No Komponen IPA No Indikator1. Produk 1 Pengetahuan tahan lama dan bersifat tentatif

2 Pengetahuan ilmiah berasumsi tentang konsistensi alam3 IPA menjelaskan fenomena alam4 Hukum, Fakta, Konsep, Prinsip, dan teori memiliki peran

yang berbeda5 Sains merupakan produk kreativitas dan imajinasi manusia

tentang alam6 Bersifat objektif dan berdasarkan argumentasi logis7 Teknologi merupakan bagian dari produk sains

2. Proses 1 Pengetahuan berdasarkan pada pengamatan yang akurat dan bukti empiris

2 Sains adalah pencarian kebenaran3 Didapatkan dari metode ilmiah yang bervariasi4 Kreativitas merupakan bagian dari proses sains5 Ilmu pengetahuan harus dapat diuji6 Proses sains berawal dari adanya dugaan sementara dan

diakhiri dengan simpulan7 Sains membutuhkan keterampilan proses

3. Sosial 1 Pengetahuan ilmiah terbuka untuk revisi untuk bukti-bukti terbaru

2 Sains mempengaruhi kehidupan sosial manusia3 Bagian dari kemajuan kreativitas manusia4 Sains bertujuan untuk kesejahteraan manusia5 Sains mengandung nilai-nilai moral dan etika6 Produk sains mempengaruhi ilmu pengetahuan lain

4. Sikap 1 Tidak pernah puas terhadap ilmu pengetahuan2 Sains mengembangkan sikap-sikap ilmiah3 Sikap terbuka pada ide-ide baru4 Sains menumbuhkan kepercayaan pada Tuhan5 Sains dapat membentuk karakter anak6 Mampu mengaplikasikan pengetahuan7 Sains mengembangkan sikap kritis terhadap permasalahan

Format paper perindikator

No Komponen IPA

No Indikator Penjelasan Sumber

1. Produk 1 Pengetahuan tahan lama dan bersifat tentatif

1. Tentativeness and uncertainty mark all of science

2. Tentativeness and testable nature of knowledge produced throughout the lessons are understandings of the nature of scientific knowledge developed

3. An understanding that scientificknowledge is tentative

4. scientific knowledge being tentative, random and uncertain

5. Scientific knowledge is absolute6. scientific knowledge is tentative

(subject to change)7. Science knowledge is never

absolute8. Science has a tentative nature9. Scientific knowledge is durable,

it is never absolute or certain10. Scientific knowledge is tentative

(subject to change in light of new evidence or reconceptualization of prior evidence)

11. Science is tentative12. Science is tentatif and durable13. Characteristic of Nature of science

is The tentativeness of Scientific Knowledge

Scientific knowledge is durable, it is never absolute or certain (Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015; Sarieddine and BouJaoude, 2013), and tentative (subject to change in light of new evidence or reconceptualization of prior evidence) (Lederman, et. al., 2013; Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012; Gencer, A. S., 2014; Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015;; Wan et. al., 2013) or tentative nature (Akerson, et al., 2014). Tentativeness (Erduran, 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015) and uncertainty mark all of Science (Meichtry, 2005) and and testable nature of knowledge produced

Meichtry, 2005;Lederman, and Lederman, , 2005; Lederman, et. al., 2013; Saleh, and Khine, 2014, Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012; Sarieddine and BouJaoude, 2013; Akerson, et al., 2014; Gencer, A. S., 2014; Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015; Bloom, et. al., 2015; Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013

14. The aspects of NOS is Scientific knowledge is tentative

throughout the lessons are understandings of the nature of scientific knowledge developed (Lederman, and Lederman, , 2005)

2 Pengetahuan ilmiah berasumsi tentang konsistensi alam

consistent with observations of natural phenomenaScientific knowledge assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural SystemsNatural phenomena as a way of knowing in science education

Natural phenomena is a way of knowing in science Education (Gencer, A. S., 2014). and Order and Consistency in Natural Systems McComas and Kampourakis, 2015, and consistent with observations of natural phenomena (Sarkar and Gomes, 2010)

Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015; Gencer, A. S., 2014;

3 IPA menjelaskan fenomena alam

Scientific knowledge is empirically based and is generally derived from observations of natural phenomena.Scientific models, laws, mechanisms, and theories explain natural phenomenaScience addresses questions about the natural and material world

Scientific knowledge is empirically based and is generally derived from observations of natural phenomena (Saleh, and Khine, 2014) with scientific models, laws, mechanisms, and theories and it addresses questions

Saleh, and Khine, 2014; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015

about the natural and material world (McComas and Kampourakis, 2015

4 Hukum, Fakta, Konsep, Prinsip, dan teori memiliki peran yang berbeda

1. Scientific knowledge relationships between scientific theories and laws

2. Scientific laws and theories are different types of knowledge and serve different roles in science.

3. Scientific laws are “statements or descriptions of the relationships between observable phenomena”, scientific theories, in contrast are “inferred explanations for observable phenomena”.

4. A theory is much more complex and dynamic as it presents the inferred explanations, and it often includes a law(s)

5. There is a difference but also a relationship between scientific theory and law

6. Laws and theories are related but distinct kinds of scientific knowledge.

7. Scientific knowledge based on laws and theories.

8. Characteristic of Nature of science is Scientific Theories and Laws

9. The role and status of scientific knowledge

Scientific knowledge based on relationships between scientific theories and laws (Lederman, et. al., 2013; Erduran, 2014), but there are different types of knowledge and serve different roles in science (Saleh and Khine, 2014; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015) or distinct kinds of scientific knowledge (Erduran, 2014). Scientific laws are “statements or descriptions of the relationships between observable phenomena”, scientific theories, in contrast are “inferred explanations for observable phenomena”( Sarkar and Gomes, 2010). A

Lederman, et. al., 2013; Saleh and Khine, 2014; Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Akerson, et al., 2014; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015; Erduran, 2014; Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013

10. There is no hierarchy between theory and law and they have different roles between theory and law)

theory is much more complex and dynamic as it presents the inferred explanations, and it often includes a law(s) (Akerson, et al., 2014) , but there is no hierarchy between theory and laws (Wan et. al., 2013)

5 Sains merupakan produk kreativitas dan imajinasi manusia tentang alam

Scientific knowledge is creativity(involves the invention of explanations)Scientific knowledge involves scientist’simagination and creativityscientific knowledge is advanced through creativity and imagination of scientistsobservable phenomena derived from human interpretation, imagination, and creativityCreativeness and imagination are also important to produce scientific knowledge

Scientific knowledge involves scientist’simagination and creativity (Lederman, et al., 2013; Sarkar and Gomes, 2010) with observable phenomena derived from human interpretation (Gencer, A. S., 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015; Wan, et. al., 2013)

Lederman, et al., 2013; Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Gencer, A. S., 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015; Wan, et. al., 2013

6 Bersifat objektif, subyektif dan berdasarkan argumentasi logis

Scientific knowledge is objectiveObservations, ideas, and conclusions in science are not entirely objectiveScientific knowledge is subjective and theory-ladenCharacteristic of Nature of science is Characteristic of Nature of science is

Scientific knowledge is both objective (Leden, et. al, 2005 and subjective or theory-laden (Gencer, A. S., 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015; Erduran, 2014)

Leden, et. al, 2005; Gencer, A. S., 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015; Erduran, 2014; Wan, et. al., 2013

Subjectivity and Objectivity in ScienceThe scientist is not objective when he or she begins to study; he or she has a background

depends on he or she begins to study; he or she has a background (Erduran, 2014; Wan, et. al., 2013)

7 Teknologi merupakan bagian dari produk sains

Science is distinct from Technology and engineeringScience and technology influence each other, but they are not the same

Science is distinct from Technology and engineering but influence each other (McComas and Kampourakis, 2015)

McComas and Kampourakis, 2015

2. Proses 1 Pengetahuan berdasarkan pada pengamatan yang akurat dan bukti empiris

scientific knowledge is empirically-based (based on and/or derived from observations of the natural world)Scientific knowledge use observations and inferencesInferences are statements about phenomena that are not directly accessible to the senses.Observations are descriptive statements about natural phenomenaobservations are always influenced by human assumptions and previous knowledge and thus theory-ladenempirical basis of scientific knowledge, involves scientist’s imagination and creativityTheories and laws are supported by empirical datathe nature of science should be recognised as empirical (based on

scientific knowledge is empirically-based (based on and/or derived from observations and inferences of the natural world (Lederman, et al., 2013; Wan, et. al., 2013; Saleh, and Khine, 2014; Erduran, 2014) that support theories and laws (Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Akerson, et al., 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015). The empirical basis of scientific knowledge, involves scientist’s imagination

Lederman, et al., 2013; Saleh, and Khine, 2014; Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Akerson, et al., 2014; Gencer, A. S., 2014; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015; Bloom, et. al., 2015; Erduran, 2014; Wan, et. al., 2013

and/or derived from observations of the natural world althoughthese are theory-laden)there is a distinction between observation and inference when gathering and analyzing dataScience based on empirical evidenceShared methods (induction-deduction inferences) is tools of ScienceEmpiricsm is tools of ScienceScience produces, demands, and relies on empirical evidenceScientists make observations and produce inferencesScientific knowledge is based on empirical evidenceScientific knowledge is driven by observations and inferencesCharacteristic of Nature of science is Observations and InferencesScientific knowledge is based on evidence and observation (Evidence and observation)Observation and inference do not have the same meaning (Difference between observation and inference)

and creativity (Gencer, A. S., 2014; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015)

2 Sains adalah pencarian kebenaran

NOS explaining phenomena and constructing theoriesNOS is epistemology of science NOS is the epistemological and sociological view of what science is and how knowledge in science is

NOS is the epistemological and sociological view of what science is and how knowledge in science is developed

Saleh, I. M. and KhineM. S., 2014; Akerson, et al., 2014; Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015; Bloom, et. al., 2015, Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013

developedNOS involves science-specific beliefsScience is a Way of KnowingNOS can be considered an epistemology of science, one way of knowingNoS research literature in science education similarly has been addressing aspects of ‘science’ from an epistemic perspectiveScience is a way of knowing

(Akerson, et al., 2014; Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015) or way of knowing (Bloom, et. al., 2015, Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013). NOS explaining phenomena and constructing theories (Saleh, I. M. and KhineM. S., 2014) and addressing aspects of ‘science’ from an epistemic perspective (Erduran, 2014)

3 Didapatkan dari metode ilmiah yang bervariasi

Researchers will plan their investigations in different ways and then argue and write about their results.There is no single “scientific method” that would guarantee the development of scientific knowledgeThere is no single, stepwise scientific method by which all science is doneCharacteristic of Nature of science is Scientific MethodsCharacteristics of scientific inquiryThere is no universally accepted one way to do science (Ways of doing science)

Characteristic of Nature of science is Scientific Methods (Erduran, 2014) but there is no single, stepwise scientific method by which all science is done (McComas and Kampourakis, 2015) or universally accepted one way to do science Wan et. al., 2013) that would guarantee the development of scientific knowledge

Leden, et.al, 2005; Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015; Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013

(Leden, et.al, 2005; Sarkar and Gomes, 2010)

4 Kreativitas merupakan bagian dari proses sains

Scientists are creative when designing and planning investigationsscientists are involved in creating hypothesesThe process and design of scientificinvestigations requires creativityCharacteristic of Nature of science is Creativity and Rationality in Science

The process and design of scientificinvestigations requires creativity (Akerson, et al., 2014; ; Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013) like as designing, planning investigations (Leden, et.al, 2005) and creating hypotheses (; Saleh, and Khine, 2014)

Leden, et.al, 2005; Saleh, and Khine, 2014; Akerson, et al., 2014; Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013

5 Ilmu pengetahuan harus dapat diuji

it is often believed that after being empirically tested a hypothesis becomes a theoryScientific knowledge is reliable (one can have confidence in scientific knowledge)

Scientific knowledge is reliable (one can have confidence in scientific knowledge) (Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012). it is often believed that after being empirically tested a hypothesis becomes a theory (Sarkar and Gomes, 2010)

Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012;

6 Proses sains berawal dari adanya dugaan sementara dan diakhiri dengan simpulan

Scientific knowledge influenced by human assumptions and previous knowledge and thus theory-ladenScience uses both inductive reasoning and hypothetico-deductive testing

Scientific knowledge influenced by human assumptions and previous knowledge and thus theory-laden (Saleh, and Khine, 2014) and uses both inductive reasoning and hypothetico-deductive testing (McComas and Kampourakis, 2015)

Saleh, and Khine, 2014; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015

7 Sains membutuhkan keterampilan proses

3. Sikap 1 Skeptis terhadap ilmu pengetahuan

Interpretations of data is subjective; Akerson, et al., 2014

2 Sains mengembangkan sikap-sikap ilmiah

3 Sikap terbuka pada ide-ide baru

4 Sains menumbuhkan kepercayaan pada Tuhan

Science is the principles and beliefs inherent to the development of scientific knowledge

Science is the principles and beliefs inherent to the development of scientific knowledge (Sarkar and Gomes, 2010)

Sarkar and Gomes, 2010

5 Sains dapat

membentuk karakter anak

6 Mampu mengaplikasikan pengetahuan

7 Sains mengembangkan sikap kritis terhadap permasalahan

4. Sosial 1 Pengetahuan ilmiah terbuka untuk revisi untuk bukti-bukti terbaru

Scientific knowledge is subject to various degree of changeScience is self CorrectionsScientific Knowledge is open to revision in light of New Evidence

Scientific knowledge is subject to various degree of change (Leden, et. al, 2005). Science is self Corrections and open to revision in light of New Evidence (Leden, et. al, 2005; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015)

Leden, et. al, 2005; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015

2 Sains mempengaruhi dan dipengaruhi kehidupan sosial manusia

Science can be limited or slowed down by social or cultural aspectsIdeas and theories from all other cultures contribute to the world view of scienceLearning science content and appreciation of science as a human cultureHistorical, cultural, and social influences impact the practice and

Scientific knowledge is socially and culturally embedded (Gencer, A. S., 2014; Erduran, 2014; Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015). Historical, cultural, and social influences

Leden, et. al, 2005; Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Saleh, I. M. and Khine , M. S., 2014; Akerson, et al., 2014; Gencer, A. S., 2014; Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015; Erduran, 2014; Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013

direction of science.scientific knowledge is socially and culturally embeddedthe nature of science should be recognised as socially and culturally embeddedsocial and cultural views embedded in one‟s interpretationEveryday people such that scientific literacy is achieved for informed citizenship in societies where more and more decisions rely on socio-scientific questionsCharacteristic of Nature of science is Social and Cultural Embeddedness in ScienceScience impacts and is impacted by the social context in which it is locatedScientists work as a Social Group Scientific knowledge is embedded in social and cultural context (Role of social and cultural)

impact the practice and direction of Science

3 Bagian dari kemajuan kreativitas manusia

the nature of science should be recognised as a human endeavour (the human fallibility has been limited, but not entirely eliminated), and creativity (putting forward explanations)Creativity is human element of science

The nature of science should be recognised as a human endeavour (the human fallibility has been limited, but not entirely eliminated), and creativity (putting forward explanations)

Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012

(Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012)Creativity is human element of science

4 Sains bertujuan untuk kesejahteraan manusia

Science is universal Science is universal (Leden, et. al, 2005)

Leden, et. al, 2005;

5 Sains mengandung nilai-nilai moral dan etika

the image of modern biology as a scientific domain extended from the physical evolution of living organisms to the moreethical, legal, and moral aspects of human beings and social contexts.

the image of modern biology as a scientific domain extended from the physical evolution of living organisms to the more ethical, legal, and moral aspects of human beings and social contexts (Gencer, A. S., 2014)

Gencer, A. S., 2014;

6 Produk sains mempengaruhi ilmu pengetahuan lain

Scientist’s’ theoretical knowledge, training, experience, commitments, religious orother beliefs, political convictions, sex and ethnic origin can form a mind-set that affects scientific investigations

Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012

7 Sains Peduli pada lingkungan

No Komponen IPA

No Indikator Penjelasan Sumber

1. Produk 1 Pengetahuan tahan lama dan bersifat tentatif

Scientific knowledge is durable, it is never absolute or certain (Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015; Sarieddine and BouJaoude, 2013), and tentative (subject to change in light of new evidence or reconceptualization of prior evidence) (Lederman, et. al., 2013; Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012; Gencer, A. S., 2014; Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015; Wan et. al., 2013) or tentative nature (Akerson, et al., 2014). Tentativeness (Erduran, 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015) and uncertainty mark all of Science (Meichtry, 2005) and testable nature of knowledge produced throughout the lessons are understandings of the nature of scientific knowledge developed (Lederman, and Lederman, , 2005)Pengetahuan Sains bersifat tahan lama, tidak absolut atau tidak pasti (Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015; Sarieddine and BouJaoude, 2013), dan tentatif (subyek pengetahuan berubah karena ditemukannya fakta terbaru atau konseptualisasi ulang dari fakta yang ada ((Lederman, et. al., 2013; Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012; Gencer, A. S., 2014; Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015;; Wan et. al., 2013) atau karena perubahan alam (tentative nature) ((Akerson, et al., 2014). Sifat tentatif pengetahuan Sains (Erduran, 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015) dan ketidakpastian tanda/buktinya (Meichtry, 2005) serta proses menghasilkan pengetahuan yang senantiasa diteliti ulang membuat pengetahuan sains selalu berkembang (Lederman, and Lederman, , 2005)

Meichtry, 2005;Lederman, and Lederman, , 2005; Lederman, et. al., 2013; Saleh, and Khine, 2014, Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012; Sarieddine and BouJaoude, 2013; Akerson, et al., 2014; Gencer, A. S., 2014; Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015; Bloom, et. al., 2015; Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013

2 Pengetahuan ilmiah berasumsi tentang konsistensi alam

Natural phenomena is a way of knowing in science Education (Gencer, A. S., 2014). Order and Consistency in Natural Systems (McComas and Kampourakis, 2015), and consistent with observations of natural phenomena (Sarkar and Gomes, 2010)Keberadaan dan konsistensi sistem-sistem di alam ((McComas and Kampourakis, 2015) serta observasi fenomena alam yang

Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015; Gencer, A. S., 2014;

konsisten (Sarkar and Gomes, 2010) merupakan “a way of knowing” dalam pendidikan Sains (Gencer, A. S., 2014)

3 IPA menjelaskan fenomena alam

Scientific knowledge is empirically based and is generally derived from observations of natural phenomena (Saleh, and Khine , 2014) with scientific models, laws, mechanisms, and theories and it addresses questions about the natural and material world (McComas and Kampourakis, 2015)Pengetahuan Sains secara empiris didasarkan dan digeneralisasi dari fenomena alam (Saleh, and Khine , 2014) melalui scientific models, hukum-hukum, mekanisme dan teori-teori untuk menjawab tentang materi dan hakikatnya (McComas and Kampourakis, 2015)

Saleh, and Khine, 2014; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015

4 Hukum, Fakta, Konsep, Prinsip, dan teori memiliki peran yang berbeda

Scientific knowledge based on relationships between scientific theories and laws (Lederman, et. al., 2013; Erduran, 2014), but there are different types of knowledge and serve different roles in science (Saleh and Khine, 2014; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015) or distinct kinds of scientific knowledge (Erduran, 2014). Scientific laws are “statements or descriptions of the relationships between observable phenomena”, scientific theories, in contrast are “inferred explanations for observable phenomena”( Sarkar and Gomes, 2010). A theory is much more complex and dynamic as it presents the inferred explanations, and it often includes a law(s) (Akerson, et al., 2014), but there is no hierarchy between theory and laws (Wan et. al., 2013)Scientific knowledge didasarkan pada relasi atau keterkaitan antara teori dan hukum-hukum sains (Lederman, et. al., 2013; Erduran, 2014), akan tetapi terdapat perbedaan jenis pengetahuan dengan aturan atau roles dalam Sains (Saleh and Khine, 2014; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015) atau dengan kata lain “distinct kinds of scientific knowledge” ((Erduran, 2014). Hukum-hukum Sains adalah statemen atau deskripsi hubungan antar fenomena yang

Lederman, et. al., 2013; Saleh and Khine, 2014; Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Akerson, et al., 2014; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015; Erduran, 2014; Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013

diobservasi, sedangkan teori-teori Sains adalah keterangan dugaan (inferred explanations) tentang fenomena yang dapat diobservasi (Sarkar and Gomes, 2010). Teori adalah lebih kompleks dan dinamis karena didasarkan inferred explanations terkini, dan sering kali termasuk hukum yang mendasarinya (Akerson, et al., 2014), akan tetapi tidak ada tingkatan atau hierarki antara teori dan hukum-hukum Sains (Wan et. al., 2013)

5 Sains merupakan produk kreativitas dan imajinasi manusia tentang alam

Scientific knowledge involves scientist’s imagination and creativity (Lederman, et al., 2013; Sarkar and Gomes, 2010) with observable phenomena derived from human interpretation (Gencer, A. S., 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015; Wan, et. al., 2013)Scientific knowledge memerlukan imajinasi dan kreativitas para peneliti (Lederman, et al., 2013; Sarkar and Gomes, 2010) melalui fenomena yang diobservasi disertai interpretasinya (Gencer, A. S., 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015; Wan, et. al., 2013

Lederman, et al., 2013; Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Gencer, A. S., 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015; Wan, et. al., 2013

6 Bersifat objektif, subyektif dan berdasarkan argumentasi logis

Scientific knowledge is both objective (Leden, et. al, 2005 and subjective or theory-laden (Gencer, A. S., 2014; Erduran, 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015) depends on he or she begins to study; he or she has a background (Erduran, 2014; Wan, et. al., 2013)Scientific knowledge bersifat obyektif sekaligus subyektif atau theory-laden (Gencer, A. S., 2014; Erduran, 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015) tergantung latar belakang studi atau bidang yang ditekuninya (Erduran, 2014; Wan, et. al., 2013)

Leden, et. al, 2005; Gencer, A. S., 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015; Erduran, 2014; Wan, et. al., 2013

7 Teknologi merupakan bagian dari produk sains

Science is distinct from Technology and engineering but influence each other (McComas and Kampourakis, 2015)Sains berbeda dengan teknologi dan teknik rekayasa tetapi saling mempengaruhi perkembangan asing-masing (McComas and Kampourakis, 2015)

McComas and Kampourakis, 2015

2. Proses 1 Pengetahuan Scientific knowledge is empirically-based (based on and/or Lederman, et al., 2013;

berdasarkan pada pengamatan yang akurat dan bukti empiris

derived from observations and inferences of the natural world (Lederman, et al., 2013; Wan, et. al., 2013; Saleh, and Khine, 2014; Erduran, 2014) that support theories and laws (Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Akerson, et al., 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015). The empirical basis of scientific knowledge, involves scientist’s imagination and creativity (Gencer, A. S., 2014; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015) Scientific knowledge is empirically-based (didasarkan dan/atau dihasilkan dari observasi dan penarikan simpulan tentang fenomena alam (Lederman, et al., 2013; Wan, et. al., 2013; Saleh, and Khine, 2014; Erduran, 2014) didukung teori dan hukum Sains (Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Akerson, et al., 2014; Bloom, et. al., 2015). Disamping itu untuk mendapatkan fakta empiris dari scientific knowledge memerlukan kreativitas dan imajinasi peneliti (Gencer, A. S., 2014; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015)

Saleh, and Khine, 2014; Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Akerson, et al., 2014; Gencer, A. S., 2014; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015; Bloom, et. al., 2015; Erduran, 2014; Wan, et. al., 2013

2 Sains adalah pencarian kebenaran

NOS is the epistemological and sociological view of what science is and how knowledge in science is developed (Akerson, et al., 2014; Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015) or way of knowing (Bloom, et. al., 2015, Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013). NOS explaining phenomena and constructing theories (Saleh and Khine, 2014) and addressing aspects of ‘science’ from an epistemic perspective (Erduran, 2014)Hakikat Sains merupakan gambaran tentang epistemologi dan sosiologi tentang Sains dan bagaimana Sains dibangun (Akerson, et al., 2014; Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015) atau “way of knowing” (Bloom, et. al., 2015, Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013). Hakikat Sains menjelaskan tentang fenomena dan membangun teori yang dikembangkan ((Saleh and Khine, 2014) dan menunjukkan aspek-aspek Sains dari perspektif epistemologinya (Erduran, 2014)

Saleh, I. M. and KhineM. S., 2014; Akerson, et al., 2014; Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015; Bloom, et. al., 2015, Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013

3 Didapatkan dari Characteristic of Nature of science is Scientific Methods Leden, et.al, 2005; Sarkar

metode ilmiah yang bervariasi

(Erduran, 2014) but there is no single, stepwise scientific method by which all science is done (McComas and Kampourakis, 2015) or universally accepted one way to do science (Wan et. al., 2013) that would guarantee the development of scientific knowledge (Leden, et.al, 2005; Sarkar and Gomes, 2010)Salah satu karakteristik atau aspek Hakikat Sains adalah penggunaan metode ilmiah (Erduran, 2014), akan tetapi tidak hanya satu metode atau langkah dalam metode ilmiah yang berlaku untuk semua teori Sains (McComas and Kampourakis, 2015) atau diterima secara universal (Wan et. al., 2013) yang dapat dijamin kevalidannya dalam pengembangan scientific knowledge (Leden, et.al, 2005; Sarkar and Gomes, 2010)

and Gomes, 2010; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015; Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013

4 Kreativitas merupakan bagian dari proses sains

The process and design of scientificinvestigations requires creativity (Akerson, et al., 2014; ; Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013) like as designing, planning investigations (Leden, et.al, 2005) and creating hypotheses (Saleh, and Khine, 2014)Proses dan desain dari investigasi Sains memerlukan kreativitas (Akerson, et al., 2014; ; Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013) pada saat mendesain, merencanakan penyelidikan (Leden, et.al, 2005) dan ketika merancang hipotesis (Saleh, and Khine, 2014)

Leden, et.al, 2005; Saleh, and Khine, 2014; Akerson, et al., 2014; Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013

5 Ilmu pengetahuan harus dapat diuji

Scientific knowledge is reliable (one can have confidence in scientific knowledge) (Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012). it is often believed that after being empirically tested a hypothesis becomes a theory (Sarkar and Gomes, 2010)Scientific knowledge bersifat reliable (dipercaya sebagai scientific knowledge) (Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012). Dengan kata lain dipercaya setelah melalui pengujian secara empiris sehingga hipotesis dapat menjadi sebuah teori (Sarkar and Gomes, 2010)

Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012;

6 Proses sains berawal dari adanya dugaan sementara dan diakhiri dengan simpulan

Scientific knowledge influenced by human assumptions and previous knowledge and thus theory-laden (Saleh, and Khine, 2014) and uses both inductive reasoning and hypothetico-deductive testing (McComas and Kampourakis, 2015)Scientific knowledge dipengaruhi oleh asumsi dan pengetahuan awal serta theory-laden peneliti (Saleh, and Khine, 2014) dan menggunakan pendekatan induktif dan hypothetico-deductive testing (McComas and Kampourakis, 2015)

Saleh, and Khine, 2014; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015

7 Sains membutuhkan keterampilan proses

3. Sikap 1 Skeptis terhadap ilmu pengetahuan

Interpretations of data is subjective; Akerson, et al., 2014

2 Sains mengembangkan sikap-sikap ilmiah

3 Sikap terbuka pada ide-ide baru

4 Sains menumbuhkan kepercayaan pada Tuhan

Science e the principles and beliefs inherent to the development of scientific knowledge (Sarkar and Gomes, 2010)

Sarkar and Gomes, 2010

5 Sains dapat membentuk karakter anak

6 Mampu mengaplikasikan pengetahuan

7 Sains mengembangkan sikap kritis terhadap permasalahan

4. Sosial 1 Pengetahuan ilmiah terbuka untuk revisi untuk bukti-bukti terbaru

Scientific knowledge is subject to various degree of change (Leden, et. al, 2005). Science is self Corrections and open to revision in light of New Evidence (Leden, et. al, 2005; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015)Scientific knowledge merupakan subyek pengetahuan yang mengalami serangkaian tahapan perubahan (Leden, et. al, 2005). Oleh karena Sains bersifat self-corrections dan terbuka terhadap revisi akibat perkembangan fakta terbaru (Leden, et. al, 2005; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015)

Leden, et. al, 2005; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015

2 Sains mempengaruhi dan dipengaruhi kehidupan sosial manusia

Scientific knowledge is socially and culturally embedded (Gencer, A. S., 2014; Erduran, 2014; Akerson, et al., 2014; Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015; Wan et. al., 2013). Historical, cultural, and social influences (impact and impacted) the practice and direction of Science (Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Saleh, and Khine., 2014) because learning science content and appreciation of science as a human culture (Gencer, A. S., 2014) and citizenship in societies where more and more decisions rely on socio-scientific questions (Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015;Scientific knowledge bersifat melekat secara sosial dan kultural terhadap manusia (Gencer, A. S., 2014; Erduran, 2014; Akerson, et al., 2014; Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015; Wan et. al., 2013). Sains dilakukan dan diarahkan oleh kondisi historis, budaya dan sosial manusia (Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Saleh, and Khine., 2014) karena muatan pembelajaran Sains dan penghargaan terhadap Sains merupakan budaya atau kultur manusia (Gencer, A. S., 2014) sebagai bagian pengambilan keputusan umat manusia yang didasarkan pada socio-scientific questions (Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015).

Leden, et. al, 2005; Sarkar and Gomes, 2010; Saleh, I. M. and Khine , M. S., 2014; Akerson, et al., 2014; Gencer, A. S., 2014; Koseoglu and Koksal, 2015; McComas and Kampourakis, 2015; Erduran, 2014; Erduran, 2014; Wan et. al., 2013

3 Bagian dari kemajuan The nature of science should be recognised as a human Yalcinoglu and Anagun,

kreativitas manusia endeavour (the human fallibility has been limited, but not entirely eliminated), and creativity (putting forward explanations) (Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012)Hakikat Sains hendaknya diakui sebagai usaha keras (kegagalan manusia dapat menjadi pembatas, tetapi tidak bisa dieliminasi) dan kreativitas manusia (meletakkan fondasi pengetahuan masa depan) (Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012)

2012

4 Sains bertujuan untuk kesejahteraan manusia

Science is universal (Leden, et. al, 2005) Leden, et. al, 2005;

5 Sains mengandung nilai-nilai moral dan etika

the image of modern biology as a scientific domain extended from the physical evolution of living organisms to the more ethical, legal, and moral aspects of human beings and social contexts (Gencer, A. S., 2014)Biologi modern sebagai bagian penting dari Sains telah meluas dari evolusi fisik dari organisme menjadi aspek etika, hukum dan moral kemanusiaan dan konteks sosial (Gencer, A. S., 2014)

Gencer, A. S., 2014;

6 Produk sains mempengaruhi ilmu pengetahuan lain

Scientist’s’ theoretical knowledge, training, experience, commitments, religious or other beliefs, political convictions, sex and ethnic origin can form a mind-set that affects scientific investigations (Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012)Penyelidikan ilmiah dipengaruhi oleh cara pandang (mind-set) peneliti yang didasarkan pada pengetahuan yang dimiliki, pelatihan yang diterima, pengalaman, komitmen, agama atau kepercayaan yang dianut, pandangan politik, gender dan etnis (Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012)

Yalcinoglu and Anagun, 2012

7 Sains Peduli pada lingkungan