Notes 09/30

Class 05: Europe, 1815-1919GEO105: World Regional Geography

Michael T. WheelerSyracuse University, Geography

2

• Tennis Court Oath (shown)– National Assembly refused to meet

until they had a Constitution

Politics - French RevolutionLecture slide 02

• Influence of the American Revolution– Continuing huge debts of French monarchy / military

• Interest and debt payments represented half of the entire budget

• Convening of the Estates General, 1789– Primarily to raise (land) taxes– Estates:

• First: Nobility• Second: Catholic Church• Third: bourgeoisie

– Lawyers, merchants

3

French Revolution – Popular UprisingLecture slide 03

• New Forces– King mustered royal troops at

Versailles– Paris populace, bread riots, arms

for the militia

• Storming the Bastille– July 14, 1789

• The Revolution– Liberte, egalite, fraternite

• Numerous governments– Convention, sans-culottes, “Reign

of Terror,” Directory, Thermidorian Reaction

– Consulate (Napoleon Bonaparte)

4

Napoleonic WarsLecture slide 04

5

Germany, before NapoleonLecture slide 05

6

Europe, after Napoleon (1815)Lecture slide 06

7

European Revolutions, 1823-1831Lecture slide 07

8

European Revolutions, 1848-9Lecture slide 08

9

The Economic Unificationof Germany, 1834 (‘Customs Union’)

Lecture slide 09(German maps)

10

The Unification of Germany, 1864-66

Lecture slide 10(German maps)

11

The Unification of Germany, 1864-71Lecture slide 11

12

The Unification of Italy, 1815-71Lecture slide 12

• Sardinia-Piedmont: Leader of unification– Victor Emmanuel II– Camillio Cavour– Moderate liberalism as

opposed to republicanism and reactionary absolutism

• France: Napoleon III supported Italy with quid pro quo (Nice and Savoy)

• Austria-Hungarian Empire: Big loser

13

1871, New Map of EuropeLecture slide 13

(Compare with slide 6)

14

The Industrial Revolution, Why England?Lecture slide 14

• Economic / Social– 18th Century ‘Agricultural Revolution’

• The Enclosure Acts• Better crop rotations, cultivation practices

– Innovation– Large merchant marine (only Holland could rival)– Liberal banking regime

• Geography– Navigable rivers and seacoast shipping– High percentage of city dwellers– Expensive labor (at least 2x France, more than 2x compared to German

states)– Almost complete depletion of forests

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‘Change begat change’Lecture slide 15

• Landes, David. The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. 2nd Ed. 2003 (1969).

• Coal Mining– Needed steam engines to remove water from ever-deeper mines– Horse-drawn iron rails used to better convey coal (railroads)

• Steam Engines– Needed better iron-working techniques for higher-pressure steam engines

• Iron– Replacement of charcoal (wood) with coke (coal) enabled bigger, higher

temperature forges

• Textiles– Better machine technology (iron) enabled automated spinning and

weaving machines

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‘Continental Emulators’Belgium, Northern France

Lecture slide 16

Figure 3.10: The spread of industrialization in Europe (p. 89)

• Continent– Destruction of

Napoleonic Wars– Poorer ‘natural’

transportation routes– Political boundaries

(tolls and customs)– Fragmented markets– Limited coal

deposits

17

European Industry and Railroads, 1871

Lecture slide 17

Figure 4.??

18

European Industrialization

Lecture slide 18

19

23.2

28.1

34.2

53.2

61.3 62

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1750 1800 1830 1860 1880 1900

Years

Rel

ativ

e S

har

es

Europe

United Kingdom

Hapsburg Empire

France

German States / Germany

Italian States / Italy

Russia

United States

Japan

Third World

China

India / Pakistan

Rise of Industrial Europe:Relative Shares of World Manufacturing Output

Lecture slide 19

Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military conflict from 1500 to 2000. 1987. p. 149.

20

Break

Figure 3.13: Population Density in Europe (p. 92)

Lecture slide 20

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Comparative Advantage

Lecture slide 21

Great Britain

Price Food $10 bushel

Price Cloth $4 bolt

Portugal

Price Food $2 bushel

Price Cloth $3 bolt

• Imagine a world with just two countries and two commodities….

22

Comparative Advantage, Graphically

Lecture slide 22

23

Benefits of Free Trade

Lecture slide 23

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• Great Britain’s post Napoleonic Wars conservative reaction– 1799: Outlawed workers’ organizations (unions)– 1815: Corn Law tariff to maintain high domestic grain prices– 1816: Abolished income tax paid by wealthy and replaced it with sales

tax of consumer goods (regressive)

• Repeal of the Corn Laws, 1846– Classical economists (David Ricardo, Jeremy Bentham)– Irish potato famine– Opened up of freer trade throughout much of western world

• U.S. implications– North – South debate over the ‘Tariff of Abominations’ (1824)– Example of Erie Canal (see Lecture 1, slide 13)

England, Repeal of the Corn Laws

Lecture slide 24

Source of Erie Canal Tonnage

0200400600800

1,0001,2001,4001,6001,8002,000

1836

1840

1844

1848

1852

1856

1860

Year

To

ns

(000

s)

Western States

New York State

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New Industrial Empire(s)The World in 1900

Lecture slide 25

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World War One

Lecture slide 26

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Woodrow Wilson and ‘Self-Determination’Lecture slide 27

Figure 4.??

(Compare with slides 6, 13)Italia Irredenta (Irredentism)

28

Relative Industrial Potential,‘Great Powers’

Lecture slide 28

Kennedy, Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. p. 201. (Bairoch)

Total Industrial Potential of the Powersin Relative Perspective, 1880-1938

(U.K. in 1900 = 100)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1880 1900 1913 1928 1938

Great Britain

United States

Germany

France

Russia

Austro-Hungary

Italy

Japan

29

Regional Trading Blocs:The Great Depression, 1929

Lecture slide 29

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Balkan Peninsula, 19th Century

Lecture slide 30

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Ethno-Linguistic Map of Eastern Europe, 1900

Lecture slide 31

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Claims to Macedonia, 1912

Lecture slide 32

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The Balkan Peninsula, 1912-3

Lecture slide 33

(Also see page 98, Figure 1 in your book)

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Eastern Europe after the Treaty of Versailles

Lecture slide 34

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Bosnia-Herzegovina, 20th Century

Lecture slide 35

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Review

• Geopolitics– French Revolution and 19th Century, egalitarian unrest – Conservative reaction – Germany unified ‘from above’– Unification of Germany upset the Balance of Powers in Europe– New wave of imperialism – prestige as a ‘Great Power’

• Industrial Revolution– Technologies: Coal, iron, textiles, railroads, steamships– First, England– Spread to Continental Europe, United States, and Japan– New international economics

• Free trade among Great Powers• New empires (‘Industrial Imperialism’)

• Balkanization– We saw last week that ethnic, language-based nation states did not work in South Asia– They have not worked very well in Central and especially Eastern Europe, either

Lecture slide 36

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Next Week

• Reading– Chapter 6: 232-289

• Review– p. 287: Testing Your Understanding: 1, 3-4, 10– Thinking Geographically, 2-3

• Map Workbook:– p. 38 (use map Figure 6.1 on page 36). Mapping Exercise

1: “Mapping Colonial Legacies and Political Violence," Questions 1-6.

• Web Page:– classes.maxwell.syr.edu/geo105_f04/class_notes/06-Review.htm

Lecture slide 37