Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-06660-5/1.pdf · Notes and References 291 12. Office of Population Census and Survey, Census 1981 National Report Great Britian Part

Notes and References

PREFACE

1. Fleming, M. C., Construction and the Related Professions, on behalf of the Royal Statistical Society and the Social Science Research Council (Pergamon, 1980).

1 THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

1. CSO, Standard Industrial Classification, revised 1968 (HMSO, 1968). 2. CSO, National Income and Expenditure, 1982 Edition (HMSO,

1982) Table 11.7. 3. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1971-1981 (HMSO, 1982)

Table 9. 4. CSO, National Income and Expenditure, 1982 Edition Table 1.9. 5. These figures are not quite comparable. The value of output refers to

Great Britain and the GDP to the UK. Moreover the value of work undertaken abroad by the UK construction industry is excluded in the output figures for the industry but some allowance is made for it in the GDP figures. The differences do notalterthegeneralargument.

6. CSO, National Income and Expenditure, 1982 Edition Table 1.9. 7. ibid, Tables 1.9 and 3.2. 8. ibid, Table 10.8. 9. Maurice, R. (ed.), for the CSO, National Accounts Statistics: Sources

and Methods (HMSO, 1968) p. 366. 10. CSO,Nationallncomeand Expenditure, 1982 Edition Table 10.8. 11. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1971-1981, Table IS. 12. Leopold, E., 'Where Have All the Workers Gone?' Building, vol. 243,

22 Oct 1982, pp. 29-30. 13. Department of Employment, Employment Gazette, vol. 91 , no. 3,

Mar 1983 (HMSO, 1983) Table 1.1. 14. Business Statistics Office, Input-Output Tables for the United

Kingdom 1974, Business Monitor PA 1004 (HMSO, 1981) Table B. 15. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Tables 9 and

62.

289

290 Notes and References

16. CSO, United Kingdom Balance of Payments, 1982 Edition (HMSO, 1982) Table 3.9.

17. Business Statistics Office, Input-Output Tables for the United Kingdom 1974, Table C.

18. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980 (HMSO, 1981) Table 61.

19. Economist IntelligenceUnit,Capital Spending and the UK Economy, commissioned by the FCEC (EIU, 1981).

20. Cambridge Econometrics Ltd, Policies for Recovery: An Evaluation of Alternatives, commissioned by FCEC, NCBMP, NFBTE, RIBA, RICS (Cambridge Econometrics Ltd, 1981).

21. Trades Union Congress, Reconstruction of Britain (TUC, 1981). 22. National Economic Development Office, Construction, Public

Spending and the Economy, Press Information (NEDO, 2 Mar 1982). 23. Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Homes for Today and

Tomorrow (The Parker Morris Report) (HMSO, 1961).

2 DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND

1. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980 (HMSO, 1981); DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, December Quarter 1982, no. 12 (HMSO, 1983; CSO, National Income and Expenditure 1981 Edition (HMSO, 1981); CSO,Nationallncome and Expenditure 1982 Edition (HMSO, 1982).

2. University of Aston, Joint Unit for Research on the Urban Environment, Planning and Land Availability- quoted in ref. 3, p. 76.

3. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction? NEDO (HMSO, 1978), p. 75.

4. ibid. 5. DoE, The Recent Course of Land and Property Prices and the Factors

Underlying It (DoE, 1976). 6. Shaw, G., Written Answer, Hansard 23 Mar 1982. 7. DoE, Housing Policy: A Consultative Document, Cmnd 6851

(HMSO, 1977). 8. Joint Land Requirements Committee, Sufficient Housing Land for

the 1980s? Paper 1: 'How Much Land should we Plan for?' (Housing Research Foundation, 1982). The Committee comprises members from the Volume Housebuilders' Association, the Royal Town Planning Institute, the House Builders Federation and the Housing Research Foundation.

9. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction?, p. 9.

10. DoE, Housing Policy, Technical Volume, Part 1 (HMSO, 1977) Table 1.5.

11. Office of Population Census and Survey, Census 1981 National Report Great Britain Part 1, CEN 81 NR(l) (HMSO, 1983) Table 24; DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, September Quarter 1982, no. 11 part 2 (HMSO, 1983) Table 2 .20.

Notes and References 291

12. Office of Population Census and Survey, Census 1981 National Report Great Britian Part 1.

13. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, (HMSO, 1982) Table 103.

14. Specialist Research Unit, Why New? The Motivation for House Purchase, paper for the House-Builders Federation (HBF, 1981).

15. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1971-1981, Table 105. 16. Bank of England, 'Analysis of Advances and Acceptances to UK

Residents by Banks in the United Kingdom', Bank of England, 17 Nov 1982, and subsequent issues.

17. 'Housing Attracts Investment', The Times, 23 Apr 1982; 'The Building Trust', BMP Information, 5 Mar 1982.

18. DoE,HousingandConstructionStatistics, 1971-1981, Table 105. 19. Williams, P., The Role of Financial Institutions and Estate Agents

in the Private Housing Market (Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University of Birmingham, 1976). p. 6

20. Gough, T. J., The Economics of Building Societies (Macmillan, 1982).

21. Mayes, D. G., The Property Boom: The Effects of Building Society Behaviour on House Prices (Martin Robertson, 1979).

22. Gough, The Economics of Building Societies, p. 140. 23. University of Aston, Joint Unit for Research on the Urban Environ

ment, Planning and Land Availability; Kilroy, B., 'Housing FinanceWhy so Privileged?', Lloyds Bank Review, no. 133, July 1979, pp. 37-52.

24. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 106. 25. Mabey, S., and Tillet, P., Building Societies: The Need for Reform

(Bow Group, 1980). 26. Kilroy, 'Housing Finance- Why so Privileged?'. 27. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Construction for Industrial

Recovery, NEDO (HMSO, 1978). 28. Hillebrandt, P. M., Economic Theory and the Construction Industry

(Macmillan, 1974) pp. 62-8. 29. Maurice, R. (ed.), National Account Statistics: Sources and Methods,

CSO (HMSO, 1968) p. 364. 30. CSO, National Income and Expenditure 1981 Edition, Table 11.11;

and CSO, National Income and Expenditure 1982 Edition, Table 11.7.

31. DoE, Commercial Property Development (The Pilcher Report) (HMSO, 1975) p. 5.

32. ibid, pp. 49-50. 33. DoE, Commercial and Industrial Property Statistics 1979 (HMSO,

1980) Table 24. 34. Ambrose, P., and Colenutt, B., The Property Machine (Penguin,

1975). 3 5. House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology,

The Water Industry, vol. 1 Report (HMSO, 1982). 36. Government Expenditure Plans 1982/83 to 1984/85, Cmnd 8494

(HMSO, 1982). 37. National Council of Building Material Producers, The Need for


Building Materials (NCBMP, 1978) Appendix 12. 38. The Government's Expenditure Plans 1981/82 to 1983/84, Cmnd

8175 (HMSO, 1981) p. 13. 39. Bar-Hillel, M., 'All You Ever Wanted to Know About the Under

spend', Building, vol. 243, 19 Nov 1982, p. 10. 40. 'Why They Underspend', Building, vol. 243, 5 Nov 1982, p. 11. 41. Ministry of Works, Survey of Problems before the Construction

Industries: A Report prepared for the Minister of Works by Sir Harold Emmerson G.C.B., K.C. V.O. (HMSO, 1962).

42. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and the Construction Industries, NEDO (HMSO, 1975).

43. Relf, C. T ., The Building Timetable: The Public Sector (Building Economics Research Unit, University College Environmental Research Group, 1974).

44. '"Bunching" Pressure on Tender Prices', Building, vol. 242, 26 Feb 1982,p.ll.

45. 'Finding the Funds',Building, vol. 243,3 Sept 1982, pp. 26-7. 46. ibid. 47. 'New Inner City Enterprise from DoE', Building, vol. 243, 18 Nov

1982,p.ll. 48. DoE, English House Condition Survey 1981, Part 1, Report of the

Physical Condition Survey, Housing Survey, Report 12 (HMSO, 1982).

49. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Tables 91 and 97.

50. ibid, Tables 91 and 92. 51. ibid, and Table 2.5 of this volume. 52. National Home Improvement Council, Report on the Market for

Home Improvement, Repair and Maintenance and DIY 1977-80 (NHIC, June 1982) Table 3a.

53. House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology, The Water Industry, Table 3a.

54. DoE, National Road Maintenance Condition Survey 1982 (DoE, 1983).

55. House of Commons Transport Select Committee, First Report (HC-28-l) (HMSO, 1983).

56. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Construction for Industrial Recovery; and Old Buildings Eat up Your Profits (NEDO, 1978).

3 THE PROCESS

1. Ministry of Public Building and Works, The Placing and Management of Contracts for Building and Civil Engineering Work (The Banwell Report) (HMSO, 1964) p. 1.

2. EDC for Building, Faster Building for Industry, NEDO (HMSO, 1983) para 12.23.

3. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 2nd quarter 1972, no. 2 (HMSO, 1972) Table XII.



5. Hille brandt, P. M., Economic Theory and the Construction Industry (Macmillan, 1974) p. 80.

6. Chartered Institute of Building, Project Management in Building (CIOB, 1982) p. 12.

7. Hille brandt, P. M., Andrews, J ., Bale, J ., and Smith, T ., Project Management: Proposals for Change (Building Economics Research Unit, University College Environmental Research Group, 1974).

8. EDC for Building, Faster Building for Industry, para 12 .11. 9. ibid, para 12.22.

10. ibid, paras 9.10 and 9.11. 11. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and

the Construction Industries (The Wood Report) NEDO (HMSO, 1975).

12. EDC for Building, Faster Building for Industry, para 1.7. 13. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Before You Build: What a

Client Needs to Know about the Construction Industry (The Wilson Report) NEDO (HMSO, 1974) pp. 14-15.

14. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and the Construction Industries, p. 34.

15. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Before You Build, pp. 20-40.

16. Dept of the Environment and Welsh Office, Review of Development Control System (The Dobry Report) (HMSO, 1975).

17. House of Commons Expenditure Committee Report on Planning Procedures, vol. 1 , Report Session 197 6-77 (HMSO, 1977).

18. PoE, Statistics of Planning Applications April-June 1982, Press Notice, 15 Feb 1983.

19. Dept of the Environment, Dept of Transport and Welsh Office, Chief Planning Inspector's Report, 1981 (DoE, 1982).

20. EDC for Building, Faster Building for Industry, para 11.7. 21. ibid. 22. Ministry of Works, The Placing and Management of Building Con

tracts, Report of the Central Council for Works and Buildings to the Minister of Works (The Simon Report) (HMSO, 1944).

23. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and the Construction Industries.

24. ibid, p. 73. 25. Hillebrandt, Economic Theory and the Construction Industry, p. 80. 26. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and the

Construction Industries, pp. 100-2. 27. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980, Table 94. 28. Newcombe, R., 'Cost of Competition', Building, vol. 234, 16 June

1978,pp.95-7. 29. National Joint Consultative Council, NJCC Code of Procedure for

Selective Tendering (NJCC, 1972). 30. 'Tender Deviations Worry NJCC', Building, vol. 243, 23 July 1982,

p. 14; Construction Industry Research and Information Association,


Pre-Contract Delays in Civil Engineering Projects (FCEC, 1982). 31. Construction Industry Research and Information Association, Pre

Contract Delays in Civil Engineering Projects. 32. Hillebrandt, Economic Theory and the Construction Industry, p. 80. 33. Lansley, P., Reseach and Construction: Case Studies of the Con

straints to the Application of Construction Management Research (University of Reading, 1983).

34. The constituent bodies of the Joint Contracts Tribunal are: Royal Institute of British Architects; National Federation of Building Trades Employers; Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors; Association of County Councils; Association of Metropolitan Authorities; Association of District Councils; Greater London Council;Committee of Associations of Specialist Engineering Contractors; Federation of Associations of Specialists and Subcontractors; Association of Consulting Engineers; Scottish Building Contract Committee.

35. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980, Table 94. 36. ibid. 37. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and the

Construction Industries, p. 79. 38. Pover, P. E. S., Performance Bonding of Local Authority Building

Contracts in the United Kingdom, Report for University of London M.Sc. in Science and Architecture (Building Economics and Management) (UCL, 1976) p. 27.

39. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction? p. 23.

40. Bentley, M. J. C., Quality Control on Building Sites, CP 7/81 (BRE, 1981).

41. Clark, T., Building Clerks of Works in the NHS: To wards an Educational Policy, CEU Working Paper (York Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies, 1982).

42. Slough Estates Ltd, Industrial Investment: A Case Study in Factory Building (Slough Estates Ltd, 1979).

43. EDC for Building, Faster Building for Industry, para 1.7. 44. Construction Industry Research and Information Association, Pre

Contract Delays in Civil Engineering Projects.

4 OUTPUT IN GREAT BRITAIN

l. Lea, E., Lansley, P., Spencer, P., Efficiency and Growth in the Building Industry (Ashridge Management Research Unit, 1974).

2. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 (HMSO, 1982) p. 161.

3. CSO, National Income and Expenditure 1982 Edition (HMSO, 1982) Table 117.

4. National Home Improvement Council, Report on the Market for Home Improvement, Repair and Maintenance and DIY 1977-80


(NHIC, 1982) Table 1. 5. ibid, Table (3) b. 6. Wheatcroft, A., 'A New Output Enquiry for the Construction

Industry', Economic Trends, no. 333, July 1981, pp. 99-104. 7. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 2. 8. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980, Table 8;

DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 8. 9. Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Housing Statistics

no. 6, July 1967 (HMSO, 1967) Table 15; DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1st quarter 1972, no. 2 (HMSO, 1982) Table 23; DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1st quarter 1975, no. 13 (HMSO, 1975) Table XVIII; DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1st quarter 1979, no. 29 (HMSO, 1979) Table XX.

10. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980, Table 96. 11. Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Housing Statistics no. 6,

Table 9; DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1st quarter 1973, no. 5 (HMSO, 1973) Table 22.

12. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980, Table 88. 13. Scottish Development Department, Scottish Housing Statistics no. 4,

4th quarter 1978 (HMSO, 1978) Table 30. 14. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980, Table 88. 15. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1st quarter 1979, no. 29

(HMSO, 1979) Table XXI. 16. Cullen, A., 'Speculative Housebuilding in Britain: Some Notes on

the Switch to Timber-Frame Production Method', The Production of the Built Environment: The Proceedings of the Bartlett Summer School1981 (University College London, 1982).

17. National House-Building Council, Private House-Building Statistics 1982, quarter 4 (NHBC, 1983) Table 5.

18. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 102. 19. Rimmer, G., 'Brick Marches North', Building, vol239, 28 Nov 1980,

p. 47. 20. DoE, Housing Policy, Technical Volume Part 1 (HMSO, 1977) p. 73. 21. See, for example, Bentley, M. J. C., Quality Control on Building

Sites, BRE Current Paper 7/81 (BRE, 1981). 22. Institute of Housing and RIBA, Homes for the Future: Standards for

· New Housing and Development (RIBA, 1983). 23. DoE, Private Contractors Construction Census 1974 (HMSO, 1976)

Table 52. 24. RIBA, Quarterly Statistical Bulletin no. 51, June 1982 (RIBA, 1982)

Table 6.2. 25. ibid, Table 6.2. 26. ibid, Table 6.3. 27. ibid. 28. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 2nd quarter 1979, no. 30

(HMSO, 1979) Table III. 29. RIB A, Quarterly Statistical Bulletin no. 54, March 1983 (RIBA,

1983)p.3. 30. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, no. 30, Table IV.


5 OUTPUT ABROAD

I. 'Building Up: The Work of UK Construction Firms Overseas', British Business, vol. 9, no. 6, 15-21 Oct 1982, pp. 256-26l;DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 (HMSO, 1982) Table 10.

2. Venus, D. H. M., 'Getting the Work: 2. The Contractors' View', paper to Construction Industry Conference Centre, Easter Conference 1979 International Construction, 5-6 April (University of Nottingham, 1979) pp. 11-13; Davis, A., 'Construction: Personal Approach Wins Arab Contracts', The Times, 30 Mar 1983.

3. 'Construction Overseas' British Business, vol. 6, no. 7, 16-22 Oct 1981 pp. 282-9; 'Building Up: The Work of UK Construction Firms Overseas'.

4. Savory Milln & Co., Building Book 1981 Supplement Dec. 81 (Savory Milln, 1981); Savory Milln & Co., Building Book 1982 val. 2, Con· tractors, House builders and Plant Hire Cvs (Savory Milln, 1982).


6. Venus, 'Getting the Work: 2. The Contractors' View'. 7. ibid. 8. Latham, M., 'The British Abroad', Building, vol. 241, 23 Oct 1981,

p. 23. 9. EDC for Civil Engineering, Design and Export, NEDO (HMSO,

1978) pp. 38-9. 10. Export Business from Capital Projects Overseas, Report of an

Enquiry by the Rt Hon. the Earl of Cromer PC, MBE (HMSO, 1968) p. 22.

11. EDC for Civil Engineering, Design and Export, p. 39. 12. EDC for Civil Engineering, Overseas Capital Projects, a report by

Sir Archie Lamb (NEDO, 1982). 13. Association of Consulting Engineers, Press Release, 22 Mar 1982;

Association of Consulting Engineers, Press Release, Mar 1983. 14. Association of Consulting Engineers, Overseas Work Entrusted

to Members during 1982 (ACE, 1983). 15. Association of Consulting Engineers, Overseas Work Entrusted to

Members during 1981 (ACE, 1982). 16. Beardall, G. D., 'Getting the Work: 1. The Consultants' View',

paper to Construction Industry Conference Centre, Easter Conference 1979, International Construction, S-6 April (University of Nottingham, 1979) pp. 1-10.

17. Department of Trade: Projects and Export Policy Division, Overseas Projects Fund Assistance: Guidance for Applicants (DOT, 1981).

6 FORECASTING AND FORECASTS OF DEMAND AND OUTPUT

I. Sugden, J. D., and Wells, E. 0., Forecasting Construction Output from the Orders, Building Economics Research Unit, Environmental Research Group (University College London, 1977).


2. RIBA, Statistics Section, Quarterly Statistical Bulletin (RIBA). 3. RICS, Quantity Surveyors' Workload, Quarterly RICS News Press

Releases. 4. Wheatcroft, A., DoE, 'A New Output Enquiry for the Construction

Industry', Economic Trends, no. 333, July 1981, pp. 99-104. 5. Fleming, M. C., Construction and the Related Professions, on behalf

of the Royal Statistical Society and the Social Science Research Council (Pergamon, 1980) section 13.S.l2.

6. These include the NFBTE, HBF, FCEC, HVCA and BMF. 7. See, for example, notes 8 and 9 below. 8. Public Expenditure to 1977/78, Cmnd 5519 (HMSO, 1973). 9. Public Expenditure to 1981/82, Cmnd 7049 (HMSO, 1978).

10. Source of data to assist in public-sector housing forecasts include:

(a) dwellings in tenders approved and approved but not started for local authorities and new towns in Great Britain

(b) changes in number of dwellings started and under construction in Great Britain

(c) time lag start to completion dwellings in local authorities and new towns and all public sector

(a) to (c) above in DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, annual and quarterly (HMSO).

11. Sources of data to assist in private-sector housing forecasts include:

(a) changes in number of dwellings started and under construction in Great Britain

(b) time lag start to completion private dwellings (c) receipts and advances of building societies and advances of

other institutions (d) rate of interest on mortgages (e) changes in house prices- there are many indices of which one is

published as below (a) to (e) above in DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, annual

and quarterly (HMSO).

12. Sources of data to assist in private-sector non-housing forecasts include:

(a) CBI Quarterly Industrial Trends Survey reported in CSO, Economic Trends (HMSO)

(b) Dept of Industry Investment Intentions Survey three times a year reported in Dol, British Business (HMSO)

(c) Survey of Office Market Activity by Hillier, Parker, May and (d) Monthly Survey of Business Opinion by Financial Times (e) Business Indicators Poll by RICS and Financial Times (f) Survey of Office Market Activity by Hillier, Parker, May and

Rowden.

13. Organisations undertaking forecasts of the economy include: The Treasury, OECD, NIESR, CBI, London Business School, Cambridge


Econometrics, Cambridge Economic Policy Group, The Liverpool Group and the Economist Intelligence Unit.

14. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Joint Forecasting Committee, Construction Forecasts (every six months) NEDO (HMSO).

15. National Council of Building Material Producers, BMP Forecasts (three times a year) (NCBMP).


17. Young, G., Written Answer, Hansard, 23 Mar 1982. 18. DoE, English House Condition Survey 1981, pt 1, Report of the

Physical Condition Survey, Housing Survey Report 12 (HMSO, 1982). 19. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 (HMSO,

1982) Table 103. 20. ibid, Tables 99-103. 21. Whitehead, C. M. E., The UK Housing Market: An Econometric

Model (Saxon House, 1974). 22. Holmans, A. E., 'A Forecast of Effective Demand for Housing in

Great Britain in the 1970s', Social Trends, no. 1 (HMSO, 1970) pp. 33-42.

23. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Joint Working Party on Demand and Output Forecasts, Construction Industry Prospects to 1979, (NEDO, 1971).

24. ibid. 25. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Regional Construction

Forecasts to 1977, vo1s 1-4 (NEDO, 1974). 26. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Construction into the

Early 1980s, NEDO (HMSO, 1976); EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Scottish Construction into the Early 1980s, NEDO (HMSO, 1976).

7 STRUCTURE OF CONTRACTING INDUSTRY


2. Business Statistics Office, Report on the Census of Production 1980: Construction Industry, PA 500 (HMSO, 1982).

3. CSO, Standard Industrial Classification Revised 1980 (HMSO, 1979) Class 50.

4. Business Statistics Office, Report on the Census of Production 1979: Construction Industry, PA 500 (HMSO, 1981).

5. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 27. 6. ibid. 7. ibid, Table 31. 8. ibid, Table 41. 9. ibid, Tables 31 and 41.

10. ibid,Table43. 11. ibid, Tables 12 and 32. 12. ibid, Table 42.


13. E. B. Savory Milln & Co., Savory Milln's Building Book 1982, vol. 2: Contractors, Housebuilders and Plant Hire Companies (Savory Milln, 1982); E. B. Savory Milln & Co., Savory Milln 's Building Book 1981, vol. 1: Building Materials and Builders Merchants (Savory Milln, 1981); E. B. Savory Milln & Co., Savory Milln's Building Book 1981, Supplement: Company Operating Statistics and Ratios (Savory Milln, 1981).

14. E. B. Savory Milln & Co., Savory Milln 's Building Book 1969-70 (Savory Milln, 1970).


16. ibid; and DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980 (HMSO, 1981) Tables 41 and 42.

17. EDC for Building, Faster Building for Industry, NEDO (HMSO, 1983) paras 9 and 10.

18. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 31. 19. ibid. 20. National House-Building Council, Private House-Building Statistics

1982 4th Quarter (NHBC, 1983) Table 9. 21. Hillebrandt, P.M., Economic Theory and the Construction Industry

(Macmillan, 1974) ch. 12. 22. EDC for Civil Engineering, Efficiency in Road Construction (Chair

man: John Lofthouse) NEDO (HMSO, 1966). 23. The Labour Party, Building Britain's Future: Labour's Policy on

Construction (The Labour Party, 1977) p. 41. 24. The Monopolies Commission, Report on the Supply of Buildings in

the Greater London Area, House of Commons Paper 264, Session 1953/54 (HMSO, 1954).

25. Registrar of Restrictive Trading Agreements, Restrictive Trading Agreements, Report of the Registrar, 1 July 1969 to 30 June 1972, Cmnd 5195 (HMSO, 1973).

26. Ball, M., and Cullen, A., Mergers and Accumulation in the British Construction Industry, 1960-79 Birkbeck College Discussion Paper no. 73 (Birkbeck College, 1980).

27. Jones, D. W. and Harris, F. C., 'Company Acquisitions and Business Performance in the Construction Industry', Construction Papers, vol. 1,no. 3,1982.

28. This section draws on and updates the article on the subject: Hillebrandt, P. M., 'Going Bust: What are the Facts?' Building, vol. 232,11 Feb 1977,pp. 52-3.

29. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 15. 30. Leopold, E., 'Where Have All the Workers Gone?' Building, vol. 243,

22 Oct 1982, pp. 29-30. 31. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 48. 3 2. The NFBTE includes the House Builders Federation, National

Federation of Plastering Contractors, National Association of Scaffolding Contractors, National Federation of Painting and Decorating Contractors, Association of Natural Stone Industries and British Woodworking Federation.


33. National Federation of Building Trades Employers, 1878-1978: An Outline History of the National Federation of Building Trades Employers (NFBTE, I978).

34. The constituent associations of CASEC are: British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd, Electrical Contractors Association, Electrical Contractors Association of Scotland, Heating and Ventilating Contractors Association, National Association of Plumbing, Heating and Mechanical Services Contractors, Metal Window Federation, National Association of Lift Makers, Scottish and Northern Ireland Plumbing Employers Federation (CASEC Annual Report 1981 (CASEC, 1982)).

3 5. The constituent associations of F ASS as at Jan I983 were: Architectural Aluminium Associati0n, Asphalt and Coated Macadam Association, British Decorators' Association, British Precast Concrete Association, British Reinforcement Manufacturers Association, Contract Flooring Association, Federation of Piling Specialists, Felt Roofing Contractors Advisory Board, Glass and Glazing Federation, Mastic Asphalt Council and Employers Federation, National Federation of Terrazzo-Mosaic Specialists, National Master Tile Fixers Association, Suspended Ceilings Association.

36. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Tables II and 46.

37. Local Government Planning and Land Act 1980 (HMSO, I980). 38. Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy, Account

ing Code of Practice for Direct Labour Organisations (CIPFA, 1981 ).

39. Elliot, D. A., Direct Labour Organisations: Implications of the Local Government Planning and Land Act 1980 (CIOB, 1980).

40. ibid. p. 14. 41. Planning Exchange, Direct Labour Organisations: The Effects of

Part II of the Local Government Planning and Land Act 1980, Forum Report no. 31 (Planning Exchange, Glasgow, I982).

4 2. ibid; Elliot, Direct Labour Organisations. 43. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Tables II and

46. 44. DoE, Private Communications of I6 Dec 1982. 45. Economist Intelligence Unit for CABIN, Public Ownership in the

Construction Industries (EIU, 1978).

8 STRUCTURE OF THE PROFESSIONS

1. Kaye, B., The Development of the Architects' Profession in Britain (Allen & Unwin, I960) p. I7.

2. RIBA Statistics Section, Architects' Employment and Earnings 1982: A Report of the RIBA Survey (RIBA, I982).

3. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Engineering Profession (Chairman: Sir Montague Finniston FRS) Cmnd 7794 (HMSO, I980).


4. RIBA Statistics Section, Census of Private Architectural Practices 1980 (RIBA, 1981) p. 2.

5. ibid. 6. RICS, A Study of Quantity Surveying Practice (RICS, 1974 ). 7. Prices and Incomes Board, Architects Costs and Fees, Cmnd 3653

(HMSO, 1967). 8. Monopolies and Mergers Commission, Architects Services: A Report

on the Supply of Architects' Services, with Respect to Scale Fees (House of Commons Papers) (HMSO, 1977).

9. Monopolies and Mergers Commission, Surveyors' Services: A Report on the Supply of Surveyors' Services with Respect to Scale Fees (House of Commons Papers) (HMSO, 1977).

10. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1970-1980 (HMSO, 1981) Tables 50 and 51.

11. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction?NEDO(HMSO, 1978)p.l7.

12. DoE, Private Contractors Census 1974 (HMSO, 1976). 13. RICS, Quantity Surveyor Committee, The Future of the Quantity

Surveyor (RICS, 1971). 14. RICS, Assisting Management to Build, Leaflet (RICS). 15. Continuing Professional Development in Construction Group,

Information Sheet (CPDC, 1982). 16. Continuing Professional Development in Construction Group,

CPDC Newsletter no. 4 (CPDC, Dec 1981).

9 COSTS AND PRICES


2. DoE, Monthly Bulletin Construction Indices: (a) Civil Engineering Works; (b) Building Contracts, Monthly (HMSO).

3. Building Cost Information Service, Quarterly Review of Building Prices, Issue no. 9, Feb 1983 (BCIS, 1983) p. 10.

4. Davis, Belfield and Everest, 'Cost Forecast', Architects' Journal, vol. 177,no. 12,23 Mar 1983.

5. For a fuller discussion of estimating and tendering see Hille brandt, P. M., Economic Theory and the Construction Industry (Macmillan, 1974).

6. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 2. 7. Building Cost Information Service, Quarterly Review of Building

Prices, p. 10. 8. ibid. 9. Davis, Belfield and Everest, 'Cost Forecast'.

10. Stone, P. A., Building Economy: Design Production and Organisation- A Synoptic View (Pergamon, 1983) pp. 20-2.


10 THE LINKS BETWEEN RESOURCES AND OUTPUT AND CAPACITY

1. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction? NEDO (HMSO, 1978) p. 28.

2. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Construction into the Early 1980s NEDO (HMSO, 1976) pp. 33-4.

3. Lemessany, J., and Clapp, M. A., Resource Inputs to New Construction- The Labour Requirements of Hospital Building CP 85/75 (BRE, 1975); Lemessany, J., and Clapp, M.A., Resource Inputs to Construction - The Labour Requirements of House Building CP 76/78 (BRE, 1978).

4. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Scottish Construction into the Early 1980s (HMSO, 1976).

S. National Economic Development Council, The Construction Industry (HMSO, 1964) para 74.

6. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 4th quarter 1974 no. 12, (HMSO, 1975) Table 1.

7. ibid, Tables 45, 47, 48,49 and 51. 8. ibid, Table 2; CSO, Monthly Digest of Statistics no. 343, July 1974

(HMSO, 1974) Table 169.

11 MANPOWER

1. Leopold, E., 'Where Have All the Workers Gone?' Building, vol. 243,22 Oct 1982, pp. 29-30.

2. Construction Industry Training Board, Annual Report 1981/82 (CITB, 1983) Table 1.

3. Marsh, A., Heady, P., and Matheson, J., Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry, OPCS (HMSO, 1981).

4. National Federation of Building Trades Employers, Manpower Study 1974 (NFBTE, 1974).

S. Construction Industry Training Board, Annual Report 1981/82 (CITB, 1983) Table 1.

6. Marsh et al., Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry, Table 7.1. 7. ibid. 8. ibid, Table 7.3. 9. Construction Industry Training Board, £40,000,000 Youth Training

Scheme Offers Place in Construction for 20,000 School Leavers, press release (CITB, 10 Mar 1983) (and related leaflets).

10. Construction Industry Training Board, 'Recognition Only Given to Electrical JIB Trainees', Construction Board News, no. 67, Mar 1983.

11. Marsh et al., Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry, Table 2.4.

12. Jeanes, R. E., Building Operatives Work (HMSO, 1966). 13. Hatchett, M., ILEA Building Craft Student Survey 1978: A Profile

of Building Craft Students in Inner London (The Bartlett School of Architecture and Planning, University College, London, 1982).


I4. Woodward-Smith, N., A National Register of Craft Skills in the Building Industry: A Feasibility Study (Civic Trust, I979).

I5. Fulcher, A. J., 'Achievement Measurement in the Building Sector', Training for Tomorrow, Report of Construction Industry Training Officers Conference ( CITOC) ( CITB, I9 8 2).

I6. Marsh eta!., Labour Mobility in the Cosntruction Industry, p. 8. I 7. ibid, p. Il. I8. Report of Committee of Inquiry under Professor E. H. Phelps

Brown into Certain Matters Concerning Labour in Building and Civil Engineering, Cmnd 37I4 (HMSO, I968) p. 183.

I9. Marsh eta!., Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry, p. Il. 20. Hatchett, ILEA Building Craft Student Survey 1978, Table 8. 21. Marsh et al., Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry, pp.

I O-Il. 22. ibid. 23. ibid, Table 3.4. 24. 'British Labour Fuels Dutch Black Markets', Building, vol. 24I,

23 Oct I98I, p. 11. 25. Manpower Services Commission, 'National Training Survey', I975

quoted in EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction? (HMSO, 1978) pp. 40-5.

26. Marsh eta!., Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry. 27. Report of Committee of Inquiry under Professor E. H. Phelps

Brown into Certain Matters Concerning Labour in Building and Civil Engineering, pp. I 00-1.

28. Health and Safety Executive, News Release, I 0 Nov 1982 (HSE, I982).

29. Health and Safety Executive, Fatal Accidents in Construction in 1978 (HMSO, I98I)

30. CSO, Monthly Digest of Statistics, no. 44I, Sept I982 (HMSO, I982) Table 3.12.

31. Wood, L.,A Union to Build (Lawrence and Wishart, I979). 32. National Joint Council for the Building Industry, Working Rule

Agreement (1982 edn) (NJCBI, I982); Joint Industry Board for the Electrical Contracting Industry, National Working Rules and Industrial Determination for the Electrical Contracting Industry (JIBECI, I982); The National Joint Industry Board for Plumbing Mechanical Engineering Services in England and Wales, Constitution and Rules, National Working Rules, Grading Scheme, Training and Apprenticeship Agreement (JIBPMES, I982); Building and Allied Trades Joint Industrial Council, Constitution and Working Rule Agreement (BATJIC, I983); Civil Engineering Construction Conciliation Board for Great Britain, Constitution of the Board and Working Rule Agreement (CECCB, I982).

33. Joint Industrial Board for the Electrical Contracting Industry, JIB 1982 I 1983 Industrial Determination (JIBECI, ll Jan I98 2).

34. National Joint Council for the Building Industry, Working Rule Agreement, p. 178; Department of Employment, New Earnings Survey 1981 (HMSO, I982) Table 86.



36. ibid, Table 27. 37. ibid, Table 25. 38. CSO, Monthly Digest of Statistics, no. 447, Mar 1983 (HMSO,

1983) Table 3.15. 39. Health and Safety Executive, Fatal Accidents in Construction,

pp. 1 and 7. 40. Marsh eta/., Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry. 41. DoE, Private Contractors' Construction Census 1976 (HMSO, 1977)

Table 32. 42. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, note on

p. 165. 43. ibid, Tables 15,44 and 47. 44. ibid, Tables 15 and 47.

12 PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY OF MANPOWER

1. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 (HMSO, 1982).

2. Business Statistics Office, Report on the Census of Production: Construction, PA 500 (a) 1974 (HMSO, 1976) (b) 1975) (HMSO, 1977) (c) 1976 (HMSO, 1978) (d) 1977 (HMSO, 1979) (e) 1978 (HMSO, 1980) (f) 1979 (HMSO, 1981) (g) 1980 (HMSO, 1982).

3. CSO, National Income and Expenditure, 1982 Edition (HMSO, 1982).

4. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, p. 162. 5. Fleming, M., 'Direct Works Departments and the Construction

Industry- Trends in Employment and Comparative Productivity', National Builder, vol. 58, Feb 1977, pp. 13-15; Fleming, M., 'Direct Works Department and the Construction Industry: Employment and Productivity Re-examined', National Builder, vol. 59, Mar 1978, pp. 90-3.

6. O'Brien, D., 'Direct Works Departments: Output per Head Still Significantly Lower', National Builder, vol. 58, Feb 1977, p. 12.

7. Sugden, J.D., 'Direct Labour: How Statistics Have Proved Nothing', Municipal Engineering, vol. 155, 23 May 1978, pp. 354-7 and 371.

8. Business Statistics Office, Company Finance 13th Issue, Business Monitor MA3 (HMSO, 1983).

9. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 11. 10. National Federation of Building Trades Employers, Manpower

Study 1974 (NFBTE, 1974). 11. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980 (HMSO,

1981) Table 14. 12. Lemessany, J ., and Clapp, M. A., Resource Inputs to Construction:

The Labour Requirements of Housebuilding CP 76/78 (BRE, 1978). 13. Marsh, A., Heady, P., and Matheson, J., Labour Mobility in the

Construction Industry OPCS (HMSO, 1981 ).


14. National Board for Prices and Incomes, Pay and Conditions in the Building Industry, the Civil Engineering Industry and the Construction Industry other than the Building and Civil Engineering, Report Nos. 91, 92 and 93: Statistical Supplement, Cmnd 3982 (HMSO, 1969).


16. Business Statistics Office, Report of the Census of Production, 1976-82.

17. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980, Table 14; National Federation of Building Trades Employers, Manpower Study 1974.

18. Hi11ebrandt, P. M., Small Firms in the Construction Industry, Committee of Inquiry on Small Firms, Research Report no. 10 (HMSO, 1971).

19. National Federation of Building Trades Employers, Manpower Study 1974.

20. Business Statistics Office, Report on the Census of Production, 1976-82.


13 MANAGEMENT

1. Institute of Building, Survey of Home Members 1975 (lOB, 1976). 2. Chartered Institute of Building, Surveys of Student Numbers 1977/78

to 1981/82 (CIOB (formerly lOB) 1978-82). 3. ibid. 4. Chartered Institute of Building, The Challenge of Change: A Report

for the Continuing Professional Development Working Party (CIOB, 1982).

5. Institution of Civil Engineers, Education and Training of Civil Engineers: Report of the Chilver Committee (ICE, 197 5).

6. RIBA, The Architect and his Office (RIBA, 1962). 7. RIBA, Handbook of Architectural Practice and Management (RIBA,

1964). 8. Andrews, J., Education for the Management of Construction: The

Way Ahead- From Already Behind (Codstruction Industry Development Unit, University College London, 1983).

14 MATERIALS


2. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Building Materials: Export Opportunities and Import Substitution, NEDO (HMSO, 1980) pp. 43-4.


3. EDC for Building, Building Products- Competing at Home and Abroad, NEDO (HMSO, 1983).

4. Covington, S. A., The Degree of Quality Assurance Provided with Certain Building Components and Products, CP 8/80 (BRE, 1980).

5. Advisory Council for Applied Research and Development, Facing International Competition: The Impact on Product Design of Standards, Regulations, Certification and Approval (HMSO, 1982).

6. Builders Merchants Federation, Leaflet on BMF and 'The Builders Merchant'(BMF, 1982).

7. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 19 71-1981, Table 2. 8. Builders Merchants Federation, Leaflet on BMF and 'The Builders

Merchant'. 9. ibid.

10. Potter, G. M., 'Seller Concentration, Growth and Financial Performance of Builders' Merchants', report submitted in partial fulfilment for M.Sc. Degree in Architecture, Building Economics and Management (University College London, 1981) p. 58.

11. ibid,p.59. 12. Denison-Pender, M. R., Barnett, G., and David Rigby Associates

(Stockport), The Changing Structures of Stockholding and Distribution of Building Products and Materials in the UK (GIRA UK Ltd, London, 1982).

15 PLANT AND OTHER FIXED ASSETS

1. Welsh, D. 0., 'The Changing Shape of Plant and Machinery', Building, vol.l243, lODec 1982,p.69.

2. CSO, Standard Industrial Classification, revised 1980 (HMSO, 1979). 3. Business Statistics Office, Report on the Census of Production

1979: Construction Industry PA 500 (HMSO, 1981) Table 2.A. 4. CSO, National Income and Expenditure 1982 Edition (HMSO, 1982). 5. CSO, Standard Industrial Classification 1968 (HMSO, 1968). 6. Report on the Census of Production 1974-80: Construction Industry

PA 500 (HMSO, 1976-82) Table 2. 7. Greene & Co., Investment in Plant Hire 1981 (Greene & Co., 1981)

p. 8. 8. ibid, p. 9. 9. ibid, p. 10; Greene & Co.,Investment in Construction 1982 (Greene

& Co., 1982) Table Q. 10. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 (HMSO,

1982) Tables 40 and 41. 11. Report on the Census of Production 1974-9: Construction Industry

PA 500. 12. Greene & Co., Investment in Plant Hire 1981, p. 12. 13. Report on the Census of Production 1979: Construction Industry

PA 500, Table lA; DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 31.

14. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 31.


16 FINANCE FOR CONTRACTING

1. Business Statistics Office, Company Finance, Thirteenth Issue, Business Monitor MA3 (HMSO, 1983) Table 1.

2. ibid, Table 6. 3. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 O:IMSO,

1982) Table 27. 4. Bank of England, Analysis of Advances and Acceptances to UK

Residents by Banks in the United Kingdom 17 Nov 1982 (Bank of England Press Notice, 5 Jan 1983).

5. CSO, National Income and Expenditure 1982 Edition (HMSO, 1982) Table 3 .1.

6. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction? NEDO (HMSO, 1978) pp. 22-3.

7. Committee to Review the Functioning of Financial Institutions: Report (The Wilson Report) Cmnd 793 7 (HMSO, 1980).

8. Interim Report of the Committee to Review the Functioning of Institutions: The Financing of Small Firms, Cmnd 7503 (HMSO, 1979).

17 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

1. CSO, Research and Development: Expenditure and Employment, Studies in Official Statistics no. 27 (HMSO, 1976); Business Statistics Office, Industrial Research and Development Expenditure and Employment 1978, M014 (HMSO, 1980); Department of the Environment and Transport, Report on Research and Development 1981 (HMSO, 1982);Bowles,J. R. Department of Industry, 'Research and Development: Expenditure and Employment in the Seventies', Economic Trends no. 334, Aug 1981, pp. 94-111; Bowles, J. R., Departments of Industry and Trade, 'Central Government Expenditure on Research and Development', Economic Trends no. 346, Aug 1982 (HMSO, 1982) pp. 82-95.

2. Construction Industry Research and Information Association, Long-term Research and Development Requirements in Civil Engineering, Report of a Task Force set up by the Science and Engineering Research Council and the Departments of the Environment and Transport (CIRIA, 1981) p. 45.

3. Building Research Establishment, Annual Report 1980/81 (HMSO, 1982) p. 2.

4. Departments of the Environment and Transport, Report on Research and Development 1981.

5. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Report of Research Working Party, NEDO unpublished report 1982.

6. Construction Industry Research and Information Association, Longterm Research and Development Requirements in Civil Engineering.

7. Framework for Government Research and Development 1971/72 (The Rothschild Report) (HMSO, 1972).


8. Construction Industry Research and Information Association, Longterm Research and Development Requirements in Civil Engineering, pp. 42-3.

9. Lansley, P., Research and Construction: Case Studies of the Constraints to the Application of Construction Management Research (University of Reading, 1983).

Select Bibliography

GENERAL

Bowley, M. E. A., The British Building Industry: Four Studies in Response and Resistance to Change (CUP, 1966).

Colclough, J. R., The Construction Industry of Great Britain (Butterworth, 1965).

DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, annual and quarterly (HMSO). EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction?

A Study of Resources and Participants in the Construction Process, NEDO (HMSO, 1978).

Fleming, M. C., Construction and the Related Professions, on behalf of the Royal Statistical Society and the Social Science Research Council (Pergamon, 1980).

Hillebrandt, P. M., Economic Theory and the Construction Industry (Macmillan, 1974 ).

Stone, P. A., Building Economy, Design, Production and OrganisationA Synoptic View, 3rd edn (Pergamon, 1983).

1 THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Cambridge Econometrics Ltd, Policies for Recovery: An Evaluation of Alternatives, commissioned by FCEC, NCBMP, NFBTE, RIBA, RICS (Cambridge Econometrics Ltd, 1981).

EIU, Capital Spending and the UK Economy, commissioned by the FCEC (EIU, 1981).

Sugden, J. D., 'The Place of Construction in the Economy', in Turin, D. A. (ed.), Aspects of the Economics of Construction (George Godwin, 1975).

Turin, D. A., What Do We Mean by Building? Inaugural Lecture delivered at University College London on 14 Feb 1966 (published for the College by H. K. Lewis & Co. London, 1966).

309

310 Select Bibliography

2 DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND

Ambrose, P., and Colenutt, B., The Property Machine (Penguin, 1975). Ball, M., Housing Policy and Economic Power: The Political Economy

of Owner Occupation (Methuen, forthcoming). DoE, Housing Policy: A Consultative Document, Cmnd 6851 and related

technical volumes (HMSO, 1977). DoE and National Water Council, Sewers and Water Mains- A National

Assessment, Standing Technical Committee Report no. 4 (DoE, 1977). EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Joint Working Party on Demand

and Output Forecasts, Construction Industry Prospects to 1979 (NEDO, 1971).

EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Construction into the Early 1980s, NEDO (HMSO, 1976) ch. 3.

EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Scottish Construction into the Early 1980s, NEDO (HMSO, 1976) chs 2 and 3.

EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and the Construction Industries (The Wood Report) NEDO (HMSO, 1975).

EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Regional Construction Forecasts to 1977, vols 1-4 (NEDO, 1974).

EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Joint Forecasting Committee, Construction Forecast (every six months) NEDO (HMSO).

Marriott, 0., The Property Boom (Pan, 1969). National Council of Building Material Producers, BMP Forecasts (three

times a year) (NCBMP). National Home Improvement Council, Report on the Market for Home

Improvement, Repair and Maintenance, and DIY 1977-1980 (NHIC, 1982).

Shelter, Housing and the Economy: A Priority for Reform (Shelter, 1982).

Stone, P. A., Urban Development in Britain: Standards, Costs and Resources 1964-2004, NIESR (CUP, 1970).

House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology, The Water Industry, val. 1 Report (HMSO, 1982).

3 THE PROCESS

The Aqua Group, Tenders and Contracts for Building (Granada, 1983). Chartered Institute of Building, Project Management in Building (CIOB,

1982). Construction Industry Research and Information Association, A Client's

Guide to Design and Build (CIRIA, 1981 ). EDC for Building, Faster Building for Industry, NEDO (HMSO, 1983). EDC for Building, Action on the Banwell Report (chairman: P. G. Potts)

NEDO (HMSO, 1967). EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Before You Build (chairman:

Sir Hugh Wilson) NEDO (HMSO, 1974). EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and the

Select Bibliography 311

Construction Industries (chairman: Sir Kenneth Wood) NEDO (HMSO, 1975).

EDC for Civil Engineering, Contracting in Civil Engineering Since Ban well (chairman: W. G. Harris) NEDO (HMSO, 1968).

EDC for Civil Engineering, Efficiency in Road Construction: Reports 1 and 2, NEDO (HMSO, 1966 and 1967).

McGhie, B., 'The Implications of Project Management', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Third Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1982) pp. 2.1-9.

Marsh, P. D. V., Contracting for Engineering and Construction Projects, 2nd edn (in association with the Institute of Purchasing) (Gower, 1981).

Ministry of Public Buildings and Works, The Placing and Management of Contracts for Building and Civil Engineering Work (chairman: Sir Harold Banwell) (HMSO, 1964).

Ministry of Public Building and Works, Organisation and Practices for Building and Civil Engineering: Report of the Working Party on Building and Civil Engineering Procedure in Scotland (chairman: W. McEwan Younger) (HMSO, 1964).

Ministry of Works, The Placing and Management of Building Contracts: Report of the Central Council for Works and Buildings to the Minister of Works (chairman: Lord Simon) (HMSO, 1944).

Ministry of Works, Survey of Problems before the Construction Industries: A Report Prepared for the Minister of Works by Sir Harold Emmerson GCB, KCVO (HMSO, 1962).

The National Joint Consultative Committee of Architects, Quantity Surveyors and Builders, Communications in the Building Industry: The Report of a Pilot Study, prepared by Higgin, G., and Jessop, N. (The Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, 1963).

Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, Interdependence and Uncertainty: A Study of the Building Industry (Tavistock, 1966).

Turin, D. A., 'Building as a Process', Transactions of the Bartlett Society, vol. 6 (1967-8) (University College London, 1968).

5 OUTPUT ABROAD

Construction Industry Conference Centre, International Construction Conference Proceedings 1979 (University of Nottingham).

Cox, V. L., International Construction (Construction Press, 1983). Neo, R. B., International Construction Contracting (Gower, 1976).

6 FORECASTING AND FORECASTS OF DEMAND AND OUTPUT

EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Joint Forecasting Committee, Construction Forecasts (every six months) NEDO (HMSO).

EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Joint Working Party on Demand


and Output Forecasts, Construction Industry Prospects to 1979 (NEDO, 1971).

EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Regional Construction Forecasts to 1977, vols 1-4 (NEDO, 1974).

National Council of Building Material Producers, BMP Forecasts (three times a year) NCBMP.

7 STRUCTURE OF CONTRACTING INDUSTRY

Ball, M., 'The Speculative Housebuilding Industry', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Third Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1982) pp. 1.31-51.

Ball, M., The Contracting System in the Construction Industry, Birkbeck College Discussion Paper no. 86 (Birkbeck College, 1980).

Ball, M., and Cullen, A., Mergers and Accumulation in the British Construction Industry 1960-79, Birkbeck College Discussion Paper no. 73 (Birkbeck College, 1980).

Business Statistics Office, Report of the Census of Production: Construction Industry, Business Monitor PA 500, annual (HMSO).

Clarke, L., 'Subcontracting in the Building Industry', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Second Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1980) pp. 35-53.

Fleming, M. C., 'Construction', in Johnson, P. S. (ed.), The Structure of British Industry (Granada, 1980) ch. 10.

Hille brandt, P.M., Small Firms in the Construction Industry, Committee of Inquiry on Small Firms, Research Report no. 10 (HMSO, 1971).

Ive, G. J ., from reports by lve et al., Capacity and Response to Demand of the Housebuilding Industry: A Summary of Three Research Studies, Building Economics Research Unit, University College Environmental Research Group (University College London, 1981).

Langford, D. A., Direct Labour Organisations (Gower, 1982). Sugden, J ., 'The Nature of Construction Capacity and Entrepreneurial

Response to Effective Demand in the UK', in Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the First Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1980) pp. 1-6.

University College Environmental Research Group, Building Economics Research Unit, The Mechanism of Response to Effective Demand, 5 vols (University College London, 1975).

8 STRUCTURE OF THE PROFESSIONS

Dolan, D. F., The British Construction Industry: An Introduction (Macmillan, 1979).

EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Professions and the Construction Industries, NEDO (HMSO, 1976).


Joint Committee on Training in the Building Industry Report (chairman: Sir Noel Hall MA LLD RIBA, lOB, RICS, I. Struct E) with the knowledge of the NJCC, 1964.

Kaye, B., The Development of the Architectural Profession in Britain (Allen and Unwin, 1960).

Monopolies and Mergers Commission, Architects· Services: A Report on the Supply of Architects' Services with Reference to Scale Fees (HMSO, 1977).

Monopolies and Mergers Commission, Surveyors' Services: A Report on the Supply of Surveyors' Services with References to Scale Fees (HMSO, 1977).

Saint, A., 'A History of Professionalism in Architecture', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Third Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1982) pp. 3. 10-12.

Thompson, F. M. L., Chartered Surveyors: The Growth of a Profession (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968).

10 THE LINKS BETWEEN RESOURCES AND OUTPUT AND CAPACITY

EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Construction into the Early 1980s, NEDO (HMSO, 1976).

EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Scottish Construction into the Early 1980s, NEDO (HMSO, 1976).

Hillebrandt, P. M., 'Crisis in Construction', National Westminster Bank Review, Nov 1977.

Lemessany, J., and Clapp, M. A. Resource Inputs to New ConstructionThe Labour Requirements of Hospital Building, CP85/75 (BRE, 1975).

Lemessany, J., and Clapp, M. A., Resource Inputs to Construction: The Labour Requirements of House Building, CP76/78 (BRE, 1978).

University College Environmental Research Unit, Building Economics Research Unit, The Mechanism of Response to Effective Demand 5 vols (University College London, 197 5).

11 MANPOWER

Austerin, T., 'Unions and Wage Contracts, The Case of the "Lump" in the Construction Industry', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the First Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1980) pp. 75-80.

Bedale, C., Halford, R., and Lovejoy, B., 'Training in the Construction Industry', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Second Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1980) pp. 64-9.

Burchal1, S., 'Training: An Analysis of the Crisis', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the First Bartlett Summer


School (University College London, 1980) pp. 81-6. Carter, P., 'Problems for the Building Unions in Great Britain', in The

Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Third Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1982) pp. 2.39-41.

Druker, J., 'The History of Construction Unions: The Process of Structural Change', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the First Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1980) pp. 69-74.

Hatchett, M., 'The Development of Building Craft Skills in Inner London with Particular Reference to Work Experience', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Third Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1982) pp. 2.14-29.

Hilton, W. S., Industrial Relations in Construction (Pergamon, 1968). Marsh, A.' and Heady, P. with Matheson, J ., Office of Population Censuses

and Surveys, Social Survey Division, Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry (HMSO, 1981).

Morton, C. N., 'Collective Bargaining in Building and Civil Engineering: A Case Study of Three Major Re-development Projects in the City of London', thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (University of London, 1979).

Report of Committee of Enquiry under Professor E. H. Phelps Brown into Certain Matters concerning Labour in Building and Civil Engineering, Cmnd 3714 (HMSO, 1968).

Wood, L., A Union to Build (Lawrence and Wishart, 1979).

14 MATERIALS

Bowley, M. E. A., Innovations in Building Materials: an Economic Study (Gerald Duckworth, 1960).

EDC for Building, Building Products- Competing at Home and Abroad, NEDO (HMSO, 1983).

EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Building Materials: Export Opportunites and Import Substitution, NEDO (HMSO, 1980).

15 PLANT AND OTHER FIXED ASSETS

Eden, J. F., 'Mechanisation', in Turin, D. A. (ed.), Aspects of the Economics of Construction (Godwin, 1975).

Greene & Co., Investment in Plant Hire, Annually (Greene & Co.). Ive, G. J ., 'Fixed Capital in the British Building Industry', in The Produc

tion of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the First Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1980) pp. 107-19.

Mead, H. T., and Mitchell, G. L. Plant Hire for Building and Construction (Newnes Butterworth, 1972).


16 FINANCE FOR CONTRACTING

Business Statistics Office, Company Finance Thirteenth Issue, Business Monitor MA3 (HMSO, 1983).

Clarke, L., 'Subcontracting in the Building Industry', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Second Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1980)

E. B. Savory Milln & Co.,Building Books, Annual (E. B. Savory Milln).

17 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Construction Industry Research and Information Association, Long Term Research and Development Requirements in Civil Engineering, Report of a Task Force set up by the Science and Engineering Research Council and the Departments of the Environment and Transport (CIRIA, 1981).

Ministry of Public Building and Works, Building Research and Information Services, Report of a Working Party (chairman: D. E. Woodbine Parish) (HMSO, 1964).

Index

Authors, reports, etc., may be found in Notes and References and Select Bibliography.

Abbreviations: T =Table; F =Figure; n =note.

A

accidents, 211-12, 211T, 216 acquisitions of companies, 130-1,

132T administrative, professional, tech

nical and clerical (APTC) in contractors, 217-19; by trade,

218T in direct labour organisations, 219,

220T numbers of, 193-6, 194T, 195T;

and productivity, 227 Advisory Council for Applied Research

and Development, 257 Africa

British consultants in, 99 British contractors in, 94, 96, 96T

age of labour- contractors and DLOs, 232, 234T, 235T

aggregates and output types,181T usage of, 253, 254F see also roadstone

Agrement system, 257 agriculture, output for, 79T air conditioning -materials, 254F, 256 airports, 24 air transport - output for, 7 9T aluminium

doors, 262

plate, sheet and strip- price, 260T windows, 256

Amalgamated Society of Painters and Decorators, 213

Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers, 213

Amalgamated Union of Building Trades Workers, 213

AMEC pic, 117 America

British consultants in, 99 British contractors in, 94, 96, 96T

apprenticeship, 200, 202-3T, 214, 234T architects

abroad, 102 code of conduct of, 152, 154, 158 contribution to balance of payments, 103T in design construct, 44F education of, 154, 161 in-house, 42 as leader of the team, 154, 161 in local authorities and new towns,

159,220T and management, 248-9, 250 in management contracting, 46F output of, 90-1 practices, 155, 157T in project management, 45F and subcontractors, 60-1 in traditional process, 40-1F, 42-3

317

318 Index

Architects' Journal advertisementsfor cost and price forecasts, 16SF, 169

Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK)

CPD 161-2 fees, lSS membership and employment, 156T role, 151

Architectural Aluminium Association, 300 (n35)

Asia British consultants in, 99 British contractors in, 96, 96T

asphalt -usage of, 254F Asphalt and Coated Macadam Asso

ciation, 300 (n35) asphalt and surface dressing con

tractors, see asphalt and tar sprayer firms

asphalt and tar sprayer firms and APTCs, 21ST capital expenditure, 271 T numbers, output and subcontract-

ing, 122-3T, 124 asphalt operatives

and output types, 176-?T and training, 19S

Association of Building Technicians, 213

Association of Consulting Engineers (ACE), 59, 153, 294 (n34)

Association of County Councils, 294 (n34)

Association of District Councils, 294 (n34)

Association of Metropolitan Authorities, 294 (n34)

Association of Natural Stone Industries, 299 (n32)

8

balance of payments contribution to- by contractors

and professionals, 5, 102, 103T effect of construction expenditure

on,6 bankruptcies, 131-40 passim

by industry, 136-?T and output, 140F and self-employed, 136-?T, 13ST statistics of, 133-40 passim

banks as lenders- for development, 16; to

contractors, 27S-SO, 279T as owners, 21 T

Barratt Developments pic, 12S bathroom products, 262, 263T

see also sanitary fittings baths, 256 bill of quantities, 56-S, 161

approximate, 56, SST and civil engineering, 57 operational, 57 and price indices, 166 pricing of, 275-6

bitumen- usage of, 254F bitumen felts, price, 260T 'black' economy, 7S, S9, 20S, 217,

223,232 blocks

prices of, 260T usage of, 253, 254F

blockwall, see brickwork blockwork- and output types, 1S2-3T board- and output types, 1S2-3T Bovis group of companies, 131 brassware- plumbers', price, 260T Brick Development Association (BDA),

2S4 bricklayers

leaving industry, 20S and output types, 174, 176-?T skill and training, 202-3T, 205 wages and earnings, 215

bricklayers and masons employed and self-employed, 196-S,

197T training, 204T

bricks prices, 260T, 261 in Scotland, S9 stocks, 25ST supply, 255 types of, 259-61, 259T usage of, 253, 254F

brickwork mandays on repair and maintenance,

17ST, 205 and output types, 1S2-3T

bridges - research on, 2S6 British Constructional Steelwork

Association, 300 (n34) British Decorators Association, 300

(n35) British Overseas Trade Board, 9S

Index 319

British Precast Concrete Association, 300 (n35)

British Reinforcement Manufacturers Association, 300 (n35)

British Standards Institution (BSI), 142,256-7

British Woodworking Federation, 299 (n32)

builders, see building and civil engineering contractors, contractors, general builders

builders' merchants, 261-3, 263T in process, 40-1F stocks of materials, 260

Builders Merchants Federation (BMF), 261

building characteristics of industry, 3-4 duration of process, 64-5T output, 7S-SO, 79T; and materials,

1S4T; and operatives, 174, 176-7T, 17ST, 1S4T; and plant, 1S4T

and selection of main contractor, 54T, 55

and site management, 239-46 and usage of plant, 265-6

Building Advisory Service (BAS), 141, 245

Building and Allied Trades Joint Industrial Council (BATJIC), 141-2,213-14

building and civil engineering contractors and APTCs, 21ST capital and turnover, 277T, 27S capital expenditure, 236, 271 T number, size and work of, 116 and productivity, 236 and profit, 2S0-2, 2Sl T and subcontracting, 121 see also contractors - main

Building and Civil Engineering Joint Board for Wages, 142, 214

Building Centre Trust, 161-2 Building Control Act 1966, 71 Building Cost Information Service

(BCIS), 164-9 paaaim, 164T building inspector, 41F building regulations, 7, 51-2

officers, 40F Building Research Energy Conservation

Support Unit, 2S4 Building Research Establishment (BRE),

174-84 passim, 253, 2S3-5

Building Research Station (BRS), 173 building services engineer, 40-lF, 42, 152 Building Services Research and Infor-

mation Association (BSRIA), 2S4 building and works

GDFCF in, 4, 21T, 25, 26T, 80, 269T; of construction 269T

investment in, 20 ownership of, see stock stock of, 20, 26ST; owned by con

struction, 26ST uses of, 2

building societies, 16-18, 17T Building Societies Association (BSA),

16 building surveyors, 22

see also surveyors Building Trust, 16 Business in the Community, 32

c Cambridge Econometrics Ltd, 297-S

(nl3) Cambridge Economic Policy Group,

297-S (nl3) Campaign Against Building Industry

Nationalisation (CABIN), 149 capacity of the industry, 10, 72,173,

180-9 passim definition, lS0-1 effects of inadequate, 189-90 effects of surplus, 190-1 expansion of, 1S6-7T

capital employed, 276-8, 277T expenditure, 236, 271 T fixed, see gross domestic fixed capital

formation and stocks return on, 2S0-2, 2SlT;in DLOs, 226-7 working, 275 see also finance

carpenters and joiners (firms) and APTCs, 217-9, 21ST capital expenditure, 236, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,

122-3T, 124 and productivity, 236

carpenters (operatives) and output types, 176-7T; over

contract period, 179F types of, 201

320 Index

carpenters and joiners (operatives) leaving industry, 208 employed and self-employed, 196-8,

197T skill and training, 202-3T, 204T, 205 wages and earnings, 215

carpentry mandays on repair and maintenance,

205 usage of materials, 254F

cement prices, 260T stocks, 258T and output types, 181T usage of, 253, 254F see also clinker

Cement and Concrete Association (C & CA), 284

Cementation Civil and International Holdings Ltd, 117

certificates -714 and 715, 125-7 certification

of skills, 127, 201, 205 of work, 57

characteristics of construction, 1-4 Chartered Institute of Building

(CIOB), 152, 155, 162 history and organisation, 154 membership and employment, 156T qualifications and management,

240-5 passim, 242F, 248, 250 Chartered Institute of Building

Services (CIBS), 153, 155, 161, 249

membership and employment, 156T

chemical engineers, 42 Chartered Institute of Public Finance

and Accountancy (CIPF A) - code of practice, 14 7

City and Guilds of London Institute, 198,201

Civic Trust, 201 civil engineering

characteristics of industry, 3 and design construct, 43 fluctuations in, 80, 81 T output, 78-80, 79T,81T;and

materials, 184T; and operatives, 174, 176-7T, 184T; and plant,184T

and selection of main contractor, 54T, 55

and site management, 246-7

and usage of materials, 255 and usage of plant, 265-6

Civil Engineering Construction Conciliation Board (CECCB), 142, 214

civil engineering operatives, 199 Civil Engineering Operative Training

Scheme (CEOTS), 199 civil engineers (professionals)

education and training, 246-7, 249 as leaders of the team, 250 and management, 246-9 passim as managers of firms, 248 organisation of, 152-3 output of, 91-2 practices, 15 8 role of, 160 in traditional process, 40-1F see also consulting engineers

civil engineers (contracting firms) and APTCs, 218T and capital expenditure, 236, 271T number, size and work of, 116 and productivity, 236 and subcontracting, 121 see also contractors - main

cladding and decking, 256 claims, 52-3, 59-60, 276 clerical workers, 199, 219, 220T clerk of works, 57, 63 clients

brief of, 49-50 and change of mind, 53 choice of process method, 4 7-9 diversity of, 3 and duration of process, 66 function of, 49-50 objectives of, 48 private, 48 in process, 40-6, 40-1F, 43F, 44F,

45F,46F and self-employment, 127, 196-200

passim clinker-stock, 258T

see also cement coal mining (opencast), 79T coastal protection, 286 commercial building

and demand, 19 and design construct, 43 and design by architects, 91 and duration of process, 64-5T,

84T, 85 and management contracting, 4 7

Index 321

orders: by duration of contract, 84T, 85; by region, 85, 86T; by value of contracts, 80, 82T, 83T

output: 72, 74, 79T;and materials, 181T, 182-3T; and operatives, 174, 176-7T, 180T

and project management, 4 7 see also offices, shops

commercial companies as owners, 20, 21T

Committee of Associations of Specialist Engineering Contractors (CASEC), 61, 142,294(n34),300(n34)

communications in the industry, 286 community, 22, 23 Community Land Act, 23 competition

abroad, 95-6 among contracting firms, 128-30

conceptual phase of process, 40-1 F, 64-5T

concrete in situ -and output types, 182-3T manufactured products: price of,

260T; supply of, 255, usage of, 253,254F

precast- and output types, 182-3T roofing tiles- stocks of, 258T see also ready-mL'Xed, reinforced

Confederation of British Industry, 142

Conservative Party, 144 construction

characteristics of, 1-4 management, 45-6, 160 output: total, 69-72, 70F; by types

of work, 72-4, 73F phase of process, 40-1F, 64-65T relation to economy, 4-6

constructional engineers (firms) and APTCs, 218T capital expenditure, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,

122-3T, 124 Construction Exports Advisory Board,

98 Construction Industry Research and

Information Association (CIRIA), 142, 245-6, 284-6

Construction Industry Training Board (CITB), 141-2,198-9,201,205,246

consulting engineers abroad,99-101, 100F

contribution to balance of payments, 103T

research, 284 continuing professional development

(CPD), 161-2,245,247,249-50 Continuing Professional Development

in Construction Group (CPDC), 161-2

Contract Flooring Association, 300 (n35) contractors

and APTCs, 217-9, 218T capital expenditure, 271 T competition among, 128-30 contribution to balance of payments,

103 finance, 275-82 and inputs, 174 labour force: characteristics of,

232; by craft, 197T, 234, 234T; by trade of firm, 236; by size of organisation, 236-7; employment, 193, 194T, 197T, 231T; self-employment, 196, 197T, 231T; training, 199, 200-1, 204T;bytype ofwork,231T

main: and APTCs, 218T; and finance, 275; and process 40-1F, 53-62; selection of, 5 3-6; structure of, 116-9, 118T, 124;and subcontractors, 60-2; work subcontracted, 118T, 124

numbers of, 113-23passim, 114F, 115F, 118T, 122-3T

orders by size and duration of contract, 80-5, 82T, 83T, 84T; by region, 85, 86T

organisations, 141-2 output: abroad, 5, 93-9, 94F, 95T, 96T output: Great Britain, 78-85; com-

pared DIY, 78; compared DLOS, 74, 75T, 76F; by type of work, 74, 75T, 76F, 78-80, 79T,81T, 114F,115F,227,230

plant fleets, 270 productivity, 226-235, 228-9T,

233T, 235T specialist: and APTCs, 218T; capital

expenditure, 270-1 T; and process, 40-1F, 42, 44F, 46F, output, 122-3T, 124; structure of, 119-24 passim, 122-3T; work subcontracted, 122-3T, 124; see also subcontractors

322

contractors specialist, cont 'd structure of, 113-128;see also

structure of industry contracts, 51-9, 61-2

documentation phase of process, 40-1F, 64-ST

and government, 8 main, 51-9 sub, 61-2 types of and price indices, 164T,

166-1 contractual relationships in various

process types, 42-6 copper and copper manufactures

imports of, 256 prices of, 260T

Co stain Group plc, 91, 111-18, 210 cost(s)

and certainty, 48 of construction, 11, 163-5, 164T,

169, 110-1T;andforecasts, 161-9, 168F; and prices, 161, 169, 170-1T

of materials, 163, 164T of operating abroad, 91,101 overruns, 59-60, 66-8 reimbursement contracts, 57 target contracts, 57

Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA), 245

Council of Engineering Institutions (CEI), 153, 155

craft labour and output types, 114 and training, 198-201 see also individual trades

credit

D

builders' merchants, 261, 215 government and supply of, 1

Davis, Belfield and Everest (DB&E), cost and price indices and forecasts, 164T, 161-9, 168F

death by accident, 211, 211T, 216 benefits, 214

decorating materials, 262, 263T demand, 9-31

and capacity, 185, 189-90 definition, 9 environment for, 9-14

Index

forecasting, 105-111 influence of the construction

industry, 36-1 private new housing, 14-19 private new work other than

housing, 19-23 public new work including housing,

23-30 rehabilitation improvement, repair

and maintenance, 30-6 demolition contractors

and APTCs, 218T and capital expenditure, 210, 271T number, output and subcontracting,

122-JT design

agencies undertaking, SOT costs of change in, 50 fees, 53 in-house, 42 phase of process, 40-1F, 52-3, 64-ST and research, 284 statistics and forecasting, 106-1 and subcontractors, 60

design construct (build) projects, 42-3,44F,48,98

developers and finance, 277T, 278, 281T functions of, 19, 22 and housing design, 91 and land, 13

development, 23 companies, 22 value, 23

Development Areas, 32 Development Land Tax, 23 Diploma in Management Studies, 248 direct labour organisations (DLOs)

and APTCs, 219, 220T authorities with, 143, 144T, 148 and inputs, 114 labour force: characteristics of, 232,

234, 234T; employment 143, 144T, 194T, 221, 231 T; by size of authority 145T, 146T; training, 200-1,204T

need for investigation, 144 mandays on repair and maintenance,

118T output- compared with contractors,

14, 1ST, 16F; by size of authority, 145T, 146T; by type of authority, 143, 144T; by type of work, 14 1ST, 16F, 77T, 143, 146T

Index

productivity, 226-36, 228-9T, 23 3T, 235T

structure, 143-8, 144T, 145T, 146T Directorate General of Research and

Development, 8 Do-it-Yourself (DIY), 5, 78, 232, 253,

262 doors

aluminium, 262 metal- usage of, 254F, 263T timber- and output types, 182-3T

drainage - research, 286 drainlayer- and output types, 176-7T draughtsmen

self-employed, 193 and tracers in local authorities and

new towns, 220T drawings- timing of production of, 52-3 duration, 63-8

of construction process, 7, 63-8, 64-5T

of contractors contracts, 81, 84T, 85 see also time

dwellings

E

disposals of local authority, 28, 28T finance for, 17T forecasts of requirements, 109-10 number of, 15 unsuitable, 15, 33 see also housing

earnings, 164T, 214-6, 234T Economic Development Committee

(EDC) for Building, 8, 36-7, 141, 155,255,257,284-5

Economic Development Committee (EDC) for Civil Engineering, 8, 36,142,155,255,284-5

Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)-forecasts, 297-8 (n13)

economy and demand creation, 10-11, 13 forecasts of, 108, 297-8 (n13) forecasting, 109 relation of construction to, 4-6

education- building for and duration of process, 64-5T expenditure and projections, 25 output: 79T; and materials 181T,

182-3T;and operatives 176-7T; planned and actual, 107

efficiency definition, 221-2 and DLOs, 148 and Government, 8

323

Egypt- as source of labour abroad, 102 electrical and mechanical services con

tractors - and restrictive practices, 130

electrical contractors and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,

122-3T, 124 Electrical Contractors' Association,

214, 300 (n34) Electrical Contractors' Association of

Scotland, 300 (n34) Electrical, Electronic, Telecommuni

cations and Plumbing Union (EETPU), 213-15

electrical engineers (professionals), 153 electrical materials

distribution of, 262, 263T supply of, 255 usage of, 254F

electrical work mandays on repair and maintenance,

178T prime cost and types of work, 182-3T

electricians employment and self-employment, 197T and output types, 176-7T skill and training, 198-9, 202-3T

electricity industry- output for, 79T employment

and construction expenditure, 6 total, 193-6, 194T, 195T, 197T see also contractors' labour force,

DLOs' labour force Energy - Department of, 284 Energy Technology Support Unit, 284 Engineering Council, 153 engineers, 152, 159

in design construct, 44F in local authorities and new towns,

220T in management contracting, 46F in project management, 45F in traditional process, 43F see also individual types of engineer

Enterprise Zones, 32 entertainment- output for, 79T Environment - Department of (DoE),

8, 257, 284-5

324 Index

environment for demand creation, 10-14

erectors- and output types, 176-7T estate agents, 4 7 Europe -British contractors in, 96T European Economic Community (EEC)

British contractors in, 96, 96T competition from, 96 and construction prices, 169 grants for building, 32 and research, 2S4 and tenders, 56

excavation- bulk, and output types, 1S2-3T

Export Credits Guarantee Department (ECGD), S, 97-S, 101, 2S2

Export Group for the Constructional Industries (ECGCI), 142

Export Intelligence Service, 9S exports, see output abroad

F

factory building, see industrial building Faculty of Architects and Surveyors

(FAS), 151 Fairclough Construction Group, 117 Far East, see Asia Federation Internationale des Ingenieurs

Conseils (FIDIC), 59 Federation of Associations of Specialists

and Subcontractors (F ASS) constituent associations, 300 (n35) and Joint Contracts Tribunal, 294

(n34) organisation, 142 and subcontracts, 61

Federation of Building Subcontractors, 141

Federation of Civil Engineering Con-tractors (FCEC)

and contracts, 59, 62 organisation, 142 and wages, 214

Federation of Master Builders (FMB) organisation, 141 and wages, 213-14

Federation of Piling Specialists, 300 (n35)

Felt Roofing Contractors Advisory Board, 300 (n35)

felts- bituminous and flax, price, 260T FIDIC, 59

finance and capacity, 1S5-8, 1S6-7T for contracting, 275-S2; adequacy of,

2SO; capital employed, 276-S, 277T; need for, 275-6, return on capital and turnover, 2S0-2, 2S1T; sources of, 27S-SO, 279T

for ownership of buildings and works, 9, 16-lS, 17T, 22;seealso public-sector expenditure

public/private, 30 financial companies and institutions

as owners, 20-2, 21 T Financial Institutions Group, 32 financier in process, 40-1 F

see also finance finishes, see finishing trades finishing trades

over contract period, 17S, 179F and output types, 174, 176-7T usage of materials, 254F

fire authorities officers- in process, 52 fire regulations, 51-2 Fire Research Station, 2S3 firms- management of, 24 7-S

see also contractors and professional firms

fixed assets, 265-73, 26ST, 269T, 271T, finance for, 275-6

see also gross domestic fixed capital formation, stock of fixed assets

floor and wall tiling specialists (firms) and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 270-1 T number, output and subcontracting,

122-3T flooring contractors

and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 271 T number output and subcontracting,

122-3T floorlayer- and output types, 176-7T fluctuations

in demand, 7 in materials supply and stocks,

257-60, 25ST, 259T in output, 71-2, SO, 119, 191-2,

210 fore casting

of demand and output, 105-11; data for public sector housing, 297 (nlO), data for private sector housing, 297 (nll); data for private sector non-housing,- 297 (nl2);

Index 325

short-term 105-8; longterm, 105-6, 108-11

of price and cost, 169 see also forecasts

forecasts of demand and output, 108, 111 of price and cost, 167-9, 168F

foremen in contractors, 219 over contract period, 1 79F in local authorities and new towns,

220T and management, 240 and output types, 176-7T training, 241 wages, 215

Forest Products Research Laboratory, 283

formwork- and output types, 182-3T French Kier Holdings pic, 117 French, W. C. Ltd, 118 friendly societies, 16 Furniture Timber and Allied Trades

Union (FTAT), 213-14

G

garages- output of, 79T gas -output of buildings and works for,

79T gasfitters

self-employment and employment, 197T

training, 204T GC Works 1 contract, 59 General, Municipal, Boilermakers and

Allied Trades Union (GMBATU), 213-14

general builders and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 236, 271T and inputs, 174, 178T number, size and work of, 116 and productivity, 236 and subcontracting, 121, 124 see also contractors - main

general contractors, see general builders

geotechnics research, 286 glass- usage of, 254F Glass and Glazing Federation, 300 (n35) glaziers (firms)

and APTCs, 217, 217-ST and capital expenditure, 271 T

number, output and subcontracting, 122-3T

glaziers (men) and output types, 176-7T training, 198

glazing (material) - and output types, 182-3T

glazing (work)- and mandays on repair and maintenance, 178T

Government- role of, 6-8 in exports, 97-8, 101 in research, 284-5 see also public sector

grants and demand for construction, 11,

20T, 25,32-3 and duration of process, 63 to local authorities, 25 and price of construction, 11 and process, 52, 6 3 for rehabilitation, 32-3

Grayston group of companies, 272 Greater London Council (GLC)

and BSI Standards, 257 and DLO, 143, 144T and Joint Contracts Tribunal, 294

(n34) 'grip', 120

see also labour-only subcontracting gross domestic fixed capital formation

(GDFCF), 4, 21T, 25, 26T, 80, 269T

of construction, 267, 269T, 270, 271 T see also buildings and works, plant

and machinery, vehicles, ships and aircraft

gross domestic product (GDP), 4, 6 Group of Eight

H

and demand, 36 and expenditure plans, 107 and Government, 8 membership of, 36 and also 141,

142,155,255

harbours -buildings and works for and duration of process, 64-5T output, 79T; and operatives, 176-7T;

and plant, 175 hardcore- and output types, 182-3T health - buildings for

and duration of process, 64-5T

326 Index

health, cont 'd output, 79T; and materials, 181T,

182-3T; planned and actual, 107 see also hospitals

health of operatives, 211-12, 215 Heating and Ventilating Contractors

Association (HVCA), 300 (n34) heating and ventilating engineers (fJrms)

and APTCs, 217, 218T and capital expenditure, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,

122-3T, 124 heating and ventilating workers

employment and self-employment, 197T

and output types, 176-7T training, 204T

heating and ventilating works- costs and rypes of work, 182-3T

Hewden Stuart Plant plc, 272 Higgs & Hill plc, 117 hire purchase of plant, 266, 272 holiday stamps, 125, 214 Holland Hannen and Cubitts group of

companies, 117 hospitals

need, 24 output and operatives, 174, 176-7T,

1 78T; over contract period, 178, 179F

see also health -buildings for housebuilders

and finance, 16 structure of, 127-8, 128T

House Builders Federation (HBF), 290 (n8), 299 (n32)

householder and self-employed, 127 see also clients and self-employed

households and DIY, 78 number and size of, 15

housing certified by architects, 90-1 demand for: private 14-19; public

23-30; and DLOs, 75T, 77T, 143, 146T

and duration of process 64-5T in flats, 87-8 finance for, 17T and forecasting, 108-10, 297 (nlO &

11) and industrialised building, 85-8 orders: by duration of contract, 84T,

85; by region, 86T; by value of

contracts, 80, 82T output, 71-2, 73F (public and

private), 74, 75T (public and private), 77T (DLOs), 78, 79T (contractors public and private); and operatives, 174, 176-7T (public and private), 178T (public), 180T (public and private, 184T (total); and materials, 181 T (total), 182-3T (public), 184T (total); and plant, 175 (private), 184T (total)

rehabilitation, improvement, repair and maintenance, see separate items

and selection of main contractor, 54-5 and self-employed, 231 T (public and

private) and standards, 89 and timber frames, 88 see also dwellings

housing associations, 24-7, 34T, 91 Housing Corporation, 16 Housing Research Foundation, 290 (n8) Howard, John & Co. Ltd, 117

ICE form of contract, 42, 59 Ideal Homes (Ideal Holdings plc), 117, 128 imports

and capacity, 185, 186-7T, 188 of contracting services, 5 of materials, 5, 255-{), 255T of professional services, 5

improvement work and contractors organisation, 119 definition and statistics of, 30-1 housing, 32, 34T

Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors (IAAS), 151

India- and competition abroad, 95 industrial building

demand for, 17T, 19 and design construct, 43 and design by architects, 91 and duration of process, 64-5T,

66-7, 67T and forecasting, 110 and industrialised building, 85 investment in, 20T, 22-3 and management contracting, 4 7 orders by duration of contract, 84T;

by region, 85, 86T; by value of contracts, 82T, 83T

output, 71, 74, 79T;and materials, 181T, 182-3T;and operatives, 174, 176-7T, 180T

and project managers, 4 7 rents of, 12T

industrial buildings- decay of, 35 industrial companies -as owners,

20-2, 21T industrial development, 14 Industrial Development Certificates,

14,40-1F industrialised building, 85-8, 192 industrial stoppages, 216 inflation

effect of construction expenditure on,6

effect on demand, 11 and work abroad, 93, 99

infrastructure, 23, 35

Index

repair, maintenance and rehabilitation of, 35

initiator of demand, 9 for private housing, 18-9 for private non-housing, 22 for public sector, 24

inner cities, 31 Inner City Enterprises Ltd, 32 input-output tables, 5 inputs in relation to output, 173-184

materials, 181T, 182-3T; 184T operatives, 176-7T ,178T, 180T,

184T; over contract period, 179F plant, 184T research into, 287

insolvencies, see bankruptcies and liquidations

Institute of Builders, 154 see also Chartered Institute of Building

Institute of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, 15 3

Institute of Quantity Surveyors (IQS), 152, 156T, 249

Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) attitude to management, 246-7, 249 and contracts, 59,62 education and training, 246-7, 249 form of contract, 42, 59 membership and employment, 156T organisation, 152-3, 155

insulating specialists (firms) and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,

122-3T

327

insulation materials- usage of, 254F, 256

insurance companies as lenders, 16, 1 7T as owners, 21 T, 22

investment, see gross domestic fixed capital formation

iron- usage of, 254F ironmongery

distribution of, 262, 263T usage of, 254F, 256

irrigation -research, 286

J

Japan- as competitor abroad, 95 JCT form of contract

main, 57-9 sub,61-2

job security in contractors and DLOs, 232,235T

joiners, see carpenters joinery

distribution of, 262, 263T usage of, 254F

Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT) forms of contract, 57-9, 61-2 membership, 294 (n34);also 141,

142, 155 Joint Industry Board for the Electrical

Contracting Industry (JIBECI), 198-9,214

Joint Industry Board for Plumbing Mechanical Engineering Services in England and Wales (JIBPMES), 198,215

Joint Land Requirements Committee, 290 (n8)

K

Kier group of companies, 118 Kinnear Moodie 1973 Ltd, 117 kitchen units, 256, 262, 266T Korea as competitor abroad, 95

L

labour- cost of, 163, 164T, 166 see also employment

labourers general- and output types, 174,

176-7T, 196 and mates- skill and training,

202-3T

328 Index

labourers, cant 'd wages, 215

labour-only subcontracting (LOSC) see subcontracting -labour-only, self-employed

Labour Party and DLOs, 144, 148 and public ownership, 148

Laing, John pic, 117, 270 land

owner of- in process, 40-1F price of, 13 purchase of, 63 supply of, 13 use of, 13

lawyers- in process, 40-1F leasing, see plant-leasing of libraries - and duration of process,

64-5T life of buildings, 2, 4, 19,31 lifts

prime cost of and type of work, 182-3T

usage of, 254F liquidations, 131-9 passim

and assessments, 134-5T and cost and prices, 168F,

169 by industry, 134-ST problems of statistics, 133-40

passim and output, 133, 139F

listed building consents, 51-2 Liverpool Group- forecasts, 297-8 (n13) loans, 278-80, 279T local authorities

and APTCs, 219, 220T in development, 23 DLOs, 143-8, 144T, 145T, 146T,

228-9T; and operatives by trade, 197T; and productivity, 228-9T; and training, 200-1, 204T: expenditure of, 25, 26T, 27, 34T; housing and design construct, 43; as lenders, 16, 17T; and selection of main contractor, 54

Local Enterprise Agencies, 3 2 Local Government Planning and Land

Act 1980, 147 London Builders Conference,

129 London Business School- forecasts,

297-8, n13 'lump', see subcontracting -labour-only

M

McAlpine, Sir Alfred & Son Ltd, 117 McAlpine, Sir Robert & Sons Ltd, 117 McLean (Homes) group of companies,

117 main contractors, see contractors -

main management, 239-51

and architects, 154, 161, 248-50 and capacity, 185; see also managers and civil engineers, 246-50 passim of the contracting firm, 247-8 as an input for various output types,

184T n(e) within the professions, 248-9 of the project, 250-1 and quantity surveyors, 249-50 research on, 287 site -building, 239-46; adequacy of,

244-6; costs of poor, 239-40; site - civil engineering, 246-7 staff: in contractors, 219; in local

authorities and new towns, 220T; training for, 240-51 passim

management consultants as project managers, 4 7

management contracting, 45-6, 46F and subcontracting, 124

managerial staff, see management managers and capacity, 185-9, 186-7T manhole covers, 256 manpower

total, 193-6, 194T, 195T see also employment, self-employed,

unemployment, operatives, administrative professional technical and clerical, productivity

Manpower Services Commission (MSC') -Youth Training Scheme (YTS), 198-9

Marchwiel plc, 117 marketing, 36-7 markets- concept of in construction,

128-9 masons, see bricklayers Mastic Asphalt Council and Employers

Federation, 300 (n35) mastic asp halters, see asphalt operatives materials, 25 3-6 3

and capacity, 185, 186-7T, 189-90 costs of, 163, 164T, 166 distribution of, 261-3, 263T on housing rehabilitation, 34T

Index 329

imports of, 255-6, 255T inputs for output types, 175, 181 T,

182-3T, 184T prices of, 260-1, 260T producers in process, 40-1F in repair and maintenance output, 175 and research, 283-4, 286 significance of, see usage of sources of, 253, 255-6, 255T standards, 256-7 supply and stocks- fluctuations in,

257-60, 258T, 259T usage of, 254F

mechanical plant operators, see plant operators

mergers, 130-1, 132T Metal Window Federation, 300 (n34) metal fittings, see ironmongery Middle East

British consultants in, 99 British contractors in, 94, 96T second-hand plant market, 267

Ministry of Public Building and Works, 8 mobility, 205-10, 209T, 212 moratoria- on spending, 27 mortgage market, 18 Mowlem, John & Co plc, 97, 117 multi-storey housing, see housing-

in flats municipal engineers, 153

N

National Association of Lift Makers, 300 (n34)

National Association of Plumbing Heating and Mechanical Services Contractors, 215, 300 (n34)

National Association of Scaffolding Contractors, 299 (n32)

National Construction Corporation, 148 National Contractors Group (of

NFBTE), 141 National Council of Building Material

Producers (NCBMP), 255 National Diploma in Building

Scotland, 240-1, 241 T National Economic Development

Office (NEDO), 284, 286 National Federation of Building Trades

Employers (NFBTE), 141 constituent bodies, 144, 299 (n32)

and DLOs, 144 and JCT, 294 (n34) organisation, 141 and subcontracts, 61 and training, 198 and wages, 214-15

National Federation of Building Trades Operatives (NFBTO), 213

National Federation of Painting and Decorating Contractors, 299 (n32)

National Federation of Plastering Contractors, 299 (n32)

National Federation of Roofing Contractors, 214

National Federation of Terrazzo-Mosaic Specialists, 300 (n35)

National Home Improvement Council (NHIC) - and warranty, 90

National House-Building Council (NHBC)

members and structure, 127, 128T and warranty, 90

National Insurance evasion, 125-6 National Joint Consultative Council

of Architects, Quantity Surveyors and Builders (NJCC), 142, 154-5

National Joint Council for the Building Industry (NJCBI), 141

and training, 198 and wages, 214-5

National Master Tile Fixers Association, 300 (n35)

need definition, 9-1 0 and forecasting, 106, 108-11 for housing, 14 for public-sector construction, 24

negotiation of contracts, 56 Newarthill plc, 117 new towns

and APTCs, 219, 220T DLOs, 143-8, 144T, 145T, 146T;

number, work done and employment, 143, 144T, 145T;and operatives by trade, 197T; and productivity, 228-9T; and training, 200-1, 204 T; and types of work, 146T

non-housing work and self-employment, 230 see also public-sector- non-housing

work, private-sector -nonhousing work

Northern Ireland, xii

330 Index

0 Oceania- British contractors in, 96T occupier - spending on housing rehabi

litation, 33-5, 34T offices

controls on, 14 and demand, 19, 22-3 and design and construct, 43 and design by architects, 91 and development permits, 40-1F and output, 79T and rents, 12T, 22 see also commercial building

oil- output for, 79T opencast coal companies- and capital

expenditure, 270, 271 T open competition, see tendering operatives, 196-217

abroad, 207 age of, 207 and capacity, 185-9, 186-7T and conditions of work, 210-12,

214-16 over contract period, 1 79F and entry to industry, 205-7 and exit from industry, 207-8 and health, 211 mobility within industry, 208-10

209T ' number of, 193, 194T, 195T origins of, 206-7 and output types, 173-80, 176-7T

178T,180 ' skills of, 201-5, 202-3T by trade, 198 training of, 198-201, 202-3T, 204T unemployment of, 212 unskilled, 179F wages and earnings, 214-6

orders and civil engineering, 80, 81 T and cost and price forecasting 168F

169 , ,

by duration of contract, 80-1, 84T, 85

and output forecasting, 106-8 passim by type of work, 80 by value of contracts, 80-3, 82T

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) -forecasts, 297-8 (n13)

output,69-92,93-102 abroad, 5, 93-102; of architects

planners, quantity surveyors:

102, of consulting engineers, 99-10 1, 1 OOF; of contractors 93-9,94F,95T,96T ,

agencies producing, 74-8, 75T, 76F of architects, 90-1, 102 building, 79T civil engineering, 79T, 81 T of civil engineers, 91-2 contraction due to fall in demand

190-1 , of contractors; 76F, 78-85, see also

contractors ofDLOs, 74-76F, 143-146,seealso

DLOs expansion to meet demand, 185-90

186-7T ' fluctuations in, 71-2 76F 80 119

191-2, 210 , , , , forecasting, 105-111 ~nfluence of politics on, 72 mputs for, 173-180, 176-7T, 178T,

179F, 180T, 181T, 182-3T, 184T per man, see productivity of professions, 90-2 by region, 85, 86T standards, 89-90 total construction, 4, and the

economy, 69-72, 70F, since 1945, 69, 1955 to present, 69-72, 70F

types and techniques, 85, 87-90 by types of work, 72-4, 73F

overheads, 17 5 Overseas Project Board, 98, 101 Overseas Project Fund, 101 owner, 9

p

housing of private, 15 of non-housing private, 20-2, 21 T in public sector, 24

package deal, see design construct painters (firms)

and APTCs, 217, 218T and capital expenditure, 236, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,

122-3T, 124 and productivity, 236

painters (operatives) and accidents, 211-2 employment and self-employed

197T, 198 ' and output types, 176-7T and skill and training, 202-3T 204T

2~ , ,

Index 331

painting (work) and man days on repair and mainte

nance, 17ST and output types, 1S2-3T

Pakistan as competitor abroad, 95 as source of labour abroad, 102

P and 0 (Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Co.), 131

Parker Morris standards, 7 Parkinson, Sir Lindsay, group of

companies, 117 particle board, 256 paviours - employment and self

employed, 197T, 19S pension benefits, 212-15 passim pension funds

as lenders, 16 as owners, 20, 22

performance bonds, 60 personal sector- as owners, 21 T Philippines- as competitor abroad, 95 pipelayers- and output types, 176-7T pipes

drain- and output types, 1S2-3T iron - prices, 26 OT

pipework roof- and output types, 1S2-3T service- and output types, 1S2-3T

planners (town and country) abroad, 102 in process, 40-1F

planning of capital programmes, 27, 2S7 laws, 7, 13 town and country - appeals, 51;

delays in, 13-14,51, 66; permissions; 51

plant, 265-73 and capacity, 1S5-8, 1S6-7T and finance, 276 GDFCF in (including by construction),

267-70 passim 269T hire of, 272 as input for output types, 175, 1S4T,

265-6 leasing of, 266-7,272-3 purchase, 267, 270 second-hand, 267, 270 and self-employed, 196 stock of (including owned by con

struction), 267-70, 26ST types of, 265

plant-hire firms and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 236, 271 T and leasing, 266 number, output and subcontracting,

122-3T, 124 in process, 40-1F and productivity, 236

plant-hire industry assets, 266-7 structure, 270, 272

plant operators employment and self-employment,

197T and output types, 175, 176-7T skill and training, 200, 202-3T

plaster- usage of, 254F plasterboard

stock of, 25ST supply of, 255 and output types, 1S2-3T usage of, 254F

plasterers (firms) and APTCS, 217, 21ST and capital expenditure, 271T number, output and subcontracting,

122-3T and productivity, 236

plasterers (operatives) employment and self-employed,

196-S, 197T and output types, 176-7T and skill and training, 202-3T, 204T,

205 plastering- and output types, 1S2-3T plastics

supply of, 255 usage of, 254F

plastic window frames, 257 plumbers (firms)

and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,

122-3T, 124 plumbers (operatives)

employment and self-employment, 197T,19S

and output types, 176-7T skill and training, 19S-9, 202-3T,

204T plumbing

and man days on repair and maintenance, 17ST

332 Index

plumbing, cont'd materials: distribution, 263T; price,

260T; usage of, 254F, 256 plywood and laminboard- imports of,

256T prefabrication, SS, S7

see also industrialised building Presidents Committee for the Urban

Environment (PCUE), 155 Press (William) Group Ltd, 117 price determination- types of, 57, SST prices

of construction, 163-9 passim, 164T; and costs, 167, 169; and forecasts, 167-9, 16SF; and inadequate capacity, 1S9-90

cover, 130 and degree of competition, 129-30 house, 12T, IS material, 260-1, 260T retail, 12T, 1S, 22 share, 1S survey, 25 see also rents

prisons, 24 private sector

non-housing work: design, 91; forecasts of, 297 (nl2); projects and selection of main contractor, 54-5; projects and time, 63-S; output, 73F; and types of employment, 231 T; see also commercial building, industrial building, non-housing work

output- public and private, 74 process of construction, 2-3, 39-6S

and the client, 49-50 and contracts, 57-9, SST, 61-2 and design, SOT, 52-3 duration of, see time need for improvements in, 40, 42 parties to and their relationships,

39-49,40-1F,43F,44F,4SF, 46F

and planned programmes, 27 problem of client choice of, 4 7-9 and selection of main contractor,

53-6; 54T;see also contractorsmain

selection of subcontractors, 60-2; see also subcontractors

on site, 62-3 statutory consents, 50-2 tender documents, 56-7

and time, 1S,S9-60,63-8,64-ST,67T traditional, 40-1F, 42, 43F, 56-7

product- characteristics of, 1-2 definition, 1 see also output

productivity, 221-3 7 and capacity, 1S6-7T, 1SS conclusions on, 234-7, 23ST and construction input/output, 174 and cost indices, 163, 165 dermition of, 221 and DLOS, 14S of DLOS and contractors, 226-36,

22S-9T, 233T and labour characteristics, 232-3, 233T and mix of work, 227,230-2, 233T overall, 221-6, 224T and self-employed, 125 and size of organisation, 236-7 and trade of firm, 236

professional construction management, 46

professional firms choice of, 49, SOT as construction managers, 46 organisation of and capacity, 1SS,

1S6-7T as project managers, 47

professional organisations, 151-5 and client advisory services, 49 and research, 2S4 see also individual organisations

professional staff in contractors, 219 in local authorities and new towns,

159,219,220T professions, 7, 15 1-6 2

abroad, 5, 99-103 in building and civil engineering,

153-4 definition, 15 1 employment of,155-9, 156T fees, 1SS-9 management in, 24S-9 output of, 90-92, 99-103 roles of, 159-61 structure of, 15 1-6 2 see also individual professions

profit on capital employed, 2S0-2, 2S1T degree of- and competition, 130 and prices, 163 in repair and maintenance, 175 on turnover, 2S0-2, 2S1 T

Index 333

project - management of, 11ee management

project management, 44-5, 45F, 4 7, 160,250

property agents, 22 property companies as owners, 20, 21T Property Services Agency (PSA)

and DLOs, 148 and mandays on repair and mainte-

nance, 178T and research, 283 and slow claims procedure, 59 and standards of materials, 257

public authorities demands of, 23-4 DLOs, 143-8, 146T, 228-9T;of

other public authorities, 148;see al11o local authorities, new towns

employment, 194T Public Expenditure Survey Committee

(PESC), 25 public image, 3, 140, 154, 206 public ownership, 148-9 public sector

accountability, 56 accounting system, 29-30 agencies carrying out work, 74 expenditure, 5-6, 25-30; and fore-

casting, 107, non-housing work; and design, 91; and forecasting, 110-11; and operative inputs, 173-4, lBOT; orders by duration, region and value, 80-5, 82T, 83T, 84T; output, 73F, 85; and plant, 17 5; types of employment, 231 T; see also non-housing work and specific output types

output public/private, 74 pool of projects, 6 7 and research, 283-4, 285-7 passim and selection of main contractor,

54-6, 54T andtirne,63-8,64-5T,67T work categories, 23-4

Public Sector Borrowing Requirement (PSBR), 6

Q quantity surveyors

abroad, 102 on civil engineering projects, 24 7 code of conduct, 152, 158

R

contribution to balance of payments, 103T

in design construct, 44F fees, 53, 158-9 in local authorities and new towns,

159 and management, 249-50 in management contracting, 46F practices, 15 8 in project management, 45F and tenders and contracts, 57 in traditional process, 40-lF, 42, 43F workload statistics and forecasting,

106-7

railways- output for, 79T ready mixed concrete

lorry drivers and unions, 126 usage of, 254F

receiving orders, see bankruptcies Regional Development Grants, 32 regions

output abroad by, 94F, 96T, 99 output in Great Britain by, 85, 86T

regulator - construction as, 7, 71 rehabilitation, 30-6

definition of, 30 and design by architects, 91 of factories and warehouses, 35-6 of housing, 33-34T and management needs, 240 research on, 286 skills for, 201 statistics of, 30 and structure of industry, 119 of whole areas, 31-2

reinforced concrete firms and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 271 T output and subcontracting, 122-3T

reinforcement- and output types 182-3T

rendering screeds -and types of output, 182-3T

rent - housing to, 15 rents -of factories, offices, shops,

12T,22 repair and maintenance

demand for, 30-6 passim definition, 30 and DLOs, 143, 146T and forecasts, 108

334 Index

repair and maintenance, cont 'd of housing, 32-3, 34T, 77, 143 and industry structure, 114, 114T,

124 output on, 31, 72-8, 73F, 75T, 76F,

77T;byre~on,85,86T and receiving orders, 133, 140F and research, 286 and statistics, 30 and usage of materials, 255 and usage of plant, 265-6

research and development, 283-7 current effort on, 283-4 on economics and management,

286-7 future areas of, 285-7 and government and the public

sector, 8, 283-7 passim organisation of, 284-5

Research Strategy Committee, 285 resources, 173-80

research on, 287 see also specific resources

retentions, 57-8, 276 RIBA form of contract, see JCT form

of contract risk(s)

abroad, 97-8, 282 and business failures, 133 of client, 48 of construction firms, 3, 282 and effect of demand fluctuations, 7

roads and competition, 129 and duration of process, 6 3, 64-5 T financing of, 30 need for, 24

number, output and subcontracting, 122-3T

roofers (operatives) and accidents, 211-2 and output types, 176-7T

roof felt- usage of, 254F roofing (work) - mandays on repair

and maintenance, 178T roof tiles- stocks of, 258 Royal Incorporation of Architects in

Scotland (RIAS), 151 Royal Institute of British Architects

(RIBA),151-9, passim and code of conduct, 158 and CPD, 162 and employment and practices, 155,

156T, 157T and fees, 158 and JCT, 294 (n34) and management, 248-9,250 see also architects

Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), 152-62 passim

and code of conduct, 158 and CPD, 162 and employment and practices, 155,

156T, 158 and fees, 158 and JCT, 294 (n34) and management, 249 see also quantity surveyors

Royal Institution of Structural Engineers. (I. Struct E.), 155, 156T, 162

Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI), 152, 155, 162, 290 (n8)

output on, 79T; and materials, 181 T; S and operatives, 1 76-7T, 178T; and plant 175

planned expenditure and actual, 25, 107

and research, 283 and selection of main contractor, 54-5 and specialisation of contractors, 129 and tender prices, 164T

roadstone -granite and limestone, prices, 260

Ronan Point, 87 roof decking- and output types,

182-JT roofers (firms)

and APTCs, 218T and capital expenditure, 271 T

safety, 7, 211-12, 214 and self employment, 126, 216 see also accidents

sand and gravel- prices, 260 sanitary fittings

imports, 256 and output types, 182-JT

scaffolders (operatives) and accidents, 211-2 and output types, 176-7T record card, 127 skill and training, 200, 202-JT

scaffolding specialists (firms) and APTCs, 218T and capital expenditure, 270, 271T

Index 335

number, output and subcontracting, 122-3T, 124

schools and colleges- output, 79T and design by architects, 91 and industrialised building, 85 and selection of main contractor,

54-5 Science and Engineering Research

Council (SERC), 283, 286-7 Scotland, xii

and brick usage, 89 and DLOs, 144T and 'grip', 120 and industrialised building, 87-8 and method of house building, 88-9 and output, 85, 86T and plumbers board, 215 and separate trades contracting, 46

Scottish and Northern Ireland Plumbers Employers' Federation, 215, 300 (n34)

Scottish Building Contracts Committee -and JCT, 294 (n34)

Scottish Development Agency, 31 Scottish Technical Education Council

(SCOTEC), 240-1, 241T select competition, see tendering self-employed, 120-7 passim, 216-27

and bankruptcies, 133, 136-7T, 138T

earnings of, 215-6 and measurement of productivity,

223,230 need for investigation, 126-7 number of, 193-6, 194T, 195T problems of, 124-5 and research, 287 and safety, 126,216 and standards, 126 by trade, 196, 197T, 198 and training, 126-7 by type of work, 230, 231 T and unions, 126-7,213 and YTS, 200 see also subcontracting -labour-only

serial tendering, see tendering services/ service trades

operatives by output types, 174, 176-7T; over contract period, 178,179F

usage of materials, 253, 254F sewerage

and duration of process, 64-5T

need for, 24, 35 output, 79T; and materials, 181 T;

and operatives, 176-7T; planned and actual, 25, 107, and plant, 175

and research. 286 and selection of main contractor, 54

shops demand for, 19,22-3 output of, 79T rents of, 12T

sickness benefits, 212 site

investigation - research, 286 management, 239-4 7 process, 62-3

skills, 201 certification of, 127, 201-5 and training, 202-3T

slate- stocks, 258T Smaller Builders' Section (of NFBTE),

141 softwood- and output types, 181 T Special Development Areas, 32 specialist contractors, see contractors -

specialist sponsor department, 8 Sri Lanka -as source of labour abroad,

102 Standard Industrial Classification

(SIC), 1, 113, 266 Standard Method of Measurement

(SMM), 57 Standard Method of Measurement

Development Group, 57 standards

in construction, 89 and forecasting, 109-10 and government, 7 in housing, 89, 110 of materials, 256-7 and self-employed, 126-7 and warranty schemes, 90, 127

state of trade inquiries, 107, 297 (n6) statistics

problems of: and improvements, 30-1, and plant hire firms, 266, and self-employed, 120-1, and structure of industry, 113; and unemployment, 212

sources of, xii;see also references statutory consents, 50-2, 63 statutory undertakers, 52

336 Index

steel frame- and output types, 182-3T products- price of, 260T unframed -and output types,

182-3T usage of, 253, 254F

steel- buildings for, output, 79T steel erectors (operatives)- and output

types, 176-7T steel fixers (operatives)- and output

types, 176-7T and skill and training, 202-3T

stock of buildings and works, 268T; and

forecasting, 109; ownership of, 20, 26 8T; owned by construction, 268T

of fixed assets in construction, 266-70, 268T

of materials, 257-60, 258T of plant and machinery, 26 8T; in

construction, 267-70 passim, 268T

of vehicles, ships and aircraft, 268T; in construction, 26 8T

structural engineer in process, 40-1F, 42, 152 work of, 158

structure of buildings and operative inputs, 176-7T; over

contract period, 178, 179F usage of materials, 254F

structure of industry, 2, 113-49, 151-62

of all private contractors, 113-46; related to output types, 113-15, 114F, 115F; statistical problems, 113

of main trades contractors, 116-19; related to output types, 116-7; 118T

of plant hire, 272 of professions, 151-62, 156T; see

also individual professions of subcontracting and specialist trade

contractors, 120-4, 122-3T structures -research on, 286 subcontractors

advantages and disadvantages, 119-20 capital needs of, 275 choice of, 60-2 contract conditions for, 60-2 and design, 60 in design construct, 44F

domestic, 60-2 labour-only, 120, 216-7; proportion

of operatives in, 195; and safety, 216;and standards, 126-7;and statistics, 120-1; and training, 216;seea/so self-employed

and management contracting, 46F need for investigation of role, 124-5 nominated, 60-2 output of, 118T, 121-4, 122-3T payments to, 275 problems of, 124-5 and research, 287 structure of, 120-4, 122~3T supply and fix, 120 in traditional process, 40-1F, 42, 43F see also contractors - specialist trades

and individual trades subsidies, 11 supervision, see foremen surveyors

firms of, 22 in local authorities and new towns,

220T Suspended Ceilings Association, 300

(n35) suspended ceilings specialists (fJrms)

and APTCs, 218T and capital expenditure, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,

122-3T System Builders' Section (of NFBTE),

141 system building, 85; see also industria

lised building

T

Taiwan- as competitor abroad, 95 takeovers, 130-1, 132T Tarmac pic, 97, 117, 270 tarmac operatives, see asphalt operatives Taylor Woodrow pic, 97, 117, 270 taxation

evasion of, 125-7 and plant, 270, 273 and private housing, 18 see also value-added tax

technical staff in contractors, 219 in local authorities and new towns,

220T Technican Education Council (TEC),

240-1, 241T, 247

Index 337

technicians- training, 199-200, 241 T, 249

technology(ies) and capacity, 186-7T, 192 change in, 19, 174 and research, 285-6

telephone exchanges and duration of process, 64-5T and serial contracting, 56

tendering abroad, 97, 101 costs of, 55, 67, 97 and degree of competition, 129-30 delays in adjudication, 67 documents, 56-60 numbers for and capacity, 190 open competition, 53-4, 54T, 59 re-tendering, 6 7 select competition, 54T, 55-6, 59 serial (continuity), 54T, 56 two-stage, 54T, 56, 59

tender prices, see prices Thailand, as competitor abroad, 95 tilers (firms), see floor and wall tiling

specialists tilers (operatives)- skill and training,

202-3T tiles

imports of, 256 stocks of, 258T

timber doors, see doors frame, 3, 87-9, 174, 260-1 imports of, 253, 256 and output types, 182-3T usage of, 253, 254F

Timber Research and Development Association (TRADA), 284

time of erection of industrialised building,

67T,87 lags in construction process, 18, 36 overrun on contracts, 59-60; and

inadequate capacity, 189-90 for public and private clients, 48, 68 see also duration

tools, 262, 263T Tourism Act, 1969 -and imports, 256 Trade, Department of (DOT), 8 Trade Indemnity Ltd, 138 trade unions, 213-14

in process, 40-1F and self-employed, 126-7 see also individual unions

Trafalgar House plc, 97, 117, 119, 128,131

training, 198-201 agreement, 198, 200 and capacity, 186-7T, 190, 192 of contractors and DLOS, 204T,

233-4,235T and self-employed, 125-7, 216 by trade, 202-3T, 204T

Transport and General Workers Union (TGWU), 141,213-14

Transport and Road Research Laboratory, 283

Treasury, 25, 27,297 (n13) Trollope & Coils Holdings Ltd, 117 tunnelers- record card, 127 Turkey -as competitor abroad, 95 turnkey project, see design construct turnover

and capital employed, 276, 277T return on, 280-2, 281T

two-stage tendering, see tendering

u underspending- on programme, 27-9 unemployment, 212

and capacity, 185-90 passim, 186-7T in construction labour force, 194T

195T,212 statistics of, 212

Union of Construction, Allied Trades and Technicians (UCATT), 213-14

Urban Programme, 31-2 user

v

and demand, 9 and forecasting, 109 for private non-housing, 19-22

passim for public-sector housing, 24 requirements for housing, 15

valuation surveyors- in process, 40-1F value-added tax (VAT), 11, 78,227 value of work done, see output variations, 52-3,59-60 vehicles, ships and aircraft

GDFCF in, 269T ownership of, 268T stock of, 268T

Volume Housebuilders' Association, 290 (n8)

338 Index

w wages, 214-15 warehouses

decaying, 35 demand for, 19 output of, 79T

water- building and works, 64-ST and duration of construction

process, 64-ST need for, 35 output, 79T; and materials, 181T;

and operatives, 176-7T; planned and actual, 25, 107;and plant, 175

research on, 286 and selection of main contractor, 54

weather, 3, 7, 210 welders- and output types, 176-7T W~lsh Development Agency, 31 Wunpey (George) plc, 97, 117, 128, 270

windows aluminium: distribution of, 262;

imports of, 256 metal: standards of, 257; usage of,

254F plastic: standards of, 257

wood imports of, 256 price of, 260T see also timber

wood-cutting machinists, 198 working proprietors, 193, 194T working rule agreements, 126-7

y

Youth Training Scheme (YTS), 198-200 241 '

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Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-06660-5/1.pdf · Notes and References 291 12. Office of Population Census and Survey, Census 1981 National Report Great Britian Part