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NREL experience and lessons learned with Remote Power
Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation
2018 IEEE PES General Meeting August 8th, 2018
1
Przemyslaw KoralewiczNWTC/NREL
Bryan Palmintier and Blake LundstromPSEC/NREL
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
2
~20 miles
National Wind Technology Center (NWTC)
South Table Mountain – STM Main Campus
Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF)
3
Smart buildings & controllable loads
Power Systems IntegrationGrid Simulators - Microgrids
Energy SystemsIntegration Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers
Outdoor Test AreasEVs, Transformers, Capacitor Banks,
Voltage Regulators
Rooftop PV Energy Storage -Residential, Community
& Grid Scale StorageHigh-Performance
Computer & Data Center
Advanced Distribution
Management Systems
http://www.nrel.gov/esif
Siemens
2.3 MW
GE/Alstom
3 MW
GE 1.5 MW
Gamesa
2 MW
Research Turbines
2 x 600 kW
PV Array
1 MW
2.5 MW dynamometer
5 MW dynamometer,
7MVA CGI1MW / 1MWh BESS
New PV
Arrays
• Total of 12+ MW variable renewable generation currently • 7 MVA Controllable Grid Interface (CGI) • Multi-MW energy storage test facility• 2.5MW and 5 MW dynamometers (industrial motor drives)• 13.2 kV medium voltage grid
National Wind Technology Center (NWTC)
Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL)?
5
Traditional PHIL:
• Hardware at power
• Fast digital simulators
• AC+DC amplifiers
With Co-simulation:
• External software for (slower) system-wide impacts
• Architectural flexibility
“Sum is greater than the parts”• Combine:
– Unique test capabilities– Unique equipment– Unique expertise
• Other Multi-site advantages:– Reduce shipping– International diversity (e.g. 50/60Hz)
• Biggest?--Collaboration• Examples at NREL:
– NREL-NREL (Facility linking)– RT-SuperLab (US-EU links)– Wgrid-49 (Wind integration)– PNNL (PV-Grid Interaction)– INL (Fuel Cell-Grid)– CSIRO (PV-Battery-Grid)– TNO (Smart Home: EV, Battery, HVAC)– SDG&E (Microgrid)– CSU (Comm. Delays)
Lab-Lab Links
NWTC/ESIF Real-Time Interconnection
30
km
Hardware ESIF: 1MVA, NWTC: 7MVA
Model NA
Protocol GTNET SKT
Link Timestep 0.5msec oversample, GPS sync
ObjectiveLink two nearby facilities to
support large-scale multi-node
testing.
DC
AC
AC
DC
7 MVA
DC
AC13.2 kV
DC
AC
DC
AC
7 MVA
7 MVA
7 MVA
7 MVA
13.2 / 3.3 kV
Grid
13.2 kV
Controllable Grid Interface (CGI)
CGI RT Controller
RTDS HIL Model
V, I, f
ESIF RTDS CGI RTDS
GTNET SKT
GE 1.5MW
1 MW Grid Simulator
M
PV
INVERTER
Load bank
RTDS HIL Model
CGI Setpoints
ESIF
NWTC
PV Array Simulator
Distributioncircuit
10Gbps
LAN
External
colaborating
organizations
NREL (Colorado) ↔ PNNL (Washington State)ObjectiveUsing remote PHIL, emulate the dynamic response of 1-
ph residential 3-ph small commercial PV inverters at
NREL inside a grid model running at PNNL (located in
WA, distance of 1000 mi/1600km)
Highlights• First remotely connected power hardware-in-the-loop
demonstration within DOE national lab complex
• Included inverters connected at multiple points of
common coupling in the distribution feeder
• Various grid-support functionalities demonstrated
(Volt/Var, constant PF, etc.)
• Novel JSON-based communication protocol
• Co-simulation of IEEE 123 and 8500 node test feeders
Palmintier, Lundstrom, Chakraborty, et al., “A Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Platform
With Remote Distribution Circuit Cosimulation,” IEEE Trans. on Ind. Elect., 2015.
16
00
km
Hardware 1-2x PV inverters. Only at NREL
Model 8500 node, GridLAB-D, PNNL
Protocol JSON-link/UDP
Link Timestep 1s (limited by GridLAB-D)
NREL-PNNL Remote PHIL - Hardware SetupThree-
phase
Setup
Real-time System
(Opal-RT)Grid
Simulator
Single-phase
Setup
• IEEE 8500-node test feeder• One 7 kVA real-inverter output scaled
up to 140 kVA in GridLAB-D simulation
• This hardware inverter was operating in VVC
• Added a large number small UPF inverters; combined output of 800 kW
• Cloud transient was implemented based on historical weather data
• The hardware inverter with VVC was capable of maintaining constant voltage on the secondary
NREL-PNNL Remote PHIL Test Case: Three-phase Inverter
12:35 12:40 12:45122
123
124
125
126
127
128
|V| m
ax
Maximum voltage magnitude on secondary system
no solar base case
distributed PF=1.0 solar
distributed PF=1.0 solar and VVC solar
12:35 12:40 12:45122
123
124
125
126
127
128
|V| m
ax
Time
Maximum voltage magnitude on secondary system
T. Williams, J. Fuller, B. Palmintier, B. Lundstrom, S. Chakraborty, “Examining Solar PV Control Systems with a
Hardware-in-the-Loop Platform,” in IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Denver, CO, 2014.
INL-NREL Electrolyzer
75
0 k
m
Hardware NREL: 200kW Electrolyzer
Model Simplified portion of WECC
Protocol UDP
Link Timestep 2kHz (500µs)
ObjectiveExplore Transmission Grid
Interactions with a large scale
controlable load (Electrolyzer)
ESNET
Resistiveload
4 generator / 2 area test system
RTDS at INL
Interconnection point
Distribution system current
injection
RTDS at ESIF/NREL
Frequency Dependent
Voltage Source|V|
f
Φ
Electrolyzer
Time delay, Δt
Measured P,Q
Measured |V|, f, Φ
NREL-CSIRO Remote PHILObjectiveUsing remote PHIL, connect hardware at
CSIRO’s lab in Newcastle, NSW, Australia
and hardware at NREL in Golden, CO, USA to
multiple points on Australian and U.S. electric
distribution system models. Evaluate
coordinated control modes between the
devices.
Highlights• First trans-pacific PHIL simulation using
hardware at both sites
• Connected same hardware to both U.S.
and Australian distribution system models
• Coordinated control of the PV/batt inverter
(provided smoothing in response to PV at
both locations) and PV inverter
PRINTED:
SHEET #: 1 1of
DWG ID: CSIRO-PHILTEST-001
REVISIONNO. DATE BY CHECKED BY
0.0 ISSUED FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN 2014-02-01 B. LUNDSTROM
1/19/2015
Power Systems Engineering Center
One-line DiagramPHIL Experimental Setup
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)
PV SIMULATOR 1
M
SG1
Local Controller
M
SG2
Local Controller
M
Local Controller
RLC LOAD
M
PV INV 1
PV SIMULATOR 2
M
PV INV 2
BATTERY
M
BATT INV 1
Local Controller
Local Controller
Local Controller
Microgrid Controller
CSIRO NREL
PV SIMULATOR
M
MICROTURBINE
Local Controller
SUNNY TRI-POWER INVERTER
M
Local Controller
RLC LOAD
M
PV/BATT INVERTER
BATTERY
Local Controller
SYSTEM CONTROLLER
I
CONTROLLABLE GRID SOURCE (CGS)
GRID SIMULATOR
CGS CONTROLLER
REAL-TIME SIMULATOR
Australian
Dist. Sys.
Model
US
Dist. Sys.
Model
CSIRO
NREL
MLocal Controller
REIFPV
Whiteboard
LOAD BANK
I
WB CONNECTOR (WBC)
WBC
WBC
WBC
SIM. SERVER
WEB APPLICATIONSERVER
WBC
SYSTEM CONTROLLER
WBC
1.0 UPDATED BASED ON CHOSEN CONFIGURATION 2014-11-26 B. LUNDSTROM
EXAMPLE EXPERIMENT
IMPLEMENTATION VIA PHIL(NOT IDENTICAL TO EXAMPLE EXPERIMENT)
• Communications “whiteboard” for multi-point to point
real-time communication
Lundstrom, Palmintier, et. al., “Trans-oceanic Remote Power Hardware-in-the-
Loop: Multi-site Hardware, Integrated Controller, and Electric Network Co-
simulation,” IET Gen., Trans., and Dist., (Submitted). 13
,00
0 k
m
Hardware NREL: Storage+PVCSIRO: real PV
Model US & AUS feeders
Protocol Whiteboard
Link Timestep 1 sec (GridLAB-D)
NREL-CSIRO Remote PHIL
Lundstrom, Palmintier, et. al., “Trans-oceanic Remote Power Hardware-in-the-Loop: Multi-site Hardware, Integrated Controller, and Electric Network Co-simulation,” IET Gen., Trans., and
Dist., (Submitted).
NREL-SDG&E: Borrego Springs High Renewables Microgrids
DescriptionDemonstrate the viability of a microgrid to manage highamounts (up to 100%) of renewable energy to meet thecommunity load while avoiding adverse grid impacts.Advanced testing methods and a testbed that can beconfigured to utilize electrical signals from SDG&Ethrough remote hardware in the loop (HIL) will bedeveloped at ESIF.
TechnologiesPV, battery and ultracapacitor storage, microgrids
FY17 Notable OutcomeInstall and commission an integrated, multi-tech powerand controller HIL testbed to evaluate an advancedmicrogrid controller prior to deployment in the largest,highest penetration, utility-owned, microgrid in the U.S.
ImpactSuccessful implementation will prove that a community-scale, highly renewable microgrid is feasible to other utilities.
Partners
14
00
km
Hardware NREL: 500kVA PV,540kW Battery
Model Borrego Springs (Reduced)
Protocol DNP
Link Timestep 100ms
• Power and Controller Hardware-in-theLoop (PHIL & CHIL) evaluation of microgrid controller for Borrego Springs community microgrid site
NREL Role: CHIL/PHIL Testing
PV Simulator
PV Inverter
Power Hardware
Virtual Model
AC Source #1
69kV Substation Bus
ESIF RTDS
High Voltage
Low Voltage
12kV Substation Bus
Ckt 172Ckt 171Ckt 170
V and I Scaling
AC Source #2
V and I Scaling
Battery Simulator
ESS Inverter
Spirae Wave Commander
AC Bus #1AC Bus #2
DieselGenset
#1
NRG PV Model
SESS #2Model
SESS #1
NarrowsGrid Tie
MG Switch
V
)(1 tv
)(1 ti
A)(11 tik I
)(11 tvkV
Fictitious Bus #1
V
Fictitious Bus #2
A
)(22 tvkV
)(22 tik I
)(2 tv)(2 ti
G
Woodward EasyGen
Woodward EasyGen
RTAC
G
Controller Hardware
To RTDSTo RTDS
Communication • CHIL: Spirae Wave microgrid controller & EasyGen diesel generator controllers
• PHIL: ESS inverter (representative Schneider 540kW) & PV inverter (actual SMA 500kW)
• Remote CHIL (RHIL): UCSD Advanced Control Technology (ACT) implemented on SEL RTAC
Remote CHIL
16
Virtual Model
69kV Substation Bus
ESIF DRTS
12kV Substation Bus
R&D Control Function
Implementation
Tie to Main Grid
Microgrid Switch, Point of
Interconnection
G G
UCSD Remote Hardware
PMU Data
Diesel Genset #1
Diesel Genset #2
Feeder 3
Feeder 2
Feeder 1
BESS #1
BESS #2
26MW PV
O PMU1
O PMU2
O PMU3 O PMU4
O PMU5
O PMU6 O PMU7
PQ Targets DER Dispatch
CHIL:
• UCSD Advanced Control Technology (ACT) implemented on SEL RTAC
Remote HIL (RHIL):
• RSCAD network simulation at NREL connected to controller hardware at UCSD
14
00
km
Hardware NREL: 500kVA PV,540kW Battery
Model Borrego Springs (Reduced)
Protocol DNP
Link Timestep 100ms
TNO/HESI ↔ NREL/ESIF
Demo Setup
OPENING HESI FACILITY – 31 JANUARY 2017
NREL ESIF Facility TNO HESI Facility
Self-
Consumption
Optimizer
8,0
00
km
Hardware NREL: Air ConditionerTNO: EV Charger
Model Energy Plus (Building Simulation)
Protocol MQQT with JSON query Table
Link Timestep 1sec
Demo Setup
OPENING HESI FACILITY – 31 JANUARY 2017
Self-
Consumption
Optimizer
HESI-ESIF Integrated Test
8,0
00
km
Hardware NREL: Air ConditionerTNO: EV Charger
Model Energy Plus (Building Simulation)
Protocol MQQT with JSON query Table
Link Timestep 1sec
TNO/HESI ↔ NREL/ESIF
NWTC Wind Turbines
SunEdison1 MW PV Array
Controllable Grid Interface (CGI)for Grid and Fault Simulation
Switchgear Building
XcelSubstation
1 MW / 1 MWh BESS
Controlled grid,CGI Bus
Regular grid,Xcel Bus
(7 MVA continuous / 40 MVA s.c.)
115 kV
13.2 kV tie-line
GE 1.5 MW
Siemens 2.3 MW
Alstom 3 MW
Gamesa 2 MW
DC
AC
DC
DC
DC
DC
AC
13.2 kV 13.2 kV
First Solar430 kW PV array
GE 1.25 MW / 1.25 MWh BESS
13.2 kV
Aerial view of the siteAC
AC
AC
NWTC Grid Integration Platform
NWTC 7-MVA Controllable Grid Interface
Power rating• 7 MW continuous• 39 MVA short circuit capacity (for 2 sec)• 4-wire, 13.2 kVFrequency control• Fast output frequency control (3 Hz/sec) within 45-
65 Hz range• 50/60 Hz operation• Can simulate frequency conditions for any type of
power system
Voltage control (no load THD <3%)• Balanced and un-balanced voltage fault conditions
(ZVRT and 130% HVRT) – independent voltagecontrol for each phase on 13.2 kV terminals
• Response time – 1 millisecond (from full voltage tozero, or from zero back to full voltage)
• Long-term symmetrical voltage variations (+/- 10%)and voltage magnitude modulations (0-10 Hz) – SSRconditions
• Programmable impedance (strong and weak grids)
RTDS – PHIL capability
Communication architecture- Preferred digital optical communication
- 2Gb/s RTDS optical link - GOF
- 10Mb/s CGI-ABB proprietary link – POF
- Up to 40x16bit variables exchanged between
RTDS and CGI every 25us (40kHz)
0.2
km
Hardware NWTC 1.5MW Wind Turbine
Model RTDS 9-bus model
Protocol RTDS proprietary
Link Timestep 25us
CGI-RTDS PHIL interface• Instantaneous voltage measured in model and commanded to CGI
• Very fast tracking achieved thanks to instantaneous to phasor (I2P)
algorithm
• Controllable phase delay
• Active and reactive power measured at CGI terminals is fed back to model
• P&Q is filtered to avoid PHIL experiment instability
• Current is injected back to model and synchronized using PLL
• Line to line and line to ground faults simulated in RTDS –within certain electrical distance from POI
• Transient with rich harmonic content
• Zero, positive and negative sequence content
• Highly asymmetrical events
Line fault testing
1 phase line to line fault
PHIL tests –12% generation drop case• G4 generating 50MW before the event
• G4 CB opens
• GE 1.5MW WEC reacts with inertial response &
droop
• Frequency recovers faster with higher m
• Frequency dip was sligthly limited
m fmin[Hz]
0 59.606
3 59.608
69 59.621
100 59.625
RT-SuperLab for the Futuristic GridsCollaborative research infrastructure for• Large-scale systems
• Unique (P)HIL experiments
• Cutting-edge interdisciplinary research
28
Global RT-SuperLab Team
29
Dynamic Simulations for Large Scale Power Networks in Real Time Environment using Multiple RTDS
• Collaborative research infrastructure for
– Large-scale systems
– Unique (P)HIL experiments
– Cutting-edge interdisciplinary research
RT-Super Lab
RT-SuperLab Demonstration
Experiment Results - NREL • Frequency support from a wind turbine
– Over frequency event on account of over-generation
– Key takeaway: stability and optimal resource allocation
– Wind turbines respond based on droop settings
• Negative sign indicates import to INL from NREL
𝑷𝟏𝟓
∆𝑷(∆𝒇)
∆𝒇
INL-NREL PHIL experiments
• WGRID-49 - Short-term Energy Storage and Large Motor Loads for Active Power Controls by Wind Power
• Objective: To develop and test coordinated controls using wind generation by multiple controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) and NREL’s Wind Turbine as power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) at INL. Test and verify the functionality of the distributed wind power plant (WPP) simulation to provide grid support.
33
INL-NREL Unit TestingLoopback communication tests
34
