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Mark Robertson Professor of Biology Delta College Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA The Role of Nucleic Acids DNA DNA polymerase RNA polymerase RNA Proteins Translation (convert RNA to proteins) Transcription (convert DNA to RNA) Ribosome Replication (DNA to 2 x DNA) Molecular Structure of DNA/RNA Made of linked nucleotide monomers Phosphate group Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) 1 of 5 Bases (cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, or uracil) DNA is a double helix polymer while RNA is a single stranded polymer Chromosomes composed of DNA wound around proteins ( histones ) while chromatin is unwound DNA

Nucleic’Acids’’ - Delta Collegewebsites.delta.edu/mgrobert/PDFs/DNAandRNA.pdf · 2017-02-02 · Nucleic’Acids ’’ DNAandRNA The’Role’of’ Nucleic’Acids DNA DNA polymerase

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Page 1: Nucleic’Acids’’ - Delta Collegewebsites.delta.edu/mgrobert/PDFs/DNAandRNA.pdf · 2017-02-02 · Nucleic’Acids ’’ DNAandRNA The’Role’of’ Nucleic’Acids DNA DNA polymerase

Mark Robertson Professor of Biology

Delta College

Nucleic  Acids    DNA  and  RNA

The  Role  of  Nucleic  Acids

DNA

DNA polymerase

RNA polymerase RNA

Proteins

Translation(convert RNA to proteins)

Transcription(convert DNA to RNA)

Ribosome

Replication(DNA to 2 x DNA)

Molecular  Structure  of  DNA/RNA

Made  of  linked  nucleotide  monomers  

Phosphate  group  Sugar  (ribose  or  deoxyribose)  1  of  5  Bases  (cytosine,  guanine,  adenine,  thymine,  or  uracil)  

DNA  is  a  double  helix  polymer  while  RNA  is  a  single  stranded  polymer  

Chromosomes  composed  of  DNA  wound  around  proteins  (histones)  while  chromatin  is  unwound  DNA

Page 2: Nucleic’Acids’’ - Delta Collegewebsites.delta.edu/mgrobert/PDFs/DNAandRNA.pdf · 2017-02-02 · Nucleic’Acids ’’ DNAandRNA The’Role’of’ Nucleic’Acids DNA DNA polymerase

Replication  of  DNADNA  is  “unzipped”  by  one  enzyme  and  then  DNA  polymerase  moves  down  both  strands  and  adds  free  nucleotides  (absorbed  from  diet)  to  form  complementary  strands  

DNA  is  now  half  old/half  new  (called          “semiconservative”  replication)  

Cell  can  now  divide  with  duplicate  strands  of  DNA  in  each  daughter  cell  (forming  46  chromosomes  in  humans)  

Genes  on  the  chromosomes  have  a  “Start”  code  (TAC)  and  end  with  a  telomere  (repeated  “Stop”  sequence)

DNA  Transcription

DNA  stays  in  the  nucleus  and  is  used  to  make  all  3  types  of  RNA:  

mRNA  (messenger  RNA  to  move  information  out  of  nucleus)  

tRNA  (transfer  RNA,  moves  amino  acids  to  the  ribosome)  

rRNA  (ribosomal  RNA,  makes  the  2  parts  of  the  ribosomes)  

Starts  with  “unzipping”  by  an  enzyme.  A  “gene”  in  the  DNA  consists  of      “triplet”  sequences  and  is  read  by  RNA  polymerase.    The  RNA  “codons”  are  attached  by  RNA  polymerase  if  they  fit  the  triplets.    Only  one  DNA  strand  is  transcribed  by  RNA  polymerase

DNA  TranslationNeed  a:    

blueprint  (mRNA)  some  raw  materials                                                                      (dietary  amino  acids)  some  trucks  (tRNAs)  a    factory  (ribosomes                                                                        made  from  rRNA)  

The  two  ribosome  subunits  assemble  on  a  mRNA  at  “start”  code  of  AUG.  Each  tRNA  that  has  an  “anticodon”  matching  the  “codon”  on  the  mRNA  is  drawn  into  slots  on  the  ribosome.  When  two  loaded  tRNAs  are  pulled  into  the  ribosome  and  their  amino  acids  are  side-­‐by-­‐sedu,  they  are  linked  together  (by  a  peptide  bond)  until  the  ribosome  reaches  a  stop  code

Page 3: Nucleic’Acids’’ - Delta Collegewebsites.delta.edu/mgrobert/PDFs/DNAandRNA.pdf · 2017-02-02 · Nucleic’Acids ’’ DNAandRNA The’Role’of’ Nucleic’Acids DNA DNA polymerase

TAC-CAG-TGC-TAG-GTC-TCG-ATT Gene

Let’s  PracticeCan you produce a complementary DNA strand?

Can you translate the mRNA codons into a protein?Please transcribe the DNA into mRNA codons.

How did the “wobble theory” affect potential mutations?

Transcription/Translation  Summary  Diagram

Potential  Journal  Critique  Topics?Recombinant  DNA  and  Diseases?  

Autosomal  Dominant  Disorders  (like  Dwarfism  and  Huntington’s  Chorea)?  

Chromosomal  Translocations,  Deletions,  Insertions,  and  Inversions?  

RNA  Based  Disorders  (ex:  Myotonic  Dystrophy)?  

Monosomy/Trisomy  Autosomal  Disorders  (like  Trisomy  21)?  

Sex  Chromosome  Disorders?