approximately 4000 BC. Some consider the Proto-Uralic group to be descended from an Altaic ancestral stock; others think that it was related to the Indo-European one. The occupation of the Ostyaks is hunting and taiga fishing. According to the 1989 census, they number 22,283. – B: 1068, 1553, T: 7456.→Uralic languages.

Osvát, Ernő (Ernest) (Nagyvárad, now Oradea, Romania, 7 April 1877 - Budapest, 28 October 1929) – Writer, critic and brother of Kálmán (Coloman). His first short story was published in Nagyvárad. He moved to Budapest in 1895, studied Law; but soon switched to the University’s Arts Department. An article that appeared under his name was published in the paper Evening News (Esti Újság) in 1897. From the autumn of 1898, the paper Budapest News (Budapesti Hírlap) published his literary critiques of the books of Géza Gárdonyi, Zoltán Ambrus, and Dániel Papp etc. He was a staff member and headed the literary column at The Week (A Hét) from November 1889. In the first decade of the 20th century he worked at the New Hungarian Review (Új Magyar Szemle). His plans for journal editing were realized in 1902. Between the years 1902-1903 Osvát edited the journal Hungarian Genius (Magyar Géniusz). In 1905 he founded the journal The Observer (Figyelő), which failed after one year. 1908 saw the launch of the important literary review, the West (Nyugat), and with it began a new literary era. Osvát and Miska Fenyõ were listed as editors, Ignotus as Editor-in-Chief. Though editors changed throughout the years, Osvát remained the main editor, providing an incubator for talent.

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1923 saw several notable commemorations in avant-garde Hungarian literature during Osvát’s twenty-five years as a writer. Osvát discovered many young writers, including Mihály (Michael) Babits, Zsigmond (Sigismund) Móricz, Gyula (Julius) Illyés, László (Ladislas) Németh, etc. He believed in allowing talent to be created according to its own laws, hence he published many different styles of high quality creative endeavors. During his career, he discovered numerous gifted writers. He is mostly known for his important contributions to the highly influential literary journal, West (Nyugat). In 1929 Osvát’s daughter’s death left him inconsolable, and he committed suicide. Besides the West (Nyugat), his major works include From the Book of Dissatisfaction (Az elégedetlenség könyvéből), a collection of aphorisms (1930), and His Complete Writings (Összes írásai) (1945). In 1928 he received the Baumgarten Award. – B: 0883, 0877, 0883, 1257, T: 7657, 7688→Osvát, Kálmán; Gellért, Oszkár; Gárdonyi, Géza; Ambrus, Zoltán; Fenyő, Miksa; Ignótus; Babits, Mihály; Móricz, Zsigmond; Illyés, Gyula; Németh, László.

Osvát, Kálmán (Coloman Osváth) (Nagyvárad, now Oradea, 18 January 1880 - Budapest, 1 August 1953) – Writer, physicist. He was the younger brother of Ernő (Ernest), a significant participant in the Hungarian literary life of Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania). In 1919 he began the first Romanian-Hungarian-language literary journal, the Zord Time (Zord Idő), which was published in Marosvásárhely (now Targu Mureş, Romania). He was Editor of several literary journals, including the Guide (Kalauz), the Reprise (Repriz) and the Transylvanian Lexicon (Erdélyi Lexikon). Between 1920 and 1927 he worked on the staff of the journal, Our Age (Korunk). In 1945 he had his brother’s writings published. His main writings are Rainbow (Szivárvány) poems (1903); In the Jerusalem Church (A jeruzsálem templomban) short stories (1907), and Letters To My Son (Levelek a fiamhoz) (1923). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7688.→Osvát, Ernő.

Osváth, Júlia (Rákospalota, 15 February 1908 - Budapest, 20 August 1994) – Opera singer (soprano). At the beginning of her career, she performed in the Ensemble of Emil Lichtenberg, first as a member of the choir, later, as a soloist. In 1929 she was a soloist with the Palestrina Chorus and, in 1930, soloist of the Mátyás Church, Budapest. In 1933 she completed three years of vocal studies within one year, at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest; following that, she continued her studies as a private student of Árpád Palotai. The Opera House contracted her in 1935 and she made her debut in the role of Mária Gara in Ferenc Erkel’s László Hunyadi. In 1937 she was a guest singer at the Salzburg Festival, singing the role of Queen of the Night in Mozart’s Magic Flute (Varázsfuvola), under the baton of Toscanini. She started out as a Mozart singer and sang all the lead roles of Mozart operas performed in Budapest. She was successful as a guest artist in Vienna, Ostend, Bucharest, Moscow and Leningrad. Her rich repertoire of Mozart opera roles extended to roles in the operas of Verdi, Wagner and Tchaikovsky. Her name was closely associated with the roles of the Countess in Mozart’s Marriage of Figaro (Figaró házassága), and that of the Marschallin in R. Strauss’ Rosenkavalier (Rózsalovag). Her main roles were: Masenka in Smetana’s The Bartered Bride (Az eladott menyasszony); Desdemona in Verdi’s Othello; Tatiana in Tchaikovsky’s Eugene Onegin; Eva in R. Wagner’s Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg

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(Nürnbergi Mesterdalnokok); Violetta in Verdi’s Traviata; Musette in Puccini’s La Bohème (Bohémélet), and Melinda in Erkel’s Bánk bán. She was awarded the Kossuth Prize (1949), the titles of Merited Artist (1950), and Outstanding Artist (195l). Her bust is in the Opera House, Budapest. There is a Julia Osváth Prize. – B: 1445, 1679, 1031, T: 7684.

Osváth, Pál (Paul) (Kisvárda, 18 June 1928 - Budapest, 19 May 1999) – Physician and pediatrician. He graduated from the Medical Faculty of the University of Budapest in 1952. He acquired his Masters Degree in 1970 and his Doctorate in Medicine in 1982. He started his medical practice in the County Hospital of Székesfehérvár in 1952. In 1954 he was transferred to the National Public Health Institute (Országos Közegészségügyi Intézet). In 1957 he started working in the Children’s Clinic of the László Hospital, Budapest. In 1964 he became an assistant professor in the Szeged Children’s Clinic. After 1968 he became an associate professor. In 1974 he took over the direction of the Buda Children’s Hospital. From 1987 to 1995 he was Director of the Szabadsághegy Children’s Sanatorium. In 1988 he became a titular professor at the University of Budapest. On a study trip, he visited Oslo in 1968, Paris in 1973, and Helsinki in 1982. In his research work, he concentrated on immunology and children’s allergies. He made basic discoveries in childhood allergy research and applied a number of prophylactic methods. His works include Allergic and Immunity Diseases of Childhood (1976); Allergic Diseases of Childhood; Immunological Aspects of Allergy and Allergic Diseases (1976); Childhood Asthma, Bronchial Heterogeneity and its Prognosis (in: Pneumonology, 1978), and Allergic and Immunology Illnesses of Childhood (Gyermekkori allergiás és immunológiai betegségek) (1976). He was Vice-President of the National Allergy and Immunology Society (1983-1992) and, after 1983, a corresponding member of the American Allergy and Immunological Academy, an honorary member of Charles University of Prague (1989), and recipient of a number of commemorative medals. – B: 1730, T: 7656. Osváth, Viktor (Victor) (Budapest, 19 September 1921 - Budapest, 15 September 1985) – Minister of the Reformed Church, organist, conductor and composer. When his family moved to Kecskemét, he attended High School there (1931-1939), and completed his theological studies at the Reformed Theological Academy of Budapest (1939-1944). He earned diplomas to work as a teacher, a singing instructor and a choir-conductor (1948). He was an assistant minister in Cece (1945-1947), Vezseny (1947-1949), and in Budapest-Fasor (1949-1952). He worked as Parish Minister in Vezseny between 1952 and 1959, and Minister, Organist and Choirmaster in Kecskemét (1960-1981). The years in Kecsekmét offered him an opportunity to be extensively involved with music, especially church music and composing. He arranged the hymns of the Reformed Hymnbook for mixed choirs with instrumental, mainly organ accompaniment. From this collection the most frequently used pieces are Psalms 5, 65; hymns 161, 165, 251, and 378 of the Reformed Hymnbook. He led the Mihály Kecskeméti Vég Reformed Choir in Kecskemét. The choir performed not only in Kecskemét but in other congregations and institutes as well. He also participated in the training of church organists, locally and nationally. Due to his illness, he retired in 1981 and moved to Budapest. His

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compositions, arrangements, writings and sermons appeared in print. – B: 0883, 1929, T: 7688, 7103.

Ősz, Ferenc (Francis) (Budapest, 10 November 1930 - Budapest, 5 February 1975) – Journalist and humorist. He completed two years of Art Courses, majoring in History at the University of Budapest. He started work as a clerk; then joined the army. From 1951 to 1954 he was a correspondent for the Army Newspapers. At Eger, he was in charge of the Art Section of the House of Culture of County Heves and, later, its Director. He was also a correspondent for the People’s Paper (Népújság) of County Heves (1954-1956 and 1957-1959), while working as a laborer at the Bus Workshop in Budapest in 1956. From 1959 to 1960 he was a clerk in the Central Statistical Bureau. From 1961 to 1964 he was a correspondent for the paper, News of Dunaújváros and, between 1964 and 1968, Column Editor for the County Pest News; then, from 1969 to 1975, he was a member of the Editorial Board of the comic paper Ludas Matyi (Crafty Matt, the Goose-herd). Through his appearances on radio and television, he gained nationwide popularity. He wrote and introduced a number of humorous programs, such as: Hello, this is Budapest (Hallo, itt Budapest) (1972-1973) and The Long Autumn (A hosszú ősz) (1973). His works include Humor Suits the House (Humor áll a házhoz), stage play (1973); Radio Cabaret (Rádiókabaré), selections (1975), and Der gespaltene Direktor, collection (1977). – B: 0883, 1178, T: 7456.

Ősz, János (John) (Magyarkirályfalva, now Crăeşti, Romania, February 1863 - Marosvásárhely, now Targu Mureş, Romania, 26 December 1941) – Collector of folk-tales. He completed the teachers’ training school at the Bethlen College of Nagyenyed (now Aiud, Romania). He taught at Kibéd (now Chibed, Romania) from 1884 then, from 1901 to 1933, at Pócsfalva (now Păucişoara. Romania). He made valuable collections of folk-tales; from 1900 to 1912, collected the vernacular language of Transylvanian-Hungarian in counties Maros-Torda and Kisküküllő for the journal Hungarian Language-Guard (Magyar Nyelvőr). His works include Transylvanian Hungarian Folk-tales from the Marosszék Region, vols. i,ii (Marosszéki székely népmesék, I-II) (1917); The Handsome Prince (A szép királyfi) (1940), and The Wonder-Bag (A csudatáska) (1941). – B: 0883, 1134, T: 7456.

Oszter, Sándor (Alexander) (Győr, 2 September 1948 - ) – Actor. After completion of his studies at the Academy of Dramatic Art, he was contracted to the Comedy Theater (Vígszínház), in 1971. From 1976 to 1978 he was a freelance actor; while during 1978 and 1989 he played in the National Theater (Nemzeti Színáz), Budapest, then became freelance again and, in 1992, once again joined the National Theater. In 2008 he acted in the Jókai Theater (Jókai Színház) in County Békés. He is a multi-faceted actor, interpreting dramatic heroes as well as character roles with equal success. His roles include title role in Shakespeare’s Othello; Caesar in Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra; Dunois in Shaw’s St Joan; Balázs in Zs. Móricz‘ Can’t Live Without the Sound of Music (Nem élhetek muzsikaszó nélkül); Kovács in Molnár’s Olympia, and Stalin in D. Pownall’s Master Class. He has acted in many films, starting with the series, Sándor Rózsa, which he was shooting in his student days. Other films in which he appeared include Sally (1970); Hajdúk (1974); The Fortress (1979); Uprising of Job

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(1983) and Aro (2004). His TV films include The Pupil (1977); Among Friends (2000) and Quadruple Track (Négyes pálya) (2003). He was a recipient of the Grand Prix of the San Remo Film Festival (1972), the Mari Jászai Prize (1982), the Merited Artist title (1988), Officer’s Cross of the Hungarian Republic (2001), and he was made a Member of the Knights of Malta (2005). – B: 1031, 1445, T: 7456.

Oszvald, Marika (Mary) (Oswald) (Budapest, 12 April 1952 - ) – Actress. She completed the Operetta Musical Faculty of the Academy of Dramatic Art in 1974, but already in 1971 she played on contract with the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház) of Szeged. Since 1972 she has been a member of the Operetta Theater (Operett Színház), in Budapest. Being a truly high-spirited soubrette, she dances and sings extremely well. She often acted abroad, including Germany, Switzerland, France, Italy, Skandinavia, Izrael, USA, Canada, Japan and Australia. Her major roles are Birike in Zs. Móricz’s I couldn’t Live Without the Sound of Music (Nem élhetek muzsikaszó nélkül); Mi in F. Lehár’s The Land of Smiles (A mosoly országa); Juliette in F. Lehár’s The Count of Luxembourg (Luxemburg grófja); Violetta in I. Kálmán’s The Violet of Montmartre (A montmartrei ibolya); Liza in I. Kálmán’s Countess Maricza (Marica grófnő); Adel in J. Strauss Jr.’s Die Fledermaus (A denevér); Fiametta in Suppé’s Boccaccio; Iluska in P. Kacsóh’s John the Brave (János Vitéz), and Hodel in Bock’s Fiddler on the Roof (Hegedűs a háztetőn). She has more than 20 feature and TV films to her credit, including 74 Bastion Promenade 74 (Bástyasétány 74) (1974); Sign-language (Jelbeszéd) (1974); Red Fun Fair (Vörös Vurstli) (1991); Noah’s Ark (Nóé bárkája (2007); The Winter (A tél) (TV, 1968); Peace Strategy (Békestratégia) (1985), and Family Ltd (Familia Kft) (TV series, 1991-0994). She is a recipient of the Mari Jászai Prize (1984), the Merited Artist title, and she is member of the Society of Immortals. – B: 1445, 1733, 1031, T: 7684.→Kacsóh, Pongrác.

Otrokócsi Foris, Ferenc (Francis) (Otrokocs, now Otročok, Slovakia, October 1648 - Nagyszombat, now Trnava, Slovakia, 1 October 1718) – Theological and philological writer. He began his studies at the Reformed College of Sárospatak. From 1669 he was Rector of the Protestant College at Szatmárnémeti. In 1671 and 1672 he studied at the University of Utrecht. After returning to Hungary in 1673, he became Minister of the Reformed Church in Rimaszécs (now Rimavská Seč, Slovakia). In 1674, together with all the Protestant ministers of Hungary, he was summoned before the Martial Law Court of Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia), was imprisoned, and sold to the galleys in Naples, from where he was freed in 1676. He wrote a report on his galley captivity, entitled Furor bestiae. For a while, he lived abroad in countries safe from the Catholics: Switzerland, Germany, England and the Netherlands. Finally, in 1678, he returned to Hungary. At first, he became a minister again in Rimaszécs, then, from 1681, in Gyöngyös and, from 1677 in 1690, in Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia). Later, from 1690 to 1693, he again lived in England and the Netherlands. Back in Hungary, he was striving for the unification of the Catholic and Protestant Churches. In 1694 he became a Roman Catholic. He received a pension from Emperor Leopold I (1654-1705). In 1696 he went to Rome, where he obtained a Catholic Theological, Legal and Philosophical doctorate. From 1699 he was Lecturer in Law at the Nagyszombat Academy, also Curator of the Chapter’s Archive. He was the author of a number of Latin and Hungarian theological studies. In his

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comparative philological work, Origines Hungaricae (1693), he tried to prove a Hungarian-Jewish linguistic affinity, with unscientific, fanciful etymologies. In this field, it was to his credit that he also introduced the Byzantine sources into the research of early Hungarian history. He wrote 19 works, among them Disputatio Theologica De Vocatione Abrahami, (Ultrecht, 1672); Under the Cross… (Kereszt alatt nyögő Magyar Izraelnek Hálá-adó és Könyörgő Imádságai) five prayers (Kolosvár, 1682); Origines Hungaricae, vols. i-ii (Magyarok eredetei, I-II) (Franeker, 1693), and Roma Civitas Dei Sancta…(Róma, Istennek Szent Városa…Rome, the Holy City of God) (1698). – B: 0883, 1068, 1031, 1257, T: 7456.→Kollonich, Count Lipót; Galley Slave of Hungarian Preachers; Decade of Mourning.

Ottlik, Géza (Budapest, 9 May 1912 - Budapest, 9 October 1990) – Writer and translator of literary works. He began his secondary studies at the Kőszeg Military College, and continued them at the Military College of Budapest. He graduated in 1930. At the Budapest Polytechnic he studied Mathematics and Physics under the guidance of Lipót Fejér, and obtained a B.Sc. degree in Natural Sciences. His first short story, Alone (Egyedül), appeared in the paper, Sunrise (Napkelet) in 1931. He worked for the Literary Department of the Hungarian Radio. Ottlik regularly wrote novels and reviews of books and plays from 1939 on. These writings appeared in the papers: The West (Nyugat), Mirror (Tükör), Silver Age (Ezüstkor), Hungarian Star (Magyar Csillag), and later in the New Times (Új Idők), Hungarians (Magyarok), Reply (Válasz), New Moon (Újhold), and Vigil (Vigilia). Ottlik translated O’Neill’s play Mourning becomes Electra (Amerikai Elektra), which was first performed at the National Theater in 1937. For a short period in 1945 and 1946, he was the dramaturge for the Hungarian Radio. Later, he produced a twenty-part series for radio, called: Twenty-Five Years of Hungarian Literature. During the hard-line Communist years, he was forced out of the literary life, supporting himself by translating into Hungarian the novels of English, American, German and French authors. From 1957 his novels, essays and short stories began to be published. His children’s film (1988) was inspired by his The Rooftops at Dawn (A hajnali háztetők) short story (1957). He was an important figure in Hungarian prose writing. His best-known novel was: School on the Border (Iskola a határon) (1959). He also produced it as a series for the Kossuth Radio. His other works include We Have It All (Minden megvan) short stories (1969); Prose (Próza), critiques and essays (1980); The Valencia Puzzle (A Valencia-rejtély); Ship’s Diary (Hajónapló); On Course (Pályákon) dramas and short stories (1989), and Buda, novel, edited by Péter Lengyel (1993, 1997). He received the Attila József Prize in 1981, the Kossuth Prize in 1985, the Ernő Szép Award in 1988, and the Örkény Award in 1990. – B: 0877, 0883, 1122, 1257, T: 7688, 7657.

Ottó, Ferenc (Francis) (Valkó, 26 October 1904 - Gödöllő, 19 November 1976) – Composer. He studied under the direction of Alfiero Arecco in Milan (1924-1926), then, until 1931, under Zoltán Kodály at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest. As a member of the Buda Choral Society, the Palestrina Chorus and the University Choir, he reached the Scandinavian countries, also Germany, Italy, Poland and the USA in 1937. His work: Lullaby (Altató) was composed to the words of three verses by Bálint (Valentine) Balassi, and one verse by Attila József. He wrote a study entitled Béla Bartók in the Light of Cantata Profana (Bartók Béla a Cantata Profana tükrében)

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(1936). He composed an opera for a text written by József Nyírő: Beautiful Girl Julia (Júlia szép lány), produced in the Opera House, Budapest, in 1939. In World War II, he became a prisoner of war in France, and returned to Hungary in 1946. He composed suites Green Helen (Zöld Ilona), and a stage work Hungarian Bacchanalia (Magyar Bacchus). In 1949, on a charge of organizing activities against the Peoples’ Democracy, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. On 17 August 1956, he was freed with an amnesty. The Music Publisher (Zeneműkiadó) published several of his songs as well as his wind quintet. His other works include Lumberman (Favágó) to lyrics of Attila József, for male choir (1936), for mixed choir (1937); Two Pastorals for Organ (Két pasztorál orgonára) (1938); Harvesting Day (Aratónap) to a poem by Gyula Illyés (1940); Three Phantasies on Old Hungarian Church-hymns (Három fantázia régi magyar egyházi népénekekre) organwork (1939); Polish Millenary Mass (Lengyel millenniumi mise) (1965); Christmas Pastoral (Krácsonyi Pásztorál) (1967); Three Hungarian Masses (Három Magyar Mise) (1967, 1970, 1971); In Memoriam Zoltán Kodály, horn-solo (1971); Hungarian Lord’s Prayer (Magyar Miatyánk) (1972), and the Rákóczi-Oratorio (1974) – B: 0883, 1160, T: 7456.→Balassi, Bálint; Kodály, Zoltán; József, Attila; Nyírő, József; Illyés, Gyula,

Otto, King (Otto of Bayern) (Wittlesbach, Otto, or Otto Bayer) (Burghausen, 11 February 1261 - Landshut, 9 September 1312) – King of Hungary (1305- 1307). He came from the House of Wittlesbach, and was Prince of Lower Bavaria. His mother was Erzsébet (Elizabeth), the daughter of King Béla IV (1235-1270). The Polish King Vencel III, renounced the Crown of Hungary and bestowed it on Otto, in Brno. Later, he was met by his faithful supporters in Sopron and was formally crowned in Székesfehérvár by Bishops Benedict Rádi of Veszprém, and Antal of Csanád, on 5 December 1305, – but not by the Archbishop of Esztergom. Then he entered Buda and later, Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania) to seek the hand of the Voivode’s daughter. Despite the warm reception from the Szeklers, Ottó was captured by the Voivode, who stripped him of the Crown and other royal insignia, before releasing him in 1307. Meanwhile, the supporters of Károly Robert (Charles Robert) of the House of Anjou (1307-1342) captured Buda and forced Ottó to flee through Poland to Sicily. Ottó retained his royal title of King of Hungary throughout his life. – B: 1078, 1031, T: 7658. Otto, Prince, (11th century) Heir apparent, first son of King István I (St Stephen, 997-1038). His godfather was Emperor Otto III of Germany. Otto died at an early age. – B: 1078, T: 7658.→ István I, King.

Ottrubay, Melinda (Budapest, 1921 - ) – Dancer. She trained at the Ballet School of the Opera House, Budapest, and was a student of Rezső Brada; thereafter, she became a member of the Opera House in 1933. She was a ballet dancer of a most attractive appearance, being suggestive and having an outstanding technique. She danced almost all of the lead roles of the repertoire. Her husband, Count Pál (Paul) Esterházy, was sent to the Labor Camp of Recsk during the hard-line Communist era at the end of the 1940s, and Melinda Ottrubay was deported from Budapest to the countryside; as a result, both her legs became paralyzed and she could not appear on stage again. During the 1956 Revolution and Freedom Fight, she left Hungary, together with her husband. Her main

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roles were Fairy (Tündér) in Gy. Harangozó’s The Wooden Prince (A fából faragott királyfi; the Girl (Lány) in Gy. Harangozó’s The Miraculous Mandarin (A csodalatos Mandarin); Terpszikhore in A. Milloss’s The Creations of Prometheus (Prometheusz teremtményei); Szulamit in Cieplinski’s The Legend of Joseph (József legendája), and Seherezade in Cieplinski’s Bolero. At the age of 24, she received the title prima balerina assoluta. She is the author of a book entitled Rhythm and Dance (Ritmus és tánc) (1939). B: 1445, 1122, T: 7456.

Outlaws, popular songs of – A form of Hungarian folk poetry, a continuation of the classical ballads of the 19th century. They tell about the legendary doings of the poor outlaws, the escapees of military drafting or bondage, living in marshlands and desolate places. These songs have a relaxed style, although they very much reflect reality. Their favorite heroes, among others, are Bandi Angyal, Imre Bogár, Marci Zöld, Vidróczky and Patkó, who robbed strangers and the rich, but always helped the poor. They were arch-typical folk heroes in richly decorated attire, riding on their famous horses, fighting their enemies, the state representatives and the gendarmes. – B: 1150, T: 3240.→ Highwaymen’s Time; Sobri, Jóska; Savanyú, Jóska; Vidróczki, Márton; Zöld, Marci; Rózsa, Sándor; Ballads About Convicts and Outlaws.

Outlaws, the World of – Following the defeat of the 1848-1849 War of Independence, the forceful reprisals by the Austrian Imperial power elicited a form of underground resistance throughout Hungary. Public security was greatly diminished, especially in the southern regions of the Nagyalföld (Great Plain). Royal Commissioner, Count Gedeon Ráday was charged on 1 April 1869 with re-establishing order and with eliminating the outlaws. Ráday successfully accomplished his task with the capture of Sándor Rózsa and his accomplices. – B: 1230, 1134, T: 3240.→Rózsa, Sándor.

Óvár Gradual – A gradual more or less contemporaneous with the Batthyány Codex dating from the middle of the 16th century. The partially complete gradual is a carefully notated Protestant liturgical book, including an Appendix of a later period, containing canzone-type compositions. – B: 0942, T: 7617.→Batthány Codex. Öveges, József (Joseph) (Páka, 10 November 1895 - Budapest, 4 September 1979) – Physicist. His secondary education was at Győr and Kecskemét. Then he studied at the University of Budapest, in the Department of Mathematics and Physics, obtaining a B.Sc. degree. From 1919 he taught in high schools of the Piarist Order, first in Szeged, then in Tata from 1922, Vác from 1924, again in Tata from 1930, and in Budapest from 1940. In 1946 and 1947 he was a lecturer; from 1948 an associate professor in Physics at the Teachers College of the University of Economics, Budapest. From 1948 he was Head and Professor at the Teachers College until his retirement in 1955. With his books and TV-series, he was the founder of the new Hungarian natural science education of the masses. From 1958 he was Editor for the 100 Questions Program of the Hungarian Television. His main works include Introduction to Natural Science (Bevezetés a természettanba) (1948); The Physics of Recent Times (Legújabb kor fizikája) (1951); Science, Technology, Life (Tudomány, Technika, Élet) (1960); We are Living in a Flood of Radiation (Sugárözönben élünk) (1968); Electronics (Elektrotechnika) (1970); Colorful

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Experiments ‘from Nothing’ (Szines fizikai kisérletek a ‘semmiből’) (1977), also in German, Playful Experiments with Electrons (Játékos kisérletek az elektronnal) (1981). He was awarded the Kossuth Prize in 1948. – B: 0883, 1122. T: 7456.→Páhán, István. Őz, Pál (Paul) (Pápa, ca. 1766 - Buda, 3 June 1795) – Lawyer and Jacobite. Early in his career he was a follower of the Reforms of Joseph II; later he came to believe in the transformation of the middle class. In 1794 he was arrested for taking part in the Hungarian Jacobite Movement. Even in Court, he courageously championed the transformation of the bourgeoisie and the republican ideas, and stressed the necessity of freeing the feudal serfs from their bondage. Though he did not play a leading role in the Jacobite Movement, he was sentenced to death. He refused an offer to plead for clemency, he only wanted justice. He courageously met with death; he was beheaded on the Vérmező (Meadow of Blood in Buda). – B: 0883, 0907, T: 7456.→Jacobites in Hungary; Martinovics, Ignác; Szentmarjay, Ferenc; Batsányi, János; Kazinczy, Ferenc; Szentjóbi Szabó, László; Verseghy, Ferenc.

Őze, Lajos (Louis) (Szentes, 27 April 1935 - Budapest, 21 October 1984) – Actor. He completed the Academy of Dramatic Art, Budapest, in 1956, later he spent two seasons with the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház) of Miskolc. A little later, the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház) of Budapest engaged him, and he remained there until his death. Earlier on, he played dramatic character roles; later acted in leading roles. His particular personality and tone of voice assured his success in intrigue roles; he could play many different characters with irony. He interpreted numerous characters in an authentic manner, on stage, in films and on television. He gave especially memorable interpretations in Shakespeare works, among them Richard II, and also Vörösmarty’s Csongor and Tünde (Csongor és Tünde). With his work, he substantially contributed to the theatrical success of a number of contemporary writers, such as Gyula Illyés, László Németh and Endre Illés. He appeared on the stage of the National Theater for the last time, when he was acting the role of Professor Möbius in the play The Physicists. He made his last appearance in the Castle Theater (Várszínház), in the summer of 1984, in the leading role in the play by Péter Módos: Also Here On Earth (Itt a földön is). Seriously ill, he undertook to play the leading role in the film, What Is the Time Sir Alarm Clock? (Hány az óra Vekker Úr?) by Péter Bacsó; but he was unable to complete the film. From the working shots an Őze Memorial Film was made. In his memory, an exhibition was opened in the Royal Cinema, The Hours of a Stage Actor (Egy színjátékos órái) (27 April 1985). Some of his roles were Wurm in Schiller’s Love and Intrigue; Tiborc in József Katona’s Bánk bán; Möbius in Friedrich Dürrenmatt’s The Physicists (A fizikusok); Malvolio in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night (Vízkereszt); Zách Felicián in Madách-Keresztury’s Last Days of Csák (Csák végnapjai). His film roles include A Glass of Light Beer (Egy pikoló világos) (1955); Twenty-four Hours (Huszonnégy óra) (1964); Outlaws (Szegénylegények) (1965); Cold Days (Hideg napok) (1966); Prince the Soldier (Princ a katona) (TV, 1966); The Witness (A Tanú) (1968, 1970); A Crazy Night (Egy őrült éjszaka) (1969); The Immortal Legionaire (A halhatatlan légiós) (1971); The Fifth Seal (Az ötödik pecsét) (1975); Time Stands Still (Megáll az idő) (1981), and The Market (A piac) (1984). A portrait film was made of his life in 1984, the Devilish Ghosts (Ördögi kisértetek) (1986). He was awarded the Jászai Prize in 1970, the title of

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Outstanding Artist in 1984, and the Kossuth Prize posthumously in 1990. There is Lajos Ősze Art School in Budapest. – B: 0883, 1445, 1734, T: 7456, 7684.

Ozora, Battle of – The Battle of Ozora, on 7 October 1848, took place between the Hungarian People’s Army together with the National Guard, and the Austrian Imperial forces, following the Battle of Pákozd. The Imperial Reserve Army, pursued by Perczel’s troops, got as far as Ozora on 6 October, but found the bridge across the Sió Canal burnt down. Crossing the canal was impossible, as the other side was defended by 15,000 men of the People’s Army and the National Guard, led by National Guard Major Vilmos (William) Csapó. The Croatian troops approaching the Sió were greeted with rifle fire by the National Guard. Roth tried to negotiate with Csapó about free withdrawal, but they could not come to an agreement. The discussions were interpreted by István (Stephen) Perczel, Csapó’s junior officer. Major Csapó chose the tactics of deception and the appearance of numerical superiority. He used false troop movements, a drum-roll and trumpet sounds as well as the tactic of starving the already demoralized Croatians until, in the morning of 7 October, the troops of Mór Perczel and Artúr Görgey arrived, whereupon the trapped Imperial Austrian division surrendered. The success at Ozora was largely due to the courageous action of the People’s Army and National Guard of Csapó. In the 1848-1849 Hungarian Revolution and Freedom Fight against the Habsburg oppression, this victory at Ozora was the first by the Hungarian Honvéd army. The Hungarian troops, led by Mór Perczel, actually took prisoner the entire Imperial Army Corps (several divisions) led by the Imperial and Royal Brigadier-Generals Carl Roth and Nicolaus Philippopovich, with the largest number of prisoners-of-war taken by the Hungarian forces in the history of the War of Independence. In a statement, the Hungarian parliament expressed their grateful thanks to who was appointed to the rank of General, and Csapó, who was appointed to the rank of Colonel by the National Defense Committee. – B: 1031, T: 7456. → Pákozd, Battle of; Revolution and Freedom Fight of 1848-1849; Görgey, Artúr; Perczel, Mór. Ozorai, Imre (Emeric) (Born at Ozora in Transdanubia, County Tolna, before 1550) – Reformer, one of the first in Hungary. He planned to become a priest, but then he became a follower of the Reformation, after studying at the University of Krakow in 1530, and at the University of Wittenberg in 1531. When he returned to Hungary he started to act in the interest of Protestantism. As the Pastor of County Békés, he zealously preached the doctrines of Luther on the common border of the counties Békés, Bihar and Zaránd. His main work is the first printed Hungarian-language polemic work in four available incomplete copies, entitled: De Christo et eius ecclesia, item de Antichristo, eiusque ecclesia, published in Krakow in 1535. The best copy is held by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the second best is in the National Museum, the third copy is in the British Museum in London; and the least complete copy is in the Reformed College of Nagyenyed (now Aiud, in Romania). – B: 0907, T: 7456.

Ozorai, Pipo (Filippo Scolari, Pippo Spano) (Florence, 1369 - Lippa, 27 December 1426, buried in Florence) – Treasurer, Ban of Szörény (Western Wallachia now in Romania). Mercenary. He was born into an impoverished noble family. Later, he became a Hungarian military commander. He came to Hungary as an agent for a businessman from

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Florence, working in Buda. In 1387 he joined the service of King Zsigmond I (Sigismund of Luxembourg) (1387-1437). Soon he started to excel in wars and became King Zsigmund’s right-hand man. In 1394 it was he, who advised the King to have most of the Croatian lords, taking part in an uprising, secretly killed. In 1397 he became Treasury Overseer¸ also in Körmöcbánya (now Kremnica, Slovakia) in 1399. In 1401 he was imprisoned, together with King Zsigmond and, with him he was freed again and became a member of the ruling league. In 1402-1403 he fought against László (Ladislas) of Naples. From 1403 to 1425 he was Treasury Overseer of salt, and Bailiff of County Temes. He was Treasurer in 1407-1408, and in 1408-1409 he was Ban of Szörény. In 1411-1412 he fought against Venice. He initiated the development of the defenses of Temesvár, Orsova and Nándorfehérvár (now Belgrad, Serbia). The great military commander, János Hunyadi started his military career under Ozorai. As a commander in 1421-1422, he led a campaign against the Hussites; but was defeated at Németbród, County Bereg (now in Carpathian-Ukraine) on 8 January 1422. He was victorious against the Ottoman Turks in Wallachia in 1423, and at Galambóc (Golubac, south of the Danube) in 1426. As Treasury Overseer of salt, he reorganized the functioning of the salt-chambers and increased their incomes. He was inside-man for King Zsigmund in political matters in connection with the Great Schism. In 1410 he was the King’s envoy in Italy and, during the Council of Constance (1414-1417), it was he, who guarded the anti-pope John XXIII. In Hungary, Ozorai made a fortune. He gave the village of Ozora the privileges of a market town. For the town of Székesfehérvár he built a burial chapel; for Lippa, a hospital. He gave employment in Hungary to the Italian painter Masolino. He was the most successful Hungarian Army Commander of the first third of the 15th century: he was victorious in 20 battles. His main achievement was the build-up of a system of border-fortresses against the Turks. – B: 0883, 1068, T: 7456.→Zsigmond, King; Hunyadi, János.

Özséb O.S.P.P.E.O., Blessed (Eusebius) (Esztergom, ca 1200 - Pilisszentkereszt, 20 January 1270) – Hermit. He was the founder of the Order of the Hermits of St. Paul (Pálosok). He was educated in the school of Esztergom, where he was ordained. He became an expert in Canon Law, and he became a canon. In 1246 he resigned from his position as Canon and collected the hermits living in the Pilis Range and the Mecsek Mountain (Patacs), after the Mongol invasion of 1241-1242. After a dream, he gathered the hermits in a community and, in 1250 he founded their first monastery at Pilisszentkereszt. He worked out the monastic rules for the Order, named after the Hermit St. Paul, and to have them confirmed, he went to Rome in 1262. Through the good offices of St Thomas Aquinas, Pope Urban IV confirmed the only Hungarian Monastic Order, and

Özséb became its first Superior. In 1256, at the Synod of Estergom, he signed the document as Provincial. He was laid to rest in the church of the monastery at Pilisszentkereszt. His Order was finally acknowledged in 1308. He was beatified in 1988.

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(He is not to be confused with St. Eusebius). – B: 0883, 1068, 0945, T: 7456.→Paulist Order; Pauline Friars of Paraguay. Ozsvald, Árpád (Nemesoroszi, now Oros, Slovakia, 28 January 1932 - Pozsony, now Bratislava, Slovakia, 14 June, 2003) – Poet, writer, translator of literary works. His secondary studies were in the High School of Csurgó (1942-1950). He obtained a Teacher’s Degree in Hungarian Literature from the Teachers’ College of Pozsony (1953-1957). In 1956 he was Editor for the magazine, Week (Hét), writing its cultural column as well; from 1960 he became its acting Editor-in-Chief. In 1955 he became a member of the Czechoslovakian-Hungarian Workers’ Cultural Federation (CSEMADOK). He exalted the peasants’ life in his ballads. His poems, novelettes, reports, literary studies, critiques, cultural-historical and community-oriented articles, as well as translations from the Slovakian and the Czech languages, appeared in various newspapers and magazines, such as: Literary Review (Irodalmi Szemle); Woman (Nő); New Word (Új Szó); The Little Mailman (A kis postás), novel, reached three editions (1965); Shouting into the Wind (Szélkiáltó), anthology of poems (1966); Flame Palace (Tűzpalota), anthology of poems (1990); Spring Will Come Again, Dear (Tavasz lesz újra, kedves), poems (1956); Ballad of the Carts (Szekerek balladája), poems (1971); Wild Waters (Vadvizek), poems (1978); Column head (Oszlopfő), selection of verses (1981); Age of Pleasures (Gyönyörök kora), by Peter Skarlant, translation (1984); Somewhere at Home (Valahol otthon), poems (1985); There are no Witnesses (Nincsenek tanúk), poems, (1990), and On the Road of Memories (Emlékek útján), studies (1995). In 1968, he was awarded the Imre Madách Prize. – B: 1083, 1257, 1890, T: 7456.

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