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Nutrition Interventions in the anorexic Geriatric Patient. By: Nicole Greene. Agenda. Defining Geriatrics Physiologic Changes of Aging Psychological Changes with Aging Medical Nutrition Therapy of the Malnourished Geriatric Patient Presentation of M.C. Critical Comments Summary Questions - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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By: Nicole Greene
NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS IN THE ANOREXIC GERIATRIC PATIENT
AGENDA• Defining Geriatrics
• Physiologic Changes of Aging
• Psychological Changes with Aging
• Medical Nutrition Therapy of the Malnourished Geriatric Patient
• Presentation of M.C.
• Critical Comments
• Summary
• Questions
• References
INTRODUCTION
• Aging can’t be prevented
• Malnutrition In the elderly often overlooked
• How does physiologic, mental, and psychological changes affect nutrition in the elderly population?
• How can an early nutrition intervention improve quality of life?
DEFINING GERIATRICS• Greek origin
• Geron– elder
• Iatros- healer
• Sub-specialty of internal and family medicine focused on prevention and treatment of diseases and disabilities in the elderly
• Many countries have accepted the age of 65 as the definition of “elderly”
GERIATRIC POPULATION
PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH AGING
• Different than treating a mid aged adult
• Problems arise from choices made in their history
• Changes can be summarized into several categories relating to the organ systems they compromise
• Every patient unique and may be experiencing different problems
BONE, MUSCLE, AND JOINT ISSUES IN THE ELDERLY
Decreased Movement for day-to-
day activities
Decreased Bone
Density
Stiff Joints/Arthr
itisMuscle Mass
Diminishes
CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS IN GERIATRIC PATIENTS• Atrial Fibrillation
• Hypertension
• Coronary Artery Disease
• Myocardial Infarction
• Congestive Heart Failure
• Valvular Disease
RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS IN THE ELDERLY
• Decreased elastin
• Decreased vital capacity
• Decrease # of alveoli
• Decrease # of celia
GI SYMPTOMS IN THE ELDERLY• Decrease in saliva production
• Esophageal dysfunction
• Atrophic gastritis
• Achlorhydria
• Decreased liver metabolism
• Decreased absorption-lactose,
calcium, iron
CHANGES IN THE ELDERLY’S URINARY SYSTEM• Vascular blood flow to
the kidneys decreases
• Nephrons decrease
• Decreased tissue mass
• Bladder wall become less elastic
CHANGES IN THE ELDERLY’S NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Central processing of eye is decreased
• Hearing losses
• Slowing down of thought and memory
• DEMENTIA IS NOT A NORMAL PROCESS OF AGING
CHANGES IN THE ELDERLY’S IMMUNE SYSTEM
Increased Illness and Infection
Shrinking of Thymus
Gland
Decline in number of antibodies
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AGING • Psychological, biological, environmental, and genetic factors all
contribute to depression
• Depression last longer in the elderly and increases the risk of death from illness
MALNUTRITION• Malnutrition Increased morbidity and mortality in elderly
• Lack of protein, energy, and other nutrients causes adverse effects on tissue form, composition, function, or clinical outcome
• The ADA/A.S.P.E.N. has developed criteria to diagnose malnutrition in adults
• Serum proteins such as albumin and prealbumin are not included as defining characteristics of malnutrition
DIAGNOSTIC TOOL TO IDENTIFY MALNUTRITION
Moderate Malnutrition
Severe Malnutrition
Moderate Malnutrition
Severe Malnutrition
Moderate Malnutrition
Severe Malnutrition
Food and Nutrient Intake
< 75% of est. energy requirement for > 7 d ays
≤ 50% of est. energy requirement for ≥ 5 days
< 75% of est. energy requirement for ≥ 1 m
≤ 75% of est. energy requirement for ≥ 1 m
< 75% of est. energy requirement for ≥ 3 m
≤ 50% of est. energy requirement for 1 ≥ m
Interpretation of Weight Loss
1-2%: 1 wk5%: 1 m7.5%: 3 m
>2%: 1 wk>5%: 1 m>7.5%: 3 m
5%: 1 m7.5%: 3 m10%: 6 m20%: 1 yr
>5%: 1 m>7.5%: 3 m>10%: 6 m>20%: 1 yr
>5%: 1 m>7.5%: 3 m>10%: 6 m>20%: 1 yr
>5%: 1 m>7.5%: 3 m>10%: 6 m>20%: 1 yr
Clinical Charachteristic
Malnutrition in the context to acute illness or injury
Malnutrition in the context of chronic illness
Malnutrition in the context of social or environmental circumstances
CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION IN THE GERIATRIC POPULATION• Poor appetite
• Chronic illness
• Multiple medications
• Cognitive decline
• Physiologic weakness
• Oral health
• Dysphagia
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Economic hardship
CONSEQUENCES OF MALNUTRITION • Morbidity and mortality
• Greater risk for infections
• Cachexia
• Failure to thrive
• Delayed wound healing
• Impaired respiratory function
• Muscle weakness
• Depression
ASSESSING THE MALNOURISHED GERIATRIC PATIENT
• Physical signs
• Muscle wasting
• Temporal wasting
• Poor skin integrity
• Delayed healing
• Subcutaneous fat loss
• Hair loss
ASSESSING THE MALNOURISHED GERIATRIC PATIENT• Body Mass Index
BMI Interpretation
<15 Severely Underweight<18.4 Underweight18.5-24.9 Normal25-29.9 Overweight30-34.9 Obesity Grade I35-39.9 Obesity Grade II>40 Obesity Grade III23-27 Normal for Elderly (65 and
older)
ASSESSING THE MALNOURISHED GERIATRIC PATIENT• Interpretation of % Weight Change
Time (%) Significant wt loss
(%) Severe wt loss
1 week 1-2 >2
1 month 5 >5
3 months 7.5 >7.5
6 months 10 >10
Unlimited time 10-20 >20
ASSESSING THE MALNOURISHED GERIATRIC PATIENT• FAILURE TO THRIVE
• Syndrome manifested by weight loss greater than 5 percent of baseline, decreased appetite, poor nutrition, and inactivity
• Four syndromes are prevalent and predictive of adverse outcomes in patients with FTT:
• Impaired physical function
• Malnutrition
• Depression
• Cognitive impairment
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF REFEEDING SYNDROME
Hypophosphatemia Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Vitamin/Thiamine Deficiency
Sodium Retention
hypoxia Nausea/Vomiting Weakness Encephalopathy Fluid overload
Impaired cardiac function
Paralysis Muscle Twitching Lactic Acidosis Pulmonary Edema
Respiratory failure Muscle Necrosis Anorexia Death
Weakness Alterations in myocardial contraction
NauseaVomitingDiarrhea
Cardiac Decompensation
Confusion Electrocardiograph changes
Electrocardiograph changes
Restlessness Cardiac Arrhythmias
Cardiac Arrhythmias
Seizures Sudden Death Seizures
Coma weakness Coma
Death Respiratory compromise
Death
ESTIMATING NUTRITIONAL NEEDS IN THE MALNOURISHED GERIATRIC PATIENT• Caloric Needs
• Weight based calculations use actual weight for normal and underweight individuals
BMI Interpretation Kcal/KG<15 Severely
Underweight35-40
<18.4 Underweight 30-35
18.5-24.9 Normal 25-30
25-29.9 Overweight 20-25
>30 Obesity 15-20
23-27 Normal for Elderly 22-28
ESTIMATING NUTRITIONAL NEEDS IN THE MALNOURISHED GERIATRIC PATIENT
• Caloric Needs
• The Academy suggests a dietary prescription of 130% of the REE, but should be avoided when the patient is at risk for refeeding syndrome
• Penn State equation or Ireton Jones for critically ill
ESTIMATING NUTRITIONAL NEEDS IN THE MALNOURISHED GERIATRIC PATIENT
Protein Needs:Nourished 0.8-1.0 g/kgMalnourished 1.2-2.0 g/kg
*Wounds and different disease states also may increase or decrease protein needs
ESTIMATING NUTRITIONAL NEEDS FOR REFEEDING SYNDROME• Start low and go slow
• Protein should not exceed 1-1.5 gm/kg of normal weight in the early stages of refeeding
• Calories: 20-25 kcal/kg actual body weight
• If feeding Parenterally: CHO load start with 2 mg/kg/minute- prevents gluconeogenesis and minimizes insulin secretion
• Restrict fluids to avoid edema
• MONITOR LABS: ESPECIALLY PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, AND MAGNESIUM
METHODS OF FEEDING THE MALNOURISHED GERIATRIC PATIENT
• Oral Feeding
• Liberalizing the diet
• Add High Calorie/High protein
supplements
• Enteral Nutrition
• Can’t be fed orally or can’t meet needs orally
• Parenteral Nutrition
• Should only be initiated when medically necessary
OTHER INTERVENTIONS
• Possible medication changes
• Remeron
• Appetite stimulants
EVALUATING FEEDING SUCCESS IN THE MALNOURISHED GERIATRIC PATIENT • Weight gain (not in fluid)
• Healing wounds
• Nitrogen balance
• A positive nitrogen balance suggest that nutrition intake is adequate to promote anabolism and preserve lean muscle mass
• Negative nitrogen balance is when nitrogen excretion exceeds intake, reflecting muscle deterioration
PRESENTATION OF PATIENT: MC
• 68-year-old widowed Caucasian female
• Transferred from Lions Gate Nursing Home for SOB and tachycardia
• The patient apparently was not eating at all and is eating less than 5% of her diet report from Lions Gate Nursing Home
• Weight is only 55 pounds
• The patient was admitted here for psych evaluation for commitment and inpatient treatment
INITIAL NUTRITION ASSESSMENT (4/18/12)• Physician and RN consult, Calorie Count Consult
• Diagnosis:
• COPD
• Anorexia
• Tachycardia
• Hx:
• COPD
• FTT
• Cachexia
• Kyphoscoliosis
• Osteoporosis
• Hypokalemia
• Depression
• Gait Instability
FOOD/NUTRITION HISTORY• Transferred from Lyons Gate Nursing home
• AAOx3
• PO ~5% per nursing records
• Per H&P: Pt. refuses to eat, hides food, and throws up after meals
• Calorie count initiated today
• Pt. likes ensure and needs soft food
• Noted poor intake x 7 years since husbands death (weight was 126#)
• Per noted record: weight stable at 75# in July 2011
• ? At risk for refeeding
Current Diet Order:General Diet +Ensure TID+ Ensure pudding BID, RN to watch pt. eat meals
Does not meet needs: pt. needs soft
LABS:Lab Value Normal Range Current Value Nutritional SignificanceHemoglobin 12.0-16.0 g/dL 12.3 -
Hematocrit 34.9-44.9% 36.2 -
Sodium 133-145 mmol/L 139 -
Potassium 3.3-5.1 mmol/L 3.4 -
BUN 6-20 mg/dL 6 -
Creatinine 0.40-1.10 mg/dL <0.30 L Muscle injury/ decreased muscle mass, low protein diet
Glucose 80-115 mg/dL 67 L Missed meals
Calcium 8.8-10.0 mg/dL 8.2 L Hypoalbuminemia, deficiency, low Vit. D, malnutrition, osteoporosis
Phosphorus 2.7-4.5 ml/dL 2.3 L malnutrition
Magnesium 1.6-2.6 ml/dL 1.6 -
Albumin 3.5-5.3 g/dL 3.1 L Inflammation, malnutrition
Prealbumin 17-35 mg/dL 10.7 L Malnutrition, infections
Protein 5.9-8.3 g/dL 5.2 L Malnutrition, malabsorption
MEDICATIONS
Medication UseProtonix GERDPrednisone InflammationHeparin Prevent blood clotsRemeron Depression/Appetite StimulantOscal/Vit D 500-200 OsteoporosisK-Dur Prevent HypokalemiaMarinol Appetite Stimulant Ventolin COPD
ANTHROPOMETRICS:Height 5’0
Weight 55 lb or 25 kg
UBW 75 lb or 34 kg (July 2011 or 8 months ago)
% Weight Change 27% in 8 months
IBW 96-125 lb or 44-57 kg
% IBW 57 %
BMI 10.7
PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS:-Multiple Stage I and II Pressure Ulcers- Wound care pending-Temporal Wasting-Poor Dentition -Hair Loss
NUTRITIONAL NEEDS• Calories
• 625 kcal will increase needs once clear from refeeding
• Based on 25 kg weight
• 25 kcal/kg
• Protein
• 34-51 g
• Based on 34 kg (UBW)
• 1-1.5 g/kg
• Fluid
• ~1290 ml
• Based on 43 kg (IBW)
• 30ml/kg
NUTRITIONAL DIAGNOSIS
• Suboptimal oral food beverage intake related to disordered eating as evidenced by weight loss of 26% over 8 months (severe), anorexia secondary to depression, BMI: 10.7, 57% of IBW
• Goal: PO intake >50% of each meal/supplements within 3 days (calorie count)
MONITORING AND EVALUATION:
• High acuity
• Weight
• PO intake/ kcal count
• Electrolytes (Na, K, Mg, PO4)
• Skin/Wound Care-pending
• Psych Consult- pending
• Increased needs
NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS• Nutrition Education:
• Verbal needs for tolerating PO/Increased needs
• Coordination of Other Care During Nutrition Care:
• RN, Physician, and Calorie Count at Bedside
• Recommend:
• Check CRP, Folate, B12, Vit. D
• Start MVI daily
• Change diet to mechanical soft with ground meats
• Pt. would benefit from PEG tube/encourage feeding tube and consider GI consult for placement
• Monitor Electrolytes- may be at risk for refeeding
• Consider 1:1 for questionable purging
CALORIE COUNT NOTE (4/19/12)
• PO intake poor secondary to eating disorder
• Pt. PO 250 kcal, 7 gm protein
• Minimal PO at breakfast and no PO at dinner
• Pt. reports no appetite, but may be agreeable to PEG
• Pt. complains of early satiety
• Recommendations: As able, GI to F/U with pt. referring increased anxiety with PEG procedure
UPDATE! (4/19/12)• Spoke with patient now agreeable for PEG
• Consulted GI
• Will await pulmonary clearance
• Recommend: Once PEG placed, initiate Jevity 1.2 @ 20 ml/hr and increase by 10 ml q 4 hr until at goal rate of 40 ml/hr x 12 hr
• 480 ml total volume
• 576 kcal
• 27 g Pro
• 687 ml total H20
NUTRITION FOLLOW UP (4/21/12)
• A
• Pt. ordered clear liquid diet
• Calorie count range: 200-500 kcal/day
• POD #1 S/P PEG placed
• Jevity 1.2 @ 10ml @present (goal is 40 ml x 12hr/day with AF)
• Pt. AAOx3 in good spirits
• POC: rehab@ D/C
• Once PEG feeds tolerated at goal 40mlx12 hr (576 kcal, 27 gm pro, 687 ml H2O), will progress or change feeds to bolus. No new lab data
NUTRITION FOLLOW UP CONTINUED (4/21/12)
• D
• Suboptimal EN related to goal not yet reached as evidenced by EN @ 10 ml/hr (goal is 40 ml/hr x 12 hr)
• Goal: EN to meet estimated needs within 48 hours/ PO feeds for supplemental
• I
• Closely monitor electrolytes
• Progress PO diet to mechanical soft with ensure BID
• Oral care/ HOB
• Jevity 1.2 @ goal 40 ml/hr x 12 hr/day with AF
NUTRITION FOLLOW UP CONTINUED (4/21/12)
• M/E: High Acuity
• PO intake
• Electrolytes
• EN tolerance
• S/S of aspiration
• Wound Healing
NUTRITION FOLLOW UP (4/24/12)
• A:
• Diet: mechanical soft general diet+ ensure TID+ ensure pudding BID
• Jevity 1.2 @ goal rate of 40 ml/hr x12 hr via PEG
• Oral PO 0% per RN flow and pt. report
• EN feeds well tolerated
• Would benefit from increased needs with stable electrolytes
NUTRITION FOLLOW UP CONTINUED (4/24/12)
• Estimated needs:
• 875-1000 kcal
• 35-40 kcal/kg
• Based on 25 kg weight
• 66-88 g pro
• 1.5-2.0 g pro
• Based on IBW
• 1275 ml H2O
• Based on IBW
• ~30 ml/kg
NUTRITION FOLLOW UP CONTINUED (4/24/12)
• Additional Medications
• Milk of Magnesia
• Senokot
• Zofran
• Labs
67 L132 L
3.5
93 L
33 H
12
<0.30 L
NUTRITION FOLLOW UP CONTINUED (4/24/12)
• D:
• Increased nutrient needs related to protein/energy malnutrition as evidenced by muscle wasting and temporal wasting
• Goal: pt. will meet estimated needs within 24 hours
• I:
• Jevity 1.2 @ 60 ml/hr x 12 hr (7pm-7am) + 2 oz liquid protein via PEG
• Provides:
• 720 ml total volume
• 864 kcal + 120 (liquid pro) = 984 kcal
• 40 gm pro + 30 gm (liquid pro) = 70 gm pro
• Free H2O with AF: 806 ml
NUTRITION FOLLOW UP CONTINUED (4/24/12)
• M/E:
• Weight
• Electrolytes, prealbumin
• EN tolerance
• Skin/Wound Healing
• Increased needs with weight gain
CRITICAL COMMENTS:
• Improvements
• Diet would have overfed patient
• Should have used actual body weight for protein/fluid
• Nurse couldn’t watch patient eat tray
• Mg and PO4 labs weren’t ordered
• Positives
• Communication between multidisciplinary team
• Gaining patient’s trust
SUMMARY:
• Geriatric population rapidly growing
• Physical and mental changes occur with aging which may lead to decreased intake
• Multidisciplinary team must be proactive in identifying warning signs, preventing, and treating malnutrition
• MC example of malnourished geriatric patient
• 3 weeks later, I went to visit MC and she had gained 8.8 pounds. MC was working with PT to walk with a walker, but oral intake was still minimal
QUESTIONS??
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