Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp

7/31/2019 Nur Ariesman Salleh Fyp

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EFFECT OF THERMOMECHANICAL

DENSIFICATION OF OIL PALM TRUNKLUMBER ON MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES

PRESENTED BY:

NUR AREISMAN BIN MOHD SALLEH

2009606102

SUPERVISOR:

DR. KAMARULZAMAN NORDIN


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PROBLEM STATEMENT Disposal of Oil Palm Trunk lead to environmental issues.

Normally, the oil palm trunks are left to rot or are burnt in the field. However,

due to high moisture content, the oil palm trunk is not easily burnt.

Practice of disposing oil palm by burning is now considered unacceptable

because it contribute to the air pollution and affects the environment.

Shortage of raw material based from natural resources.

demand for raw material from forest resources increasing dramatically.

cost of raw material based from forest resources also increase rapidly.


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JUSTIFICATION Abundance resources of Oil Palm Trunk.

Continuous supply of raw material (oil palm trunk).

No chemical usage which is environmental friendly.

Reduced cost of raw material based from natural

resources.


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OBJECTIVE OF STUDY To determine the mechanical (flexural and tension) and

physical (density) properties after densification by hot press.

To compare the mechanical (flexural and tension) and physical

(density) between densified oil palm trunk and basic strength of

oil palm trunk.


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METHODOLOGY

Cut intosample(press)

DryingThermo

mechanicalpress

Cut intosample(test)

Mechanical andPhysicalTesting

results


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METHODOLOGY: SAMPLE SIZE Cut into sample size for hot press process

20 mm

300mm

30 mm


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METHODOLOGY: SAMPLE SIZE Cut into sample size for testing:

Static Bending Test

20 mm

300mm

20 mm


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METHODOLOGY: SAMPLE SIZE Cut into sample size for testing:

Tensile Test


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METHODOLOGY: DRYING Oil palm trunk in the form of board 30 mm x 20 mm x 300 mm will be

dry in Kiln Dry.

The drying continue until the moisture content stable which is around

15.75% (Ho et al. 1985).

The time taken for the sample achieving the suitable moisture content

(15.75 %) is around 60 days. After that the sample is ready for

densification process.


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METHODOLOGY:

THERMOMECHANICAL PRESS1. Timbers were loaded into the thermo mechanical

press with an average platen temperature of 80C.

2. At the same time, stopper which is made from

hardwood is place into the thermo mechanical press.

3. The thickness of stopper is 20 mm to prevent excessive

thickness reduction for oil palm trunk.


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METHODOLOGY:

THERMOMECHANICAL PRESS4. The first 5 minute, the Platen pressure (175 kPa) was

applied at the surface of the timber for preheat. After 5

minute, the platen pressure were press to the finalnominal thickness of 20 mm within a 30 minute period.

5. After the densification process, the timber lengths were held in a

restraint press whilst conditioning of the timber sample

occurred.

6. The same step are repeated but with different platen temperature

of 165C.


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METHODOLOGY:

PHYSICAL TESTING. Density Comparison

1. Mass, volume of the timber before going through densification process

is taken.

2. After densification process, the mass, volume of the timber is taken again

to compare the change in density.

3. Density= mass (g)/volume (mm3).

4. By using this equation, the density before and after the densification

process is compared.


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METHODOLOGY:

MECHANICAL TESTING. Tension Testing.

1. Methods of testing small clear specimens of timber, British Standard (BS

373:1957).

2. Tension parallel to the grain. The form anddimensions of the test piece used

in one method for determining the tension parallel to grain strength shall be

as illustrated in Figure 2.

3. The test piece shall be so orientated that the direction of the annual rings at

the cubical section is perpendicular to the greater cross-sectional

dimensions. The actual dimensions at the minimum cross-section shall be

measured.


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METHODOLOGY:

MECHANICAL TESTING. Tension Testing.

4. The load shall be applied to the 2 cm face of the ends

of the test piece by special toothed plate grips which

are forced into the wood before the test piece

commenced These grips shall be designed so as to

give axial load. The load shall be applied to the test

piece at a constant head speed of 0.05 in./min.


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METHODOLOGY:

MECHANICAL TESTING.Equation for calculating tensile stress as shown below

Tensile stress at limit of proportionality:

=P/A (lb/sq2)

where

A= Minimum area of cross-section of test length.

L = Gauge length in inches between extensometer points.

P= Load in pounds at limit of proportionality.

P = Maximum load in pounds.

=Extension in inches at limit of proportionality.


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METHODOLOGY:

MECHANICAL TESTING. Flexural Testing

1. Methods of testing small clear specimens of timber,

British Standard (BS 373:1957).

2. The static bending test carried out by central loading

method.3. The dimensions of the central loading test piece are 2

cm by 2 cm by 30 cm.


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METHODOLOGY:


4. In the central loading method the distance between

the points of support of the test piece is 28 cm,

according to the standard used, and the loading

heads shall move at a constant speed of 0.26 in/min.


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METHODOLOGY:


Equation to determine the Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rupture:

MOE= PL2/4 bh2

MOR= 3PL/2bh2

Where:

P = Maximum load in pounds.

P= Load in pounds at limit of proportionality.

=Deflection in inches at mid length at limit ofproportionality.

b = Breadth in millimeters

h = Depth in millimeters


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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) will be used in the

data analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple

comparisons-tests will be conducted to analyze the data calculated

and to determine the significant effects of densified oil palm trunk

using thermo mechanical press with different temperature applied

on tension, flexural and density changes..


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EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNOil Palm Trunk(Elaeis guineensis)

Core Region atHeight 1m-3m

Cut into sample.

Densification(80 C, 175 kPs)

Mechanicalproperties

(flexural andTension)

Physical

Properties

(Density)

Densification(165C, 175 kPs)



Physical

Properties

(Density)

Kiln-Dry



Physical

Properties

(Density)


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RESULT CHANGE IN DENSITY

MECHANICAL TESTING

Static Bending Test

Tensile Test


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Density change in sample for Static

Bending Test (kg/m3

)-average

254.8

213.46

341.98313.68

0

50

100

150

200250

300

350

400

80C 165C

Density(kg/mm3)

Temperature (C)

Before TMD After TMD


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Density change in sample for

Tension Test (kg/m3

) average

204.3

253.52

335.26303.76

0

50

100

150

200250

300

350

400

80 C 165 C

Density(kg/mm3)

Temperature (C)

Before TDM After TDM


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Static Bending Test Modulus of Elasticity

249.95294.67

378.38

050

100

150

200

250300

350

400

Kiln Dry 80C 165C

MOE(N/mm2)

Temperature (C)

Kiln Dry 80C 165C


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Static Bending Test Modulus of Rupture

17.46

24.65 24.26

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Kiln Dry 80C 165C

M

OR(N/mm2)

Temperature (C)

Kiln Dry 80C 165C


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Tensile Test


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Tensile Test Tensile Stress

4.01

7.84

3.04

0

12

3

4

5

67

8

9

Kiln Dry 80C 165C

Ten

silestress(N/mm

2)

Temperature (C)

Kiln Dry 80C 165C


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Conclusion Thermo Mechanical Densification process success to increase the

density of the oil palm trunk timber.

MOE value for sample press at different temperature are different. This is due to the percentage of lignin that melt inside the timber.

MOR value were quite similar between sample press at 80C and 165

C. This result occur partially due to high number of defects included

in the timber samples tested.

Shear strength also show the similar result. The sample press at 80C

and 165 C having only slightly difference value of shear strength.


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REFERENCES S. C. Lim, K. S. Gan. No. 35, 2005. Characteristic and Utilization of Oil Palm Stem. Timber Bulletin

Technology (FRIM)

A.N Haslett. 1990. The Suitability of Oil Palm Trunk for Timber Uses. Journal of Tropical ForestScience 2 (3): 243-251.

Kamarudin Hassan, Anis Mokhtar, Choo Yuen May, Mohd Basri Wahid. 2007. Malaysian Palm OilBoard Information Series. MPOB TT No. 364.

Wan Asma Ibrahim, Abdul Razak Mohd Ali. 1990. The Effect of Chemical Treatment on theDimensional Stability of Oil Palm Stem and Rubber wood. Tropical Forest Science 3 (3): 291-298

R. Adlam. 2005. Thermomechanical Densification of Timber: Initial Investigation of the Potential of

Softwood Timber. Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation.

Razak Wahab, Hashim W. Samsi, Azmy Mohamed, Othman Sulaiman. November, 2008. UtilizationPotential of 30Year-old Oil Palm Trunks Laminated Veneer Lumbers for Non-structural Purposes.Journal of Sustainable Development.

Peter Favot. Aug 1986. Process of Densifying the Less Dense Wood. US Patent Document

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