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Nomadic Economy and SocietyNomadic Economy and Society
Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large-scale Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large-scale agricultureagriculture
Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal herdingherding Food Food ClothingClothing Shelter (yurts)Shelter (yurts)
Migratory patterns to follow pasturelandMigratory patterns to follow pastureland Small-scale farming, rudimentary artisanrySmall-scale farming, rudimentary artisanry
Nomads in TurkmenistanNomads in Turkmenistan
Modern Mongolian Yurts
Nomadic Economy Nomadic Economy
Trade links between nomadic and settled Trade links between nomadic and settled peoplespeoples
Nomads engage in long-distance travelNomads engage in long-distance travel Caravan routesCaravan routes
Nomadic SocietyNomadic Society
Governance basically clan-basedGovernance basically clan-based Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally
assert authorityassert authority Unusually fluid status for nobilityUnusually fluid status for nobility
Hereditary, but could be lost through incompetenceHereditary, but could be lost through incompetence Advancement for meritorious non-noblesAdvancement for meritorious non-nobles
Nomadic ReligionNomadic Religion
Shamans center of pagan worshipShamans center of pagan worship Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity,
Islam, Manichaeism from 6Islam, Manichaeism from 6thth century CE century CE Turkish script developed, partially to record Turkish script developed, partially to record
religious teachingsreligious teachings Conversion to Islam in 10Conversion to Islam in 10 thth century due to century due to
Abbasid influenceAbbasid influence
Military OrganizationMilitary Organization
Large confederations under a Large confederations under a khankhan Authority extended through tribal eldersAuthority extended through tribal elders Exceptionally strong cavalriesExceptionally strong cavalries
MobilityMobility SpeedSpeed
Turkish empires and their neighbors about Turkish empires and their neighbors about 1210 CE1210 CE
Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid EmpireEmpire
8-108-10thth centuries Turkish peoples on border of centuries Turkish peoples on border of Abbasid empireAbbasid empire Service in Abbasid armiesService in Abbasid armies
Eventually came to dominate Abbasid caliphsEventually came to dominate Abbasid caliphs 1055 Saljuq leader Tughril Beg recognized as 1055 Saljuq leader Tughril Beg recognized as
sultansultan Tughril consolidated his hold on Baghdad, then Tughril consolidated his hold on Baghdad, then
extended rule to other parts of the empireextended rule to other parts of the empire Abbasid caliphs served as figure heads of Abbasid caliphs served as figure heads of
authorityauthority
Saljuq Turks and the Byzantine Saljuq Turks and the Byzantine EmpireEmpire
1071 Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine army at 1071 Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine army at Manzikert, take emperor captiveManzikert, take emperor captive
Large-scale invasion of AnatoliaLarge-scale invasion of Anatolia Many conversions to IslamMany conversions to Islam Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople 1453Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople 1453
Ghaznavid Turks and the Sultanate Ghaznavid Turks and the Sultanate of Delhiof Delhi
Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan, Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan, invades northern Indiainvades northern India
At first for plunder, later to ruleAt first for plunder, later to rule Northern India completely Northern India completely
dominated by 13dominated by 13thth century century Persecution of Buddhists, HindusPersecution of Buddhists, Hindus
Mongolian SteppesMongolian SteppesMongolian SteppesMongolian Steppes
Mongol WarriorsMongol Warriors
Mongol ArcherMongol Archer
Mongol Nobleman, Late 13 c.Mongol Nobleman, Late 13 c.
Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, Early 14 cEarly 14 c
Chinggis Khan (1167-1227) and the Chinggis Khan (1167-1227) and the Making of the Mongol EmpireMaking of the Mongol Empire
Temüjin, b. 1167Temüjin, b. 1167 Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177,
forced into povertyforced into poverty Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of
enemiesenemies Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederationBrought all Mongol tribes into one confederation 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan: “Universal 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan: “Universal
Ruler”Ruler”
Genghis KhanGenghis Khan
1162 - 1227 1162 - 1227 Originally named Temujin, the name Genghis Khan was taken by himself, meaning universal ruler.
The Reflex Bow, the primary Mongol weapon.
Mongol Political OrganizationMongol Political Organization
Broke up tribal organizationBroke up tribal organization Formed military units from men of different Formed military units from men of different
tribestribes Promoted officials on basis of merit and Promoted officials on basis of merit and
loyaltyloyalty Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at
KarakorumKarakorum
Mongol ArmsMongol Arms
Mongol population only 1 million (less than Mongol population only 1 million (less than 1% of Chinese population)1% of Chinese population) Army c. 100-125,000Army c. 100-125,000
Strengths:Strengths: CavalryCavalry Short bowsShort bows Rewarded enemies who surrender, cruel to Rewarded enemies who surrender, cruel to
enemies who fightenemies who fight
The MongolsThe Mongols Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws:Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws:
If you do not pay homage, If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity.we will take your prosperity.
If you do not have prosperity, If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children.we will take your children.
If you do not have children, If you do not have children, we will take your wife.we will take your wife.
If you do not have a wife, If you do not have a wife, we will take your head.we will take your head.
Used cruelty as a weapon Used cruelty as a weapon some areas never some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!recovered from Mongol destruction!
Mongol ConquestsMongol Conquests
Conquest of China by 1220Conquest of China by 1220 Conquest of Afghanistan, PersiaConquest of Afghanistan, Persia
emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis Khan destroys rulerKhan destroys ruler
Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellionsRavaged lands to prevent future rebellions Large-scale, long-term devastationLarge-scale, long-term devastation
The Mongol Empires about 1300 CE
Khubilai Khan (r. 1264-1294)Khubilai Khan (r. 1264-1294)
Grandson of Chinggis KhanGrandson of Chinggis Khan Rule of ChinaRule of China Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerantRuthless warrior, but religiously tolerant
Hosted Marco PoloHosted Marco Polo Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368)Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia,
Burma, JavaBurma, Java Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274,
1281) turned back by typhoons (1281) turned back by typhoons (kamikaze: kamikaze: “divine winds”)“divine winds”)
Marco Polo Marco Polo 1254-13241254-1324
A Venetian merchantA Venetian merchant Traveled through YuanTraveled through Yuan
China: 1271-1295China: 1271-1295 Sent on many diplomatic Sent on many diplomatic
missions throughout missions throughout Kublai’s empire.Kublai’s empire.
Served as governor in China Served as governor in China for 3 yearsfor 3 years
Wrote many novels Wrote many novels documenting his travelsdocumenting his travels
Yuan Dynasty Yuan Dynasty 1279-13681279-1368
Pax MongolicaPax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] [“Mongol Peace”] Tolerated Chinese cultureTolerated Chinese culture
but lived apart from them but lived apart from them No Chinese in top govt. postsNo Chinese in top govt. posts Believed foreigners were moreBelieved foreigners were more
trustworthy.trustworthy. Encouraged foreign trade & foreign Encouraged foreign trade & foreign
merchants to live and work in merchants to live and work in China.China.
Marco Polo’s TravelsMarco Polo’s Travels
Yuan Golden Bowl, 13 cYuan Golden Bowl, 13 c
Yuan Porcelains & CeramicsYuan Porcelains & Ceramics
The Golden HordeThe Golden Horde
While fierce, often brutal warriors, they were While fierce, often brutal warriors, they were tolerant rulers. tolerant rulers.
Absolute rule of the Mongols influenced later Absolute rule of the Mongols influenced later Russian rulers.Russian rulers.
Mongol rule isolated Russia from Mongol rule isolated Russia from advancements in art & science of the advancements in art & science of the Renaissance.Renaissance.
The Golden HordeThe Golden Horde The grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu Khan, led The grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu Khan, led
Mongol armies into Russia and other eastern Mongol armies into Russia and other eastern European territories between 1237 and 1241. European territories between 1237 and 1241.
Known as the Golden Horde, they ruled this Known as the Golden Horde, they ruled this region for 240 years.region for 240 years.
Conquest of Russia, 1237-1241Conquest of Russia, 1237-1241 Established tributary relationship to 15Established tributary relationship to 15 thth century century Rule over Crimea to late 18Rule over Crimea to late 18thth century century
Raids into Poland, Hungary, GermanyRaids into Poland, Hungary, Germany
The Ilkhanate of PersiaThe Ilkhanate of Persia
Abbasid empire toppledAbbasid empire toppled Baghdad sacked, 1258Baghdad sacked, 1258
200,000 massacred200,000 massacred Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian
forcesforces
Mongol Rule in PersiaMongol Rule in Persia
Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary societiessedentary societies Inexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a Inexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a
centurycentury Persia: dependence on existing administration Persia: dependence on existing administration
to deliver tax revenuesto deliver tax revenues Left matters of governance to bureaucracyLeft matters of governance to bureaucracy
Eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyleEventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle
Mongol Rule in ChinaMongol Rule in China
Strove to maintain strict separation from Strove to maintain strict separation from ChineseChinese Intermarriage forbiddenIntermarriage forbidden Chinese forbidden to study Mongol languageChinese forbidden to study Mongol language
Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians)Arabs, Persians)
Yet tolerated religious freedomsYet tolerated religious freedoms
The Mongols and BuddhismThe Mongols and Buddhism
Shamanism remains popularShamanism remains popular Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains
strength among Mongolsstrength among Mongols Large element of magic, similar to shamanismLarge element of magic, similar to shamanism Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as
incarnations of Buddhaincarnations of Buddha
The Mongols and Western The Mongols and Western IntegrationIntegration
Experience with long-distance tradeExperience with long-distance trade Protection of traveling merchantsProtection of traveling merchants Volume of trade across central Asia increasesVolume of trade across central Asia increases
Diplomatic missions protectedDiplomatic missions protected Missionary activity increasesMissionary activity increases Mongol resettlement policiesMongol resettlement policies
Decline of the Mongol Empire in Decline of the Mongol Empire in PersiaPersia
Overspending, poor tax returns from Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantryoverburdened peasantry
Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in 1290scurrency with paper in 1290s Failure, forced to rescindFailure, forced to rescind
Factional fightingFactional fighting Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol
rule collapsesrule collapses
Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in ChinaChina
Mongols spend bullion that supported paper Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currencycurrency
Public loses confidence in paper money, prices Public loses confidence in paper money, prices riserise
From 1320s, major power strugglesFrom 1320s, major power struggles Bubonic plague spreads 1330-1340sBubonic plague spreads 1330-1340s 1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion
Surviving Mongol KhanatesSurviving Mongol Khanates
Khanate of Chaghatai in central AsiaKhanate of Chaghatai in central Asia Continued threat to ChinaContinued threat to China
Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid-Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid-1616thth century century Continued threat to RussiaContinued threat to Russia
Tamerlane the Conquerer Tamerlane the Conquerer (c. 1336-1405)(c. 1336-1405)
Turkish conqueror TimurTurkish conqueror Timur Timur the Lame: TamerlaneTimur the Lame: Tamerlane
United Turkish nomads in United Turkish nomads in Khanate of ChaghataiKhanate of Chaghatai
His descendants later His descendants later established the Mughal established the Mughal Empire in India.Empire in India.
Major military campaignsMajor military campaigns Built capital in SamarkandBuilt capital in Samarkand
Tamerlane’s Empire about 1405 CETamerlane’s Empire about 1405 CE
(Timurid Dynasty)(Timurid Dynasty)
Tamerlane’s HeirsTamerlane’s Heirs
Poor organization of governing structurePoor organization of governing structure Power struggles divide empire into fourPower struggles divide empire into four Yet heavily influenced several empires:Yet heavily influenced several empires:
MughalMughal SafavidSafavid OttomanOttoman
The Rise of the Ottoman EmpireThe Rise of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottomans were a nomadic Turkish speaking The Ottomans were a nomadic Turkish speaking group that had migrated from central Asia into Asia group that had migrated from central Asia into Asia Minor in the 14Minor in the 14thth c. c.
At the height of its power it spanned three continents, At the height of its power it spanned three continents, controlling much of Southeastern Europe, the Middle controlling much of Southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa.East and North Africa.
The empire was at the center of interactions between The empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries.
The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire
Osman, charismatic leader who dominates part Osman, charismatic leader who dominates part of Anatoliaof Anatolia
Declares independence from Saljuq sultan, Declares independence from Saljuq sultan, 12991299
Attacks Byzantine empireAttacks Byzantine empire Followers known as Osmanlis (Ottomans)Followers known as Osmanlis (Ottomans)
Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326
Ottoman ConquestsOttoman Conquests
1350s conquests in the Balkans1350s conquests in the Balkans Local support for Ottoman invasionLocal support for Ottoman invasion
Peasants unhappy with fragmented, ineffective Peasants unhappy with fragmented, ineffective Byzantine ruleByzantine rule
Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Ottomans recover by 1440sOttomans recover by 1440s
The Capture of Constantinople, The Capture of Constantinople, 14531453
Sultan Mehmed II (“Mehmed the Conqueror”)Sultan Mehmed II (“Mehmed the Conqueror”) Renamed city Istanbul, capital of Ottoman Renamed city Istanbul, capital of Ottoman
empireempire
Mehmet II: 1444-1445; 1451-1481
(“The Conqueror”)
The Ottoman Capital -- Istanbul