DEVELOPMENT OF NUTRICEUTICAL BASED ON INDONESIAN EDIBLE MUSHROOM*

I Nyoman P. Aryantha

Study Program on Microbiology Dept. of Biology and Center for Life Sciences ITB

Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132 Email : nyoman@bi.itb.ac.id

ABSTRACT Based on its definition as coined on the literature, nutriceutical products may be

developed from mushrooms. Indonesia has a big potency on developing nutriceutical

products based on Indonesian mushroom. With a rich biodiversity including fungal

biodiversity, various type of edible and medicinal local mushroom can be developed. Wet

condition almost all year round is suitable climate for growing mushrooms. Hot and cold

climate mushroom may be cultivated around the country depend on the geographycal

condition of each region. Agricultural and forestry activities produce a great quantity of

organic waste. This waste products are suitable substrate for growing mushrooms. High

number of human population as cheap labour worker is another advantage for

mushrooming business. On the other hand, high human population also means potential

market. In fact, Indonesia is the fastest growing market for nuticeutical consumer in Asia

in last two years. Current situation on health problem and malnutrition is a great need or

also can be considered as an opportunity for developing food and nutriceutical products

based on mushrooms. More than 50% of Indonesian people are considered malnourished

and significant increase on health problem relating to degenerative disease including

cholesterol, stroke, arterosclerosis, heart disease and diabetes. In last few weeks, we are

also terorised by an avian influenza virus (bird influenza) which has killed at least 7

people in Indonesia. This situation will also affect the need for nutriceutical products.

Four group products can be developed based on Indonesian mushrooms including myco-

food, myco-supplement, myco-drink and myco-cosmetics.

Key Words : Nutriceutical, Medicinal mushroom, Edible muhsroom, Mushroom Industry * This paper is presented on Asean-China Workshop on Development of Edible Mushroom Industry, BPPT Jakarta 26-27 September 2005

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NUTRICEUTICAL

A coined word, crossing the words nutritional and pharmaceutical and generally coming

to mean any nutritional supplement designed for any specific clinical purpose(s). They

are sold on the market as foods for general consumption (or ''health foods'') to be used as

''supplements'' to nutrition (diet). (www.phoenix5.org/glossary/nutriceutical.html)

CURRENT SITUATION ON NUTRICEUTICAL INDUSTRY Global product sales on nutriceutical and food was reported about 180 billion

US$ including functional food, supplement, natural personal care and natural organic

food (Figure 1). Similarly, the industrial growth for this products was reported increase

significantly in some countries like East European/Russia, China, Rest of Asia, and

Middle East (Tabel 1). Surprisingly, among Asian countries Indonesia was reported to be

the fastest growing market on for vitamins and dietary supplement (vds) in 2003 (Tabel

2).

Figure 1. Global sales on nutritional products in 2003 (Source : www.nutritionbusiness.com)

Functional Food36%

Supplement34%

Natural Personal

Care9%

Natural & Organic

Food21%

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Tabel 1 : Global Nutrition Industry Growth (Source : www.nutritionbusiness.com)

By Region

2002 (US$ Million)

2003 (US$ Million)

2003 Growth

USA 58,520 63,710 8.9%

Europe 50,970 54,070 6.1%

Japan 28,820 31,520 9.4%

Canada 4,480 4,830 7.8%

China 6,040 6,940 14.8%

Rest of Asia 6,860 7,640 11.3%

LatAm 3,350 3,670 9.7%

Aust/NZ 2,990 3,210 7.4%

EE/Russia 1,930 2,250 16.3%

MidEast 800 880 10.1%

Africa 790 860 8.8%

Tabel 2 : FASTEST GROWING SALES FOR VITAMINS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENT (VDS) IN 2003

COUNTRY GROWTH

Indonesia (36%)

Philippines (14%)

China (13%)

India (13%)

Source : Euromonitor International - OTC Healthcare Database 2004 THE NEED FOR FOOD AND NUTRICEUTICAL PRODUCTS Recent data indicate that 50% of Indonesian people are suffering from what is so called

by local Newspaper as Hidden Famine, which is undernourished. (http://www.kbi.

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gemari.or.id). In Central Java alone the poverty rate has reached up to 21,78% which

lead to undernourishment (Bisnis Indonesia 2/6/05). Similarly, the data from Statistic

Bureau Centre of Indonesia (Balai Pusat Statistik) says there are more than 1,561,931

poverty in Lampung (22,22%) which also lead to undernourishment.

(http://www.urbanpoor.or.id/revmedia_upc.phtml)

In addition, various human health problems are also demanding for solution. Cancer is

believed to be number six killer in Indonesia based on family health data survey in 2002.

There is one out of one thousands new cancer sufferer occurs each year which increase

from 4,5% in 1992 to 4,9 % in 1995. www.depkes.go.id/index.php?option=news&task

=viewarticle&sid=76&Itemid=2# (The site accessed on 17-9-2005). According to WHO,

there are more than 6.25 million increase for cancer sufferer each year worldwide

http://news.indosiar.com/news_index.htm?idsj=5&sj=kesehatan (The site accessed on 17

September 2005).

Likewise, diabetes mellitus (DM) also become serious problem in Indonesia which is

considered the 4th rank after India, China and US. According to WHO data on internet

says that 17 million (8,6%) Indonesian sufferring from DM in 2001. On the other hand,

there are more than 194 million (5,1%) people suferring from DM In 2003 and it is

predicted will be 333 million sufferer in 2025 worldwide. In addition, it said that 3.2

million people die from DM each year worldwide. http://www.pdpersi.co.id/pdpersi/

news/cakrawala_dalam.php3 (The site accessed on 09 Sep 2005).

Almost the same situation also accur on other degenarative disease such as cholesterol,

stroke and heart disease. It was reported that mortality rate caused by Coronary Heart

Diseasae since 1975, 1981, 1986 and 1995 increased by 5,9%; 9,1%, 16% and 19 %

respectivelly in Indonesia www.sinarharapan.co.id/iptek/kesehatan/index.html. An

example in Jakarta shows that 40% of neurology facilities at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo

hospital are occupied by stroke patients lately (www.yastroki.or.id/printarticle.php?id=41

(Accessed on 17 September 2005). It is estimated that 63,52 per 100.000 Indonesian over

65 year old suffer from stroke (www.kompas.co.id health section accessed on 17

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September 2005). As a comparison, cardiovasculer disease in US was reported up to 60

million cases in 1996. In other words, about 1 among 5 people suffer from

cardiovasculer problem. (www.pjnhk.go.id/artikel20.htm)

Based on these nutritional and health problems, it is not surprising to see the fact that life

expectancy in Indonesia is number 2 from below after India. The highest life expectancy

among Asian countries is owned by Japan (Figure 2). This phenomenon about life

expectancy and also cancer rate in Japan which is very low seems has any relationship

with the diet style of Japanese people which is very high in consuming mushroom. Only

for example, Japan consumes Shi’itake mushroom very high and increase year by year

(Table 3) which can not be supplied by Japanese grower alone. Japan is the highest

importer Shi’itake mushroom from China (Tabel 4).

Figure 2 : Life Expectancy In Some Asian Countries

(Source : Euromonitor International - Global Market Information Database 2004)

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

In d i aIn d o n e s i a

P h i li p p in e s

T h a il a n dV i e tn a m

C h i n aM a l a ys ia

T a iw a n

S o u th K o r e a

S i n g a p o r e

H o n g K o n gJ a p a n

T o t a l - 1 9 9 0 T o ta l - 2 0 0 3

M a le - 2 0 0 3 F e m a le - 2 0 0 3

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Tabel 3 : The Consumption of Shi’itake Mushroom in Japan (Bing & Li, 2004)

Tabel 4 : Import Mushroom From China (Yadong , 20040

Year

Consumption (Ton)

1980 79.855 1985 74.706 1990 79.134 1995 100.810 1996 99.551 1997 100.810 1998 105.613 1999 102.139 2000 109.281

COUNTRY Volume (Kg) VALUE (US $) Japan 87,722,085 263,106,855 Hong Kong (China) 36,721,245 93,557,733

United States 46,169,816 64,249,132 Italy 21,706,962 38,635,647 Germany 35,599,192 36,014,734 Malaysia 19,059,060 29,594,534 Thailand 4,326,889 28,895,670 Russia 26,010,449 19,561,075 R.O. Korea 16,299,426 19,114,146 Canada 20,537,518 18,522,282 Netherlands 15,929,874 16,818,732 France 3,291,546 16,199,343 Estonia 12,007,916 9,718,508 Singapore 2,306,763 9,630,116 Australia 5,549,517 5,838,544 Taiwan (China) 4,976,195 5,763,852 Indonesia 5,778,642 5,547,089 Romania 9,074,411 5,490,596 Philippine 7,159,493 5,461,434 Mexico 7,159,519 4,797,206

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THE POTENCY FOR DEVELOPING MUSHROOM PRODUCTS FOR INDONESIA First reason for Indonesia to develop mushroom based product is the climate factor. As a

tropical country which is surrounded by water, Indonesia is wet all year round which is

very suitable climate for growing mushrooms.

Second, Indonesia is number 2 richest country in the world for land biodiversity. More

than 25% of worlds fungal diversity including mushrooms present in Indonesia (Tabel 5).

Various mushroom species which are high in nutritional values as well as potential for

medicinal substances can be found in Indonesia (Figure 4).

Third, agricultural and forestry waste products are also produced in great quantity year by

year. These organic wastes which are high in lignin and cellulose are potential substrate

for mushroom cultivation. Palm pressed fiber waste was estimated to be produced 4.18

million metric tones (MT) per year during 2002-2005 (Musnandar, 2003). Cocoa husk

was produced 1.5 million MT in 2001 (Dept of Agriculture, 2001). Other waste product

are also produced in large quantity such as rice straw, bagasse, cocoa husk, corn cob and

Sawdust.

Forth, Indonesian people are now more than 210 millions, and more than 10% are

jobless. Mushrooming activity is suitable business area to employ large number of people.

In other words, high number of population is potential labour worker for mushrooming

activity. High number of population also means a potential market for mushroom

products. In fact, Indonesia is the fastest growing market on consuming VDS products in

Asia in 2003 (Tabel 2). Sadly, mushroom production in Indonesia is still very low (Figure

3).

Fifth, current situation on nutritional status and health problem among Indonesian people

are big demand for mushroom products. Most mushrooms are good in nutritional and

medicinal values which can be the solution for undernoursihment as well as for disease

healing and prevention. For example, Tabel 6 shows the essential amino acid content of

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Figure 3 : Indonesia’s Mushroom Production Last 10 Years Source : Indonesian Agribisnis Community on Mushrooms (MAJI) 2005

Tabel 5 : Indonesias and Worlds Biodiversity (Number of Species)

GROUP INDONESIA WORLD PERCENTAGE

Prokaryots 300 4,790 6.3

Fungi 12,000 47,000 25.5

Algae 1,800 21,000 8.6

Bryophytes 1,500 16,000 9.4

Ferns 1,250 13,000 9.6

Flowering Plants 25,000 250,000 10

Insects 250,000 750,000 33.3

Mollusc 20,000 50,000 40

Fishes 8,500 19,000 44.7

Amphibians 1,000 4,200 23.8

Reptiles 2,000 6,300 31.7

Aves 1,500 9,200 16.3

Mammals 500 4,170 12

TOTAL 325,350 1,194,660 20.9

Source : Hilman & Romadoni (2001)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

19951996

19971998

19992000

20012002

20032004

Prod

uctio

n (To

n)

Straw Mushroom Oyster Mushroom Shi'itake Ear Mushroom

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Figure 4 : Various local mushroom species from Indonesia

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some species of mushrooms which is as complete as egg. The essential amino acids

commonly available on meat diet. Since the cholesterol content of most meat are high, a

dilemma is faced by many cardiovasculer risking people. This problem is answered by

mushroom based diet. Mushrooms contain essential amino acids but free of cholesterol.

Even, most mushrooms contain high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids which are

considered as healthy fats. Several species of mushrooms are already studied for their

medicinal properties for curing cancer, cholesterol, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke,

immune enhancer and arterosclerosis. As an example, Tabel 6 shows the medicinal

values of Shi’itake mushroom.

Tabel 6 : Essential Amino Acid of Some Mushrooms

Amino acid Ab Le Pf Po Ps Vd Vv Egg

Leucine Isoleucine Valin Triptophan Lysin Treonin Phenilalanine Methionin Histidin Total

7,5 4,5 2,5 2,0 9,1 5,5 4,2 0,9 2,7 38,9

7,9 4,9 3,7 tt

3,9 5,9 5,9 1,9 1,9 36,0

7,5 5,2 6,9 1,1 9,9 6,1 3,5 3,0 2,8 46,0

6,8 4,2 5,1 1,3 4,5 4,6 3,7 1,5 1,7 33,4

7,0 4,4 5,3 1,2 5,7 5,0 5,0 1,8 2,2 37,6

5,0 7,8 9,7 1,5 6,1 6,0 7,0 1,2 4,2 48,5

4,5 3,4 5,4 1,5 7,1 3,5 2,6 1,1 3,8 32,9

8,8 6,6 7,3 1,6 6,4 5,1 5,8 3,1 2,4 47,1

Source : Chang and Miles, 1989

Ab : Agaricus bisporus Le : Lentinula edodes Pf : Pleurotus flabellatus Po : Pleurotus ostreatus Ps : Pleurotus sajor-caju Vd : Volvariella diplasia Vv : Volvariella volvacea

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Tabel 6 : Medicinal Values of Shi’itake Mushroom (Przybylowicz dan Donoghue, 1988)

ACTIVE COMPOUND EFFECT SUBSTANCES ACTIVITY

Eritadenine Anti cholesterol

Adenine derivates

Enhance metabolism and cholesterol escretion

Ac2P Antivirus Polysaccharides Inhibit virus infection

Viral particles Anti tumor / virus

Nucleic acids DS-RNA

Induce interferon production

KS-2 Anti tumor / virus Polysaccharides Induce interferon

production

Lentinan Antitumor Polysaccharides(1,3 β glucan)

Stimulating T-helper cells in immune system

LAP1 Antitumor Polysaccharides Immune system modulator

GMP (Guanosine monophosphate) Anti platelet Nucleic acid Inhibit platelet

aggregation

WHAT TO BE DEVELOPED? Considering aforementioned information, there are several kinds of mushroom based

product can be developed including :

Myco-foods (dishes)

Myco-supplements

Myco-drink

Myco-cosmetics

Some of these products especially myco-foods, myco-supplements and myco-drink have

been developed at ITB, and few of them have been commercialised for sales. Myco-

cosmetics are still being studied for any possibility to produce any personal beauty such

as skin moisturizer or night cream.

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Figure 5 : Several Samples of Product Based on Local Mushroom Sources REFERENCES: Bing, C, and L.Li, 2004, Analysis of Consumer Buying Behavior for Fresh Shiitake,

http://www.mushworld.com/medicine/list.asp?cata_id=6500 Chang, S.T. dan P.G. Miles, 1989, Edible mushrooms and their cultivation, CRC Preess,

Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. Departemen Pertanian, 2001, Statistik Perkebunan Indonesia 1999-2001. Kakao

Direktorat Jenderal Bina Produksi Perkebunan, Jakarta Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, 2002, Statistika Indonesia, Balai Pusat Statistika,

Bandung, Jawa Barat Hilman, H. and A. Romadoni, 2001, Pengelolaan dan perlindungan aset kekayaan

intelektual, Panduan bagi peneliti Bioteknologi, The British Council, DFID, ITB, Jakarta.

Musnandar, E., 2003, Biodegradation of palm press fiber by fungi Marasmius sp. And its used for Kacang Goat, Disertasi, Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung

Przybylowicz, P. and J. Donoghue, 1988, "Nutritional and Health Aspects of Shiitake", Shiitake Growers' Handbook, Kendal/Hunt Publishing

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Company, pp. 183-188, dalam http://www.mushworld.com/medicine/list.asp?cata_id=6500

Yadong, H., 2004, Report on the Export of China's Mushroom Products in 2004, http://www.mushworld.com/oversea/list.asp?cata_id=5120

http://news.indosiar.com/news_index.htm?idsj=5&sj=kesehatan (Accessed : 17 Sept 2005) www.pdpersi.co.id/pdpersi/ news/cakrawala_dalam.php3 (Accessed : 17 Sept 2005) www.depkes.go.id/index.php?option=news&task =viewarticle&sid=76&Itemid=2# (Accessed 17 Sept 2005) www.kbi. gemari.or.id (Accessed : 17 Sept 2005) www.kompas.co.id health section (Accessed on 17 September 2005) www.nutritionbusiness.com (Accessed : 24 Sept 2005) www.phoenix5.org/glossary/nutriceutical.html (Accessed : 24 Sept 2005) www.pjnhk.go.id/artikel20.htm (Accessed : 17 Sept 2005) www.sinarharapan.co.id/iptek/kesehatan/index.html (Accessed : 17 Sept 2005) www.urbanpoor.or.id/revmedia_upc.phtml (Accessed : 17 Sept 2005) www.yastroki.or.id/printarticle.php?id=41 (Accessed on 17 September 2005)