November 16, Part 4 The Value Chain Job Costing and Overhead Rates Actual versus Budgeted Amounts Levi Strauss Factory Example Absorption Costing and Variable

November 16, Part 4November 16, Part 4• The Value Chain

• Job Costing and Overhead Rates

• Actual versus Budgeted Amounts

• Levi Strauss Factory Example

• Absorption Costing and Variable Costing

• The Eskimo Pie Company







Costs by Business Functiona.k.a. the value chain

R & D

Manufacturing

Marketing, Distribution, Sales

Costs Classified By Business Function ______ R & D PRODUCTMFG. GAAP

PLANNINGMarketing, &Distribution, Sales PRICING







Cost Flows for a Manufacturing Firm

Raw Mat.s

Direct Labor

Mfg O/H

W.I.P. F/G Inv. COGS

= Balance Sheet account

= expense account

= Income Statement Account

Overview of Job Costing for Manufacturing Companies

Manufacturing Overhead

Machine Hours

Indirect CostsDirect Costs

DirectLabor

Direct Materials

IndirectCost Pool

CostAllocationBase

the“Job”

DirectCosts

Five Step Approach To Job Costing

1 Identify the cost object.

2 Identify the direct cost categories for the job.

3 Identify the indirect cost pools associated with the job.

4 Select the cost allocation base for each indirect cost pool.

5 Calculate the rate per unit of the allocation base to allocate indirect costs.

Calculation Of Overhead Rates

Over- = total costs in the cost poolhead total quantity of the costRate allocation base

Calculation Of Overhead Rates

Over- = total costs in the cost poolhead total quantity of the costRate allocation base

When indirect costs are allocated using budgeted rates, step 5 involves the following:5a For the budget period, prepare estimates of the total quantity of the cost allocation base to be incurred (or available).5b For the budget period, estimate total indirect costs (overhead $$$).5c budgeted indirect cost rate = 5b / 5a







Actual versus Budgeted AmountsActual versus Budgeted Amounts• Actual or budgeted rates for overhead.

• Actual or budgeted prices/rates of direct inputs.

• Actual quantities of direct inputs, or standard quantities based on actual production.

• Actual quantity of overhead, or standard quantity based on actual production.

Why Use Budgeted Amounts?Why Use Budgeted Amounts?• Actual costs may not be known on a timely basis.

• Actual costs may be subject to short-run fluctuations.

• When actual O/H rates are used, production volume for one product affects the reported costs of other products.

• A system using budgeted numbers may be more economical.







The Levi Strauss factory in Albuquerque makes jeans and Dockers. Each product line has its own production line on the factory floor. Budgeted and actual overhead costs for the entire factory for 1997 were $1,200,000 and $1,100,000, respectively. Budgeted production for each product line was 500,000 units for the year (one million units for the factory in total). Actual production of jeans was equal to budget. However, actual production of Dockers was curtailed to 400,000 units, due to increased competition in the casual slacks market.

Budgeted Overhead: $1.2 million Actual Overhead: $1.1 millionBudgeted production: 500K jeans, 500K Dockers.Actual production: 500K jeans, 400K Dockers.

Calculate the overhead allocation rate per pair of pants, using budgeted overhead dollars and production.

Calculate the overhead allocation rate per pair of pants, using actual overhead dollars and production.




$1,200,000 (500,000 + 500,000) = $1.20 per unit

$1,100,000 (500,000 + 400,000) = $1.22 per unit



Calculate the misapplied overhead:

$1,200,000 (500,000 + 500,000) = $1.20 per unit




$1,200,000 (500,000 + 500,000) = $1.20 per unit

$1.20 per unit x 900,000 units = $1,080,000 applied

$1,080,000 applied - $1,100,000 actual = $20,000 underapplied.

Misapplied Overhead

• The use of budgeted overhead rates usually results in underallocated or overallocated overhead.

• Possible disposition of these variances include: 1) Restate to actual cost 2) Write off to COGS 3) Prorate between COGS & inventory 4) Treat as a period cost




$1,100,000 (500,000 + 400,000) = $1.22 per unit




$1,100,000 (500,000 + 400,000) = $1.22 per unit

$1.22 per unit x 900,000 units = $1,100,000 applied

$1,100,000 applied - $1,100,000 actual = $0 misapplied.

Misapplied Overhead

• Restatement using actual overhead rates is preferred conceptually, but is not necessarily the most conservative.

• Restatement can result in higher net income and ending inventory than write-off to COGS when variances are unfavorable.

• Is there justification for treating unfavorable variances as a period cost?

Budgeted O/H: $1.2 million Actual O/H: $1.1 millionBudgeted production: 500K jeans, 500K Dockers.Actual production: 500K jeans, 400K Dockers.

Assume that the budgeted overhead of $1,200,000 consisted of $800,000 budgeted for variable overhead and $400,000 for fixed overhead. Also assume that the factory has the capacity to produce 1.5 million pairs of pants, and that the fixed overhead rate is calculated using capacity in the denominator.

Calculate the budgeted overhead rates for fixed overhead and for variable overhead.

Budgeted O/H: $1.2 million Actual O/H: $1.1 millionBudgeted production: 500K jeans, 500K Dockers.Actual production: 500K jeans, 400K Dockers.

Assume that the budgeted overhead of $1,200,000 consisted of $800,000 budgeted for variable overhead and $400,000 for fixed overhead. Also assume that the factory has the capacity to produce 1.5 million pairs of pants, and that the fixed overhead rate is calculated using capacity in the denominator.

Calculate the budgeted overhead rates for fixed overhead and for variable overhead.

Variable O/H rate: $800K 1,000,000 = $.80 per unit Fixed O/H rate: $400,000 1,500,000 = $.27 per unit

Total: $1.07 per unit

Budgeted O/H: $1.2 million; Actual O/H: $1.1 million.Budgeted production: 500K jeans, 500K Dockers.Actual production: 500K jeans, 400K Dockers.

Assume that 500,000 direct labor hours were used in production in 1997, 200,000 for jeans, and 300,000 for Dockers.

Calculate the overhead rate (one rate for both fixed and variable overhead) using direct labor hours as the allocation base, and using actual costs and actual labor hours.

Using the allocation rate above, how much overhead would be allocated to jeans in 1997?





$1,100,000 500,000 = $2.20 per direct labor hour





$1,100,000 500,000 = $2.20 per direct labor hour

$2.20 per direct labor hour x 200,000 direct labor hours = $440,000; which is $0.88 per pair of jeans.







Two Ways To Treat Fixed Manufacturing Overhead

• Variable Costing

• Also called Direct Costing

• Fixed Mfg O/H is a Period Cost

• Focus is on Contri-bution Margin

• This isn’t G.A.A.P.

• Absorption Costing

• Also called Full Costing

• Fixed Mfg O/H is an Inventoriable Cost

• Focus is on Gross Margin

• This is G.A.A.P.

What Costs Are Included In Inventory? V

ari

ab

le C

osti

ng

Ab

sorp

tion

Costi

ng

Variable manufacturing costs (& any direct, fixed costs)

Fixed Manufacturing Overhead

Non-manufacturing costs (e.g. selling, general & admin.)

Example comparing absorption costing and variable costing

10,000 units are made and sold.

Each unit sells for $350.

Variable mfg costs are $150 per unit.

Fixed mfg costs are $700,000.

Variable non-mfg costs are $50 per unit.

Fixed non-mfg costs are $400,000.

Gross Margin Income Statement

COGS: $700K FMOH ÷ 10K units = $70 per unit

$150 variable mfg + $70 FMOH = $220 per unit.

Sales $3,500,000

Cost of Goods Sold 2,200,000

Gross Margin 1,300,000

Non-manufacturing costs 900,000

Income $ 400,000

Contribution Margin Income Statement

Sales $3,500,000Variable Costs Manufacturing costs 1,500,000 Non-manufacturing costs 500,000Contribution Margin $1,500,000Fixed Costs Manufacturing costs 700,000 Non-manufacturing costs 400,000Income $ 400,000







The Eskimo Pie CompanyThe Eskimo Pie Company

The Eskimo Pie Company

The Eskimo Pie Company makes and sells the famous Eskimo Pie ice cream bar. The company’s cost structure is as follows: fixed manufacturing overhead costs per month are $50,000. Variable manufacturing costs are $1.40 for each delicious Eskimo Pie. Fixed non-manufacturing costs (selling, general and administrative costs) are $27,000 per month. Variable non-manufacturing costs are $0.10 for each Eskimo Pie sold.

The Eskimo Pie CompanyThe Eskimo Pie Company makes and sells the famous Eskimo Pie ice cream bar. The company’s cost structure is as follows: fixed manufacturing overhead costs per month are $50,000. Variable manufacturing costs are $1.40 for each delicious Eskimo Pie. Fixed non-manufacturing costs (selling, general and administrative costs) are $27,000 per month. Variable non-manufacturing costs are $.10 for each Eskimo Pie sold.

Required:1. If the company begins the month with zero inventory, manufactures 20,000 Eskimo Pies, and sells 19,999 Eskimo Pies, what is the cost of ending inventory under Absorption (i.e., Full) Costing?

The Eskimo Pie CompanyThe company’s cost structure is as follows: fixed mfg O/H costs per month are $50,000. Variable mfg costs are $1.40 for each delicious Eskimo Pie. Fixed non-mfg costs (selling, general and administrative costs) are $27,000 per month. Variable non-mfg costs are $.10 for each Eskimo Pie sold.

1. If the company begins the month with zero inventory, manufactures 20,000 Eskimo Pies, and sells 19,999 Eskimo Pies, what is the cost of ending inventory under Absorption (i.e., Full) Costing?

F.M.O.H. rate = $50,000 ÷ 20,000 pies = $2.50 per pie. $2.50 fixed mfg + $1.40 variable mfg = $3.90 per pie$3.90 per pie x 1 pie = $3.90

The Eskimo Pie CompanyThe Eskimo Pie Company makes and sells the famous Eskimo Pie ice cream bar. The company’s cost structure is as follows: fixed manufacturing overhead costs per month are $50,000. Variable manufacturing costs are $1.40 for each delicious Eskimo Pie. Fixed non-manufacturing costs (selling, general and administrative costs) are $27,000 per month. Variable non-manufacturing costs are $0.10 for each Eskimo Pie sold.

Required:2. If the company begins the month with zero inventory, manufactures 20,000 Eskimo Pies, and sells 19,999 Eskimo Pies, what is the cost of ending inventory under Variable Costing?


2. If the company begins the month with zero inventory, manufactures 20,000 Eskimo Pies, and sells 19,999 Eskimo Pies, what is the cost of ending inventory under Variable Costing?

$1.40 per pie x 1 pie = $1.40

The company’s cost structure is as follows: fixed manufacturing overhead costs per month are $50,000. Variable manufacturing costs are $1.40 for each delicious Eskimo Pie. Fixed non-manufacturing costs (selling, general and administrative costs) are $27,000 per month. Variable non-manufacturing costs are $0.10 for each Eskimo Pie sold.

Required:3. If the company begins the month with zero inventory, manufactures 20,000 Eskimo Pies, and doesn’t sell any pies, what is net income (loss) for the month under Absorption (i.e., Full) Costing?

The Eskimo Pie Company

The Eskimo Pie CompanyThe company’s cost structure is as follows: fixed mfg overhead costs per month are $50,000. Variable mfg costs are $1.40 for each delicious Eskimo Pie. Fixed non-mfg costs (selling, general and administrative costs) are $27,000 per month. Variable non-mfg costs are $0.10 for each Eskimo Pie sold.

3. If the company begins the month with zero inventory, manufactures 20,000 Eskimo Pies, and doesn’t sell any pies, what is net income (loss) for the month under Absorption (i.e., Full) Costing?

$27,000 loss (fixed non-mfg costs). (All mfg costs are capitalized in ending inventory, and no variable non-mfg costs have been incurred.


Required:4. If the company begins the month with zero inventory, manufactures 20,000 Eskimo Pies, and doesn’t sell any pies, what is net income (loss) for the month under Variable Costing?

The Eskimo Pie CompanyThe company’s cost structure is as follows: fixed mfg overhead costs per month are $50,000. Variable mfg costs are $1.40 for each delicious Eskimo Pie. Fixed non-mfg costs (selling, general and administrative costs) are $27,000 per month. Variable non-mfg costs are $0.10 for each Eskimo Pie sold.

4. If the company begins the month with zero inventory, manufactures 20,000 Eskimo Pies, and doesn’t sell any pies, what is net income (loss) for the month under Variable Costing?

$27,000 + $50,000 = $77,000 loss. (The variable mfg costs are capitalized in ending inventory, and no variable non-mfg costs have been incurred.)

Documents

November 16, Part 4 The Value Chain Job Costing and Overhead Rates Actual versus Budgeted Amounts Levi Strauss Factory Example Absorption Costing and Variable