Notes of Entity Relationship Modelling

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Notes of ENTITY RELATIONSHIP Modelling1 Mrs Mousmi Ajay Chaurasia,Lect. Deptt. Of Information Technology, BIT DURG

Entity Relationship(ER) ModellingER Model Concepts

--Entities and Attributes

-- Entity Types, Value Sets, and Key Attributes

--Relationships and Relationship Types

-- Weak Entity Types1

--Roles and Attributes in Relationship Types

A database can be modeled as: a collection of entities, relationships among entities.

Entity/Relationship approach - one of the most well known modeling methodsDeveloped by P.Chen in 1976 - many variations since then

Entity:A real-world object that can be distinctly identified may represent somereal physical object.

E.g., Satish is a government employee; Kareena Kapoor is an actress; my car is aHonda CityMay represent some conceptual idea E.g., SC304 is a course; Semester 1 2001/2002 is asemesterAn entity is an object that exists and is distinguishable fromother objects.Example: specific person, company, event, plant

An entity set is a set of entities of the same type that share thesame properties.Example: set of all persons, companies, trees, holidays.An Entity should be:

An Object that will have many instances in the DB

An Object that will have multiple attributesAn Object that v r trying to modelAn Entity should not be:

User of the DB

An O/P of the DB(eg. Report)

Attributes:An entity is represented by a set of attributes, that is,descriptive propertiespossessed by all membersof an entity set.(value from corresponding entity)Example: customer = (customer-name, social-security, customer-street, customer-city)account = (account-number, balance)Domain the set of permitted values for each attribute

Attribute types:Simple and composite attributes.

Single-valued and multi-valued attributes

Null attributes

Derived attributes

Identifiers(Key) attributes


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Notes of ENTITY RELATIONSHIP Modelling2 Mrs Mousmi Ajay Chaurasia,Lect. Deptt. Of Information Technology, BIT DURGSimple versus compositeSimple attributes are atomic.E.g. tel_ph; house color; basic-salary;Composite attributes made up of simple attributes. E.g., address = (St_add,city,state,postal code)CompositeSimpleKey is underlinedSingle valued versus multivaluedSingle valued: single value associated with an attributeMultivalued: may have more than one values. E.g., University degree attribute may contain B.Eng.,

M.Eng., or Ph.D.

Composite attributes b/w( ) and separating with commas and multivalued b/w{ } . Suchattributes rcalled COMPOSITE ATTRIBUTESStored versus derivedMost attribute values are stored eg birthdate. BUT Derived from stored value. E.g., age from birthdateNull : An attribute takes a null value when an entity does not have a value for it. eg house_noHeight of a person attribute ism issin g n homephone attribute is not known attribute.IIddeen

nttiif


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fiieerrss((KKe

eyyss)): An attribute(or combination of attributes) that uniquely identifies the instances of an entity type.Identifiers will not change in value,will not be null.No intelligent Identifiers( containing people orlocationsthat might change).DerivedIdentifierMultivalued(from date_employ& current date)(employee can have more than 1 skill)


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Summary of ER diagram ,Notation of ER SchemasSymbol

MeaningENTITY TYPEWEAK ENTITY TYPERELATIONSHIP TYPEIDENTIFYING RELATIONSHIP TYPEATTRIBUTEPRIMARY KEY ATTRIBUTEMULTIVALUED ATTRIBUTECOMPOSITE ATTRIBUTEDERIVED ATTRIBUTE

TOTAL PARTICIPATION OF E2 IN RCARDINALITY RATIO 1:N FOR E1:E2 IN R ENTITY TYPEGENERALIZATION OR SPECIALIZATIONPARTIAL KEY (WEAK ENTITY)

ROLE INDICATORRELATIONSHIP SETS: An association among entities.(set of relationship of the same type)A relationship set is a mathematical relation among n>= 2 entities, each taken from entity sets


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{ (e1, e2, ..., en) | e1E 1, e 2E2, ..., enEn}where (e1, e2, ..., en) is a relationship Example: (Hayes, A-102) depositorAn attribute can also be a property of a relationship set. For instance, the depositor relationship setbetween entity sets

customer and account may have the attribute access-date.


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Degree of the relationship sets:Refers to number of entity sets that participate in a relationship set.


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Relationship sets that involve two entity sets are binary (or degree two). Generally, most relationship sets in a

database

system are binary.

Relationship sets may involve more than two entity sets. The entity sets customer, loan, and branch may be

linked by

the ternary (degree three) relationship set. Or may say: Urnary Relationship, Binary relationship, Ternary

Relationship

One entity relatedEntities of two different typesEntities of three differentto another of the same entity typerelated to each othertypes related to each other

Roles: Entity sets of a relationship need not be distinct.

The labels manager and worker are called roles; they specify how employee entities interact via the works-for

relationship set. Roles are indicated in E-R diagrams by labeling the lines that connect diamonds to rectangles.

Role labels are optional, and are used to clarify semantics of the relationship.


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Cardinality of Relationship:(Structural Constraints)Express the number of entities to which another entity can be associated via a relationship set.

Most useful in describing binary relationship sets.For a binary relationship set the mappingcardinality must beone of the following types: One to one: Each entity in the relationship must have exactly one related entity. One to many (many to one): An entity in the relationship on one side can have many related

entities but on the other sidewill have maximum of one related entity. Many to many: Entities on both the sides can have many related entities on the other side.We distinguish among these types by drawing either a directed line (), signifying one, or an undirected line (),signifying many, between the relationship set and the entity set.

Unary Relationships:Binary Relationships:Ternary Relationships:Note: Relationships can haveAttributes of their own.


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Notes of ENTITY RELATIONSHIP Modelling6 Mrs Mousmi Ajay Chaurasia,Lect. Deptt. Of Information Technology, BIT DURGExample of Binary Relationship: works_for relationship b/w EMPLOYEE entity type andDEPARTMENT entity type

Each instancer must relate one employee to one dept.Example for Ternary Relationship:Each instance ofr must be associated with three objectsExample of 1:1 Relationship:

DDL: customer(ssn,cust_nm,cust_st,cust_city)Loan( Loan_nmbr,amt)Borrower(ssn,loan_nmbr)ORcustomer(ssn,cust_nm,cust_st,cust_city)Loan( Loan_nmbr,amt)

A customer is associated with at most one loan via the relationship borrower and a loan isassociated with at most onecustomer via borrower.


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If borrower also has attributes(say: amount,date) then DDL : borrower(amt,dt#)EmployeeWORKS_FORDepartment

d1 d2 d3

r1

r2r3r4r5emp1emp2emp3emp4emp5


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Notes of ENTITY RELATIONSHIP Modelling7 Mrs Mousmi Ajay Chaurasia,Lect. Deptt. Of Information Technology, BIT DURGExample of 1:M and M:1 Relationship:In the one-to-many relationship, a loan is associated with at most one customer via borrower; acustomer is associated with

several (including 0) loans via borrowerIn the many-to-one relationship, a loan is associated with several (including 0) customers viaborrower; a customer isassociated with at most one loan via borrower.Example of M:M Relationship:A customer is associated with several (possibly 0) loans via borrower. A loan is associated withseveral (possibly 0)customers via borrower.Each entity may result in a relation whose attributes are the properties for the entity .Eachrelationship may result ina relation whose attributes link the entities described in the relationship

Weak Entity Sets:A weak entity is an entity that cannot be uniquely identified by its own attributesalone.An entity set that does not have a primary key is referred to as a weak entity set.Has no key

attributes.


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T h e e x i s t e n c e o f aw e a k e n t i t y s e t d e p e n d so n t h e e x i s t e n c e o f as t r o n g e n t i t y s e t ; i tm u s t r e l a t e t o t h es t r o n gset via a one-to-many relationship set.

T h e d i s c r i m i n a t o r ( o r p a r t i a lk e y ) o f a w e a k e n t i t y s e t i st h e s e t o f a t t r i b u t e s t h a td i s t i n g u i s h e s a m o n g a l l t h eentities of a weak entity set.(or Set of attributes that uniquely identify weak entities related tosame owner entity). T h e p r i m a r y k e y o f aw e a k e n t i t y s e t i sf o r m e d b y t h e p r i m a r yk e y o f t h e s t r o n g e n t i t ys e t o n w h i c h t h e w e a kentity set is existence dependent, plus the weak entity sets discriminator.(Primary key of weakentity: identifyingowners primary key + partial key)We depict a weak entity set by double rectangles. We underline the discriminator of a weak entityset with a dashed line.

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Notes of Entity Relationship Modelling