SY?lPH (OROPOS)

Th i s i s p o s s i b l e , I s u p p o s e ; I d o n o t know. I t i s e a u a l l y p o s s i b l e t h a t "Ha l i a " was an e p i t h e t o f an o t h e r w i s e nameless nymph: compare t h e " S i l e n t One", S i g e l o s , n e a r Oropos, s e e NXRSISSOS (OROPOS) . More i n t r i g u i n g i s t h e e x i s t e n c e of J i t ! iyrambic c o m p e t i t i o n s , t h e ? r i : e s f o r whish !;ere d e d i c a t e d t o t h i s nymph. P r o s m a 5 l y t h e agon :zas i i e l i i n h e r h o n o u r , t o o . One would l i k e t o !<now vhy .

* *

NYMPHS (ALALKOMENAI 1 E p i t h e t : T r i t o n i d e s

P l u t a r c h , f r . 1 5 7 ( E u s e b i u s , ? r a e ? a r a t t o Zvcnge!ZzLz 3 ?rocz rn . )

See H E M (PLATAIA).

NYMPHS (ELEON)

See PARTHENOI, TREIS (ELEON).

~JYMPHS (HALIARTOS)

( P l u t a r c h ) , Arnatoriae N a r r a t i o n e s 1 ( 7 7 2 B )

The u n f o r t u n a t e h e r o i n e o f t h i s t a l e was on h e r \iay down t o t h e f o u n t a i n c a l l e d K i s s o e s s a t o s a c r i f i c e t h e ; i p o . r C X ~ i a t o t h e Nymphs, KCLTS T h i T 6 T p l U .

NYMPYS ( K I T H A I R O N )

E p i t h e t s : K i t h a i r o n i d e s Sphrag i t i de s

Kleidemos, F G r H 333F12 ( P l u t a r c h , i l r i s t s i J e s 19.6 [ 3 3 0 E ] ) Pausan ia s 9 . 3 .9 P l u t a r c h , A r i s t e i d e s 1 1 . 3 - 4 ( 3 2 5 C - D ) ; 1 9 . 6 ( 3 3 0 E ) ; Q u a e s t i o n e s Con-

v i v i a Z e s 1 . 1 0 . 3 (62SE-F)

I n commemoration of t h e i r heavy l o s s e s and b r a v e r y a t t h e b a t t l e o f P l a t a i a , t h e A t t i c t r i b e A i a n t i s u sed t o p e r f o r m , a t T u b l i c ex- p e n s e , t h e s a c r i f i c e o r d a i n e d by D e l g h i , t o t h e S p h r a g i t i d Nymphs'. One o f P l u t a r c h ' s two r e f e r e n c e s t o t h i s r i t u a l comes h a r d on t h e h e e l s of a c i t a t i o n o f t h e A t t h i d o g r a p h Kleidemos, and i t i s p o s s - i b l e t h a t t h i s p a r t o f t h e s t o r y a l s o comes from Kleidemos2. I f

P l u t a r c h , Aristeides 19.6 (330E), Quaestiones Conviviales 1.10.3 (628E-F).

This w a s how Jacoby took it.

YY?4PHS (KITHAIRON)

t h i s i s s o , t h e r i t e might be connec ted w i t h t h e annua l t e n d i n g o f t h e tombs o f t h e Greeks who f e l l a t P l a t a i a , which we know was p e r - formed i n t h e f i f t h c e n t u r y ' B . C . ' , and i t may be deduced t h a t t h e A i a n t i d a i were o f f i c i a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f Athens on t h i s o c c a s i o n . However, i t i s n o t a t a l l c l e a r t o me t h a t P l u t a r c h r e a l l y was quo- t i n g Kleidemos i n t h e r e l e v a n t p a s s a g e , r a t h e r t h a n add ing a g l o s s o f h i s own. I n t h a t e v e n t , a l l t h a t can be s a i d i s t h a t t h e s a c r i - f i c e by t h e A i a n t i d a i had c e a s e d t o be performed b e f o r e P l u t a r c h ' s day , a s i s c l e a r from h i s use o f t h e ve rbs t 9 u o v and CLrfiyov . . . 8ua ic tv2 .

These nymphs were among t h e d e i t i e s t o whom A r i s t e i d e s had been b i d d e n t o p r a y b e f o r e t h e b a t t l e by t h e De lph ic o r a c l e , a c c o r d i n g t o P l u t a r c h ' . They i n h a b i t e d a cave on one o f t h e c r e s t s o f K i t h a i - r o n , and t r a d i t i o n had. i t t h a t t h e r e had been an o r a c l e t h e r e , and t h a t many l o c a l p e o p l e had Seen caugh t up i n t h e nymphs' s p e l l " . T h i s was c l e a r l y t h e cave t o which P a u s a n i a s r e f e r s as S p h r a g i d i o n , t h e home o f t h e K i t h a i r o n i a n nymphs.

pose t h e r e c o u l d have been an o r a c l e , a l t h o u g h i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e t r a d i t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e D e l p h i c i n j u n c t i o n may have been d i s - t o r t e d i n t o a b e l i e f t h a t t h e r e had been an o r a c l e on t h e s p o t . Whether o r n c t t h e r e r e a l l y was an o r a c l e , t h e v e r y i d e a and t h e r e p o r t t h a t p e o p l e used t o be caught i n t h e i r s p e l l show t h a t t h e s e nymphs were t h o u g h t t o have had t h e power t o c o n t r o l p e o p l e ' s minds. I t i s a power s i m i l a r t o t h a t of a n o t h e r group o f goddesses on a n e a r b y moun ta in , t h e Muses o f He l ikon , who came down from t h a t moun- t a i n t o i n s p i r e Hes iod : see MUSES (THESPIAI). There may have been a c o n n e c t i o n between t h e s e groups o f g o d d e s s e s , a s i n d e e d t h e p r e s e n c e on Mount K i t h a i r o n o f t h e mother o f t h e Muses, Mnemosyne, would sug- g e s t : s e e MNEMOSYNE (KITHAIRON). The c o n n e c t i o n may have e x t e n d e d even f a r t h e r , t o t h e nymphs who i n h a b i t e d a cave on Mount L e i b e t h r i - o n , and t h e Muses on Mount Thourion: s e e MUSES (CHAIRONEIA) and NYMPHS (LEIBETHRION) .

Both P l u t a r c h and P a u s a n i a s w r i t e o f t h e o r a c l e a s d e f u n c t . I sup-

I can g i v e no s a t i s f a c t o r y e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e e p i t h e t S p h r a g i t i d e s , a l t h o u g h E . Maass' d e r i v a t i o n o f i t and o t h e r words from an o r i g i n a l

1 See ZEUS (PLATAIA).

Aristz ides 19.6 (330E) and Quaestiones ConvihaZes 1.10.3 (628E-F) r e spec t ive ly .

Aristeides 11.3-4 (325C-D), t h e o t h e r s being Zeus, Hera Ki tha i ron ia , and Pan. They were t o l d t o s a c r i f i c e t o H e r m e s , and f i g h t a t t h e sanc tua ry of Demeter E l e u s i n i a and Kore.

P l u t a r c h , Aristeides 11.4 (325D) ( o r a c l e and s p e l l ) ; Pausanias 9.3.9 ( o r a c l e ) .

. . . E L < 6 u 4 g fiXlou $ E O L V & ~ .tczpappivov. Plu ta rch l o c a t e s t h e cave f a i r l y s p e c i f i c a l l y , bv p1.6 nopucpfl -roc K ~ $ a ~ @ v o g

186

NYlIPHS ( K I T K 4 I R O N )

*aOpZiyoq ("Erde, d i e i m GerEll aus gewaschener S c h l u c h t e n gefunden wird") seems n o t u n r e a s o n a b l e ' . The e p i t h e t would t h e n r e f e r t o t!ie nymphs' d w e l l i n g p l a c e , as d i d t h e i r o t h e r e ? i t ! i e t , K i t h a i r o n i d e s .

NYMPHS (KYRTONES)

P a u s a n i a s 9 . 7 4 . 4

.4 s a n c t u a r y and grove o f Nymphs by a s p r i n g .

NYMPHS (LEBADEIA)

IS 7.3092

Carved i n t o t h e rock a t t h e mouth o f a cave by t h e s p r i n g o f Her- kynna, a d e d i c a t i o n by a man and woman t o Nymphs and Pan. The man makes a s e p a r a t e d e d i c a t i o n t o Pan and Dionysos.

FIYMPHS (LEIBETHRI O W )

E p i t h e t s : L e i b e t i i r i ( a ) d e s Le i b e t h r i a i

(Euphorion f r . 416 Lloyd-Jones and Pa r sons = 32 van Groningen) P a u s a n i a s 9 . 3 4 . 4 S c k o 2 . Lykophron, A Lezandra 2 75 S t r a b o 9 . 2 . 2 5 (410) ; 1 0 . 3 . 1 7 (471)

Moua~%v TE lea? V U P @ ~ V ~ I T < K X Q U I V . . . A 1 8 ~ 0 p f w v . Thus P a u s a n i a s 2 .

and A s i a Minor , n o t o n l y because o f t h e m e l o d i e s , rhythm, and i n - s t r u m e n t s , b u t a l s o b e c a u s e o f e v i d e n c e from p l a c e s where t h e Nuses

About f o r t y s t a d e s from Koroneia i s Mount L i b e t h r i o n , w i t h images

A t 1 0 . 3 . 1 7 (471) S t r a b o 3 a t t r i b u t e s t h e o r i g i n s o f music t o Thrace

Archiv fh ' ~ e 2 i ~ i o ~ w ~ s s e n s c ~ a f ~ 2 1 (1922) 272-276 (no t i n Chan t ra ine o r F r i s k ) . C . A. Lobeck, Para2ipomena 1 (Le ipz ig 1537) 5 1 n o t e 59, had sugges t ed t a k i n g t h e e p i t h e t from crp6oayoq. H. D. Sou l s , The Cults of Plataea and the DaedaZa (Un ive r s i ty of C a l i f o r n i a Doc to ra l D i s s e r t a t i o n , 3e rke ley 1941) 9 1 , s u g g e s t s t h a t "as p r o p r i e t o r s of t h e o r a c u l a r seat, whether o r n o t t hey were t h e media of t h e r e sponses , t h e nymphs could e a s i l y b e thought of as cus tod ians of t h e 'seal ' of s i l e n c e , which they were a b l e t o b reak a t w i l l " .

H e then goes on t c d e s c r i b e two s p r i n g s , one c a l l e d L i b e t h r i o s , t h e o t h e r Petra (or i s Buttmann's i7Lioa n o t t o b e p r e f e r r e d ? ) . The c u l t images are t v ah$. This w i l l have t o r e f e r t o the mountain i t s e l f , unless a r e f e r e n c e t o t h e 6w- TDOV of t h e nymphs ( s e e below) has dropped o u t of t h e tes t .

Drawing upon Pose idon ios? see F. Lasserre, ed . , Strabon 7 ( P a r i s 1971) 12-13 and 134.

c

187