Carbon Capture & Storage(CCS)Carbon Capture & Storage(CCS)

Method to reduce Method to reduce carboncarbon

Capture COCapture CO22 from from point sourcespoint sources Coal plantsCoal plants

Store it, not release itStore it, not release it Could reduce Could reduce

emissions 80-90% emissions 80-90% from plantsfrom plants

ProblemsProblems

Capturing COCapturing CO22 requires much requires much energyenergy About 25-40% About 25-40%

more fuel for coal more fuel for coal plantsplants

Would result in Would result in higher prices for higher prices for energyenergy

Where to Store COWhere to Store CO22 (Sequestration) (Sequestration)

Geological Geological FormationsFormations

Deep OceansDeep Oceans MineralsMinerals

CostsCosts

Depends on cost of Depends on cost of capture and storagecapture and storage Depend on where Depend on where

storedstored

Storage in salt or Storage in salt or depleted oil fieldsdepleted oil fields $0.5-8.0/CO$0.5-8.0/CO22 ton ton

injected + $.10-.30 for injected + $.10-.30 for monitoring (2003 oil monitoring (2003 oil prices)prices)

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Could cut cost of CCSCould cut cost of CCS Used to increase oil Used to increase oil

production from fieldproduction from field Inject COInject CO22, Nitrogen, or , Nitrogen, or

steamsteam Gases expand, force oil to Gases expand, force oil to

well borewell bore Improves recovery up to Improves recovery up to

30%30% ½ - 2/3 CO½ - 2/3 CO22 returns, rest returns, rest

remains in reservoirremains in reservoir Canada Example –Canada Example –

SaskatchewanSaskatchewan Inject 18 million ton COInject 18 million ton CO22 Recover 130 million more Recover 130 million more

oil barrelsoil barrels In this case, more COIn this case, more CO22

emissionsemissions

CCS Environmental EffectsCCS Environmental Effects

Reduction of Reduction of COCO22 up to 90% up to 90% depending on depending on plantplant

Energy required Energy required for storagefor storage Means more fuel Means more fuel

useuse Pollutants Pollutants

increase = dirty increase = dirty airair

Removing CORemoving CO22

Post CombustionPost Combustion Pre CombustionPre Combustion

Fuel oxidizedFuel oxidized Eventually generate COEventually generate CO22

and Hand H22

COCO22 removed removed

Oxy fuel combustionOxy fuel combustion Burn in oxygen, not airBurn in oxygen, not air Produce COProduce CO22 and H and H22OO Remove water by coolingRemove water by cooling Store COStore CO22 Requires lots of energyRequires lots of energy

Geological Storage (Sequestration)Geological Storage (Sequestration)

Inject in:Inject in: Oil & Gas fieldsOil & Gas fields Depleted Coal seamsDepleted Coal seams Salt depositsSalt deposits Saline filled basaltsSaline filled basalts

Problems with oil fieldsProblems with oil fields Limited distribution and sizeLimited distribution and size Increase emissions with EORIncrease emissions with EOR

Coal SeamsCoal Seams CO2 adsorbs to coal surfaceCO2 adsorbs to coal surface Coal must be permeableCoal must be permeable Will displace methane adsorbedWill displace methane adsorbed Can burn methane, produce CO2Can burn methane, produce CO2

Salt depositsSalt deposits Large storage volume, commonLarge storage volume, common Not much is known about themNot much is known about them

Ocean StorageOcean Storage

Inject COInject CO22 by ship or by ship or pipelinepipeline COCO22 dissolves in deep dissolves in deep

waterwater

Inject to deeper than Inject to deeper than 3000m3000m COCO22 denser than denser than

waters, forms lakewaters, forms lake

Convert COConvert CO22 to to bicarbonatebicarbonate

Store COStore CO22 in clathrate in clathrate hydrateshydrates

Problems with Ocean StorageProblems with Ocean Storage

COCO22 kills organisms kills organisms

COCO22 increases acidity increases acidity of waterof water

After 1600 deep After 1600 deep ocean circulates to ocean circulates to surfacesurface

ExpensiveExpensive

Mineral StorageMineral Storage

Minerals have Mg and CaMinerals have Mg and Ca Add COAdd CO22, convert to , convert to

carbonatescarbonates

Minerals are commonMinerals are common Carbonates are stableCarbonates are stable Must have Must have

environmentally friendly environmentally friendly methodmethod

Must be economically Must be economically feasiblefeasible

Problems with CSSProblems with CSS

Leakage from Leakage from geological geological formationsformations Well selected Well selected

site, COsite, CO22 trapped trapped millions of yearsmillions of years

1000-3000 1000-3000 meters in Oceanmeters in Ocean 50-80% CO50-80% CO22

retained for 500 retained for 500 yearsyears

Mineral storage Mineral storage no leakageno leakage

Other MethodsOther Methods ReforestationReforestation

Use COUse CO22

Already used in BrazilAlready used in Brazil Deforestation Deforestation

contributes 20% of contributes 20% of COCO22 in atmosphere in atmosphere

Forest preservation Forest preservation from logging, from logging, clearingclearing

Leave carbon in the Leave carbon in the groundground Requires alternative Requires alternative

energy sourcesenergy sources

More MethodsMore Methods

Substitute bio-based fuels Substitute bio-based fuels for fossil fuelsfor fossil fuels

Conservation tillageConservation tillage Leave some percentage of Leave some percentage of

biomass in groundbiomass in ground Carbon sequestered in soilCarbon sequestered in soil

Rotational grazingRotational grazing Enhances soil Enhances soil

sequestrationsequestration

Harvest dead/old treesHarvest dead/old trees Bury in trenches in soilBury in trenches in soil

Ocean Iron SeedingOcean Iron Seeding

Enhancing Enhancing productivity in oceansproductivity in oceans Add ironAdd iron Plants/algae grow, use Plants/algae grow, use

up COup CO22

Synthetic TreesSynthetic Trees

Removes CORemoves CO22 by combining by combining with mineralswith minerals

Air flow through sodium Air flow through sodium hydroxide (NaOH) inside treeshydroxide (NaOH) inside trees

Creates NaCreates Na22COCO33 liquid liquid Liquid pumped to sediments Liquid pumped to sediments

below oceanbelow ocean Stored for millions of yearsStored for millions of years

1 tree removes 1000x more 1 tree removes 1000x more than real treethan real tree

250,000 trees need to remove 250,000 trees need to remove 22 billion tons of CO22 billion tons of CO22 produced produced annually from fossil fuelsannually from fossil fuels