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UNITED STATES ISTRICT COURTSOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK X

AMERICN CIVIL LIBERTIESNION a,

Pants

aanst

JAMES R CLAPPER a

Dendants X

WILLIAM H PAULEY III Dstrt de

3 C 3994 WHP)

MERANDU ORER

The S eptemer th terrorst attas reeaed n the st arest terms jst how

daneros and nteronnted the word s Whle Amerans depended on tehnooy r the

onenenes of modet aaeda otted n a seenthentry me to se that tehnoo

aanst s It was a d jjts And t seeded ease onentona ntelene athern

od nt detet dfse laments onnetn alQaeda

Pror to the Septemer th attas the atna Serty Aeny SA

ntereted seen alls made y hjaer Khad aMhdhar who was ln n San Deo

Cala to an alQaeda sa hose n emen The NSA nterepted those als sn oerseas

snals ntelene apates that od not aptre ahdhars teephone nmer denter

Wthot that denter NSA anaysts onlded mstaeny that aMhdhar was oerseas and

not n the nted States Telephony metadata wod hae shed the mssn naton andmht he permtted theNSA to notfy the Federal B rea f nestaton (FBI) of the t

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that aMhdha was an the Yemen sa hose om nsde the Unted States 1

The Govement eaed om ts mstae and adated to onont a new enemy

a teo netwo aabe of ohestatn attas aoss the wod It anhed a nmbe ofonte-meases, ndn a b teehony metadata oeton oama wde net that

od nd and soate ossame ontats amon sseted terosts n an oean of seemny

dsonneted data

Ths bnt too ony wos bease t oets evethn Sh a oam, f

nheed, mes the v betes of evey tzen Eah te someone n the Unted States

maes o eeves a teehone a, the teeommnatons ovde maes a eod of when,

and to what teehone nmbe the a was aed, and how o t asted The NSA oets that

teehony metadata If mbed, sh data an evea a h oe of evey ndvda as we as

a omehensve eod of eole s assoatons wth one anothe

The nata tenson between otetn the naton an esevn v berty s

sqaey esented by the Govenment s b teehony metadata oeton oam dwadSnowdens nathozed dsose of Foen Inteene Sveane ort FIS) odes

has ovoed a b debate and ths taton he obst dsssons ae ndeway aoss

the naton, n oness, and at the Whte Hose, the qeston ths ot s whethe the

Govenment s b teehony metadata oam s aw Ths ot nds t s Bt the

qeston of whethe that oam shod be ondted s the othe two oodnate banhes

of Govement to dede

1 See n ay, The 9/ ommss on Reort Fna Reort of the Natona ommsson onTeost Attas Uon the Unted States [heenae the 9/ 1 Reot] 2004)

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The Ameran Cv bertes Unon the Ameran Cv beres Unon

Fondaton the New Yor Cv Lbees Unon and the ew Yor Cv Lbetes Fondaton

oetvey the ACU or ants) brn ths aton haenn the eaty of the NSA steephony metadata oeton proram James R apper the Dretor ofNatona Inteene

Keth B Aexander the Dretor ofNSA and Chef of the Centra Serty Serve Chares T

Hae the Seretary of Dense Er H Hoder the Attoey Genera of the Unted tates and

James B Coey the Dretor of the FB oetvey Dendants or te Goveent) are

Exetve Branh Deprment and Aeny heads nvoved wth the b teephony metadata

oeton proram The ACU moves r a premnary nnton and te Govement moves

to dsmss the opant For the reasons that ow ths Cort rants the Govement s moto

t dm a dene he AC mton r a premnary nno

BACKGROUND

I. Foreign Inteince Surviance Act

In 972 the preme Co reonzed that rmna srveane ad tosenvovn domes serty are dstnt and that Conress may wsh to onsder proetve

stanards r the ater whh der om those aready presrbed r rmna srveanes

Unted States v U S st Cort r East Dst of Mh. Kth 47 S 297 32 972)Athoh the Keth opnn expressy dsamed any rn on the sope of the resdent s

srveane power wth respet to the atvtes o ren powers t mpty sested that a

spea amewor r ren nteene srveane mht be onstttonay permssbe

C r v. Amn st Int USA 33 S Ct 38 43 2 3) otn eth 47 US . at 32223) ntea tatons omtted)

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In 975 Cnress ranzed the S enate Select Cmmttee t Stdy emental

eratns Wth Resect t Inteence Acttes nwn as the Chrch Cmmttee t

nestate and rert n the erments ntelence-athern eratns The ChrchCmmttee cncded that the Execte Branch had enaed n wdesread srelance f U S

ctzens d that Cnress needed t rde clear ndares r ren nteence athern

In 978 Cnress dd js t that Leslatn aanst the acdr f Keth and the

Chrch mmttee ndns Cnress enacted the Fren Inteence Srelance Act f 978

(FISA) P L N 95-5 92 Stat 73 (cded as amended at 50 US C 80 t 88 5c)

IA reqres the ement t tan warrants r crt rders r certan ren nteence

srelance acttes and created the FIC t reew thse alcatns and gant them f

arrate

Whe the FISC s cmsed f Artce III jdes t erates ne any ther

Artce c Prceedns n Artce II crs are c And the lc enjys a eneral

rh t nect and cy c recrds and dcments ncdn jda recrds anddcmets Nxn aer Cmmcns Inc 43 5 US 589 59798 ( 978) (tntesmtted) The resmtn f access s ased n the need r dera crts althh

ndeendentndeed aclarly ecae they are ndeendentt hae a easre f

accntaty and r the lc t hae cndence n the admnstratn fjstce Lsch Pamd C f nndaa 435 F. 3d 0 9 (2d Cr 200) (qtn Unted States Amde7 F 3d 044 048 (2d Cr 995)) see as Standard Chartered Ban Int l Am rcas Ltd Ca 757 F S 2d 258 2590 (S.D.NY . 20 0)

The Jdcal Cnrence f the Unted States rearmed the c nterest n the ecent and

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Bt FISC proceedns are secret Conress created a secret cot that operates n

a secet envonment to povde jdcal oversht of secet Govement actvtes See 50

US C 1 803c) he record of proceedn [n the FISC] shall e mantaned nder secrtymeasres estalshed y the Chef Jstce n consltaton wth the Attoey General and the

Drector of Central Intellence ) Whle the noton of secret proceedns may seem antthetcal

to democracy the Fondn Fathers reconzed the need r the ovement to eep secrets

See U S Const Art I 5 cl 3 Each Hose shall eep a Joal of ts Proceedns and om

tme to tme plsh the same eceptn sch Pars as may n ther Jdment reqre Secrecy )

Conress has lon apprecated the Exective s paramont nee to eep matters of

natonal secrty secret S 5 USC 552)(1 ) A rst nacted Jly 1 966 P L89-48 7) The Eecve s ot erd to dslose mattes that ae eccally hore

y an Exectve order to e ept secret n the nterest of ntonal defens nder the Feedom f

Inrmaton Act) Indeed [ s]ecrecy and dspatch are essenta nedents to the Presden s

eectve schare of natonal secrty See The Fedealst No 70 at 472 Alexander Hamlton)J Cooe ed 1 96 1 ) FISC s an excepton to the presmpton of openness and transparencyn

matters of natonal secrty the Govement mst e ale to eep ts means and methods secret

om ts enemes

In 1 998 Conress amended FISA to allow r ordes drectn common carrers

pc accommoaton cltes storae cles and vehcle renta cltes to provde

transparent admnstraton of stce y acnowlen tht sealn an entre case le s a lastresort cal Conference of the Unted States Jdcal Conrence Polc on Sealed CasesSept 1 3 20 1 1 ) avalale at http//wwwscorsov/scots/News/201 1 /docs/JdcalConencePolcynSealedCvlCases20 1 1 pdf

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busness records to the Goeent S ee Intelgence Authorzton Act r F scl Yer 999,

Pub L 0272 602 2 Stt 296, 2 0 998 ) Thes mndments re he

Govement to mke shong of specc nd rtculble cts gvng reson to beleve thtthe person to om the records pertn s regn poer or n gent of regn poer

602

Aer the September th ttcks, Congress epnded the Goverment' s uthort

to obtn ddtonl records See SA PA I O Act of 200 , Pub 07-6, 2 , Stt

72, 27 200 ) coded s mended t 0 S C 6 ) secton 2 ) Secton 2 llos

he Goernment to obtn n order "reurng the producton of ny tngble thngs ncludng

books, records, ppers, documents, nd other tems), elmntng the restrtons on the types of

busnesses tht cn e sered th such orders nd the reurement tht the trget be regn

por or ther gent The Goement noked ths uthot to collect rull ll cll detl

record or telephon metdt See n, Prt II See n rlly Dd S Krs, On the BulkCollecton of Tngble Thngs, Lwre es Pp Ser 20)

Bulk telephony metdt collecton under FISA s subect to etense oersght

b ll three brnches of govement It s montored by the Deptment of Justce, the

ntellgence Communty, the FISC, nd Congress See Admnstrton he Pper, Bulk

Collecton of the T l phon Metdt nder Secton 2 of the SA Ptrot Act Aug 9,20 ) [herenfter hte Pper To collect bulk telephon metdt, the ecute must rst

seek udcl pprol om the FISC 0 S C 86 Then, on semnnul bss, t must

provde reports to the Permnent Select Commttee on Intellgence of the House of

epresenttes, the Select ommttee on Intellgence of the Sente, nd the Commttees on the

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udiciary of the House of Representaties and the Senate 50 S C 87 a) hose reports

must inude ) a sumary of signicant ega interpretaions of section 2 5 inoing matters

bere the FISC ; and 2) copies f a decisions orders or opinions o fthe FISC that incudesignicant constrction or interpretation f section 2 5 50 S C 87 c)

Since the initiation f the program a number of compiance and impementation

issues were discoered and sefreported by the Goement to the FISC and Congress

In accordance with te FISA Court's rues upon discoery theseinconsistencies were reported as ompiance incidents t the FISACourt which orered appropriate remedia action he incidents

nd the Court's responses wee so epted to the InteigeceCommittees in great detai he Committees the ourt and theecutie Branch hae respnded actiey to the incidents heCut has impsed additiona saguards In response tocopiance probems te Drector f SA as ordrd ndtoend' reiews of the secion 2 5 programs and created a newpsition the ietor of Cmance to he ensue the integity ofture coection

Report on the SA' s Buk oecton Programs r SA PARI ct Reauthoriation CF

No 33-5 [hereinaer NSA Report he NSA addressed these probems For eampe in20 FIS Judge Bates engaed in a protracted iteratie process with the Goementthat

incuded numerous written submissions meetings between court sta and the Justice

Department and hearngoer the Goerment' s appication r reauthoriation of anothe

FISA coection pogra hat ed to a cmpete reiew of that program's coection and

ueryin methods See n ra Mem p RDACD No [RDACD FI S C ct 3,20 ) ates J ) aaiabe at http//icontherecordtumbrcom/taged/decassied

he itratie process Judge Bates descrbes is routine in the FISC and demonstrates the FISCdoes not rubberstamp appications r section 2 5 orders

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In August 20 3 , FISC Judge gn noted, the Court is re tht in prior yers

tere e been incidents o noncomplince ith respect o he NSA s hndlig of prodced

intion. hrough oersight by tis Court oer perio of months, those i ssues ereresoled. In re pliction of the Fed ureu ofn stition r n Order quirin te Prodof nibl hins om [DACD, Cse No. 3 09, mended slip op. t n. 8F.I. S. C. , Aug. 29, 20 3) relesed in redcted Sept. 7, 20 3) nd Congress repetedly

reuthored the sttute.

In recognition of t brod intel ligence gthering cpbility Congress grnted to

the xecutie rnch, section 2 ncluded sunset proision terminting tht utority t the

en [the Goeent prepres n ppliction r [ section 2order, it rst submit[s to the [FISC hts clled "red copy,whic te court st will reie nd comment on. [And they illlmost inribly come bck ith uestions, coces, problemstt the see. And there is n iterte es bck n thbeteen te Goement nd the [FISC to tke cre of hoseconcerns so tt t the end of the dy, ere condent tt erepresenting something tht the [FSC ill pproe. ht is hrdly rubber stmp. ts rther extensie nd serious udicil oersightof this process.

estimony bere te House Penent Select Committee on Intelligence, dtedJun 8 , 20 3, Robert Litt, Generl Counsel, Ofce of te Director of NtionlIntelligence t 7 8 CF o. 3 3 3 ).

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end of 200 But the r on terro did not end. Congress hs eneed section 2 seen times

In 2006 Congess men stion 2 to eui th Goenment to poide " sttemnt of

cts shoing tht thee re resonbe grounds to beiee tht the tngibe things sought rereent to n uthorized inestigton . SA PA I O Impoement nd euthoriztion Act

of 200 Pub. L No 09 77 06 20 Stt. 92 96 (2006) (codied s mended t 0

S .C . 86) .

II NSA Bulk Tlphony Mtadata Collctionn Jun 203 he Gurdin pubished then-cssied FISC Secondry

Order directing Verizon Business Netork Serices to proide the SA on n ongoing diy

bsis . c deti recods or teephony med teephone cs on its netok

om Apri 20 to uy 9 203 . See n re piction of the r_n Oder quiringthe Pro of ibe hins Fom Veron Bus Netok s Inc ex e CI CommcnS rs Inc d Veizon Bus S rs No B 3 80 si op t 2 (FI SC Ap 2 20 3)(S condy d ) eephony metdt incudes s to ech c the teephone numberstht pce nd eceied the c the dte time nd durtion of the c othe sessionidentifying

inrmtion (r exmpe Intetion obie Subscriber Identity number Intetion obie

See An Act to Amend the SA PAIO Act to xtend the Sunset of Certin Proisions oftht Act nd the Lone of Poision of the Inteigence erm nd erorism Poision Act f200 to Juy 2006 Pub No 09- 60 9 St 297 (200 ); An Act to Amend the SAPAI Act to xtend the Sunset of Cetin Poisions of Such Act Pub. L No. 09 70 20Stt. 3 (2006); SA PAI O Impoement nd euthoiztion Act of 20 0 Pub L. No 09 - 77 20 tt 92 (2006); Deprtment of Dense Appopitions Act 20 0 Pub. L. No. 8 23 Stt 3 09 (2009); An Act to xtend xpirig Proisions o fthe SA PAIOImpoement nd euthoiztion Act of 200 nd Inteigence em nd eroismPeention Act of 200 unti Februy 28 20 Pub. L. No. 2 Stt 37 (200); FISASunsets xension Act of 20 Pub. L . No. 2-3 2 Stt. (20 ) ; PAIO Sunsetsxtension Act of20 Pub. L No. 2- 2 Stt 2 6 (20 ) .

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stton upment Identty number, et ceter), trnk enter, nd ny teephone cng crd

numer. See De of Teres H. Sh Drector of the Sgns Integence Drectorte, NSA

dted Oct 20 3 5 (CF No 3); S condr Order t 2 does not ncude the content ofny c, the nme, ddress, or nnc nton of prtes to the c, or ny ce ste octon

nrmton. See She De 5; S condr Order t 2 In response to the unuthorizeddscosure of the Secondry rder, the Goement cknowedged tht snce My 200 t hs

coected ths nton r substnty eery teephone c n the nted Sttes, ncudng

cs between the nted Sttes d regn country nd cs entre wthn the nted Sttes

See She De 3 ; hte Ppe t 3

Th S econdry Orer s ssued pursunt to Prmc Order settng out certn

mnmzton reurements r he us e of teephony metdt See In re Acton of the F BICnr anOrdPr R Pl r1g tePrn 0-fT

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and contro led quer and prevents genera data browsng. Shea De . 20 . An denter

reasoabl beleved to be used b a U S person ma not be regaded as ssocated wth a

terrorst organzaton solel on te bass of actvtes protected b the rst Amendment SheaDel. 20, 3 1 ; rmary Order at 9 An denter used to quer teehon metadata s rerredto as a "seed. Sea De. 2.

The reuts of a quer ncude teephone numbers that ave been n contact wth

the seed, as we as the dates, tes, and duratons of those calls, but not te denttes of the

ndvduas or organzatons assocated wt responsve teepone nubers. Shea Del 2 1

The quer resuts aso ncude second and thrdter contacts ofte seed rerred to as "hops

Shea De The rst "hop captres telephony metadata r the set of telepone umbers n

dec conac h he seed. The second op reaches eepon metadata r the se of

elephne numbers n drect contact wth an rst "hop telephone nuber. The thrd hop

coas telephon metadata r te set of teephone numbers n drect contact wth an second

"op telepone number. Shea Del 22. The NSA takes ths nraton and detenes"hch of the resuts are ke to contan regn ntelgence nrmaton, related to

countererrorsm, that oud be of nvestgatve value to BI or other ntellgence agences)

Shea De. 26. The provde on ths dgest to te BI . Moreover, metadata contang

nrmaton conceng a US. person ma on be shared outsde the S A f an ofcal

detenes "that the nrmaton as related to counterterrorsm naton and necessar to

understand counterterrorsm nrmaton or to assess ts mportance. Prmary Order at 1617see also Shea Del ! 2, 32.

Through ths sng, "onl a ver small percentage of the tota data collected s

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eve evieed b inteigence anasts Shea De 5 In 20 12 e than 300 identies

wee ueied Shea De 24 Because each ue obtains ination contact ubes up

to thee hops out om the seed the tota numbe of esponive ecods as "substania agethan 3 00 but sti a ve sma pecentage of the tota vume of metadata ecods Shea

De 24 B etween Ma 2006 and Ma 2009 the NSA povided the BI and othe agencies

with 277 epots containing appoximate 29 00 teephone numbes. Shea De 26

III Plaintifs' Claims

aintis ed this awsuit on June 1 1 20 1 3 ess tha a eek ae the

unauthoized discosue of the Seconda Ode The ACLU ACL oundation NYCLU and

NYCLU oundation a "nonpot oganizations that engae in puic education obing and

po bono itigation upoding the civi ights and ibeties guaanteed b the Constitution

Comp 24 EC N 1 ) The ACL and ACLU oundation ae Vizon subscbes and thei

teephon etadata i theee subect to te Seconda Ode Comp 2 5 The NYCLU

was a Veizon subscbe unti ea Ap 20 1 3 Comp 29 The NYCL and NYLU

oundation aeges that thei metadata as coected unde a pevious ode bee the expiation

of its Veizon contact Comp 3, 3 5 The ACLU and ACL oundation ae aso customes

of Veizon Wieess and aege that simia odes wee povided to Veizon ieess aowing

the Govement to obtain inmation conceing cas paced o eceved on the mobie

teephones of ACLU empoees Comp 2 35 Whie the Seconda Ode does not cove

cas paced on Veizon Wieess 's netok the Govement acknoedged that it has coected

metadata substantia eve teephone ca in the Unite States since Ma 2006 See Shea

De 3 White ape at 3

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The laintis emploees otnel commncate b telephone with each othe as

well as with oualists, clients, les latos, and membes of the publc The laintis ' asset that

"thei telephone ecods "cold eadil be sed to identf those wh contact laintis andis likel to have a chillin eect Cmpl 3 5 The laints' see a dclaato dment that

the NSA's metadata collection eceeds the athoit anted b sectin 215 and volates the is

and Foth Amendments, and t also seeks a pemanet inuncton enonin the Govement

om contnuin the collecton Compl 363

The Govement moves to dsmss the complaint nde edeal Rles f Cvil

ocede 12 (b)() and 12b)(6) lack of standin and ile to state a claim The CLU

move ne Rle 65 a pelmna nnction ban the Goveent om "collectin

[laints' ] call ecods duin the pendenc of this acton, eqin t to qaantne "all of

[lantis all eods [it alead collected, and enoinn the Govement om qein

metadata usin an identie assocated ith the laintis ls Mot o elm In , dated

A 26, 2013 at 2 (EC No. 26) [heeinae "ls Mot

andinDSCUSSON

"[N]o pinciple is moe ndamental to the udicia's pope ole in o sstem

of ovement than the costttonal limitaton of dealcot usdiction to actal cases o

contovesies Daiml Chysl Co v Cuno, 547 US 332, 341 (006) (nteal qotationmaks and alteatons omitted); see also Rothsten v UBS AG, 70 F 3 d 2, 990 (2d Ci20 1 3) . The caseocontoves equiement of Aticle III of the Constitution equies plaintis

to establish thei standin to sue Amn sty Int'l, 1 3 3 S Ct at 1 146 (itn Raines v Bd, 521

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US 8 1 1 8 1 8 1 997)) . "he law of Aricle II I sandin, which is bil on separaionofpowers

princples, serves o preven he jdicial process om being sed o srp he powers of he

poliical branches An s In' l, 13 3 S . a 1 1 46 . herere a cor's sandin inqir is"especiall rioros when he meris of he case wold reqire he cor "o decide wheher an

acion aken b one of he oher wo branchs of h ederal Govemen was nconsiional.

Amn s In'l, 13 3 S . . a 1 1 47 qoin Rains, 521 US a 8 1 920).Aricle III sadin reqires an inr ha is "concree ariclarized and acal

or imminen; irl raceabl o he challened acion and reressabl b a vorabl e rlin

Monsano o. v. Geerson Seed arms, 1 3 0 S . . 2743, 2752 201 0) ciin Ho v lores, 55 7 S 43, 4452009)). The LU allees hr sorces of njr: 1 ) he Governmens mre

collecion of he meadaa rlaed o he ALU' s elephone cal s; 2 he "search of meadaa

relaed o he ALU's elepone calls ha rsls when an sed is qered becase h NSA

ms check all of he meadaa i has colleced o idenif all elephon nmbers wihin hre

hops of he seed and ) he hillin eec on ponial AU cliens, whisleblowers,

leislaors, and ohers who will hesiae o conac he ALU b elephone becase he know

he NSA will have a record ha he call occed.

Relin on e Spreme or's decision in l r v Amn s Ineaional,13 S 1 1 8 he Govemen conends ha noe of hese alleed inries are "concree,

pariclarized, and acal or imminen. Monsano, 13 0 S a 2752 Amn s Ineaionalwas a cial challen o he ISA Amendmens Ac of 2008, which epanded he Governmen's

ahori o inercep he conens of commnicaions r rein inellience prposes h

Amn s Ineaional plainis inclded aoes and hman rihs oranizaions whose work

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requred them to communcate th ndvduas overseas ho mght e targets of Govement

survellance under the ISA Amendments Act such as Guantanamo detanees The alleged

volatons under the rst and ourth mendments. he the oered no evdence thercommuncatons had n ct een nterceted the assrted that there s an "oectve

reasonabe lkelhood ther communcatons th regn contacts ud e nterceted n the

ture5 The aso argued that the suered a resent nur stemmng om exensve

recautons the took to avod nterceton such as travelng oversea to meet ther cents n

erson nstead of communcatng eectronca.

The Sureme Court und the Amn sy Inteatonal ants had suered nonur n ct. The Court declned to assess sandng ased o an oectve reasonabe

ehood stanard nng t "nconsstent th [te requrement that teatened nur must

be ceral mendng to consttute nur n ct. Amn sty Int' 133 S Ct. at 1147 (quotnghtmore v Arkansas 495 U.S. 149 15 8 (1990)). The Amn sty Inteatona ants'"hgh secuatve ar that ther communcatons ould be nterceted as nsucent toconr standng. Amn sty Int' 1 33 S. Ct. at 1 148 . In so hodng the Sreme Courtdeconstrcted the Amn sty Inteatona ants "hgh attenuated chan of ossb tes:

(1) the Govement ll dece to target the communcatons of

A ane n the Secnd Crcut adoted ths novel ve of standng See Amn sty Int' l USA vCl r38 3d 1 1 8 1 33-34 1 39 (2d Cr 201 1) overruled y 133 S . Ct . 1 138 2013. Thsconcluson as crtced b other Second Crcut udges. See Amn sty Int' USA v. Cl r7 3 d 13 94 (2d Cr. 201 1 ) (denal of rehearng en ban) (Ragg J dssentng) (In ndngthat an "obectve reasonable lkehood standard apled "the anel dd not exlan tsdsregard of the Sureme Court's requrement that nur must be actual or mmnentlteatened) The Suree Court exressl reected the Second Crcut s rmulaton SeeAmn sty Int'l 133 S Ct. at 1 1 4 1 1 51

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nonU.S. persons with whom [the paintis] communicate;

2) in doing so, the Govement wi choose to invoke its authoritunder [the ISA Amendments Act] rather than utiizng noher

method of surveiance,3) the Artic III udges who serve on the Foreign IteienceSureiance ourt wi concude that the overnent's proposedsurveiance procedures satisf [the ISA Amendments Act's]man saguards and are consistent with the ourth Amendment;

(4) te Govement i succeed n intercepting thecommunications ofrespondents' contacts; ad

5) responents wi be parties to the particur communications

that the Govement intercepts.Amn sty Int', 1 3 3 S . t. at 1 14. "Although mmnence is conceded a somewhat eastc

not t seative r tice I sestat the inr is tin ipein. An styInt', 1 3 3 S . t. at 1 147 quoting Luan v Denders of Widi, 04 U.S . 5 55 , 564 n.2 1 992))emphasis in oigina).

The Amn st Inteationa paintis red no better with their second aegedinurcost precautions taken to avoid the risk of surveiance. In the Supreme ourt' s view,

that the pants "incurre certain costs as a reasonabe reactin to a isk of ham was

insucient "because the har [paintis sought] to avoid [was] not certain impendng .

Amn sty Int', 1 33 S . t. at 1 1 5 1 . "Because respondents do not ce a threat of certainimpending interceptio under [the ISA Amendments Act] the costs that the have inced to

The Amn sty Inteationa paintis were a U S . persons. The ISA Amendments Actpermits the NSA to intercept communications of U .S . persons on if the communicate with anonUS . person reasoab beieved to be outside the United States who is the target of thesurveiance See Amn st Int', 133 S . t. at 1 144 1 14.

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avod srveance are sm the rodct of ther ar of srveance . . . sh a ar s

inscient to create sanding. Amn sty Int', 1 S . t. at 1 1 52 ctng Lard v. Tat, 40U.S , 105 1972)).

Amdax Tradn Gro v. S.W.I.F.T SRL, 67 F .d 40 2d Cr. 20 ) snstructve Amdax's bak sed SIFT to transr nds among anca nstttons. Aer

the Setember 1 th attacks, the Oce of Foregn Assets ontro soenaed SWIFT' s records

to motor the nanca transactos of ssected terrorists. Amdax sed SWIFT and the

Govement, aegng, nter aa, voatons f the Frst and Forth Aendments The SecondCrct hed that "t]o estabish an inr n ctand ths a ersona stake n ts tgaton

[Adx] need on estab sh tht ts nrmaton was obtaned b the govemnt. Amdax,

. d at 1 4 ateraton n orgna) emhass adde) qotng Amdax Tradn G. v.S.WFT SL, 607 F. S. 2d 500, 50 S.DNY 2009)) Bt b ecase Amdax cod not

asb show the Govement hd coected ts records, t acked stndng. Amdax, 67 F .

t 49.Here, there s no dste the Govement coected teehon metadata reated to

the AU 's teehone cas . Ths, the standng eqrement s satsed . See Amn sty Int' , S . Ct. t 1 1 5 notng that the case wod bederent f"t were ndsted thathe Goverent

was sng [the FISA Amendments Actathorized srveance to ace resondents'

commncatons and . . . the soe dste conceed the reasonabeness of rsondents'

reventve measres) see aso Kaan v. Obama, F S. 2d , 20 WL 6571 596, at SWIFT stands r Socet r Wordwde Inerbank Fnanca Teecommncaton. It rovdeseectronc nstructons on how to transr mone among thosands of nanca nsttonswordde See Amdax, 67 F. d at 4 .

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* 1 4 1 7 (DD. C. Dec. 16 20 13 ) (ndng standng r subscrber to callenge te NSA eleon

meadaa collecon rogram)

Te Govement argues tat merel acqurng an tem does not mlcate a

rvac nterest but ta s not an argument about Artcle III standng. Rater t seaks o e

mers of a ourt Amendmen clam. Cf. Rakas v. Illnos 439 U.S. 12 13 9 (197)("Rgorous alcaon of te rncle at te rgts secured b te ourt] Amendmen are

ersoal n lace of a noon of "sandng ll roduce no addonal suaons n c

evdence must be excluded . . . . [T]e beter analss . . . cues on te exent of artcular

[ndvdual s ourt Amendment] rgts rater an on an eoretcall searate bu nvarabl

nerned conce of sandng. ) Te ACLU s no oblgaed at e sandng sage o rove e

mers of ts case onl a as "a ersonal stake n s lgao. Amdax 671 . 3d at 47.Because e ACLU as alleged an actual nju grounded n e Govemens colecon of

metadata related to ts eleone calls as standng.

II Sauo Claim. Sov r n Immunty

Te Unted Staes as soveregn s mmune om sut unless t unequvocal

consents o beng sued Unted States v Mtc ll 445 U.S . 53 5 5 3 ( 1 90); see also rce vUnted Sa s 1 74 U.S. 373 37576 ( 199) ("I s an axom of our ursrudence. Tegovement s not lable o su unless t consens tereo and ts lablt n sut cannot be

extended beond te an language of te satue auorzng t) S ecton 702 of te

Admnsrave rocedure Ac ("AA) aves soveregn mmunt r suts agans e Uned

Saes at lke s one seek "relef oer an mone damages 5 U S C . 702. e AA

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creates a "strong presumpton that C ongress ntends udca reve of admnstratve acton

Bowen v Mch Acad of hyscans 476 U S. 667 670 (1 9).xceptons to the AAs broad aver are "construed arro and app on f

there s cear and convncng evdence of egsatve ntenton to precude reve' at Res.

Def Counc v Johnson, 46 1 F 3d 1 64 1 71 (2d Cr 2006) (quotng Jaan Whan Ass' n v. AmCetacean Soc'y, 478 U S . 221 , 230 n. 4 ( 1 96)) But the presumpton vorng udca revew"ke a presumptons used n nterpretng stattes , ma be overcome b spec anguage or

spec egsatve hstor that s a reae ndcator of congressoa ntent. Bock v CmtyNutton Inst., 467 US. 340, 349 ( 1 9 84). In partcuar, "the presumpton vorng dcarevew of admnstratve acton a be overcome b nrences of ntent draw om the

satuor scheme as a whoe Bock, 46 U.S at 3491 Secton 702 Exceton

Secton 702 does ot "conr[] authort to grant reef f an other statute that

grants consent to sut express or mped rbds the reef whch s sought 5 U S C . 702Ths carve out ensures that a pant canot "expot[] the A A's aver to evade mtatons on

sut contaned n other statutes because " [t]he waver does not app f an other statute that

grats consent to sut express or mped rbds the reef hch s soght' te pant

Match-BeNashShesh Band of ottawatom Indans v. atchak, 1 3 2 S. Ct 21 99 220405(201 2) . Thus " [w]hen Congress has deat n partcuart wth a cam and [has] ntended a

speced remed' . . to be excusve, that s the end of the matter; the A A does not undo the

dgment ottawatom Indans 1 3 2 S Ct at 2205 (ateratons n orgna) (quotng Bock vNorth akota ex re Bd. of Unv Sch Lands, 46 1 U. S 273, 26 n.22 (1 93)).

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The ATRIOT Act reegieered arious proisios o the iretap Act the

Stored ommicatios Act ad IS Sectio 223 of the ATRIO Act ameded the Wiretap

Act ad the Stored ommuicatios Act to remoe the Uited States as a p art that coud be

sued b a aggrieed perso uder those statutes. ub. L. No 1 07-5 223 1 1 5 S tat 272

2001 ) ameded 1 8 US 25 20a) ad 1 8 S 207a) to ise "other tha the Uited

States); Jee Nat' Sec A cy -- Supp. 2d - 201 3 WL 3 29405 a *1 2 ND a.Ju 2 20 1) sectio 223 "expicit deeted the Uited States om the proisios that permit

a aggrieed perso o sue r recoer ad obtai reief icudig eimiar ad other

equitabe or decaratr reief [ith respect to the Wiretap Act ad the Stored ommuicatios

Act) . At the sme ime sectio 223 created a imited rght to sue the Uited States r moe

damages r caims arisig out of the Wiretap Act the Stored ommicatios Act ad I SA

Specica pa of ectio 223 as codied a Tite 1 8 Uited State ode Setio 271 2

tited "ii actios agaist the Uited States ad is the "excsie reed agaist the Uited

States r a caims ithi the purie of this sectio 1 8 U S . . 2 71 2d) Sectio 27 12

aos a paiti to recoer moe damages r a "i ioatio o fthe Wiretap Act the

Stored omuicatios Act ad three proisios of ISA: 1 ) eectric iretap sureiace;

2) phsica searches ; ad 3) pe registers or trap ad trace deices. 1 8 U S 27 12a).

The operatio of sectio 223excisig o-damage sits om the Wiretap Act

ad the Stored ommuicatios Act ad desigatig sectio 27 12 as te o aeue r a cii

actio uder the Wiretap Act the Stored ommuicatios Act ad cerai ISA sectios

shos ogress 's itet to permit o moe damages suits uder the imited circumstaces

deieated i sectio 27 12 See J w 201 3 WL 3 829405 at * 12 It is usrprisig that sectio

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27 2 does no auhore onear daage sus secon 2 5 volaons . Congess ' s conce

was o povde edress r pvac volaons wee he Goveen ook acon o geneae

evdencesuch as eleconc eavesdoppng, phscal seaches, o h nsallaon of penegses o rap and ace devcesbu povded no sauo cause of acon when evdence

was creaed solel n he odnar couse of busness of a hd pa.

Ths neeaon of secon 2 5 s buressed b ISA s oveall sauor

schee n conas o oher ISA survellance saues, seco 2 5 does no auhoze anyacon r suse of he naon obaned. Coa 50 U S. C. 6 use of nraonoaned om "angble hngs ode no subec o edess unde secon 272) wh 50 U.S.C.

06a) use of nraon obaned om elecronc suvellance aconable under secon

7 ) 50 U .S.C. 5a) same phsca searches) 50 U .S .C 45a) {sae pen

egsers and ap and ace devces) . hus, Congess whdew he AA's wave of soveregn

mmun r secon 2 5 . See oawaom Indans, 32 S. C. a 22405 see also Klaan,20 3 WL 657 596, a *2 n .30 J w l, 20 3 WL 329405 a * 2.

2. Secon 7 Exc onSecon 70 of he AA whdaws he mun wave "o he exen he

eevan saue peclue [s] udcal eew. ' Block, 467 US a 34 5 aleraons n ognal)

cng 5 U.S. C. 70 a) )) . "Whehe and o wha exen a pacula saue precludes udcal

evew s deened no onl om s expess anguage, bu also om he srucue of he

sauo schee, s obecves s legslave hso, and he naue of he admnsave acon

en egser and ap and ace devces ae eleconc devces ha, especvel, ecod all calldeal nmaon elephone nubes called o o o a pacular elephone lne. Howeve,he do no capue he conen of he call. See US C 3 273 )4)

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invove Block, 467 US. a 345

In Bock, he Supreme Cour held ha a mik consumers challenge o milkmarke orders is sed uner he Agricura Markeing Agreemen Ac was preclued ner A A

secion 70(a) (). 467 U.S . a 347 As e Spreme Cour expained, he Agricuura Markeing

Agreemen Ac "conempaes a cooperaive venre beeen e Secrear of Agricure, mil

haners, and mik procers Bock, 467 US a 346 or example, he Agicra MarkeingAgreemen Ac provides r "agreemens among e S ecrear, producers, and aners, r

hearings among hen, an r voes b proucers and ndlers Bock, 467 US a 34647(ineal ciaions oied) The Agricral Markeing Agreemen Ac requires a handler o

exhas adminisraive remeies bere i permie an jucial review. Bock, 467 S a 346Bu he Agricura Markeing Agreemen Ac was sie regaring ilk onsmers remedies

The preme Cor n a sience, cple wih he sauor scheme,

demonsraed a milk consmers claims were precued Ahoug e Agrcuural Markeing

Agreeme Ac impace conser ineress, e C our concuded a "e precusion isse does

no on urn on eher he ineress of a paricuar class are impicaed, raer, i s on

weer "Congress inene r a cas o be reied upon o caenge agenc isregard of he

a Block, 467 US a 347 he Cour wen on o n ha "[i ]n a compex sceme of his

pe, e omission of suc a provision is sucien reason o believe a Congress inene o

recose consmer paricipaion in he reglao process Block, 67 S a 347 "[W]hen a

sae provides a eaile mechanism r uicia consideraion of paricar issues a he behes

of paricular persons, udicial review of hose issues a he behes of oher persons ma be un

o be ipliedl precued Bock, 467 US a 349

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The ntea beteen sectn 25 and FISA' s statutor scheme cme the same

cncuson here Sectn 2 5 eress rovides that [a persn receving a rductin rder

ma chaenge the egat of that rder b ng a ettn wth the o [fFI SC udgesestabshed b sectin 80 (e)( ) f ths tite 50 U.S C 86 ((2)(A)(). It aso rhibits

an nonFISC mdcaton of secton 2 5 rders " an rductin r nndscsure rder not

eict mdied r set asde cnsstent th ths subsection sha reman in eect 50

U.S C . 86 ((2)(D). Lke the statutor scheme n Bck section 2 5 des not rovde ran ersn ther than a recent f an order t chaenge the rders' egat r otherwse

artcate n the rcess See Ark Dair Cop Ass'n Inc v. U.S. p't f Ar 57 F.d 8 5822 (D C Cr 2009) (In Bock "the ureme Curt dd not concetrate m n the resencer absence of an ect rght [to a_ea a mk market order but nstead_nted tat n te

cme scheme' f the AgricuturaMarketing Agreement Act there ws no rvson r

cnsumer artication f an knd.)

he "coerative venture envisoned b ISA' s statutr scheme does ntnvve a mundane subject ke mk rcngt nvves natona securt, a matter of vta

ance. ngress 's ntent t kee te eas a es te Gere' s teece

gatherng efrts secret om ts enemes es at the heart of FISA S ecto 2 5 mts dscosure

of orders to the narrowest grou f ndvduas : ( ) those to whm dscsure s necessar t

com wth such an order; (2) an attoe t obtan ega advce n h to resnd to the order;

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and (3) othe pesons as petted b the Decto of the I See 50 .S C. 161 d). Secton

2 1 5 does not just exclude a taet om challenn an ode, t pecldes the patcpaton n

an wa See Ak. Da Coo Assn 573 3 d at 22; lock 467 . S at 346)Alown an callene to a secton 2 1 5 ode b anone othe than a ecpent

would undemne the Goveet s vta nteest n keepn the detas of ts teephone etadata

collecton poam secet. It woud asoecause of the scope of the poamallow vtua

an teephone subscbe to chaene a secton 21 5 ode In Koeto v Vsack 6 1 4 3d 532

537 DC C 20 1 1 ) the DC. Ccut dscussed such n absudt that also copped up n ock

he DC Ccut noted that " [a] on sut b consumes would ean vtuall eve Amecan

coud chaene eve acutua maketn ode []hat hatothom esut was ofeat

conce to the Supeme Cout [n Block] and nmedts assessent of Conesss ntentonwhethe such suts wee pecuded b the [AcutuaMaktn Aement Act Koeto

6 14 . 3d at 53 7 . Alown anone but the ecpent of secton 2 1 5 odes to chalene the o

to do so anhee outsde the ISC "would seveel dsupt ths cope and delcate

admstatve scheme Bock 467 U.S at 34 . It s clea om the tatuto scheme thatConess ntended to peclude statuto causes of acton such as ths

Of couse ths sas nothn about the ACL' s consttutona clas and t had

Dun the 20 authozaton of sectn 2 1 onessan ad oeed an aendnt the Judca Comttee that would have petted the ecpent of a ode to chalenecompance n a dstct cout. In hs emaks Conessman Nade stated "[hs amendentallows the ecpent of a secton 21 5 ode to chalene the ode n [a dstct] cout Ths s acommon-sense potecton that s soel ackn n the cent law Now the ecpent not thetaetths sn' t ood enouh but we can' t do the taet . . It doest ve the taet of theode the ablt to o to cout e doesn t know about t ut the ecpent f the wsh canchallene t n cout. HR Rep. 1 0 1 74 pt 1 at 1 2 hat aendment led H R Rep 1 01 74 pt 1 at 47

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to mage a regme where the wud be barred A consttutona ca s precuded on on a

hegtened showng demonstrtng a cear ntent to do so ebster v. Do 46 S 592 603( 1 9) And there s no anguage n ISA express barrng a constttona cam Se eKaan 201 3 L 6571 596 at * 1 3

Regardng the statutor arguments there s another eve of absurdt n ths case

The ACLU woud never have eed about the secton 2 1 5 order authorzng coecton of

teephon metadata reated to ts teephone nubers but r the unauthorzed dscosures b

Edward Snowden Congress dd not ntend that targets of secton 2 1 orers woud ever ea of

them And the statutor scheme aso akes cear that Congress ntended to precude suts b

targets even f the dscovered se cton 2 1 5 orders pcatng them t cnnot possb be that

awbreakng conduct b a goveent contractor that reveas state seretscudng the means

and ethods of ntegence gatherngcoud ustrate Congres s s ten. To hod othese

woud sawn mschef recpens f orders woud be subect to sectn 21 5 s secrec protoco

connng chaenges to the I SC whe targets coud sue n an dera dstrct court A targetsawareness of secton 215 orders does not ater the Congressona cacus The ACLU s

statutor cam must therere be dsmssed

Merts of the Stattory CamsEen f the statutr cam were not precuded t woud . "A pant seekng

a premnar nuncton must estabsh that he s ke to succeed on the merts that he s ke

to suer reparabe harm n the absence of premnar reef that the b aance of equtes ts n

hs vor and that an nuncton s n the pubc nterest Wnter v RDC 555 US . 7 20(200) (ctng Munafv. G r n 553 US 674 6990 (200)); see aso N.Y ror ss rot.

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PAC v. Walsh, 733 F.3d 483 , 486 (2d Cir 20 1 3) Here, the ACLU ils to demonstrate alikelihod of success o the merits of their sttutory claim.

1 . Does the Stored Communications Act Prohibit the Collection ofT l hon etadata Under S ection 2 15?Section 2 1 5 was ected at the sme time s an amendment to the Stored

Communications Act As amended, the Stored Communications Act rohibits communications

providers om knowigly divulging subscriber's records to a governmen entity unless oe

of several exceptios are met 1 8 S . . 202(a)(3) hese include when the Govement

obtains a warrnt, an dmiistrative subena, a gad jury or trial subpoea, or an order issued

under 2703(d) 1 8 U.S. C. 2703(c) The Govement may also obtain telepony metaata

with a atioal secrit letter (SL issued uder 1 8 U S .C 2709 An SL does ot

reqire udil approva Te onl rle is a etiation om t irectr o he I or hs

designe that the recods sought "are relevant to an authorized investigation to protect aginst

inteational terorism or landestie intelligence activities. 1 8 US .C . 2709(b)(1 )

y contrast, section 2 15 allows the govement an order "rquiring the production

of any tangible thig Prior to its amendment, the Goveent s FISA uthority to collect

business records applied only to records om "common crrier s ], public accommodation

cilit[ies], physical storage cilit[ies, or vehicle cilities]. 50 U . S C 1 8 62 (2001 )

Section 21 5 broadee the oemts authorty to seek cords om dditoal busiesses

See 50 U.SC 1 86 1 (as ameded, 2008) The only limitatio--relevat hereon the tyes of

records hat may be obtained with sectio 2 1 5 order are that they be obtainable with a grnd

An is an administrative suboena, which is one of the SCA s listed eceptions. See 1 8U. S. C. 2703(c)(2).

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uy suboena ee 50 ..C. 1 6 (c)(2)(D) ection 215 contain nothing sugesting that it

is limited by the toed Communiations ct. Nevetheless lainti aue that section 21 5

should be inteeted naowly t avoid any conict with the toed ommunications ct.But this cou must attemt t inteet a statute "as a s ymmetical and cohet

eulatoy scheme and i osible all as into an haoious ole and is "guided to a

deee by common sense. ood Du dmin v Bown illiamson bacco C 529. 1 20, 133 (2000) . Read in haony the toed Cmmunication ct des not limit the

venments ability to obtain inmation om communications vides unde sectin 215

because section 215 odes ae nctinally equivalent t gand uy ubenas ection 2 1 5

authoizes the ovement to sek ecods that may b e btained wit a and uy uboena

suc a teeony metaata une the toed mmunications ct

hat onlusion blsteed by common ense to allw the vment to

obtain telehony metadata with an N L but not a sect ion 2 15 ode uld l ead to a absud

esult nlike an L a section 21 5 de equies a IC ude to nd the ovement has

vided a "statement o cts shing that thee ae easonable gounds t believe tat the

tangible things sought ae elevant t a ein intellience investigation 50 . .C

1861(b)2)() s IC Judge alton und

[i]t would have been anomalous Congess in enactin te I ct t have deemed the BIs alication o aelevance standad without io udicial eview sucient to

obtain ecods subect to [the toed Communication ct] but tohave deemed the Is alication o a clsely similaelevance stadad insucient the same us e. hisanomaly is avoided by inteeting sections 2022703 asimlicitly emittin the oduction o ecods usuant to a Code issued unde [ section 2 1 5]

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In re Prod. of anbl ns o [EDACED No. B 8 1 3 Supp Op. at 5 F. I.S .C Dec12 28 empass n te orgnal . An dssonance between te wo provsons melts awa

wen te Stored Communcatons Act s read as perttng secton 25 orders to obtan

telepon m etadata.

2 Dd Con ss atf e oveent' s Int r taton of Secton 2 1 5?Congress s presued to be aware of an adnstratve or udca nterpretaton

of a statute and to adopt tat nterpretaton wen t reenacts a statute wtout cange Forest

Grove Sc Dst. v .A. 557 .S 23 2394 29 uotng Lorard v Pons 434 U. S. 5755 8 1 978 Wen all or neary al of te relvant uda decsons ave gven a term or

concept a cosstent udcia goss we presume ongess ntended t e tem o concept to ave

tat meng wen t ncoorated t nto a laterenacted statute. Besewt v t LLC1 3 1 S. Ct. 68 1 82 2 1 cng erck C v olds 13 S Ct 178 82 2 .e consstent goss represents te ublc understandng of te ter Buesewt 131 S. Ct. at182

e oveent argues Congress was aware of te bk metadata cecton

program and rated t by reenactng secton 2 5 Bere Congress reautored ISA no

udca opnon nterpretng relevane was pub wc was n ne wt Congresss desgn

Congress passed ISA to engra judcal and congressonal oversgt onto Executve Branc

actvtes tat are most eectve wen kept secret o conduct survelance under secton 21 5

te Executve must rst seek judcal approval om te FISC. See 5 U.S C. 1 86 en on a

semannual bass t must provde repors to te Peanent Select C ommttee on Intel lgence of

te House of epresentatves te S eect Commttee on Intellgence o fte Senate and te

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Committees on the diciary of the Hose of Representatives and the Senate 50 USC 1 8

hose Cngressional reps mst inclde: ) a smary of sgncant legal interpretations of

section 2 5 involving matters bere the FISC; and 2) copies of all decisions orders oropinions of the FISC that inclde signicant constrction r interpretation of section 2 1 5 50

USC 181

he Congressional reports are not pblic and are sbmitted "in a maer

consistent with the protection of the national secrity namely in class ied secret proceedings

50 US C 1 8 Sch Congressional proceedings are akin to apliction process r a section

2 1 5 order and the FISC opinions on those applicationsthey are all classied secret

proceedings here is no do that the Congressional Committee responsible r oversight of

ths program new aot te S opnons and te xectve ranc s nterpretation o secton

2 1 5 t what abot the rest o Congress?

In 20 0 and 20 1 1 Congress reathorized section 2 5 withot making any

changes Pior to the 201 0 reathorization the xective ranch made available to allmembers of Con ss a classied vepage docment discssing the blk telephony metadataprogra On Febrary 23 20 0 S enators Feinstein and on wrote to their colleages:

Members o th Select Committee on Intelligence ave preioslyreqested that the xective ranch peit each Member ofCongress access t inrmation on the natre and signicance ofintelligence athoity on which they are asked to vote In responseto these reqests the Attoey General and the Director of

National Intelligence have provided a classied paper to the Hose

An Act to xtend xpiring Provisions of the USA PRI O Improvement andReathorzation Act of 2005 and Intelligence Rerm and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004ntil Febrary 28 20 Pb L No 1 1 4 1 24 Stat 3 20 0); ISA Snsets xtension Actof 20 1 1 Pb L No 1 2-3 1 25 Stat 5 20 ) ; PATRIO Snsets xtension Act of2 0 , PbL No 12- 4 25 Stat 21 20 )

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and Senate teigence Committees on imrtant inteigencecoection made ossibe by authority that is subject to theroaching sunset and asked r our assistance in making itaaiabe in a secure setting directy and ersnay to any

interested emberLetter om Sens . Feinstein Bond t Coeagues (Feb. 23 20 0 (CF No. 3 36)

eresentatie eyes addressed a simiar etter t his House ceagues . See Letter om e.

eyes to Coeagues (Feb 24 200) (CF No. 337)

That cassied document which was made aaiabe rir to the ote r

reauthorization and has nw been decassied i art inred the reader that section 2 5

orders generay require roductin o the business records . reating to substantia a o thet phon cas handed by the teecommunicatons comanies icuding both cas madebetween the nite States and a reign countr and cas made entirey within the nited

The owing year whe section 25 was again schedued to sunset senatrs

were inrmed o an udated cassied document aaae r their eew. See Letter m

Sens Feinstein Chambiss to Coeagues (Feb. 8 20 ) (CF No. 3 3 - ) Aarenty some

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Senaors did reiew i whie oher embers of Conress did no he House Intellience

Committee did not make the documen aailable o membes of he House Dozens of House

members eeced in 200 herere neer had an oortunity o reiew he cassied documenile his is robemaic the Eecuie Branc did wha i was required o do under he

sauory scheme ha Conress u in ace o kee Conress inrmed abou rein inelience

sureilance

And iewin al he circumsances resened here in he naiona securiy conex,

his Cour nds ha Conress raied secion 2 5 as inereed by he Eecuie Branch and he

FI SC when i reauhorized FISA In cases ndin raicaion i s ir o resume ha onress

had knolede of he saue s ierreaion See Fores Groe ch Dis 557 U S a 290Conress is resumed o e aware o Sureme Cour decsion; orlar 44 a 0 or exame Senor den saed any embers of Coress hae no idea how he awis bein secrety inerpreed by he xecutie Brach and Senor Udal echoed ha senimen ha mos eoleincudin many embers of Conressbeiee he PARI Acaows he oeen o do and wha oemen ofcias riaey beiee he PARI Ac alows hem o do are wo diere hins See 57 Con Rec S 86 daiy ed ay 26,20 ) A the ime Senaors yde and Uda s remarks preciiaed a Freedom of nrmaionAc lawsui by he New York imes seekin disco sure of he cassied reor o Conressha case was assined o his Cour Aer brien arumen and an in camera reiew hisCour concluded ha discosure of he reort woud enable America s adersaries o deelomeans o derade and eade he naios rein intellience colecion capabilities and ha iwould reeal and oenially comromise ineience sources and ehods NY imes Co US D of Jusic 872 F Su 2 09, 67 S.DNY 202 Conressman Sensenbrenner asserts in an amicus brief ha he was no aware of the l scoeofh ehny maata lion rora whn h ot to reaoriz sion 25 anha had he been ly inrmed he would no hae oted to reauhorize secion 2 5 wihouchane Br o Amicus Curia F James Sensenbrener Amicus Bra 90 ECF No 56his is a curious saemen Conressman Sensenbrenner no ony had access o the eaereor made aailable to all Conressmen b he aso as a lon-erin member of he HouseJudiciary Commiee Amicus Br a was bried semiannualy by he Execuie Branch thaincluded a summary of sinican leal inerreations of secion 2 5 inolin maers berehe FISC and coies of al decisions orders or oinions of he FISC ha include sinicantcosrucion or inerreaion of secion 2 5 50 US C 87

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Cogress s resumed to be aare that eery ourt to osder the sse has held there s a

rght to a jury tria S atos utt rbauh pt of ust , .d 2, 1 42 edCr 200 ogressoal aareess sho by e ]tese heargs reeated efrs at

egslate orreto, ad ub otroersy f Comm'r otera Reeue Glesha

Glass Co, 48 U S 42, 4 1 1 955 deg to d ratato here there s ot thesghtest afrmate dato that ogress eer had the reeat deso bere t

Is ulk pho etadata oeto Permtted Seto 215o obta a seto 2 1 5 order, the Goemet must show 1 reasable

grouds to elee that the tagbe thgs sought are releat to a authorzed estgo

ad 2that the tem sought must be able to be obtaed th a suboea dues teum ad

of a grad jury estgato or th ay other urt order dretg the roduto of

reords or tagbe thgs 50 U S. C 1 8 b he Goemet a obta eehoy

metadata wth grad jry suboeas ad other ourt orers. See 8 US C 270 d

A grad jury suboea ermts the Goemt to obta tagbe thgs uless

here s o reasoabe ossbty hat the ategory of materas the Goemet seeks wl

rodue rmato releat to the geera subet of the grad ury s estgato Uted

States v. R Et rs. I., 498 U S 292, 0 1 99 1 he ACU argues that the ategory atssuea teehoy metadatas too broad ad otas too muh rreleat ato. hat

argumet has o trato here e ause wthout all the data ots, the Goemet aot be

ea t oeted the ertet oes As I SC Judge Eaga oted, the oleto ofrtually

al telehoy metadata s eessary to ert the NSA, o t the I, to do the algorthm data

aayss that allow the SA to determe oetos betee ko ad uo

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inernaina errris eraives n re Aicain f he Fed re fnv siain r anOrder R irn he Prd f anib hins m REDACED amended si a 2223And i was he FISC ha imied he SA's rdcin f eehn eadaa he FI Whiesecin 2 15 cnemaes ha angibe iems wi be rdced he I F IS C rdrs reqire

ha b eehn meadaa be rdced direcand n he SA And he FISC

rbids he SA m disseminaing an f ha daa ni aer he NSA has idenied aricar

eehn meadaa f sseced errriss Wih hse minimizain rcedres FISC wd

n isse an secin 2 15 rders r bk eehn meadaa cecin In re Aicain f heFed rea fnv siain r an rder R qirin he Prd f ani hins mREDED amended si a 23

eevance as brad ega meaning e Federa es ivi Prcedre

alw ares bain disver regarding a nnrivieged maer ha is reean an

ar' s caim r dense Fed iv P 26(b)( ) (emhasis added) his Rle has been

cnsred brad encmass an maer ha bears n r ha reasnab cd ead hermaer ha cd bear n an isse ha is r ma be in he case nh im r Fnd Inc vSand rs 437 S 340 3 51 (1 978) (ciing Hicman v ar 329 S 495 501 (1 947)) angibe iems are reean nder secin 2 15 if he bear n r cd reasnab ead her

maer ha cd bear n he invesigain

ndr secin 21 5 he Gvernmen's brden is n sbsania he Gvernmen

need n rvide a saemen f cs shwing ha here are reasnabe rnds beieve hae angibe hings sh are reevan 50 S 1 86 1 (b)(2)(A) (emhasis added) ecase

secin 15 rders w m he Gvernmen's grand r and adminisraive sbena wers

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see 50 . . 1 86 1 the Gveet s appats are subjet t dereta reew ee R

Et rs I 48 at 30 1 uphdg grad ury sbpea haeged reeay grudsuess "there s reasabe pssbty that the ategry materas the Gemet seeswi prdue rmat reevat t the geera subet the grad ury's vstgat) at

Labr Reats d Am Med R sps I. 438 F3d 188 13 (2d r 2006) dg thatr a admstratve subpea "the agey 's apprasa reevay t ts estgat " must

be aepted s g as t s t busy wrg) FIA appats r set 2 1 5 rders "are

subet t mma sruty by the urts bth up ta presetat ad subseuet

hage. Uted tates v AbuJhaad 630 F.3d 102 10 (2d r 2010) (qutg Uted

tates Dua 743 F3d 5 77 (2d r 1 84))The ept reeae the text a vestgat des t requre the

Geet t parse ut eeat duets at the start ts estgat Rather t aws

that Gemet t get a ategry materas the ategry s reeat. The quest the

permssbe spe s geeray "arabe reat t the ature pupses ad spe the

qury Oa. Press Pub v a 327 1 86 20 ( 46 eg thereasaeess a subpea based the ume rat t be prded wud requre

the Gvemet t determe wrgdg bere s sug a subpeabut that determat s

the primary puse r a subpea ee Oa. Press Pub. . 3 27 U . at 201 tg that

admstratve subpeas are authrzed "t dser ad prure evdee t t prve a

pedg harge r mpat but up whh t mae e). Ad the text a

utererrism vestgat that atertheattak determat wud b e t ate.

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Hee thee is no way the Govement to know which paticle of telephony

etadata will lead to usel counteeoism intion. hen that is the case co

outinely authoie lagescale col lections of inmation even if mot of it will not diectly bea

on the investigation. See In e Sbo na Duces cum 228 F3d 34 1 35 51 (4th Ci. 20)(authoiing collection of 1 50 patient les) ; In e Gand u Poc din Subpo na Duces cum 827 F2d 31 (8th Ci. 1987) (authoiing collection of all wie tanactions ove $10 a 1 4month peiod at a paticula Weste Union ofce).

Any indvidual call ecod aloe is unlikely to lead to m atte that may petain to a

teoi investigation. Appoximately 3 seed wee queied in 2 1 2 and only a vey small

pecentage of the oal olue o metadata ecods wee ponsive to those queies Shea

Del r 24. But aggegated telephony metadata is elevant because it allows the queying

technique to be copeensive And SA s waehousing o hat data allows a quey to be

instantaneous. is new ability to quey aggegated telephony metadata signicantly iceases

the S A s capability to detect the intest pattes le behind by ndividuals afliated with

eign teoist oganizations. Shea Del . ! 46 48 . Amed with all the metadata SA can

daw connections it might othewise neve be able to nd

hee is no question that individuals associated with intenational teoist oganizations usetelephonic systems to communicate with one anothe aound the wod including the UnitedState. In e Alication aended slip op. at 2 1 . And the ovnnt [a]nalysts kno thatthe teoists' communications ae located somewhee' in the metadata [database but canotknow whee until the data is aggegated and then [queied . In e ication amended slip op.at 2 1 Pio to Septembe 1 i th SA did not have that capabilit. Geneal Alexande summed it upaptly We couldnt coect the dots because we didn't have the dots . Testimony bee theHouse Peanent Select Committee on Intelligence dated un. 18 213 Geneal KeithAlexande Diecto of the SA at 61 ECF o. 3 3 - 1 3) [heeinafte Aleande Testimony] .

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The cllecin is bad, bu he sce cuneeism nvesigains is

unecedened. Nanal secuiy invesigains ae ndamenally dien ciminal

invesigains. They ae secivecused n evenin aacksas sed heesecive invesigain cimes ainal secuiy invesigains sa ln eids im

and mlile gegaic egins Del. be J Hlley, FBI Aing Assisan Diec

he Cuneesm Divisin, daed Oc , 20 3 , 8 ECF N. 62). Cngess was clealy

awae he need beadh and vided he Gvemen wih e ls inedic es

heas

elyng n In e Hwi, he ALUs agues ha e bulk elehn meadaa

cllecin am is vebad because secin 2 5 des cve lage vlues ielevan

dcumens. Hwi nvlved an nvesigan in nancia cmes snni bdes and

decadesand s he sce he gand y subena was necessay bad . In e Hwiz, 482F. 2d 72 780 2d i. 973 ). Ae nig ha he ilue limi he subena by subjec

mae i n necessaily al ude Fiendly nawed he subena a issue exclude

caeies dcumens ha have n cnceivable elevance any leiimae ec

invesigan by he deal gand jy. Hwi 482 F2d a 790 . He was ubled, inaicula, wih a subena ha equie[ ducin all cumens cnined in he les

wihu any aem dee classes enially elevan dcumens any limiains as

subjec mae ime eid Hwi 482 F .2d a 79 he Secnd Cicuis eclusin ielevan caeies dcumens in Hwiz as n alicain hee because elehny

meadaa is a caegy elevan daa. Any subena ha seeks ban caegies

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documets wi ikey retu irreevat documetsbut oy that ortio o a suboea seekig

a ieevat category o doumets shoud be quashed

Simiary the AC reiance o I re Gran Jur Subpo na Duces Tecum Datedoveber 5 993 846 F. Su. ( S .D... 4) is misaced. There Judge Mukasey wasasked to decide whether to quash a suboea directig a aty to roduce couter storage

devices not categories o documents withi them. Judge Mukasey recognied that a wider

grad jury ivestigatio into obstruction ad reated charges ideed justies a commesuratey

broader sboena but canot justiy a suboena which encomass es documets ometey

irreevant to its scoe articuary because the Govement has ackwedged that reevant

doumets a be isoaed through keyword searhng l re Grad Ju Subpo a Duesecu ated ovember 5 993 46 F. Su. a 3 . Because he ovement was uwiigto modiy the suboena Judge ukasey quashed it cocdig tat the suboea at issue

uecessariy demands documents that are irreevat to the grand jury inquiry. I re Grd JurSubp na Duces Tecum Dated ovember 5 993 84 6 F Su. at 3 4. ike I re Horowitthis reasoig is o bar here because a teehoy metadata is a reevat category o

irato.

Costitutioal Claims

That Cogress recuded the ACU s statory caims does ot bar its

cstitutiona ones. A] comaint ust cotai suciet ctua atter aceted as tue to

state a aim to reie that is ausibe o ts ce Ashcro v. ba 556 .S. 662 678 (2)(quotig Be At. Co. v. Twomby 55 .S . 544 57 (27)) To determie ausibiitycouts ow a "tworonged aroah. Iba 556 S . at 67 . First athough a cout must

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accet as tue all o te allegatons contane n a comlant, tat tenet s nalcable to legal

conclusons, an teabae ectals of te elements o a case of acton, suote by mee

conclusoy statements o not suce Has v Mls, 5 3 66, C 009) ntealunctuaton omte) . Secon, a cout eemnes "ete te ellleae tual

alleatons,' assume to be tue, lausbly gve se to an enttlement to ele' Ha n v.Pat son, 594 3 50, 6 C. 0 0) quotng Ibal, 55 U.S a t 69) On a moton tosms s, couts may conse "cts state on te ce of te comlat, n te ocuments

ene to te comlant o ncooate n te comlant by eence, an . mattes o

c ucal notce may be taen. Allen v stPont-P ll Inc, 945 40, 44 C 99)

o te uoses of ecng te Goveents moton to smss , ts out oes

ot cone te aavts submtte n councton t te AU s moton a elmnay

nuncton. Canle v. Couln, 63 . 0, C. 985) (eo to conse aavtsn suot of elmnay nuncton n lng on moton to smss) see also MaDonal v

Sa, 06 3 83, 9 n C. 000)A ou Amenment

Te out Amenment guaantees tat al eole sall be "secue n te

esons, ouses, aes, an eects, aganst uneasonable seaces an sezues. U.S . onst

amen. IV. "Te out Amenment otects eole, not laces Katz v Unte Stat s, 389U.S . 3 4, 35 96) . A "seac occus uposes ote ou menment en te

Govenment volates a eson s "easonable eectaton o vacy Katz, 38 9 U.S. at 3606Halan, J., concung) see also Unte States v Jon s, 3 S Ct 945, 950 0 ) Bon v

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United Stat s 529 US 334 33 7 2000)In Smith Maand 442 U S 73 5 1 979) the Sueme Cout hed indiiduas

hae no "egitimate exectation of iacy egading the teehone umbes they dia becausethey knwingy gie that inmation to teehon comaies when they di a nume 442

US at 742 mith' s bedock hoding is that an indiidua has no egitimate exectation of

iacy in ination oided to thid aties

Smith aose om a obbey inestigation by the Batioe oice Smith, 442

US at 737 itout a waant the oice equested tat the teehoe comany insta a dece

known as a en egiste which ecoded the numbes diaed om S mith s home Smith 442US at 737 Afte Smith s aest e moed to suess eidence deied om the en egiste

Smith 442 S at 77 Noting it had consistety hed that a eso has no egitimateeectation of iac in inmation he ountaiy tus oe to thid aties Smith 442 Sat 7434 the Cout und that teehone customes hae no subectie exectation of iacy in

the numbes they dia because the coney that inmation to the teehone comany knowing

that the comany as ciities to m ake emanent ecods of the numbes they dia Smith 442 Hee ae just a w mattes in which an indiidua has no constitutionay otectedexectation ofiacy S Ute Staes Mi 425 U S 43 5 44143 1 976) bankecods) Couch Unite Stat s 409 US 322 3 3 5 36 1 973) ecods gien to acountant)Hoa United Stat s 38 5 U S 293 3 0203 1 966) intion eeaed to a condant) QnLee Unted Stat s 343 US 747 971 1 952) nation eeaed to a se ed) see asoUnted tates oisco 667 F 2 5 2 8 2d Ci 1 9 8 1 ) teehoe umbe coected a enegiste) And some moe ecent iteations S United States P in 51 8 F 3d 1 196 1 20405 1 0th Ci 2008) sbscibe iatio oided to an inteet seice oide)United States Lifshitz 369 F3 d 1 73 1 90 2d Ci 2004) ination om a home comutethat is tansmitted oe the Inteet o by emai) see aso United States M ido 883 FSu 2d 523 526 SNY 20 1 2) imation oided to Facebook iend) Fo anexce ent discussion on the thid aty doctine see n ay in S Ke The Case theThid Paty octine 1 07 Mich L Re 56 1 2009)

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U.S. t 7423

The ry one t tke n Smth were r more ndvdled thn thoe

red by the ACLU mth nvolved the nvetgton of ngle me nd the olleton oftelehone l l detl reord oleted by the telhone mny t t entrl o, exmned

by the ole, nd relted to the trget of ther nvetgton, eron dented revoly by

lw enrement See Smth, 442 U S t 73 7. everthele, the Sreme Cort nd there wno legtmte rvy xetton bee " telehone er tylly know tht they mt

onvey nmerl nton to te telehone omny tht the telehone omny h

lte r reordng th nrmon nd tht the telehone omny doe n t reord th

nrmton r vrety of legtmte bne roe Smth, 442 S t 743 ee lo ..,nted Stte v. d, d 9 00, 9 4 (9th r 2009) nng tht bee "t bot the

dt, there no Fouh Amendment exetton of rvy) (tton omtted)

The ACLU rge tht nly of blk telehony metdt llow th reton of

rh mo t n "revel eron relgon, oltl oton, e of telehone-ex

hotlne, ontemlton of de, ddton to gmblng or drg, exerene wth re,

grlg wth exlty, or or r rtlr oltl e . el. of dwrd Felten,

Proor of Comter Sene nd Pbl Afr, Prneton Unerty, 42 (CF o. 27). Bt

tht t let three neton om the Govement' blk telehony metdt olleton. rt,

wthot ddtonl legl ttonbet to rgoro mnmton roedrethe SA

nnot even qery the elehony metdt dtbe . Seond, when t mke qery, t only

le the telehony metdt of the telehone nmber wthn thee ho of the "eed.

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rd wtout resor to addtonal tecnques te oement does not know wo an of tetelepoe numbers belong to n oter words all te oement ses s tat telepone number

A called telepone number t does not know wo subscbes to telepone numbers A or Furter te oement repudates an noton tat t conducts te tye of data nng te

ACLU ws about n ts parade of orrbles

e ACLU also argues tat tere are a number of ways n wc te

oement could perrm tree-op analss wtout rst buldng ts own database of eer

Amercan's cal records. Supp Del. of dward Feten 6 CF o. 68 ) . at as no

tracton At bottom t s lttle more tan an asseron tat less ntrse means to collect and

analz tlpo mtadata could be emplod u te Supreme Court as repeatedly resed

o decae hat ony e east nrse searc practcabe can be reasonabe under te our

Amendment. t of ntao al uon 0 Ct 6 9 6 ( 0 0) (tng VeonaScool Dst 47J Acton 5 Ct 2386 2 96 ( 995) at ucal-onday-mongquarerbackng could rase nsuperable barrers to te exercse of rually all searc-and-sezurepowers ecause udges engagng n aer-te-ct ealuatons of goernment conduct can

almost alwas magne some alteate means by wc te obectes m gt ae been

eneral Alexanders testmony on ts pont s crstal clearn te open press tere s ts dscusson abot pattern analyss tat te oement s ot tere don patte analss on ths at s absolutely ncorrect We are not autorzed to go nto tedata nor are we dat mnng or dong antng wt te data otertan tose queres tat we dscuss perod We're not autorzed tod t We aren t dong t ere are n automated processesrnnng n te background pull ng togeter data trng to gure outnetworks e only tme you can do patte analyss s oneyou stat te query on tat quer and were you go rward

Alexander estmon at 66

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accomlished o 30 S Ct. at 63 iteal otatio marks ad citatios omitted)he As leadig reveals a dametl misareesio abot oershi o

teehoy metadata its motio r a relimiary ijctio the AC seeks to ) bar the

Govemet om coectig Paitis ca records der the bk teehoy metadata

coectio roram ) aratie "a of Paitis ca records aready coected der the

bk teehoy metadata coectio rogram ad 3) rohibit the Govemet om eryig

metadata obtaied throgh the blk teehoy metadata colectio rogram sig ay hoe

mber or other idetier associaed ith Paitis Ps Mot at

First the bsiess records created by Verizo are ot aitis ca records

hose ecods ae ceated d m aitaied by the tlcommicatios rovide ot the AC

der the Costittio that disti_ctio is critical becase he a er so votariy coveys

irmatio to a third arty he rits hs right to ivacy i the iatio S Smith 4.S at 74 Secod he Govermet s sbseet eryig of the telehoy metadata does ot

imicate the Forh Amedmetamore tha a a ercemet ocers ery of the Bs

gerrt or DNA databases to idetify someoe See Marad v Ki 3 3 S Ct 958 96364 0 3) the cotext of DNA eryig ay match is o the DA rolead ike

teehoy metadata additioa ivestigative ste are reired to ik tat DNA role to a

idividal

he collectio of breathtakig amots of irmatio rotected b the Forth

Amedmet does ot trasrm that see ito a Forth Amedmet search C ited States

v. Dioisio 4 0 S . 3 973 ) Where sigle grad jry sboea did ot costittereasoable seizre it cold ot be redered reasoable by the ct that may others ere

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ubece he me cmun) n re Grn Ju Prc n: Subp n Duce ecum 827 .2 5 he uh menmen e necey rhb he gn u m

enggng n rgne ern.) cn me).he A rece n he cncurrng n n Je mc. n Jne

he ce che GPS rckng evce he unercge f vehce whu wrr n

rcke he vehce' cn r he ne ur week. 1 2 S. . 48 . he mjry he h

erch ccurre becue by cng he GPS evce n he vehce he Gvermen

hycy ccue rve rey r he ur f bnng nm . . . . Su

hyc nrun wu hve bee cnre erch' whn h menng he urh

Amenmen when w e. Jn 1 2 S 99 c me) n w erecncurrng nn ve juce ere be grg wh hw he urh menme

e echngc nce Jn 12 S C 957 Smyr J cncug) 12 S. . 964 A J. cncurrg).

Bu he Surem ur n verre Smh An he Surme Cr hnrc wer cur n rec wheher wu vee recee even f renng

h been une by er ce. he Cur f Ae hu . . ev e h e Sureme

ur he rergve verrung wn ec . An v. 21 . S. 2 271997) qung r e uj v. Shern/Am. xpr c 49 .S. 477 484 18))Cer receen e becue S mh he h ubcrbe n egme execn f

rvcy n eehny me cree by hr re . See Smh 42 S. 744. nrrcur re bu by receen.

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Som ondr th biquity of cllular tlhons and how subscribrs

rlatonshis with thir tlhons hav volvd sinc Smith hil ol ay hav an

ntirly dirnt rlationshi with tlhons than thy did thirtyr yars ago, Klaan,203 L 65596, at *2, this ourt obsrvs that thir rlationshi with thir

tlcommunications rovidrs has not changd and is just as strating. hons hav r

mor vrsatility now than whn Smith was dcidd, but this cas onl concs thir us as

tlhons h ct that thr ar mor calls lacd dos not ndrin th Surm Court s

nding that a rson has no subjctiv ctation of rivacy in tlony mtadata. S Smith,442 .S. at 745 . ("h rtuity o whthr or not th [tl]on comany in ct lcts to mak

a quasirnt rcord of a articular nmbr diald dos not . ak any constitutional

dirnc Rgardlss of th [tl]hon comany s lction, titior voluntly convyd to

it inration that it had cilitis r rcording and that it was t rcor. Imortantly,

what mtadata is has not changd ovr tim, and "[a] s in Smith, th of inrmation at

issu in this cas ar rlativly limitd [tl]hon numbrs diald, at, tim, and th lik.

Klaan, 20 3 L 657 596 , at 2 (hasis in orginal. Bcaus Smith controls, th SAsbulk tlhony mtadata collction rogram dos not violat th oh Andmnt

B irst Andmnt

"[I]mlicit in th right to ngag in activitis rott by th irst Amndmnt

[is] a corsonding right to associat with othrs in ursuit of a wid varity of olitical, social,

conomic, ducational, rligious, and cultural nds Robrts v S Jaycees, 468 .S. 609, 622( 98 4 Prvasiv Govmnt survillanc imlicats not only th Fourth Amndt but also

th irst Andmnt

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Natnal scurty cass n rct a cnvrgnc f Frst andFurth Andnt valus nt rsnt n cass f rdnarycr Thugh th nvstgatv duty f th xcutv ay bstrngr n suh ass s als s thr gratr jrdy t

cnsttutnally rtctd sch Hstrcally th strggl rd f sch and rss n England was bund u wth thssu th sc f th sarch and sur r Hstryabundantly dcunts th tndncy f vrnnthwrbnvlnt and bngn ts tvst v th suscn thsh st rvntly dsut ts lcs

th 407 S at 3 1 314 ntal qutatn arks and ctatn ttd)Tl ACU allgs that t]l fact tlat th gvnt s cllctng ths

nran s lkly hav a chllng c n l h uld hrs cntact PlntCl 35 Sgncant arnts f rst andnt rghts ust wthstd xactng

scrutny ntd Stats v Alvarz 1 32 S Ct 2537 2548 2 12 als Natl Cdt ssn v r 1 F3d 1 1 1 n4 1 C 1 994 In r a JProceedings776 F2d 1 099 1 1 0203 2d Cr 1 985) h vnt cntnds hvr tht survllanc

cnsstnt wth Furth Andnt tctns ds nt vlat Frst Andnt rghts

vn thugh t ay b drctd at cuncatv r asscatv actvts rdn arn

Cnsl d f Educ 76 F2d 778 781 n3 6th Cr 1983)h vrnt s argunt s ll sutd S ntd Stats v Mar

53 F3d 740 7478 9h Cr 2007) ntng that Furth Andnt rvds th rlvant

bncark r a challng t a crnal nvstgatn n Frst Andnt grunds) Andrsn

v Davla 125 F 3d 148 16 3 d Cr 1 997) vnts survllanc f ndvduals n ublclacs d nt by tslf lcat th Cnsttutn absnt vdnc f rtalatry cnduct r

rtctd actvts) Phla Yal tn f lus Sc f Frnds v. Tat 51 9 F2d 133 51 3 373 3d Cr 1 975) uhldng lc survllanc actvts l td t data gathrng at

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public eeings; Unied Saes . aks, 527 F.2 d 937 94 1 (9h Ci. 1 975) (upholdingsueillnce by undecove agen o fpublic meeing of a ebellion gou) usi niedSa s 38 6 F .2d 132 13 9 (9h Ci. 1967 (holding ha he Fouh Amendmen does nopeclude posal inspecos om coying inmaion conained on he ouside of sealed

envelopes in he ail; Cohen . nied Sa s 37 8 F2d 751 76 (h Ci. 1 967 (ejecingFis Aendmen challenge o he ail cove pacice). And his consideaion is buil in o

any secion 2 1 5 applicaion. See 5 U.S C. 1 86 1 (equiing ha he inesigaion no be

conduced solely upon e basis o aciiies poeced by he Fis Amendmen).

Hee i is unnecessay o decide whehe hee could e a Fis Amendmen

iolaio in he absence of a Fouh Aendmen iolaion becaue Amn s Ineaionalcompes e concuson a e u meadaa colecio does no buden Fis Amenden

ighs sbsanially Q 1 3 S. C a 1 1 52. isingushing bewee ncidenal and sbsial

budens unde he Fi Aendmen equies a dieen analysis applying dieen legal

sandads han disinguishing wha is and is no ouine in he Fouh Amendmen . . cone.

Tabbaa v Ch o 59 F. 3d 89 1 2 n4 (2d Ci. 27). hee mus be "a diec andsubsanial o signican buden on associaional ighs in ode i o qualify as

subsanial Tabbaa 59 .3 d a 1 1 . ee incidenal budens on he igh o associae dono iole he Fis Aenden Tabbaa 59 F.3d a 1 1

Any alleged chilling eec hee aises om he ACUs speculaive a ha he

Goveen will eview elephony meadaa elaed o he AC 's elephone call s. Fo

elephony eadaa o e used o idenify hose who conac Plainis legal assisance o o

eo hman-ighs o civillibeies violaions Copl . 35 i us acually be eviewed and

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the identities o the telehone subsibes detemined ea that teehony mtadata eatin to

the AC il be ueied o evieed o he investiated elies on a hihly attenuated cha

o ossibiities Amn s Int' 1 3 3 S Ct at 1 148 Such a a is insucient to eatestandin mn st Int' 1 33 S C at 1 1 52 eithe an it estalis a vioation o anindividua' s ist Amedment ihts

IV Remainin Preliminar Injuncion Consideraionso the easons above the ACL has ied to state a aim and its ase must be

dismisse But even i it coud sho a ikeihod o sucess on the m eits a eliminay

inunctio ould b inaoiate A eimnay iuntion is an etaodinay and asti

emedy' :n shoud neve be aaded as o it Muna 55 S at 7 (uotin Yakus vnited tat s 32 S 4 4 44 (1 944)) As dscussed above a ainti seekin aeiminy iuntion must establish that he is likey to suceed on the meits that he is ikely to

sue ieaabe ha in the absence o eliminay eie that the b aane euites tis in his

vo and that an injunction is in the ubic inteest int 555 S at 20Hee the balance o the euities and the ubic inteest tilt y in vo o the

ovenent's osition. veyone aees that the ovenment' s inteest i combatin teoism

is an uet objetive o the hihest ode Holde v Humanitaian La Poj ct 1 S Ct2705 22 (201 ); see also Hai v. A 453 28 30 7 (1 98 ) (It is obious andunauabe that no ovementa inteest is moe comelin than the secuity o the ation)

(intea uotation maks omitted); In e Diectives RDACTD Pusuant to Setion 1 5B othe o in Int lli nc Sueilane At 551 .3 d 1 04 1 0 12 (IS Ct Rev. 208) ([heelevant ovement inteestthe inteest in national secuityis o the hihest ode o

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magide.).

The Cosiio vess he Preside wih xecive Power. .S . Cos Ar .

Tha power reaches is zeih whe wieed o proec aioa secriy. Cf osow Shee Tbe Co. v. Saw r 343 . S. 7, 637 ( 2) (Jackso J. cocrig ("he e Presideas prsa o a express or impied ahorizaio om Cogress his acios are "spported

by he sroges of presmpios ad he wides aitde ofdicia ierpreaio ad he brde

of persasio . . ress] heaviy po ay who migh aack i. (iea oaios omited)).

d corts ms pay proper derece o he Execie i assesig he hreas ha ce he

aio. omediee v. sh 3 U .S . 723 , 797 (2008) ("M]os dera dges do o] begih day wih briegs ha ay describe ew ad serios hea o or aio ad is peope )

y co smag he seco 2 5 eepoy meaaa coeco proram wod case

a creased isk o aio secriy ad he say of he Ameica pbic. Shea De 63

he "iqe capabiies of he eephoy meadaa co eco program "cod o be compeey

repicaed by oher meas. Shea e 63The eeciveess of b eephoy meadaa coecio cao be serios

disped. erig exampes is a dageros sraagem r he Goveme becase i discoses

meas ad mehods of ieigece gaherig. Sch discosres ca oy edcae America's

eemies everheess he Goveme has ackowedged severa sccesses i Cogressioa

esimoy ad i decaraios ha are pat of he record i his case I his Cor s view hey

oer ampe sicao

Sepember 200 , NSA discovered ha a aQaeda-associaed errorisi akisa was i coac wih a kow perso i he Uied Saesabo efrs o perc a recipe r exposives . NSA immediaey oiedhe F which ivesigaed ad ideied he aaeda coac as

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Coloradobased Najibllah Zazi he NS and FI ored ogeher oidenify oher erroris lins he FI execed search waas d ndbomb-maing componens in bacpacs azi conssed o conspirig obomb he New Yor sbway sysem hrog a secion 21 5 order NS

was able o provide a previosly nown nmber of one of he coconspiraorsdis Medanin

In Jaar 20 while moniorig exremis i Yemen wih ies o alQaeda he NS discovered a coecion wih Kalid azzani in KansasCiy NS immediaely noied he FI which discovered a nascen ploo aac he New Yor Soc Exchage sing a secion 215 order NSeried eehon meadaa o idefy poenal connecos reededans were conviced of eoism oenses

n cober 209 whil monioring an alQaeda aliaed erroris he

discovered ta David Headley was worig on a plo o bomb aDanis newspaper oce ha had pblised caoons depicing he PropheMohamed He aer conssed o personally coding srveillance ofhe Danis newspaper ofce He was also charged wih spportingerrorism based on his inolvemen i he planning and reonassance rhe 208 oel aac i mbai nrmaion obaie hrogh secion 1 es was ili i anm wh he F to salis Hadlsreign ies ad p hm in onex h S based planig erts

Hlle De 2426; esimony bere he Hose Peane Selec Commiee on Inelligence

daed Jne 1 8 2 1 3 FI Depy Direcor Sean Joyce a 12 3 (ECF No 3 3 1 3) [hereinaer

Joyce esimony]

l elephoy meadaa collecion is oe ool sed o hwart poeia erroris

aacs Depy Direcor Joyce explaied

r mission is o sop errorism o preven i No aer he c opreven i bere i haes in he Unied Saes nd I can ellyo every ool is esseial and vial nd he ools as I olined o

yo and heir ses oday have been valable o sopping some ofhose plos Yo as How can yo p he vale on a mericanli nd I can ell yo is prceless

Joyce esimony a 52

f corse he consideraions weighing in vor of he CU 's posiion are r

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om tva The need the teehony metadata coecton oam does not mae the

empoyent by Govenment of eectonc suveance a wecom deveomenteen when

epoyed wth estant and unde judca supevson Thee s undestandaby a dee seateduneasness and pehenson that ths caabty w be used to ntd uon cheshed vacy

ofawabdn ctzens K th 47 S at 3 12 Just as the Consttuton ves the ecutve thduty to potect the naton ctzens ht to vacy s enshned n the B of hts

Ffteen deenF IS C judes have und the metadata coecton oam aw

a tota of thtyve tmes snce ay 2006 See Hoey De ! 6, 1 1 ; In e caton of theFBI an de un th Pod of Tanb Thns Fo REDACTD No B 1 3 158FIS C ct 1 1 201 3 The Govenent aues that "Pants ae asn ths Cout to

concude that the FISC eceeded ts authoty when t authozed the SA s u coecton of

teephony metadata and that ths Cout wthout the benet othe cass ed apcatons and

nmaton avaabe to the FISC) shoud substtute ts judent the decsons that the FISC

eached 35 tmes Gov't Pem Inj B at 1 617 CF o 6 1 ntea ctaton

omtted)

Ths Cout s bound ony by the decsons of the Second Ccut and the Sueme

Co The decsons of othe dstct couts ae often esuase authoty The two decassed

FI SC decsons authozn bu metadata coecto do not dscuss sevea of the ALU s

auments They wee ssued on the bass of e at apcatons by the Govement wthoutthe benet of the eceent ben submtted to ths Cou by the Govement the ACLU and

Tee s no queston that judes opeate best n an advesaa system The vaue

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of a judcal oceedng . . . s sbstantally dluted whee the ocess s e at because theCout does not have avalable the ndamental stument judcal judgment an advesay

oceedng n whch both aes may acate Caol l v esdet & Comms of PncessAn .S 75 8 68 t ts nceton FISC jdges wee called o to evew waanalcatons a mla ole and on e wel lsuted a judge to otect the ghts of an ndvdual

n hs absence. The FISCs ole has eanded geatly snce ts ceaton 8.

As FSA has evolved ad Congess has loosened ts ndvdual suscon

eqements the ISC has bee tased wth delneatng the lmts of the ovements

suellance owe ssung secet decson wthout the benet of the advesaa ocess Its ex

at ocedues ae necessay to eta sececy but ae ot deal nteetn statutes. hsas shows ow dsons my ac vy mecanand has e nteess shold

hav a voce n the FISC.

CONCLUSON

The ght to be ee om seaches and sezues s ndametal but ot absoluteAs Justce Jacson mously obseed the Bll of ghts s not a scde-act. Temnello v.

ty of Chcao 7 U S . ) hethe the Fouh Amendment otects bul telehonymetdata s ultmately a questo of easonableness. Mssou v. cN ly S. Ct. 552 567 2 ) " The ultmate touchstone of he Fouth Amedment s easonableness. ) .

Evey day eole voluntaly suende esoal and seemngly-vate nmato to tans

natoal cooatons whch exlot that data ot. Few thnk twce about t even though t

s moe ntsve than bulk telehoy metadata collecton

Thee s no evdence that the ovement has used ay of the bul telehony

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eadaa i coeced r ay urose oher han inesigaig ad dising erroris aacks

hie hee hae bee uineiona ioaios of guideies hose aear o sem o human

error ad he incrediby come comuer rograms ha suor his via oo And oncedeeced hose vioaios were sefrered and soe he buk eeony eaaa

coecio rogram is subjec o eecuie and congressiona oersgh as we as coniua

moiorig by a dedicaed grou of judges who sere on he Foreig Ieigece Surveiace

Cour

No dob he buk eehony meadaa coecio rogram vacuums u

iaio abou iuay eery eehone ca o om or wihi he Unied Saes ha is by

design as i aows h NSA o deec reaionshis so aeaed ad ehemera hey woud

oerse escae oce As e eemer aacs emonsrae e cos o missng suc a

hread a be horri ecoogy aowed a aeda o oerae decenraized a o

ineaioa erroris aacks remoey he buk eeho meadaa coecio rogram

rereses he Goere's couner-unch: conecig ageed ad eeigcommuicaios o re-cosrc and eiminae aaeda' s error nework

Liber ad securiy ca be recocied ad in our sse hey are recocied

wihin he amewor o he aw oum di n 55 3 U S a 798 e sucess of oe hesroec he oher Like he 9/1 Commission obsered: he choice bewee bery ad securiy

is a se oe as ohig is ore a o imeri cii iberies ha he success of a erroris aack

o America soi he 9/1 1 Commission eor a 395 A cour s soemn du is o rejec as

se caims i he ae of cii iery which if graed woud arayze or mair auhoriy o

ded he] exisece of our sociey ad o rej ec as se caims i he name of securiy which

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woud undemine ou eedoms nd oen the wy to opession eicn ommcn ssn.IO. . Douds, 339 S. 382, 445 195) Jckson, J, cocuing i pt nd dissenting n pt.

Fo of thee esons, te S s buk teepony metdt coection ogm is Acoding, the Goenent s tion to disis te cmpit is gnted nd te

A motion peiminy inunction is denied. e ek of ou is diected to

teminte the motions pending t EF os 25 nd 32 nd to mk this cse cosed

Dted Decembe 27, 21 3Je Yo, }e Yo

Cuse RcdJee Je, Esqex bdo, Esq

Bett Kun, Esq.Ptic oomey, Esq.teine . um, Esq.meicn ii ibeties nion125 Bod Steetew Yok, 1 4

thu . Eisenbeg, sq .histphe . Dunn, qew Yok ii Lbeties nion12 5 Bod Steet, 1 7th Foo

ew Yok, Y 14 Donohue, EqGeogetown w51 7 Du DieBetesd D 2816Cuse Pat

SO ORDERD

C .WlM H. AU Lb Y 1 0

S.J

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Dav Jones EsqTaa M La Mote Esq

Chstophe B Hawood Esq.Joh D. Cloe EsqU Attoes ce D.N.86 Chambes teetNew ok, N 000Counselfor Defendant