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Nudibranch

Nudibranch

Berghia coerulescens

A pair of Chromodoris lochi from Puerto

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A nudibranch /ˈnjuːdᵻbræŋk/[1] is a member of theNudibranchia, a group of soft-bodied, marine gastropodmollusks which shed their shells after their larval stage.[2]

They are noted for their often extraordinary colours andstriking forms. Currently, about 2,300 valid species ofnudibranchs are known.[3]

The word "nudibranch" comes from the Latin nudus,naked, and the Greek βραγχια, brankhia, gills.

Nudibranchs are often casually called sea slugs, but manysea slugs belong to several taxonomic groups which arenot closely related to nudibranchs. A number of theseother sea slugs, such as the photosynthetic Sacoglossaand the colourful Aglajidae, are often confused withnudibranchs.

Contents [hide]

1 Distribution and habitat

2 Anatomical description

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Galera, the Philippines.

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Gastropoda

(unranked): clade Heterobranchia

clade Euthyneuraclade Nudipleuraclade Nudibranchia

Clades

EuctenidiaceaDexiarchia

See text for superfamilies

2 Anatomical description

3 Defense mechanisms3.1 Apparent production of sound

4 Lifecycle

5 Feeding and ecological role

6 Taxonomy6.1 Traditional hierarchy

6.2 Early revisions

7 Gallery

8 References

9 Further reading

10 External links10.1 Videos

Distribution and habitat [ edit ]

Nudibranchs occur in seas worldwide, including both thetropics and Antarctica.[4]

Nudibranchs live at virtually all depths of salt water, from the intertidal zone to depths of well over700 m (2,300 ft).[4] The greatest diversity of nudibranchs is seen in warm, shallow reefs, althougha new nudibranch species was discovered at a depth near 2,500 m (8,200 ft).[5]

Nudibranchs are benthic animals, found crawling over the bottom substrate.[4] The only exceptionsto this are the neustonic Glaucus nudibranchs, which float upside down just under the ocean'ssurface and the pelagic nudibranch, Cephalopyge trematoides, which swims in the water column.[6]

[7]

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Aeolidiella stephanieae nudibranchbody: Note the oral tentacles (ot), foottentacles (ft), eye (e), rhinophores (r),and cerata (c). This species hascnidosacs (cn) at the cerata tips. Scalebar is 100 μm.

Anatomical description [ edit ]

The body forms of nudibranchs vary a great deal, butbecause they are opisthobranchs, unlike most othergastropods, they are apparently bilaterally symmetricalexternally (but not internally) because they haveundergone secondary detorsion. In all nudibranchs, themale and female sexual openings are on the right side ofthe body, reflecting their asymmetrical origins. They lack amantle cavity. Some species have venomous appendages(cerata) on their sides, which deter predators. Many alsohave a simple gut and a mouth with a radula.[8]

The eyes in nudibranchs are simple and able to discernlittle more than light and dark.[9] The eyes are set into thebody, are about a quarter of a millimeter in diameter, andconsist of a lens and five photoreceptors.[10]

Nudibranchs vary in adult size from 4 to 600 mm (0.16 to23.62 in).

The adult form is without a shell or operculum (in shelledgastropods, the operculum is a bony or horny plate thatcan cover the opening of the shell when the body iswithdrawn). In most species is a swimming veliger larva with

a coiled shell which is shed at metamorphosis when the larva transforms into the adult form. Somespecies have direct development and the shell is shed before the animal emerges from the eggmass.[8]

Edit links

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Norsk bokmålPortuguêsРусскийSimple EnglishSuomiSvenskaไทยWinaray中文

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Nudibranchs (Nembrothakubaryana) eating clavelina tunicatecolonies

The name nudibranch is appropriate, since the dorids (infraclass Anthobranchia) breathe througha "naked gill" shaped into branchial plumes in a rosette on their backs.[11] By contrast, on the backof the aeolids in the clade Cladobranchia there are brightly coloured sets of protruding organscalled cerata.

Nudibranchs have cephalic (head) tentacles, which are sensitive to touch, taste, and smell. Club-shaped rhinophores detect odors.

Defense mechanisms [ edit ]

This group includes some of the most colourful creatureson earth. In the course of their evolution, nudibranchshave lost their shell while developing alternative defensemechanisms. Some species evolved an external anatomywith textures and colours that mimicked surroundingsessile invertebrate animals (often their prey sponges orsoft corals) to avoid predators (see camouflage). Othernudibranchs, as seen especially well on chromodorids,have an intensely bright and contrasting colour patternthat makes them especially conspicuous in theirsurroundings. Nudibranch molluscs are the most commonlycited examples of aposematism in marine ecosystems, butthe evidence for this has been contested,[12] mostly because (1) there are few examples of mimicryamong species, (2) many species are nocturnal or cryptic, and (3) bright colours at the red end ofthe colour spectrum are rapidly attenuated as a function of water depth. For example, the SpanishDancer nudibranch (genus Hexabranchus), among the largest of tropical marine slugs, potentlychemically defended, and brilliantly red and white, is nocturnal and has no known mimics.[13] Other

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studies of nudibranch molluscs have concluded that they are aposematically coloured, forexample, the slugs of the family Phylidiidae from Indo-Pacific coral reefs.[14]

Nudibranchs that feed on hydrozoids can store the hydrozoids' nematocysts (stinging cells) in thedorsal body wall, the cerata.[15] These stolen nematocysts, called kleptocnidae, wander throughthe alimentary tract without harming the nudibranch. Once further into the organ, the cells areassimilated by intestinal protuberances and brought to specific placements on the creature's hindbody. Nudibranchs can protect themselves from the hydrozoids and their nematocysts; the specificmechanism is yet unknown, but special cells with large vacuoles probably play an important role.Similarly, some nudibranchs can also take in plant cells (symbiotic algae from soft corals) andreuse these to make food for themselves. The related group of sacoglossan sea slugs feed onalgae and retain just the chloroplasts for their own photosynthetic use, a process known askleptoplasty.

Nudibranchs use a variety of chemical defenses to aid in protection, but it is not necessary for thestrategy to be lethal to be effective; in fact there are good arguments that chemical defensesshould evolve to be distasteful rather than toxic.[16] Some sponge-eating nudibranchs concentratethe chemical defenses from their prey sponge in their bodies, rendering themselves distasteful topredators.[13][17] The evidence that suggests the chemical compounds used by dorid nudibranchsdo in fact come from dietary sponges lies in the similarities between the metabolites of prey andnudibranchs, respectively. Furthermore, nudibranchs contain a mixture of sponge chemicals whenthey are in the presence of multiple food sources, as well as change defense chemicals with aconcurrent change in diet.[18] This, however, is not the only way for nudibranchs to developchemical defenses. Certain species are able to produce their own chemicals de novo withoutdietary influence. Evidence for the different methods of chemical production comes with thecharacteristic uniformity of chemical composition across drastically different environments andgeographic locations found throughout de novo production species compared to the wide variety

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of dietary and environmentally dependent chemical composition in sequestering species.[19]

Another method of protection is the release of an acid from the skin.[20] Once the specimen isphysically irritated or touched by another creature, it will release the mucus automatically.

Apparent production of sound [ edit ]

In 1884, Philip Henry Gosse reported observations by "Professor Grant" (possibly Robert EdmondGrant) that two species of nudibranchs emit sounds that are audible to humans.[21]

"Two very elegant species of Sea-slug, viz., Eolis punctata [i.e. Facelina annulicornis], and Tritoniaarborescens [i.e. Dendronotus frondosus], certainly produce audible sounds. Professor Grant,who first observed the interesting fact in some specimens of the latter which he was keeping in anaquarium, says of the sounds, that 'they resemble very much the clink of a steel wire on the side ofthe jar, one stroke only been given at a time, and repeated at intervals of a minute or two; whenplaced in a large basin of water the sound is much obscured, and is like that of a watch, one strokebeing repeated, as before, at intervals. The sound is longest and most often repeated when theTritonia are lively and moving about, and is not heard when they are cold and without any motion;in the dark I have not observed any light emitted at the time of the stroke; no globule of airescapes to the surface of the water, nor is any ripple produced on the surface at the instant of thestroke; the sound, when in a glass vessel, is mellow and distinct.' The Professor has kept theseTritonia alive in his room for a month, and during the whole period of their confinement they havecontinued to produce the sounds with very little diminution of their original intensity. In a smallapartment they are audible at the distance of twelve feet. The sounds obviously proceed from themouth of the animal; and at the instant of the stroke, we observe the lips suddenly separate, as ifto allow the water to rush into a small vacuum formed within. As these animals are hermaphrodites,requiring mutual impregnation, the sounds may possibly be a means of communication betweenthem, or, if they are of an electric nature, they may be the means of defending from foreign

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Nudibranch mating behavior inNembrotha purpureolineata

Acanthodoris lutea laying eggsSolar-powered Pteraeolidia ianthinahas adapted cerata to containzooxanthellae which continue to

enemies one of the most delicate, defenceless, and beautiful Gasteropods that inhabit the deep."

Lifecycle [ edit ]

Nudibranchs are hermaphroditic, thus have a set ofreproductive organs for both sexes, but they cannotfertilize themselves.[22]

Nudibranchs typically deposit their eggs within a gelatinousspiral.[23]

Feeding and ecological role [ edit ]

All known nudibranchs are carnivorous.[22] Some feed onsponges, others on hydroids,(e.g. Cuthona)[24] others onbryozoans (phanerobranchs such as Tambja, Limacia,Plocamopherus and Triopha),[25] and some eat other sea

slugs or their eggs(e.g. Favorinus)[26]

or, on someoccasions, arecannibals and preyon members oftheir own species.Other groups feedon tunicates (e.g.Nembrotha,

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zooxanthellae which continue tophotosynthesize and provide energy tothe nudibranch.

Dorids breathe with the branchialplume, which projects from aroundtheir anus. Chromodoris willani.

Aeolids have many cerata overtheir back which are used fordefense, as well asrespiration - Hermissendacrassicornis.

Goniodoris),[27] other nudibranchs (Roboastra, which aredescended from tunicate-feeding species),[27] barnacles(e.g. Onchidoris bilamellata),[28] and anemones (e.g. theAeolidiidae and other Cladobranchia).[25]

The surface-dwelling nudibranch, Glaucus atlanticus, is a specialist predator of siphonophores,such as the Portuguese man o' war. This predatory mollusk sucks air into its stomach to keep itafloat, and using its muscular foot, it clings to the surface film. If it finds a small victim, Glaucussimply envelops it with its capacious mouth, but if the prey is a larger siphonophore, the mollusknibbles off its fishing tentacles, the ones carrying the most potent nematocysts. Like some othersof its kind, Glaucus does not digest the nematocysts; instead, it uses them to defend itself bypassing them from its gut to the surface of its skin.[29]

Taxonomy [ edit ]

Nudibranchs are commonlydivided into two main kinds, doridand aeolid (also spelled eolid)nudibranchs:[30][31]

Dorids (clade Anthobranchia,Doridacea, or Doridoidea) arerecognised by the branchial(gill) plume, which forms acluster on the posterior part ofthe body, around the anus.Fringes on the mantle do not

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Nudibranchs are frequently differentiated as either dorid or aeolid.contain anyintestines.[citation needed]

Aeolids (clade Cladobranchia)have cerata (spread across the back) instead of the branchial plume. They lack amantle.[citation needed] Some are hosts to zooxanthellae.

The exact systematics of nudibranchs are a topic of recent revision. Traditionally, nudibranchshave been treated as the order Nudibranchia, located in the gastropod mollusc subclassOpisthobranchia (the marine slugs: which consisted of nudibranchs, sidegill slugs, bubble snails,algae sap-sucking sea slugs, and sea hares).[30] Since 2005,[32] pleurobranchs (which hadpreviously been grouped among sidegill slugs) have been placed alongside nudibranchs in theclade Nudipleura (recognising them as more closely related to each other than to otheropisthobranchs).[33] Since 2010, Opisthobranchia has been recognised as not a valid clade (it isparaphyletic) and instead Nudipleura has been placed as the first offshoot of Euthyneura (which isthe dominant clade of gastropods).[34]

Traditional hierarchy [ edit ]

This classification was based on the work of Johannes Thiele (1931), who built on the concepts ofHenri Milne-Edwards (1848).[citation needed]

Order Nudibranchia:

Infraorder Anthobranchia Férussac, 1819 (dorids)

Superfamily Doridoidea Rafinesque, 1815

Superfamily Doridoxoidea Bergh, 1900

Superfamily Onchidoridoidea Alder & Hancock, 1845

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Superfamily Polyceroidea Alder & Hancock, 1845

Infraorder Cladobranchia Willan & Morton, 1984 (aeolids)

Superfamily Aeolidioidea J. E. Gray, 1827

Superfamily Arminoidea Rafinesque, 1814

Superfamily Dendronotoidea Allman, 1845

Superfamily Metarminoidea Odhner in Franc, 1968

Early revisions [ edit ]

Newer insights derived from morphological data and gene-sequence research seemed to confirmthose ideas. On the basis of investigation of 18S rDNA sequence data, strong evidence supportsthe monophyly of the Nudibranchia and its two major groups, the Anthobranchia/Doridoidea andCladobranchia.[35] A study published in May 2001, again revised the taxonomy of theNudibranchia.[36] They were thus divided into two major clades:

Anthobranchia (= Bathydoridoidea + Doridoidea)

Dexiarchia nom. nov. (= Doridoxoidea + Dendronotoidea + Aeolidoidea + "Arminoidea").

However, according to the taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), currently the most up-to-datesystem of classifying the gastropods, the Nudibranchia are a subclade within the clade of theNudipleura. The Nudibranchia are then divided into two clades:

Euctenidiacea (= Holohepatica)

Gnathodoridacea (contains only Bathydorididae)

Doridacea

Doridoidea

Phyllidioidea

Onchidoridoidea

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Polyceroidea (= Phanerobranchiata Non Suctoria)

Dexiarchia (= Actenidiacea)

Pseudoeuctenidiacea ( = Doridoxida)

Cladobranchia ( = Cladohepatica)

Euarminida

Dendronotida

Aeolidida

Unassigned Cladobranchia (previously Metarminoidea)

Charcotiidae

Dironidae

Goniaeolididae

Heroidae

Proctonotidae

Madrellidae

Pinufiidae

Embletoniidae

Gallery [ edit ]

This gallery shows some of the great variability in the colour and form of nudibranchs, and alsoshows a nudibranch egg ribbon.

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Tritoniopsis elegans

Nembrotha cristata, in BunakenNational Park

Clown nudibranch Triophacatalinae, Northern California

Chromodoris annae from LembehStraits, Indonesia

Spanish Dancer taken atnight, Red Sea

Nembrotha chamberlaini fromVerde Island, the Philippines

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Glossodoris atromarginata

Chromodoris dianae from VerdeIsland, the Philippines

A pair of Nembrotha millerimating at Verde Island, the

Philippines

Regal Sea Goddess Felimarepicta (synonym =Hypselodorisedenticulata) in the Gray's Reef

National Marine Sanctuary,Savannah, Georgia

Dorid nudibranch egg ribbonin Moss Beach, California

Nudibranch eggribbon at ShaabMahmoud (Red

Sea, Egypt)

Nudibranch eggribbon at Malahi

(Red Sea,Egypt)

References [ edit ]

1. ^ Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (2nd edition), ISBN 0-582-36467-1

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2. ^ Thompson, T. E. (2009). "Feeding in nudibranch larvae". Journal of the Marine BiologicalAssociation of the United Kingdom 38 (2): 239. doi:10.1017/S0025315400006044 .

3. ^ Gofas, S. (2014). Nudibranchia. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species athttp://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1762 on 2015-02-12

4. a b c Nudibranchs , Fishermen Scuba.

5. ^ "Discoveries of deep-sea biomass and biodiversity using an ROV" . Monterey Bay AquariumResearch Institute. Retrieved 16 October 2013.

6. ^ J.E. Steinberg, The pelagic nudibranch, Cephalopyge trematoides (Chun, 1889), in New SouthWales with a note on other species in this genus, Proceedings of The Linnean Society of New SouthWales 81:184-192 (1956) [1]

7. ^ G.M. Mapstone & M.N. Arai, Siphonophora (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of Canadian Pacific Waters,p.33 . "The best documented predators of pelagic cnidarians from the phylum Mollusca are theneustonic nudibranchs and snails [...and] the pelagic nudibranch [...]"

8. a b Thompson, T. E. 1976. Biology of opisthobranch molluscs, vol. 1, 207 pp., 21 pls. Ray Society,no. 151.

9. ^ "Nudibranchs - National Geographic Magazine" . Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. 2013-04-25.Retrieved 2013-07-04.

10. ^ CHASE, RONALD (June 1, 1974). "The Electrophysiology of Photoreceptors in the NudibranchMollusc, Tritonia Diomedia" . Journal of experimental biology 60 (3): 707–19. PMID 4847278 .

11. ^ Dayrat, B. (2005). "Advantages of naming species under the PhyloCode: An example of how a newspecies of Discodorididae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Nudibranchia, Doridina) may benamed" (PDF). Marine Biology Research 1 (3): 216–232. doi:10.1080/17451000510019141 .Retrieved 2009-06-14.

12. ^ Edmunds, M. (1991). "Does warning coloration occur in nudibranchs?". Malacologia 32: 241–255.

13. a b Pawlik, JR; et al. (1988). "Defensive chemicals of the Spanish Dancer nudibranch,Hexabranchus sanguineus, and its egg ribbons: Macrolides derived from a sponge diet". Journal ofExperimental Marine Biology and Ecology 119: 99–109. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(88)90225-0 .

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14. ^ Ritson-Williams, R.; Paul, VJ (2007). "Marine benthic invertebrates use multimodal cues fordefense against reef fish" . Marine Ecology Progress Series 340: 29–39.doi:10.3354/meps340029 .

15. ^ Frick, K (2003). "Predator Suites and Flabellinid Nudibranch Nematocyst Complements in the Gulfof Maine" . In: SF Norton (ed). Diving for Science...2003. Proceedings of the American Academy ofUnderwater Sciences (22nd Annual Scientific Diving Symposium). Retrieved 2008-07-03.

16. ^ Pawlik, JR (2012). Fattorusso, E.; et al., eds. Antipredatory defensive roles of natural productsfrom marine invertebrates. Handbook of Marine Natural Products (NY: Springer Science). pp. 677–710.

17. ^ Gosliner, T. M. (1987). Nudibranchs of Southern Africa. ISBN 0-930118-13-8.

18. ^ Faulkner, D. J.; Ghiselin, M. T. (1983). "Chemical defense and evolutionary ecology of doridnudibranchs and some other opisthobranch gastropods" (PDF). Marine Ecology-Progress Series13: 295–301. doi:10.3354/meps013295 .

19. ^ Barsby, T.; Linington, R. G.; Andersen, R. J. (2002). "De Novo terpenoid biosynthesis by thedendronotid nudibranch Melibe leonina". Chemoecology 12 (4): 199–202.doi:10.1007/PL00012669 .

20. ^ Edmunds, M. (1968). "Acid secretion in some species of Doridacea (Mollusca, Nudibranchia)" .Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 38 (2): 121–133.

21. ^ P.H. Gosse, Evenings at the Microscope, 1884 edition,[2] p57

22. a b "Nudibranch" . Aquaticcommunity.com. Retrieved 2013-07-04.

23. ^ Klussmann-Kolb A (2001). "The Reproductive Systems of the Nudibranchia (Gastropoda,Opisthobranchia): Comparative Histology and Ultrastructure of the Nidamental Glands with Aspectsof Functional Morphology" . Zoologischer Anzeiger 240 (2): 119–136. doi:10.1078/0044-5231-00011 .

24. ^ NC Folino (1997). "The role of prey mobility in the population ecology of the nudibranch Cuthonanana (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)" (PDF). American Malacological Bulletin.

a b

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25. a b Domínguez, M.; Troncoso, J. S.; García, F. J. (2008). "The family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827(Gastropoda Opisthobranchia) from Brazil, with a description of a new species belonging to thegenus Berghia Trinchese, 1877". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (2): 349–368.doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00390.x .

26. ^ Rudman, W.B., (1999 (March 19)). "Favorinus tsuruganus Baba & Abe, 1964. [In] Sea SlugForum. Australian Museum" . Check date values in: |date= (help)

27. a b Valdés, Á. (2004). "Phylogeography and phyloecology of dorid nudibranchs (Mollusca,Gastropoda)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83 (4): 551–559. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00413.x .

28. ^ Barnes, H.; Powell, H. T. (1954). "Onchidoris fusca (Müller); A Predator of Barnacles". Journal ofAnimal Ecology 23 (2): 361–363. doi:10.2307/1986 . JSTOR 1986 .

29. ^ Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals,Greenwood Press.

30. a b Hans Bertsch, Nudibranchs: Marine slugs with verve . "Navanax inermis[..] is the bane of allnudibranchs, because it is one of the few known predators on this group of slugs. [...] Dorids mainlyeat sponges, bryozoans, and tunicates, whereas aeolids principally eat cnidarians."

31. ^ "Facts About Nudibranchs" . Marinelife.about.com. 2011-11-10. Retrieved 2013-07-04.

32. ^ Taxonomy of the Gastropoda, Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005

33. ^ Guido T. Poppe & Sheila P. Tagaro, The New Classification of Gastropods according to Bouchet &Rocroi, 2005; Visaya, February 23, 2006

34. ^ Jörger, K. M.; Stöger, I.; Kano, Y.; Fukuda, H.; Knebelsberger, T.; Schrödl, M. (2010). "On theorigin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for thesystematics of Heterobranchia" . BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 323. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323 . PMC 3087543 . PMID 20973994 . "At the basis of the Euthyneura the Nudipleura split off"

35. ^ Wägele H. & Willan R. C. (September 2000). "Phylogeny of the Nudibranchia". Zoological Journalof the Linnean Society 1 (1): 83–181. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb02196.x .

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Wikispecies has informationrelated to: Nudibranchia

Wikimedia Commons has

36. ^ Schrödl M., Wägele H. & Willan R. C. (2001). "Taxonomic Redescription of theDoridoxidae(Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia), an Enigmatic Family of Deep Water Nudibranchs, withDiscussion of Basal Nudibranch Phylogeny" . Zoologischer Anzeiger 240 (1): 83–97.doi:10.1078/0044-5231-00008 .

Further reading [ edit ]

Thompson, T. E. 1976. Biology of opisthobranch molluscs, vol. 1, 207 pp., 21 pls. Ray Society,no. 151.

Thompson, T. E., & G. H. Brown. 1984. Biology of opisthobranch molluscs, vol. 2, 229 pp., 41pls. Ray Society, no. 156.

Gary R. McDonald. September 17, 2009. Institute of Marine Sciences. BibliographiaNudibranchia, 2nd Edition. A listing, by Author, of publications on nudibranchs.

Gary R. McDonald. September 17, 2009. Institute of Marine Sciences. NudibranchSystematic Index, 2nd Edition. An index of names given to nudibranchs and theirsubsequent use, referenced to Bibliographia Nudibranchia.

Gary R. McDonald & J. W. Nybakken. November 5, 2014. List of the Worldwide Food Habits ofNudibranchs

Neville Coleman (2008). Nudibranchs Encyclopedia: Catalogue of Asia/Indo-Pacific Sea Slugs.Neville Coleman's Underwater Geographic. ISBN 0-947325-41-7

External links [ edit ]

Sea Slug Forum by William B. Rudman

Nudibranchs of the British Isles

OPK Opistobranquis - Iberian and MediterraneanOpisthobranchs

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media related toNudibranchia.

Opisthobranchs

Mediterranean slug site (actually a misnomer -Worldwide coverage

The Slug Site, Michael D. Miller 2002-2014

The Okinawa Slug Site

Images, information and identification of Nudibranchs

Nudibranch Photos by Mick Tait

World of Water by Neville Coleman (Encyclopedia and photos)

Nudibranchs in their natural environment, Scuba Diving - Narooma NSW offline? 26 Nov 2014

Nudi Pixel: Online resource for nudibranchs and sea slugs identification using photographs

Various nudibranch species from Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand

Nudibranch gallery- Sergey Parinov - offline? 26 Nov 2014

Opisthobranch Newsletter - Bibliography and portal to opisthobranch, nudibranch & seasluginformation

Scottish Nudibranchs: Online resource for identification of species found in Scottish waters

National Geographic Nudibranch Photo Gallery

Sea slugs of Hawaii

Slug City - Molluscs. Brain & Behavior , from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Videos [ edit ]

Attack of the Sea Slugs

The Lynx Nudibranch HD clip of Phidiana lynceus carefully consuming a hydroid, Myrionemaamboinense.

Slug City - Molluscs. Brain & Behavior , many videos of nudibranchs from the University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign

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Categories: Nudipleura Nudibranchia