Nottingham Centre for Carbon Capture and Storage Annual ... · Nottingham Centre for Carbon Capture and Storage Annual Report 2011 –12 . Inside Welcome ... In March Charles Hendry,

Nottingham Centre for Carbon Capture and StorageAnnual Report 2011 –12www.ncccs.ac.uk

Inside

Welcome

How does NCCCS work?

NCCCS highlights:

Highlighting public engagement

Highlighting potential environmental effects of CCS

NCCCS training

Science highlights: Characterisation of a sandstone reacted with saline CO2 fluid at reservoir pressure

Investigating solubility trapping

North Sea CO2 storage space: managing competing demands

Progress with NCCCS PhDs

Recent proposals and bids

Outputs of NCCCS staff

A new year...

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This year was busy for NCCCS. In March Charles Hendry, then Minster of State for Energy, visited NCCCS and met the NCCCS staff and PhD students as well as senior members of the University and BGS. The minister was given a tour of the state–of–the–art CCS research facilities at NCCCS and spoke to PhD students and researchers about their experimental work. The minister was keen to encourage stronger links between academic communities and industry to ensure cost–competitive deployment of CCS.

Two very well–attended workshops were held; one on Environmental Effects of CO2 leakage and one on public engagement with CCS.

NCCCS PhDs continue to go from strength to strength.

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Right:1 NCCCS–CCS–TLM Academy training in London2 NCCCS fieldtrip to study storage sandstones3 NCCCS hosted a CCS meeting at the European Parliament4 Charles Hendry visited NCCCS in March

Cover image: Power station at night, © cozyta (Shutterstock images)

It has been an exciting year for CCS in the UK, with the announcement of the DECC CCS roadmap and commercialisation programme, which at the time of writing (October 2012) is close to being announced. It has also been an exciting year for CCS research in the UK with the establishment of the RCUK funded UKCCS Research Centre, of which both BGS and The University of Nottingham are founding and coordinating partners. It is an exciting time for CCS research development and there is clear potential for BGS and Nottingham to play a key role.

The past year has also been a time of change for NCCCS with the departure of Mercedes Maroto–Valer to take up a new position at Heriot–Watt University. I was appointed Professor in Effi cient Fossil Energy Technology at The University of Nottingham in September 2012 with which came the responsibility to work to continue to develop the CCS collaboration with BGS. I also took over Directorship of NCCCS from Mike Stephenson, who now becomes Deputy Director. This is an exciting opportunity and it is a great pleasure to work to develop the NCCCS partnership to deliver research excellence.

Professor Trevor Drage

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www.ncccs.ac.uk 03NCCCS Annual Report 2012

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NCCCS is a partnership between The University of Nottingham and the British Geological Survey and thus brings together the talents of almost 70 scientists in the fields of capture, transport and storage of CO2, covering the full chain of CCS.

NCCCS also works with social scientists, linguists and psychologists addressing aspects of the perception and public acceptance of CCS.

How does NCCCS work?

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NCCCS organised and hosted a CCS public engagement meeting: Public Engagement with CCS: A Different Perspective on Monday 21st May. The meeting was attended by more than 40 people and the aim was to set up a dialogue with business, industry and academics in order to develop an appreciation of existing public opinion about CCS, and current engagement and communication practices. The view of the participants was that the NCCCS linguistic–psychological approach to understanding of the public image of CCS was unique.

Extract from ‘Factors that infl uence public opinion of CCS’ by Christopher Jones* and Claire Lawrence†:*Department of Psychology, University of Sheffi eld† School of Psychology, The University of Nottingham

What do we know about public opinion? Awareness of CCS and its applications is typically low and general attitudes are typically characterized by ambivalence as people trade of the benefi ts in terms of mitigating climate change with subjective perceived risks (e.g., fears of leakage or explosion leading to threats to human health). For a list of commonly perceived benefi ts and risks, see Table 1. This ambivalence is often viewed negatively by proponents of CCS, stemming perhaps from a fear that bad press or miscommunication could lead attitudes to crystallize in a negative direction. Arguably, however, this ambivalence should be viewed positively, as an opportunity to inform and improve opinion while it is still forming.

Highlighting public engagement

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Table 1: Common perceived concerns and benefi ts of CCS

NCCCS organised and hosted a workshop on Potential Environmental Effects of CO2 leakage in the Marine and Terrestrial Environment: Understanding; Monitoring; Mitigation.

The workshop was attended by more than 60 delegates from industry and academia and was funded by UKCCSC. The event was organised in collaboration with the Environmental Sustainability KTN, the Energy Generation & Supply KTN, and Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML).

The main talks were: Marine projects and dispersion (Jerry Blackford, PML); Marine monitoring (Ian Wright, National Oceanography Centre); Marine impacts and risk assessment (Steve Widdicombe, PML); Natural Analogues (Giorgio Caramanna, NCCCS/The University of Nottingham); Terrestrial risks (Dave Jones, NCCCS/BGS); and Industrial perspective on marine/terrestrial risk (Ian Phillips, CO2Deepstore Ltd)

Highlighting potential environmental effects of CCS

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Dave Jones presents his talk in the Sir Colin Campbell Building

BGS undertaking terrestrial monitoring for CO2 at In Salah, Algeria

NCCCS training

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CGS Geoschool

Two NCCCS researchers, Gemma Purser and Chijioke Nwankwor, attended the CGS Europe spring school on the geological storage of CO2 from the 12th–18th of March. This was sponsored by Statoil, Zero Emission Platform (ZEP) and IEA–GHG and involved the participation of 8 teachers and 19 pupils from across Europe. The course took place at Leszcze in central Poland and also featured a visit to the Bełchatów CO2 injection test site.

NCCCS fi eld trip

In April, NCCCS staff and students visited some localities in northern England to look at sandstone units similar to those that occur under the North Sea which are likely to be targets to store CO2. The trip also featured a visit to Doosan’s Oxyfuel CO2 capture plant at Renfrew, near Glasgow.

NCCCS teamed up with CCS–TLM to deliver a CCS course in a London hotel in January

NCCCS geologists and engineers studying sandstone outcrops at the Eden River

Gemma Purser and Chijioke Nwankwor at the Bełchatów injection site in Poland

Doosan’s pilot oxyfuel CO2 capture facility at Renfrew(© Doosan Power Systems)

This involved a ‘fl ow–through’ experiment conducted at BGS at reservoir temperature and pressure (200 bar 140°C) , using samples of Sherwood Sandstone — a likely storage lithology — and synthetic fl uids. As well as the normal fl uid and mineralogical observations the solid core used was characterised both pre and post reaction using the X–Ray Computed Tomography (XRCT) facilities at The University of Nottingham.

Right: The lower image shows the sandstone core sample after three months of reservoir pressure injection of saline saturated CO2 fl uid. The image shows distinctly enlarged pores and a more distinct fabric suggesting that some mineral dissolution has taken place.

Characterisation of a sandstone reacted with saline CO2 fl uid at reservoir pressure

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Once injected deep underground, waste CO2 will be ‘physically trapped’ in a porous rock such as a sandstone by an overlying, low permeability caprock. The CO2 will then rapidly begin to dissolve into the porewater in the sandstone, a process known as ‘solubility trapping’. This is the fi rst chemical trapping mechanism, and leads on to longer–term mechanisms such as ‘mineral trapping’.

Mechanisms that maximise solubility trapping of CO2 are very important, and one of these is the formation of plumes of slightly denser CO2–rich water that descend from the CO2–water interface below an underground CO2 store. These plumes act to enhance CO2–water mixing and CO2 dissolution, and also help transport the CO2 even deeper underground.

At NCCCS we are mathematically modelling CO2 dissolution but also setting up CO2 dissolution experiments in the lab. The image to the right shows one of these experiments.

Right: This enhanced image (at 255 seconds after the start of the experiment) shows a Hele–Shaw cell with CO2 gas at the very top and water fi lling most of the cell (the cell consists of two closely–spaced sheets of glass, much like a thin double–glazing unit). As the CO2 dissolves into the water, instabilities develop at the contact, and many small plumes develop (coloured yellow). Water with CO2 in it is slightly denser than CO2–poor water so it begins to descend, being replaced by rising CO2–poor water. CO2 then dissolves into this CO2 –poor water, and the cycle continues to produce ever larger plumes. If there is excess water present, then this process continues until all the CO2 is dissolved. If excess CO2 is present, then the process continues until the water becomes saturated with CO2.

Investigating solubility trapping

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Sandstone formations in the Northern North Sea with the potential to store CO2 directly overlie each other and are often in hydraulic connection. Many are dynamically connected. Responses to CO2 injection in one formation might be seen in connected formations, for example migration of CO2, pressure rises and formation brine movement. In pressure, studies have shown that the footprint extends much further than the extent of the

CO2 plume. This pressure fi eld could interact with other subsurface operations such as adjacent storage sites or hydrocarbon fi eld operations. NCCCS with its collaborator The Crown Estate is looking at methods of managing pore space to maximise benefi t.

North Sea CO2 storage space: managing competing demands

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Gas field

Plan ViewVertical Section

CO2 injection

Scenario 1:Best storage site chosen by industry

Storage capacity reduced due to pressure increases

CO2 injection

Scenario 2:Is this a better first entry for a CO2 storage site?

Mineralogy and geochemistry of ultramafi c rocks for mineral CO2 sequestrationAlicja Lacinska

In July 2012 Alicja and her supervisor Mike Styles undertook fi eld work on the Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, and collected a range of vein serpentinite samples. These were mineralogically and geochemically characterised at the British Geological Survey Laboratories. An experimental study is scheduled for December 2012. Its main aim will be to assess the relationship between leaching effi ciency of Mg and structural and chemical variation of different polymorphs and polytypes of serpentine minerals.

Future work will involve fi eld and laboratory investigations of serpentinites from Italian ultramafi c rocks from Elba, the Modena Ophiolite, Val Sissone and Balangero. As part of her research programme Alicja will also be examining carbonation processes and their reaction products.

CCS: Factors infl uencing public attitudes

Andrey Barsky

A series of studies have been carried out to measure participants’ attitudes towards CCS depending on certain variables such as cost, effectiveness, and timeframe. Another study tests the effect of different communication strategies and how obvious are these effects. A third study has also been piloted on attitude–forming processes over time when learning about CCS: pilot results seem to suggest that the primary factor leading to rejection of CCS is the uncertainty of its effects rather than any particular risk or cost, though this needs to be verifi ed in a full–scale study which will be carried out this year.


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Binocular microscope identifi cation and separation of pure lizardite grains for experiments

Serpentinites occur in the following locations:Ophiolites: purpleGreenstone belts: orangeLayered intrusions: green

The effects of gas stream impurities and reservoir mineralogy on long term geological storage of carbon dioxide

Chijioke Nwankwor

During the year experiments using analogues for SO2 and H2S impurities in the CO2 have been performed. All experiments were conducted over 3–6 months using a 0.5 M NaCl solution at 70°C and 200 bar pressure, conditions typical of many potential CO2 geologic storage sites. All the laboratory batch experiments were completed in early September. Fluid samples collected from the experiments were analysed using three different techniques; inductively coupled plasma–mass spectroscopy (ICP–MS) for cations present, titration for bicarbonate concentrations and pH measurements. Mineralogical characterisation samples of the reacted rock materials were analysed both before and after reaction using a mineral liberation analyser (MLA).

Dissolution processes at the CO2/brine interface

Tom Ward

CO2 is dissolved into formation water, resulting in a small density increase in the solution. This denser solution begins to sink to the bottom of the structure and mix with the water. Whilst mixing, reactions between the CO2 and minerals occur, reducing the concentration of CO2 in the solution and decreasing the density of the solution. This forces the solution to rise back to the top of the structure.The opposing effects these processes have on the density of the solution result in convective currents, which form “fi ngers” of CO2. The aim of this project is to model the fi ngering process in order to maximise the amount of CO2 that can be stored via mineral trapping.


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Experimental models of CO2 dissolution

Computer model of dissolutionChecking samples in

autoclaves in the laboratory

Recent proposals and bids

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Funding body Proposal title NCCCS PI Groups involved Date submitted

World Bank CCS in China Jonathan Pearce/Ceri Vincent/Antony Benham

NCCCS/TNO/Ecofys/CCS–TLM/Chinese Academy of Science

January 2012

Asian Development Bank

CCS on gas power plants in China

Antony Benham/ Ceri Vincent

CCS–TLM/NCCCS/GDF/ Tractebel (Belgium)

February 2012

World Bank CCS advice in Kosovo Antony Benham/ Ceri Vincent

NCCCS/Quintessa/Beak Consultants (Germany)

February 2012

UKCCSRC Management of large open aquifers

Michelle Bentham/ Jonathan Pearce

NCCCS, supported by Crown Estate

September 2012

UKCCSRC CO2 storage in early Palaeogene and Neogene hydrogeological systems of the North Sea

Sam Holloway NCCCS (BGS) and Edinburgh University

September 2012

UKCCSRC Fault seal controls on aquifer CO2 storage security

Andy Chadwick NCCCS (BGS) and Edinburgh University

September 2012

UKCCSRC Determination of water solubility in CO2 mixtures for CO2 transportation

Trevor Drage NCCCS September 2012

UKCCSRC Carbon Capture and Storage: Plant Responses And the Identification of Residual effects In the Environment (CCS: PRAIRIE)

Barry Lomax/Dave Jones

NCCCS September 2012

Cenovus Energy

Monitoring CO2 at Weyburn Dave Jones NCCCS (BGS) September 2012

SACCCS Geological exploration of deep aquifers and aquicludes of an onshore Mesozoic Basin in South Africa

Tim Pharaoh/ Ceri Vincent

NCCCS (BGS) Ongoing (EOI approved)

Arts, R.J., Jones, D.G., Chadwick, R.A., Klinkby, L., Bernstone, C., Sørensen, A.T. 2011. Development of a monitoring plan for the Vedsted structure in Denmark. Energy Procedia, 4, 3558–3565.

Boait, F, White, N., Chadwick, R. A., Noy, D.J. & Bickle, M. 2011. Layer spreading and dimming within the CO2 plume at the Sleipner Field in the North Sea. Energy Procedia 4 (2011), 3254–3261, Elsevier.

Chadwick, R.A. 2011. CCS — between a rock and a hard place? Greenhouse Gases: Science & technology. Vol 1, part 2, 99–101.

Daamen, D., Bart W. B.,ter Mors E., Reiner, D., Schumann, D., Anghel, S., Boulouta, I., Cismaru, D., Constantin, C., de Jager, C., Dudu, A., Firth, R., Gemeni, V., Hendriks, C., Koukouzas, N., Markos, A., Næss, R., Nihfidov, O., Pietzner, K., Samoila I., Sava, C., Stephenson, M., Tomescu, C., Torvatn, H., Tvedt, S., Vallentin, D. West, J M. and Ziogou F. (2011) Scrutinizing the impact of CCS communication on opinion quality: Focus group discussions versus Information-Choice Questionnaires: Results from experimental research in six countries. Energy Procedia 4, pp 6182–6187. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.629.

Dawson, R., Stevens, L. Drage, T.C., Snape, C.E., Adams, D.J., and Cooper, A.I. 2012. High Carbon Dioxide Capture Capacity and the Effects of Moisture in Alcohol-containing Microporous Organic Polymer Networks. Journal of the American Chemical Society. DOI: 10.1021/ja30196h..

Drage T.C., Snape C.E., Stevens, L., Wood, J., Cooper, A.I., Guo, X. and Irons, R. 2012. Materials challenges for the development of solid sorbents for post combustion carbon capture. Journal of Materials Chemistry 22 (7) 2815–2823.

Gomez–Briceno D., De Jong, M., Drage, T.C., Falzetti, M., Hedin, N. and Snijkers, F. 2011. Scientific Assessment in support of the Materials Roadmap enabling Low Carbon Energy: Technologies Fossil Fuel Energies Sector, including Carbon Capture and Storage. European Commission Joint Research Centre. ISBN 978–92–79–22324–2.

Jones, D.G., T.R. Lister, D.J. Smith, J.M. West, P Coombs, A Gadalia, M Brach, A Annunziatellis, S Lombardi. 2011. In Salah Gas CO2 Storage JIP: Surface gas and biological monitoring. Energy Procedia, 4, 3566–3573.

Li X.-Y. and Zhang, Y.-G., 2011. Seismic reservoir characterization: how can multicomponent data help? J. Geophys. Eng. 8 (2011) 1–18.

Krüger M., Jones, D., Frerichs J., Oppermann B.I., West, J., Coombs P., Green, K., Barlow, T., Lister, R., Shaw, R., Strutt, M. and Möller I. 2011. Effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on the vegetation and microbial populations at a terrestrial CO2 vent at Laacher See, Germany. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 5, 1093–1098.

Liu, D., Fernandez, Y., Ola, O., Mackintosh, S., Maroto-Valer, M., Parlett, CMA., Lee, AF., Wu, JCS. 2012. On the impact of Cu dispersion on CO2 photoreduction over Cu/TiO2. Catalysis Communications, 25 , 78–82.

Liu, Q., Maroto-Valer, M. 2012. Studies of pH buffer systems to promote carbonate formation for CO2 sequestration in brines. Fuel Processing Technology, 98, 6–13.

Liou, P.Y., Chen, S.C., Wu, J.C.S., Liu, D., Mackintosh, S., Maroto-Valer, M., Linforth, R., 2011. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction using an internally illuminated monolith photoreactor. Energy and Environmental Science, 4, 1487–1494.

Monaghan, A. A., Ford, J., Milodowski, A., McInroy, D., Pharaoh, T., Rushton, J., Browne, M., Cooper, A., Hulbert, A., and Napier, B. 2012. New insights from 3D geological models at analogue CO2 storage sites in Lincolnshire and eastern Scotland, UK. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 59, 53–76

Noy, D.J., Holloway, S., Chadwick, R.A., Williams, J.D.O, Hannis, S.A. and Lahann, R. 2012. Modelling large-scale CO2 injection into the Bunter Sandstone in the UK southern North Sea. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 9, 220–233.

Olivares–Marin, M, Garcia, S., Pevida, C., Wong, MS., Maroto-Valer, M. 2011. The influence of the precursor and synthesis method on the CO2 capture capacity of carpet waste-based sorbents. Journal of Environmental Management, 92 , 2810–2817.

Outputs of NCCCS staff

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Sanna, A., Dri, M., Hall, M.R. and Maroto-Valer, M. Waste materials for carbon capture and storage by mineralisation (CCSM) — A UK perspective. Applied Energy, 99, 545–554.

Smith, D.J., Noy, D.J., Chadwick, R.A. & Holloway, S. 2011. The impact of boundary conditions on CO2 storage capacity estimation in aquifers. Energy Procedia 4 (2011), 4828–4834. Elsevier.

Stevens, J.G., Gomez, P., Bourne, R.A., Drage. T.C., George, M.W. and Poliakoff, M. 2011. Could the Energy Cost of Using Supercritical Fluids be Mitigated by Using CO2 from Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)? Journal of Green Chemistry 13 (10), 2727–2733.

Takase, Hiroyasu; McKinley, Ian G.; West, Julia M.; Kumagai, Tsukasa; Akai, Makoto. 2011. Advanced KMS for knowledge sharing and building confidence in CCS. Energy Procedia, 4. 6202–6209. 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.632

Tan, JZY., Fernandez, Y., Liu, D., Maroto-Valer, M., Bian, JC., Zhang, XW. 2012. Photoreduction of CO2 using copper-decorated TiO2 nanorod films with localized surface plasmon behavior. Chemical Physics Letters, 531, 149–154.

Tillotson, P., Chapman, M., Best, A., Sothcott, J., McCann, C., Wang, S., and Li, X., 2011, Observations of fluid-dependent shear-wave splitting in synthetic porous rocks with aligned penny-shaped fractures. Geophysical Prospecting, 59 (1), 111–119.

Vincent, Ceri J.; Zeng, Rongshu; Chen, Wenying; Ding, Guosheng; Li, Mingyuan; Dai, Shifeng; Poulsen, Niels E. 2011 A geological storage option for CO2 in the Bohaiwan Basin, East China? Energy Procedia, 4. 4641–4647. 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.424.

Vincent, Ceri J.; Poulsen, Niels E.; Rongshu, Zeng; Shifeng, Dai; Mingyuan, Li; Guosheng, Ding. 2011. Evaluation of carbon dioxide storage potential for the Bohai Basin, North-East China. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 5 (3). 598–603. 10.1016/j.ijggc.2010.05.004.

Wang J., Wood, J., Stevens, L., and Drage T.C. 2012. Preparation and CO2 adsorption of amine modified Mg-Al LDH via exfoliation route. Chemical Engineering Science 2012, 68, 424–431.

Wang J., Stevens, L., Drage T.C., Snape, C.E. and Wood, J. 2012. Preparation and CO2 adsorption of amine modified layered double hydroxide via anionic surfactant-mediated route. Chemical Engineering Journal, 182, 267–275.

Wang, X., Maroto-Valer, M. 2011. Integration of CO2 Capture and Mineral Carbonation by Using Recyclable Ammonium Salts. ChemSusChem, 4 ,1291–1300.

Wang, X., Maroto-Valer, M. 2011. Issolution of serpentine using recyclable ammonium salts for CO2 mineral carbonation. Fuel, 90, 229–1237.

West, Julia M.; McKinley, Ian G.; Palumbo-Roe, Barbara; Rochelle, Christopher A. 2011. Potential impact of CO2 storage on subsurface microbial ecosystems and implications for groundwater quality. Energy Procedia, 4. 3163–3170. 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.231.

Wilkinson, M., Haszeldine, R.S., Hosaa, A., Stewart, R.A., Holloway, S., Bentham M.S., Smith K., Swarbrick, R., Jenkins, S., Gluyas, J., Mackay, E., Smith, G., Daniels, S., Raistrick, M. 2011. Defining simple and comprehensive assessment units for CO2 storage in saline formations beneath the UK North Sea and continental shelf. Energy Procedia, 4, 4865–4872.

A.E. Milodowski, C.A. Rochelle, A. Lacinska and D. Wagner. 201. A natural analogue study of CO2-cement interaction: Carbonation of calcium silicate hydrate-bearing rocks from Northern Ireland. Energy Procedia, 4, 5235–5242.

K. Bateman, C. Rochelle, A. Lacinska, D. Wagner, H. Taylor and R. Shaw. 2011. CO2-porewater-rock reactions — Large-scale column experiment (Big RIG II). Energy Procedia, 4, 4937–4944.

J.M. Pearce, G.A. Kirby, A. Lacinska, L. Bateson, D. Wagner, C.A. Rochelle and M. Cassidy. 2010. Reservoir-scale CO2-fluid rock interactions: Preliminary results from field investigations in the Paradox Basin, Southeast Utah. Energy Procedia, 4, 5058–5065.

Gammer, D., Green, A., Holloway, S., Smith, G. and the UKSAP Consortium, 2011. The Energy Technologies Institute’s UK CO2 Storage Appraisal Project (UKSAP). SPE paper 148426, Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Chapman, Neil; West, Julia; Bruno, Jordi. 2011. Encounter at Meiringen. Geoscientist, 21 (8). 12–17.

Smith M. Campbell, D., Mackay E. & Polson D. (Eds.) CO2 Aquifer Storage Site Evaluation and Monitoring (CASSEM). Heriot–Watt University, Edinburgh. ISBN 978–0–9571031–0–8

West, Julia M.; Shaw, Richard P.; Pearce, Jonathan M. 2011. Environmental issues in the geological disposal of carbon dioxide and radioactive waste. In: Toth, Ferenc, (ed.) Geological disposal of carbon dioxide and radioactive waste: a comparative assessment. Springer, 81–102, 22pp. (Advances in Global Change Research, 44).

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16 The Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology www.nottingham.ac.uk/dermatology

Antony BenhamBusiness Development ManagerUniversity of Nottingham Innovation ParkTriumph RoadNottingham, NG7 2TUUnited Kingdomt: +44(0)115 823 2736e: [email protected]

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Nottingham Centre for Carbon Capture and Storage Annual ... · Nottingham Centre for Carbon Capture and Storage Annual Report 2011 –12 . Inside Welcome ... In March Charles Hendry,