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Students will be able to:

• Explain the importance and function of the roots, stem, and leaves for the plant. • Define the terms vascular and non-vascular and give examples of each type of plant. • Identify and classify plants as angiosperms and gymnosperms. • Identify and classify plants as monocots and dicots given an example or characteristics of the plant.

• Describe how flowers are used for reproduction. • Identify the following flower parts and their functions: pistle, stigma, anther, filament, petals, stamen

Option 1: Read and Write it

Complete the reading guides (see list below) covering all topics on plants

Reading Guides:22-1, 22-2 (part), 22-3 (part), 22-4 (part), 22-5 (part), 23-1 (part), 23-4 (part), 24-1* Total Pages: 7 front and back

Option 2: See it, Feel it

Work with Ms. H to complete the lab and hands on activities. There will be some notes to get you

started but you will be completing the following activities.

• • • • • •

Adapted worksheet for plant parts

Leaf observation in microscope

Observation of vascular tissue and adapted worksheets Identify plants as monocot or dicot Flower dissection Summary worksheet

Option 3: Research and show it.

Research the topic of plants to be able to complete the tasks below. Your final product must include all

the parts below. You may work by yourself or with ONE partner.

To do:

o Draw or find picture of examples of each of the three parts of a plant: Stem, root, and leaf o Explain the function of each part: stem, root, leaf o Draw a cladogram showing the evolution of plants. Include the following:

• Shared derived characteristics: vascular tissue, seeds, flowers

• Plant organisms/types: mosses, ferns, cone bearing (gymnosperms), angiosperms o Explain how to tell the difference between a monocot and a dicot. Show two plants and identify each

as a monocot or dicot and explain how you can tell. o Explain how plants use flowers to reproduce.* o Draw a diagram of a flower including the following parts: pistil, stigma, anther, filament, petals,

stamen.* o Explain the function of the parts of the flower (above). * o Define and give an example for if possible (visual or written) the following terms: vascular tissue,

gymnosperm, angiosperm, seeds, pollination.

* May complete the flower dissection lab instead.

Objective: Students learn plant structures and their

Option 2: “See it, feel it.”

Students: Take notes, discuss, and do

hands-on activities.

Teacher: Works closely with this group.

Characterized by: Structured “notes,”

Small group and independent work,

teacher-paced

Differentiation: Access to content by learning preference

Option 1: “Read it”

Students: Complete a reading guide

using their textbook.

Teacher: Occasionally check in with this

group.

Characterized by: Structured “notes,”

independent, self-paced.

Option 3: “Research it.”

Students: Answer questions using

the library, computers, textbook in any

format they wish.

Teacher: Occasionally check in

Characterized by: Unstructured “notes,”

independent or paired, self-paced

Students selecting option 1 and 3may join students in option 2

for the plant dissection in lieu of the relevant part of their option.

Closure: Review of plant parts using a lily.

Plant Structures 1. Circle the three main parts of the plant to the left.

2. What does each part below do for the plant?

a. Stem:

b. Leaf:

c. Root:

3. Where does most photosynthesis occur?

4. Where are most of the nutrients collected for the plant?

5. Where is water collected for the plant?

6. What part must be good at transporting materials?

7. Where are most of the plants carbohydrates made?

8. Where are carbohydrates stored for future use?

9. In which part do we see the usefulness of a stiff cell wall?

10. Which part helps anchor the plant so the wind does not knock it over?

11. Which part of the plant loses the most water through transpiration?

12. What things to most plants need?

Name ______________________ _ Class ___________ _ Date ____ _

Leaf Structure Most leaves are made primarily of mesophyll. Palisade mesophyll absorbs light. Spongy mesophyll cells are loosely packed and allow gases to pass in and out. Leaves also have vascular tissue, an epidermis, and a cuticle. Color the leaf structures according to the prompts.

• Color the epidermis blue. • Color the spongy mesophyll green. • Color the palisade mesophyll yellow. • Color the vascular tissue orange. • Color the cuticle purple.

Answer the question. Circle the correct answer. 1. In which layer are stomata and guard cells located?

epidermis palisade mesophyll

© Peerson Education, Inc., publishing os Pearson Prentice Hall. 221

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Nrune ________________ __ Date _______________ _

Flower Dissection Part I: Sepals Draw the sepal layer

Part II: Petals Draw the Petal later.

Part III: Stamens Draw the stamens Label the anthers and filaments.

Part IV: Pistil or Carpel Draw the pistil {AKA carpel)

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Questions: Answer the following questions from the lab in complete sentences and attach to this handout.

1. Can you think of other ways (other than the wind) that cross fertilization of flowers might happen?

2. What is the role of the sepals? In other words, what do they do for the flower?

3. What is the function of the petals? Why do you think they are colorful, fragrant and uniquely shaped?

4. What is the stamen and what does it produce?

5. Is the stamen considered male or female? 6. What is the carpel?

7. What is a pistle?

8. What is the function of the stigma? Why do you think it is sticky?

9. Explain how pollination occurs in a flower.

10. Is your flower a monocot or dicot? How do you know? EXPLAIN!

11. Pick 3 other flowers and try to determine if they are monocots or dicots.

Flower Parts

'---· Flowers are important in making seeds. Flowers can be made up of different parts, but there are some parts that are basic equipment. The main flower parts are the male part called the stamen and the female part called the pistil.

The stamen has two parts: anthers and filaments. The anthers carry the pollen. These are generally yellow in color. Anthers are held up by a thread-like part called a filament.

The pistil has three parts: stigma, style, and ovary. The stigma is the sticky surface at the top of the pistil; it traps and holds the pollen. The style is the tube-like structure that holds up the stigma. The style leads down to the ovary that contains the ovules.

petal \

Other parts of the flower that are important are the petals and sepals. Petals attract pollinators and are usually the reason why we buy and enjoy flowers. The sepals are the green petal-like parts at the base of the flower. Sepals help protect the developing bud.

Flowers can have either all male parts, all female parts, or a combination. Flowers with all male or all female parts are called imperfect (cucumbers, pumpkin and melons). Flowers that have both male and female parts are called perfect (roses, lilies, dandelion).

Pollination

When pollination occurs, pollen moves from the male parts to the female parts. Pollen grains land on the stigma and a tiny tube grows from it and down the style into the ovary. The fertilized ovule bec.omes the seed and the ovary becomes the fmit. pollen

Fruit (Ripened Ovary)

Seeds

Since flowers can't move, they need to be able to attract pollinators or be built so that wind is able to pollinate them. Flowers attract pollinators like bees, butterflies, insects, and birds with sweet nectar, bright colors, and shapes and stmctures. Some flowers open at special times to attract pollinators such as night blooming plants that are pollinated by bats.

Nonflowering Plants

Some plants don't produce flowers and seeds. Plants such as ferns and mosses are called nonflowering plants and produce spores instead of seeds ..

Spores are microscopic specks of living material. Ferns produce their spores on the undersides of the leaves (fronds). You may have seen them. They are the brown "spots" or "pads" on the bottom of the leaves. If you have access to a microscope, use it to look at the spores. You will find them to be a variety of shapes and unique to each kind of fern.

Plants from parts is a form of asexual or vegetative propagation. This process is sometimes called cloning because every new plant is exactly like the parent. One type of cloning uses cuttings--parts of plants that grow into new plants. Both stems and leaves can be used as cuttings. Another kind of cloning is grafting--the joining together of two plants into one. Other kinds of cloning use bulbs or tubers-­underground parts that make new plants.

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DICOTS

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In seeds, two In seeds cotyledons only one (part of the cotyledon embtVO)

Usually four or Usually three five floral palts floral parts (or multiples {or multiples of these) of three)

" Usually a ~ Usually a netiUce any l parallel array of lear veins ~ of letaf veins

Basl~aiJv, :;

Basl~ally. one I three pores . pore orfurrow .. of fUrrows in : in pollen gra.in pollen grain j

vascular Vascular bundles bundles distributed arrayed ground tissue as a ring otstem in stem

MONO COTS

root xylem vascular and phloem bundles

leaf veins forma parallel in a ring scattered

root phloem between arms of

in stem

vascular leaf veins bundles in form a net a distinct pattern ring

flower parts in fours or fives and their m les

''--· Exercise 1: Flower Dissection In this lab, you will examine the intricate structures that compose a flower.

Many angiosperms have, in a single flower, both the male and the female sex organs surrounded by petals. The egg (female haploid cell) and the pollen (containing one or more haploid sperm nuclei) are contained in the same flower.

Angiosperms may self-fertilize if pollen from a flower is transferred to egg cells in the same flower, or they may cross-fertilize. Carried on the wind or by other means, pollen grains from other flowers may land on the sexual organs of a flower and fertilize it. Background

The various parts of the flower help with the transfer of the pollen to the egg. There are typically four rings of structures in flowers, from outside to inside they are:

• sepals • petals • stamens • carpels or pistle

Figure 1: Cross-section of an angiosperm

To Do Obtain a large flower and examine it, using the diagram in Figure 1 as a reference. Look for the sepals of your flower. The sepals are typically on the outside of the flower, often green, sometimes small and withered, sometimes as large as the petals. The sepals protect the bud before it opens.

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The petals compose the next "ring" of flower structures. You can think of petals as modified leaves. Examine the texture and color of the petals using a magnifying glass. If your flower is colored, pinch a small piece of a petal between your fingers and examine the colorful pigment released.

Background The structures inside of a flower produce the gametes, or eggs and pollen. The male reproductive structures of the flower, called stamens, may be T -shaped, colored, straight or gently curved. They consist of an anther supported by filament.

To Do Carefully pull back the petals of the flower to expose the stamens. If necessary, use a razor blade or scalpel to help expose the internal structures. How many stamens do you see in your flower?

Background The stamens each have an anther at the top of the filament shaft. Pollen grains are released from the anther. Each stamen will produce hundreds of pollen grains. Contained inside of each pollen grain there are two sperm nuclei.

To Do Examine the anther using a magnifying glass and touch the tip of your finger to the anther. Did any pollen rub off on your finger?

Background Making up the innermost ring of structures is one or more carpels. A carpel (see Figure 2) is a floral structure enclosing an egg in angiosperms, typically divided into ovary, style, and stigma. A flower may have one or more carpels, either single or fused. (A single carpel or a group of fused carpels is also known as a pistil.)

To Do To see the carpel clearly, gently separate the flower from the green sepals and base. The stamens will usually stay with the flower petals and the carpel remains attached to the base. This separation occurs naturally when a tree or plant sheds its flowers.

Figure 2: A carpel

Notice that the carpel has three parts: a sticky stigma at the top, a long shaft called a style, and an ovary at the bottom. Cut open the carpel to see the ovary. The ovary contains the haploid eggs.

Background Once a pollen grain has become stuck onto a stigma, it begins to grow a tube through which the sperm nuclei travel down to the ovary. There, the haploid sperm nuclei from the pollen unites with the haploid egg cells to produce diploid zygotes.

There are two classes of angiosperms: the monocots and the dicots. The seeds in monocots have only one cotyledon, while in dicots, the seeds contain two cotyledons. You can typically characterize a flower as monocot or dicot by looking for identifying physical characteristics. The floral parts in a monocot generally occur in multiples of three and the leaves have parallel veins. In dicots, floral parts are usually in multiples of four or five and leaves are net-veined. To Do Use the handout provided and characterize, to the best of your ability, your flower as a monocot or a dicot. On the answer sheet write a brief explanation (question 1 0) of your answer.

To Notice In the flower you examined, you were probably able to see both male and female organs. If a flower contains both male and female parts, botanists call them perfect flowers. Most flowers (roughly 85%) are perfect flowers and are able to self-fertilize. Imperfect flowers contain either male or female parts, but not both, and therefore, cannot self­fertilize.