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Brief overview of profession roots Study history from its origin in ancient
Babylonia through the middle of the twentieth century
Pharmacy in ancient times◦ It was practiced in prehistoric times as people
instintinctively used the water, plants and earth around them for soothing compresses on wounds and ailments
◦ As civilization dawned in ancient Mesopotamia (2600 B.C.), Babylonian healing practitioners combined the responsibilities of priest, physician, and pharmacist, some oldest pharmacy records are found in Sumerian clay cuneiform tablets that date about 200 B.C.
◦ Retailers of drugs were concentrated on certain street in Babylon by 2111 B.C
Pharmacy History
Pharmacy in ancient times◦ An ancient china (circa 200 B.C), legend tells that
emperor Shen Nung investigated the medical properties of hundreds of herbs, and he recorded 365 native herbal drugs in the first pen T’sao
◦
Pharmacy History
Pharmacy in ancient times◦ Egyptian priest, prepared medicines, ebers
papyrus dates from 1900-1100 B.C contains 800 prescriptions using 700 drugs, of particular note in the papyrus is inclusion of quantities of substances
◦ Many modern dosage forms are referred to in the ebers papyrus (gargles, snuffs, inhalations, suppositories…..)
Pharmacy History
Pharmacy in ancient times◦ Ancient Greece lived the father of botany,
Theophrastus (300 B.C) , his observations about the medicinal qualities of herbs have proven uncannily accurate
◦ Hippocrates of Cos formulated the theory of the four human that parallel the four elements (air- blood, water- phlegm, earth-black bile, fire- yellow bile)
◦ He surmised that disease was caused by an imbalance of these bad humors
Pharmacy History
Pharmacy in ancient times◦ Ancient Rome, Galen (A.D 130-200) ◦ Developed principles of preparing and
compounding medicinal agents ◦ Sought to restore humeral balances within a
patient by the use of medicine of opposing qualities
Pharmacy History
Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages◦ Thanks to the Arab world pharmaceutical
knowledge grew considerably ◦ Pharmacy as a separate activity began to develop
and privately owned pharmacies were established in Islamic lands
◦ First known apothecary shop was opened in Baghdad in the 18th century, and the Muslims carried this concept into Europe during wars and other excursions into Africa, Spain, southern France
Pharmacy History
Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages◦ Ibn Sina (circa 980-1037)- Avicenna- intellectual
giant, he was a physician, poet, philosopher, diplomat, companion of Persian princes and rulers
◦ His Canon Medicinae brought together the best knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs into a single medical text
Pharmacy History
Pharmacy differentiate during middle ages◦ German emperor Frederick II issued an edict in
about 1240 that legally separated pharmacy from medicine in southern Italy and Sicily
Pharmacy History
The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too◦ Reexamined the Greek and roman tents◦ The Swiss physician Pearcelsus (1493-1541) introduce
two ideas disease might be localized in a specific organ, and some plants contained minute quantities of active chemical
◦ Emerging of professional associations of pharmacists◦ Pharmacist was under jurisdiction of Guild of grocers,
which monopolized the drug and spice trade◦ King James I granted a charter recognizing the society
of apothecaries of London
Pharmacy History
The Renaissance: Pharmacists Flourished Too◦ Imbalance of acid and alkaline substances in the
body theory, hompathy
Pharmacy History
Pharmacy in the united state: the early days◦ Increased recognition and application of the
scientific method in the 1700s, modern pharmacy emerged
◦ Progress in organic, inorganic chemistry, immunology, and chemotherapy began to change pharmacy from empirically based profession to a knowledge based one
◦ 4 types of pharmacist: the dispensing physician, the apothecary shop, the general store, and te wholesale druggist
Pharmacy History
Pharmacy in the united state: the nineteenth century◦ Begin manufacturing And selling chemical in the
late 1700s, basis of establishing pharmaceutical companies
◦ World was changing from agriculturally based economy to an industry based one
◦ Manufacturing of drugs using newly discovered principles of chemistry
◦ Microbial basis of many disease◦ Smallpox vaccine of Jenner◦ Isolation of drug morphine from opium
Pharmacy History
Pharmacy in the united state: the nineteenth century◦ National pharmacopeia, 1820, in senate chambers
of the U.S. capital in Washington◦ 1800s states were issuing licenses to
apothecaries◦ 1st was south Carolina ◦ 1821 the Philadelphia college of pharmacy was
founded, 1st pharmacy organization in the united states , other schools followed quickly
Pharmacy History
Pharmacy in the united state: the nineteenth century◦ In the later half, pharmacy apprentices with several
years’ experience in apothecary shops would attend school for a limited amount of time before coming licensed pharmacist
◦ A physician chemist at the university of Michigan changed that. Albert Perscott believed that the scientific foundation of pharmacy should be laid first through didactic educational programs and only then should the student attempt to learn the practical side of the trade through an apprenticeship
Pharmacy History
Pharmacy in the united state: the nineteenth century◦ He was rejected as a delegate at the 1871 AphA
convention in St. Louis but time proved him right!
Pharmacy History
Twentieth century pharmacy: a business or a profession◦ … if the preparation of medicine is taken from the
apothecary and he becomes merely the dispenser of them, his business is shorn of half its dignity and importance, and he relapses into a simple shopkeeper”
W. Procter, chief problem for 20th century
More and more products were produced ready to dispense, pharmaceutical industery become stronger
Pharmacy History
Twentieth century pharmacy: a business or a profession◦ After world war II, the military had an urgent need
for penicillin, which had lain dormant in Fleming's laboratory for 0 years. The technology, scientific knowledge and need were present all at once
Pharmacy History
Twentieth century pharmacy: a business or a profession◦ The art of compounding rapidly become less
important◦ The knowledge about the drugs, their
mechanisms of actions, and their side effects become much more complicated
Pharmacy History