Noun ion

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Topic

Noun and Noun Phrase

Presented to: Ms. Urooj Fatima

Prepared by: Prof. Rifat AbbasProf. Sajjad Iqbal

Hasham Raza

Mphil. English

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Noun

Noun are the name of Person, Place, Animal,Object, Idea and Qualitie.

a word which refers to something else.

It means that noun is the word which itself is

nothing rather it is used in place of some other

thing.

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Person Place Animal Object Idea Quality Activity

Mathew

MargaretNelson

Stephen

Maryland

(State)Spain

(country)

London

(city)

Dolphin

DonkeyAlligator

Parrot

Boulder

AluminumStatue

Desk

Justice

DemocracySocialism

Loyalty

EfficiencySincerity

Golf

TravelStudy

Examples of Nouns

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Types of NounThere are several different types of Noun.

1. Common Noun

2. Proper Noun

3. Abstract Noun

4. Collective/ Group Noun5. Material Noun

6. Compound Noun

7. Concrete Noun8. Countable and Uncountable Noun

9. Gerund Nouns

10.Predicate Nouns

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Proper Noun

They are the words which namespecific people, organization, orplaces.

Proper nouns start with capitalletters.

They are the names of people,places, organisations etc.They refer to uniqueindividuals.

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Common NounIt is a word that names People, Places or

Things or Abstract Ideas.

Examples:

People: man, girl, boy, mother, father,

teacher, student.

Animals: cat, dog, fish, ant, snake.

Things: book, table, chair, phone.

Place: school, city, building, shop.

Ideas: love, hate, ideas, pride.

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Collective/ Group Nouns

They are singular in form but refer to a group of people orthings. They are often Uncountable.

Example:

Tables, chairs, cupboards etc can be grouped under theCollective noun Furniture.

Group of People: army, audience, band, choir, class,committee, crew, family, gang, jury, orchestra, police,staff, team,

Group of Animals: colony, flock, herd, pack, pod,school, swarm.

Group of Things: bunch, bundle, clump, pair, set, stack.

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Compound Nouns

They are made up of two or more words.

Example:Tooth + Paste = Toothpaste

White + Board =Whiteboard

Noun + Noun = toothpaste

Adjective + Noun = monthly ticket

Verb + Noun = swimming pool

Preposition + Noun = underground

Noun + Verb = haircut

Noun + Preposition = hanger onAdjective + Verb = dry-cleaning

Preposition + Verb = output

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Material Noun

AMaterial Noun denotes a substance or amatter of which a thing is made; like,

Air is lighter than water.Book is made ofpaper.

According to the sense, the same word can beused as a Common Noun or a Material Noun.

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Concrete Nouns

They are the nouns that can be experienced

through our senses; sight, hearing, smell,

touch or taste.

The opposite of a Concrete Noun is an Abstract

Noun.

Examples:

Cats, dogs, tables, chairs, buses, teachers,

students, etc.

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Gerund Nouns

It is formed from a verb by adding ing,

and it can follow a preposition, adjective

and most often another verb.

Example

I enjoy walking.

He loves singing.

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Predicate Nouns

It follows a form of the verb to be. Apredicate noun renames the subject of a

sentence.

He is an idiot.Margaret Thatcher was the Prime Minister.

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Noun- Number

A noun may beSingular or

Plural

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Noun- Number

Noun forms its Plural by the addition of s atthe end of singular form as:

Singular Plural

Girl Girls

Friend Friends

Book Books

Tree Trees

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Noun- Number

Plural of Nouns ending in Consonants

If the singular ends in consonant+y like b+y,

d+y, r+y, t+y the plural is normally made by

changing y to I and adding es.

Singular Plural

Baby BabiesLady Ladies

Ferry Ferries

Party Parties

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Noun- Number

Singular PluralDay Days

Boy Boys

Guy GuysDonkey Donkeys

And if the singular ends in vowel+y, as a+y, u+y, e+y,o+y

the plural is formed by adding s.

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Noun- Number

Singular P

lura

lChurch Churches

Crash Crashes

Bus BushesBox Boxes

Buzz Buzz

Plural of nouns ending in sh, ch, s, x, or zIf the singular ends in sh, ch, s, x, or z the plural is made by adding es.

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Noun- Number

Singular Plural

Echo Echoes

Hero Heroes

Negro Negroes

Potato Potatoes

Plural of nouns ending in OSome nouns ending in o have plurals in es. The most

common are

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Noun- Number

Singular Plural

Radio Radios

Zoo Zoos

Kilo Kilos

Piano Pianos

Photo Photos

Nouns ending in vowels+o have plurals in s e.g.

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Noun- Number

Singular Plural

Buffalo Buffalo(e)s

Mosqito

Mosquito(e)s

Volcano Volcano(e)s

The following words can have plurals in s or es inmore common s or es.

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Noun- Number

Singular and Plural

Irregular and Special Plurals.

Irregular Plurals in (ves)

The following nouns ending in f , fe have

plurals in ves-.

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Noun- Number

Singular Plural

Calf Calves

Elf Elves

Half Halves

Knife Knives

Life Leaves

Leaf SelvesSelf Selves

wolf Wolves

Shelf Shelves

Wife Wives

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Noun- Number

Singular Plural

Barracks Barracks

Series Series

Crossroads Crossroads

Species Species

Headquarters Headquarters

Means Means

Swiss Swiss

News News

Billiards Billiards

Measles Measles

Plurals same as Singular

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Noun- Number

Singular Plural

Mathematics Mathematics

Physics Physics

Athletics AthleticsPolitics Politics

Statics Statics

Most Words ending in icsare normally singular uncountable and

have no plurals

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Noun- Number

Singular Plural

Analysis Analyses (Latin)

Appendix Appendices (Latin)

Bacterium Bacteria (Latin)

Basis Bases (Greek)

Crisis Crises (Greek)

Oasis Oases (Greek)

Phenonenon Phenomena (Greek)

Foreign Plurals:Some words which came from foreign language have

special plurals.

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Noun- Number

Plurals in (s)

An apostrophe(s) is used before the s in

plurals of letters of the alphabets andsometimes in plural of dates and

abbreviations.

e.g.

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Noun- Number

She spelt necessary with two cs.

I loved 1960s. (1960s is more common)

PCs are getting cheaper. ( Pcs is more common)

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CaseCase is inflection or use of a

noun ( or pronoun) to show its

relation to other words in the

sentence.

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CaseNominative Case

Objective or Accusative Case

Possessive or Genitive Case.

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CaseNominative Case:-

When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the

Subject of a verb, it is said to be in in

Nominative Case. This case answers the

question Who? or What? e.g.

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CaseNominative Case:-

The truck stopped.

John threw a stone.

The horse kicked the boy.

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CaseObjective or Accusative Case:-

When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the

Object of a verb, it is said to be in the

objective or accusative case. It answers the

question Whom? or What? e.g.

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CaseObjective or Accusative Case:-

He saw the movie.

The vendors sell mangoes.

This is one of my policies.

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Case

Possessive or Genitive Case:-

Nouns showing possessions are said to be in

Possessive or Genitive Case. It answers the

question, Whose?

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CasePossessive or Genitive Case:-

That car is Johns.

Gods truth will be revealed one day.

Stephen told his masters name.

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.The possessive Case does not always denote

possession. It is used to denote authorship,origin, kind,etc.

e.g.

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Shakespeare's book the plays written by Shakespeare.

A mothers love the love felt by a mother The

presidents speech. the speech delivered by the president.

A weeks holiday a holiday which lasted a week.

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Noun-Gender

1. Masculine

2. Feminine

3. Common Gender

4. Neuter Gender

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Noun-Gender

Masculine:Man

Lion

Cock

BrotherActor

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Noun-Gender

Feminine:

All nouns that refer to female animal are said to be of

feminine gender as:

Woman

LionessSister

Cow

Actress

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Noun-Gender

Note: objects without life are often

personified, that is spoken of as if they

were living beings, we regard them as

male or females e.g.

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Noun-Gender

The sun sheds his beams on rich and

poor alike.

The ship lost all her boats in the

storm.

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PhraseWe can define a phrase as

A group of words that conveys some meaning but not

the complete meaning.

A phrase may lack either a subject or a predicate.

For example the following sentence has three phrases

in it.

A little boy is playing in the garden.

NP VP PP

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Noun Phrase(NP):

A noun phrase refers to a group of words that

acts like a noun. We can define it as

A phrase with a noun as a head is called a noun

phrase.

For example,

A little boy, the garden, etc.

A very easy test to verify an NP is that it can be

replaced by a pronoun. For example A Little boy

can be replaced by he and the garden can be

replaced by it.

D

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Dependents:

An NP is a group of words with noun as a headand the noun is preceded or followed by some

other words, which we call as dependents. NPs

may have dependents preceding the head(Pre-

Head dependents) and\or following the head(posthead dependents).

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C ti d

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Continued..

Before-Head: Determiner before modifiers

After-Head: Complements before modifiers, modifiers before

peripheral dependents.

Dr---------M--------H---------C--------------M---------PD

For example;

Before-Head: A red balloon

Dr M HAfter-Head:

Members of the committee from the western suburbs.

H C M

N PP PP

The storm, which we have been expectingDr H PD

N RCl

Strong signals from outer space

M H M

P H d D d t

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Pre- Head Dependents:

The class of items which most frequently serves the determiner

function is the determinatives. Other possibilities include

possessive pronouns and genitive phrases and numerals( one,three, etc.)

An NP may have as many as three determiners; Central

Determiner which may be preceded by another determiner ( called

pre-determiner) and\or followed by another determiner (called a

post-determiner). The most common of these determiners are;Pre-Determiners: Determinatives(Dr); all, both, such, what(as in

exclamatives), double, ten, half, etc.

Centeral-Determiners: articles, demonstratives, possessive

pronouns, genitive phrases, etc.

Post-Determiners: cardinal numerals( five, six, etc), quantifiers(

every, little, few many, etc).

It must be kept in mind that items of a single calss normally do not

combine.

P H d M difi

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Pre-Head Modifiers:

Pre-head modifiers may be adjectives, nouns,

participles or GPs. For example, those newhouses, the looming crisis, etc.

Order of Pre-Head Modifiers in the NP:

Ordering principles of pre-head modifiers in theNPs is as follows;General-----size-----age----------color-----participle-----provenance-----material-----Head

Strange-- big-- old-- golden-- floating--- Chinese-- seafood -- restaurant

P t H d D d t

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Post-Head Dependents:

Post-head dependents may be complements, modifiers

or peripheral dependents.

For example;

Complement-----------------------students of philosophy

Modifiers----------------------------students in Lahore, boyson bicycles

Peripheral Dependents(PD)-----the car, which Ali used

to drivePD is set off from rest of the NP by a comma. It is

normally called as a relative clause.

N Ph St t

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Noun-Phrase Structure:

Sometimes an NP may be comprised of a noun,

without any pre-and\or post- modification andsometimes head preceded and\or followed by a

pre- and\or post-modifier\s.

For example structure of a simple NP can be asfollows;NP NP NP NP

PropN N N Pro

Ahmed furniture children he

F ti f NP

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Functions of NPs:

-A noun phrase can act as a subject

of verb.

For example,

A little boy eats an apple daily.

NP

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-An NP can act as an object of

verb.

For example,

Ali eats an apple daily.NP

An NP can also be a complement of a linking

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-An NP can also be a complement of a linking

verb.

For example,

Mrs. Urooj is my syntax teacher.

NP

-An NP can act as object of a prepositional

phrase(PP).For example,

Aslam is the most intelligent student ofthis class.

NP

Position of an NP in a sentence

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Position of an NP in a sentence.

An NP can be placed at any of the following

positions in a sentence;

1-The noun phrase is found as a daughter of S,

preceding the verb phrase; this noun phrase iscalled the subject.

S---------------NP+VP

2 The noun phrase is found as a daughter of

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2-The noun phrase is found as a daughter of

VP, following the verb.

The noun phrase which immediately follows the

verb is called the object. Two or more NPs can

appear after the verb, in which case they can be

called first object, second object and so on.

VP-------------V+NP

3 The noun phrase is found as a daughter of a

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3-The noun phrase is found as a daughter of a

PP, following the preposition.

PP-------------Pre+NP

For example;

A school teacher was teaching English grammar in the class.

NP/subject NP/object NP

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An NP in English is not found as a daughter

of AP or as a daughter of AdvP.

As regards its internal structure, we know

that the noun phrase can begin with anarticle, followed by an AP, followed by a

noun, followed by a PP.

Conclusion:

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Conclusion:

We can sum up the whole discussion about Noun and

Noun Phrase by saying that nouns and noun phrases

hold a great importance in the construction of Englishsentences. There is a great number of nouns in

English language as it belongs to an open class of

words. We have seen that an noun may occur in

different types and forms, depending upon its function.As regards a structural unit of an English sentence an

NP holds a great importance as well. It can perform

different functions and can hold different positions in

the sentences based on the function. An NP can beformulated in a number of ways with a noun being its

head. The use of NPs enhances the effect of a piece

of writing\language and beautifies\enriches it.

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Noun ion