Nota SPM 2012

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

1/18

1

PRE-SPM NOTE

FORCES AND MOTION

PHYSIC

QUANTITY( unit)

LAW/PRINCIPLE

FORMULA DEFINITION/CONCEPT/IDEA

Velocity

V ( ms-1

)

Velocity=displacement/time

V = s/t

Rate of change of distance

Kadar perubahan jarak

Acceleration

a ( ms-2

)

a = initial velocity-final velocity

time

a= v-u ( ms-2

)

t

Rate of change of velocity

Kadar perubahan halaju

Momentum

( kgms-1

)

Momentum= mass x velocity

= mv

Note: Compare elastic and

inelastic collision.

Product of mass and velocity

Conservation of momentumThe total momentum before and

after collision is the same.

Force

( N)

Force= mass x acceleration

F= ma

F = m (v-u) =mv-mu

time t

Rate of change of velocity

Kadar perubahan momentum

Note: Formula for impulsive force

Inertia Tendency of object to remain at

restor move with constant velocity

if no force is acted upon it.

Bigger mass bigger inertia

Harder to start and to stop from

moving.

Note: check example of inertia

Gravitional

Force (N)

Weight=mg g= gravitational

acceleration

Weight isdownward forcedue to

gravitational acceleration.

As object falls velocity increases but

accelaration remains constant.

Energy

Work

( Joule)

Kinetic energy= mv2

Gravitational = mgh

Potential energy

Energyis work

Principle of Conservation of energy

Energy can be transformedto other

form but the totalenergy remainthe same.

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

2/18

2

Power

( Watt )

Power= Energy

time

Rate of energy consume

Elastic potential

Energy

Ek

Ek = kx2

EK= Fx

K = constant

X = extensionK = gradient of graph

F spring A

SpringB

X

Gradient A > Gradient B

Spring A is stiffer than spring B

Elasticitythe ability of material to

return to its original shape when the

force exerted upon it is removed.

Hookes law

F=kx, Forceis directly propotional

to extensionor compression

provided it does not exceed the

elastic limit.

Shaded area = Work done=1/2Fx

Characteristic/Modification design using Physics concept

Characteristic of design Explanation

Low mass/light object High velocity/ accelerate

Low density Light (ringan) easy to carry aroundAerodynamic shape (car)

Aerofoil shape ( airpalne)

Streamlineshape ( boat/ship)

Less air resistance, high velocity

Less air resistance, high velocity

Less water resistance, high velocity

Car safety design

Seat belt/airbag/head rest

Crumple zone/rubber bumper

Avoid injury due to inertia

Lengten time of collision, less impulsive force

Application of spring

High spring constant

Long spring

Thick spring

Spring for absorber

penyerap hentakan pada roda

Double spring

More stiff and more elastic , high frequency, ayunan

pantas.

Antirust, made of steel for long lasting.

Softer and low frequency.

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

3/18

3

FORCES AND PRESSURE

PHYSICS

QUANTITY (UNIT)

LAW/PRINCIPLE

FORMULA DEFINITION/IDEA

Pressure

Nm

-2

( pascal)

Pressure = Force

AreaP= F/A

F1 F2

A A

Force per unit area

Daya yang bertindak ke atasseunit luas

F1=F2Small Area big pressure

Pressure in liquid Pressure = density x gravity x depth

P = gh

water h=5m

water= 1000kgm3

g=10ms-2

Pressure at point = gh

1000x10x5

= 50000 Pa

Bermaksud - tekanan pada suatu

titik dalam cecair.

Tekanan bertambah apabila

density and depth bertambah

secara berkadar terus.

Pascal Principle F1 = F2A1 A2P1 = P2

In an enclosed system pressure

can be transmitted equallyto all

direction .

Application - hydraulic jack or

brake.

Archimedes

Principle

Buoyancy force = Vg

V= Volume of object

= density of fluid T

g = gravitational force

T

W

Fb w

Bagi suatu object yang tenggelam

atau separa tenggelam upthrust

force is equal to the weight of

water displaced.

Semakin dalam jasad tenggelam

semakin banyak air tersesar

semakin besar daya tujahan

keatas.

For floatingobject W= Bouyancy

Bernoullis

Principle In moving fluid pressure

increases when velocity

decreases and vice verse.

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

4/18

4

CHARACTERISTICS AND MODIFICATION USING PHYSICS CONCEPT

CHARACTERISTICS EXPLANATION

Hydraulic brake

Use oil as liquid

Made of Stainless steelLiquid used- high boiling point

Ratio of cross sectional area-

Small piston : big piston is big

Cannot be compressed, pressure transmitted efficiently

- Long lasting and antirust- Can stand heat, doesnot evaporate at high temp

- Increase force, bigger force produce

Hot air balloon

Big size

Material - canvass

Fuel - butaneBest time to launch- morning

- More air displaced, bigger upthrust force

- Water proof

- Not flammable- Low air density, easy to go up

Ship or submarine

Big volume

Streamline shape/aerodynamic

Air tank for submarine - big

Balast tank big

- Morewater displaced, bigger upthrust force

- Less water resistance

- More oxigen for passenger

- More buoyancy force, easy to go up

- More water weight, easy to go down

Hidrometer

Stem - long and small

Glass wall

Large diameter of bulb

Use lead shots

Is used to measure the density of liquid

- Smaller scale more accurate/skala kecil dan tepat

- Transparent

- Displaced more liquid

- To keep hidrometer stay upright

Water rocket

Small mass

Aerodynamic shape

45 angle of launching

Volume of water is 1/3

Bullet shape on top

- Accelerate faster

- Reduce air resistance

- Rocket go further, maximum distance

- High momentum

- Reduce air resistance

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

5/18

5

HEAT

PHYSICS

QUANTITY

FORMULA DEFINITION/CONCEPT/ IDEAS

Heat ( Joule) Q= mc

Q= Heat

m = mass of materialc = specific heat capacity

= temperature rise

HEAT is form of energy

note: temperature is thedegree of hotness of matter.

Thermal equilbrium

Kesimbangan terma

when two objects of different

temperature in contact reach

the same temperature.

Net heat transfer is zero.

Specific heat capacity C= Q (Jkg-1c)m

Heat required to raise thethe temp of 1kg material by

1 C.

Material with big c take

Longer time to heat up and

Longer time to cool down.

Latent Heat Lf=latent heat of fusion

Q=mlf ( Jkg-1)

Lv = latent heat of vaporisation

Q=mlv ( Jkg-1

)

Heat required to change 1 kg material

from solid to gas at constanttemperature.

Heat required to change 1 kg material

from liquid to gas at constant

temperature

Gas Law

Note: Draw the 3 graph

of gas law.

PV = constant

T

P= Pressure

V = Volume

T = Temperature

P1v1=P2V2, BoylesLAW

P1= P2, Pressure LAW

T 1 T2

V1= V2, Charles LAW

T1 T2

Boyles Law- For fix mass of

gas pressure is inversely

propotional to volume

Pressure Law- For a fix mass of

gas pressure is directly

propotional to its absolute

temperature

Charles Law For a fix mass of

gas volume is directly

propotional to its absolute

temperature.

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

6/18

6

CHARACTERISTICS AND MODIFICATON USING PHYSICS CONCEPT

Characteristic Explanation

Cooking pan for fast cooking

Large base diameter

Low density material

Low specific heat capacity

Anti rust

Handle made of insulator/wood

Bigger area more heat transfer

Easy to carry around

Fast heating

Long lasting

Poor heat conductor

Food container to keep heat

High specific heat capacity

(inner part)

Made of good insulator

(outer part)


High melting point

Keep heat longer

Poor heat conductor

Easy to carry around

Can withstand high temperature

Efficient electric kettle

Body- high specific heat capacity

Made of insulator

Low density

Heating element- a lot of loop

Handle made of insulator

Heating element made of nichrome

Keep heat longer

Poor conductor

Light

Increase surface area, more heat transfer

Safe to hold.

To produce high energy

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

7/18

7

LIGHT

PHYSICS/QUANTITY

LAW/PRINCIPLE

FORMULA DEFINITION/CONCEPT/IDEAS

Law of reflection Angle i =angle r

i = incident angle

r= reflection angel

Angle of incidence=angle of reflection

Real image - image that can be

Displayed on screen

Virtual image-cannot be displayed

On screen

Convex mirror Ray Diagram

object

Image

F C

Characteristics of image formed

Smaller, upright and virtual

Concave mirror Ray diagram

Object placed between C

and F

object

C F

Characteristic of image

Bigger, upsidedown,real

Ray diagram

Object placed in front of F

image

object

C F

Characteristics of image

Bigger ,virtual, upright

Refraction of light

Snells Law

Index of refraction n

n = sin i/sin r

n = velocity in vacuum

velocity in medium

n = real depth

apparent depth

The bending of light due to changes

in velocity as light move to medium

of differnce density.

Note: n is always bigger than 1

Critical angle

C glass

c

cahaya bergerak dari kawtumpat ke kurang tumpat.

Critical angle c is incidence angle that

produces refractive angle of 90

n = 1/sin c, n is refractive index

total internal reflection occurswhen i>

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

8/18

8

LENSES FORMULA DEFINITION/CONCEPT

IDEA

POWER OF LENS

( DIOPTER)

P=1/focal length NOTE: f must be in meter

CONVEX LENS 1/f = 1/v +1/uu=object distance

v=image distance

f = focal length

Object

2f F F

image

object is placed between f and 2f

Refraction - light is refractedwhen it travels through lens

Characteristics of image:

Upside down,bigger,real

Application: overhead

projector

CONCAVEX LENS image

o

2F F F

O=object

Characteristic of image:

Upright, bigger, virtual

Application: magnifying glass

CHARACTERISTICS/MODIFICATION DESIGN USING PHYSICS CONCEPT

Characteristics Explanation

Cermin Keselamatan

Convex mirror

Big mirror

High refractive index

Placed at the top end

Small curvature

Wider field of view

Wider view and sharper image

Clearer image

Easier to look up

Wider angle of view

Endoscope /telecomunication cable

(Teropong organ dalaman)

Consist of a few find lines

High flexibility

High strenghRefractive index ni/no>1

More signal can be transmitted

Can be bent to move into difficult position

Does not break easily,withstand forceRepeated internal reflection can occur

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

9/18

9

Problem: You are given 2 convex lens of focal lenght 45cm and 5 cm. Suggest a design for

telescope.

Objective lens eyepiece lens

fo Fo/fe fe

45 cm 5 cm

i) Convex lens of 45 cm is used as objective lens

ii) Convex lens of 5 cm is used as eyepiece lens

iii) Distance between 2 lens is 45+5 = 50 cmiv) The image of objective lens will fall on the focal point of eyepiece lens

v) Image is at infinity

Lenght of telescope is 50 cm

Magnification of object 45 5 = 9 X

- END OF NOTE-

GOOD LUCK

By: Puan Azizah/smkp.alam/2012

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

10/18

10

WAVES

PHYSICS

QUANTITY/LAW

PRINCIPLE


Waves

5

V=ff = 1/T

=ax

D

Graph

W,y=wavelength

X = amplitude = 5 cm

Y = Period

2 types of waves

-tranverse waves

Direction of oscillation is

Perpendicular to the

Direction of propagation

- longitudinal waves

Direction of oscillation

Parallel to direction of

Propagation.

Wave is a moving distubance.

Waves originates from vibrating

sources.

Waves oscillate and propagate at

the same time.

= wavelength, the distance

between 2 consecutives points.

f=frequency, no of oscillation in

one second. ( Htz)

T= period, time taken for one

Complete oscillation.( sec)

Amplitude/displacement=

The highest displacement from

the rest position.

Direction of oscillation

Direction of propagation

Sound wavesis the only

longitudinal waves. It is the

vibration of air molecules.

Reflection

Note: check pattern of

reflection

Wavelenth, frequency and velocity

do not change after reflection.

Displacement /

cm

Y

X

Z

Time / s

W

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

11/18

11

Refraction

1 2

v1 v2

Deep shallow

1>2V1>V2

Di kawasan dalam gelombang

bergerak pantas , panjang

gelombang lebih dari kawasancetek.

Diffraction Gelombambang melalui celah

atau halangan

Tiada perubahan panjang

gelombang , velocity dan frequency

selepas gelombang melalui celah

atau halangan.

Amplitud berkurang.

Note : check pattern of diffraction

Interference

Distructiveinterference

Constructive inteference The effect of over lapping of two

coherent waves

Coherent waves- wave of same

frequency and phase.

Light waves

Sound waves

Fringes if dark and light.

Soft and loud sound.

dark fringes- destructive

light fringes- constructive

soft sound - destructive

loud sound- constructive

Question

1. The diagram below shows ultrawaves of velocity 1200 m/s

transmitted by a radar to the seabed. If the reflected waves is

detected 8 s later. What is the depth of the sea?

S= V x t/2

= 1200 x 8 2 = 4800 m

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

12/18

12

2.

. The figure below shows two water waves superimposed to form interference

patterns. The distance between the two vibrating sources, a is 3.0 cm. The

separation between two adjacent antinodal lines,xis 5.40 cm, at a distance

D= 10.8 cm from the sources

antinodal line antinodal line antinodal line

Calculate the wavelength, of the water waves produced.

= ax

D

= (3.0 x 5.4) 10.8 = 1.5 cm

boat

sea

sonar

waves

sea bed

x

D=10.8 cm

a=3.0 cm

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

13/18

13

CHARACTERISTIC AND MODIFICATION USING PHYSICS CONCEPT

Cadangan rekabentuk sebuah pelabuhan yang selamat


Location

Tembok tinggiTembok bertangga

Menggunakan concrete

Bercelah/ diffraction

- At bay, not expose to strong waves and storms

- memantulkan ombak, melindungi pantai- menggurangkan tenaga ombak

- Tahan lama dan kuat

- mengurangkan tenaga ombak

Cadangan ciri-ciri reka bentuk sistem radar dilapangan terbang


Jenis gelombang

Diameter parabola besar

Penerima signal/signal receiverdiletak pada focal point

Parabolic disc placed at highlocation

Microvaves, high frequency, high energy and velocity

Menerima banyak gelombang

Gelombang dari jauh yang selari dipantulkan pada discdan difokuskan pada focal point

Tiada penghalang. Dapat menerima signal dari semua arah.

Spt piring astrodi rumah anda yg menerima gelombang satelite berfrequency tinggi dan laju

ELECTRICITY

PHYSICS QUANTITY

LAW/PRINCIPLE

FORMULA DEFINITION/CONCEPT

CURRENT ( AMPIRE)

Voltage/potential difference

( Volt)

I = Q/t

Q= charge ( coloumb)

t= time (sec)

V =E/Q

Current is Rate of flow of charge

Current flow from positive

Terminal to negetive terminal.

Flow of charge produces current

Work done to move one Coloumb

Of charge.

OHMs LAW R=V/I v

V=IR x

y

IRX >RY

For Ohmic conductor potential

differnce is directly

Propotional to current .

Gradient = resistance R

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

14/18

14

PHYSICS QUANTITY/

LAW/PRINCIPLE


Resistivity R series= R1 + R2+ R3............

R ParallelR=1/R1 + 1/R2+1/R3...........

Factors affecting resistivity in

a conductor

Length,diameter,temperature and material.

Emf ( Electromotive

force)

E=V+Ir

= IR+Ir

E=voltage of batery

V=voltmeter reading when

Circuit in connectedR=Resistance if rheostat

r=internal resistance

V

E gradient=r

I

POWER( watt)/Js-1

ENERGY ( Joule)/Ws

Power=energy

Time

Power=VI

Energy =Powerxtime

E=Pt

E=VIt

Soalan

Sebuah seterika berlabel

240V,1000Watt digunakan

selama 30 minit. Berapakah

tenaga yg digunakan?

E=Pt=1000x30x60=1.8x106J

Rintangan pemanas,R

P=VI,

I=P/V=1000/240=4.1A

R=V/I

=2404.1=58

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

15/18

15

CHARACTERISTICS AND MODIFICATION USING PHYSICS CONCEPT

Characteristics of cabel for electricity transmission


Low resistivity per

meter


Low thermal expansion

High melting point

Less power loss

Light ,does not require alot of support

Does not sag at high temperature ( melendut)

Does not expand on hot day.

Electromagnetism

PHYSICS QUANTITY/LAW Formula Definition/concept

ELectromagnet Note: Fleming left

Hand rule.

Aplication- motor

force

magnet

current

Temporary magnet made by winding

insulated wire around

Soft iron core.

Faradays law

Induction

Note: Fleming right

hand rule

Application- dynamo

F

M

I

The magnitude of induced current is

directly prpotional to the rate of

change of its relative motion.

The cutting of magnetic flux to

produce induced current

Characteristics of good transformer


Use soft iron core

Laminated iron core

Thick coil

Primary coil is place on top

of secondary coil.

Easily magnetized and demagnetized

Reduce eddy current

Less resistance

Reduce magnetic flux leakage.

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

16/18

16

SMK PUNCAK ALAM

NOTA MODUL FIZIK SPM

AZIZAH TAIB/PANITIA FIZIK/SMKPA/EDISI 2013

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

17/18

17

8/10/2019 Nota SPM 2012

18/18

18

Documents

Nota SPM 2012