5
Abstract Noise in schools is a serious problem, suffered daily by lots of students and teachers. It affects teaching and learning, makes pupils concentration difficult and verbal communication unclear. In addition, noise produces discomforts and even pathological symptoms, particularly to people with hearing devices or with specific behavioural problems. Nevertheless, both media and institutions in charge of managing school facilities do not seem to take it into proper account. This paper presents a qualitative analysis of the problem, considering different types of noise in school, as well as those conditions producing or amplifying them. This work is based on the outcomes of a field research in middle schools that enlightened the noise to be one of the main issues involving school users. In conclusion, it discusses the need of the integration of different strategies and the development of multi-level interventions as a proper manner to successfully pursue the acoustic comfort improvement in existing schools. Keywords: Acoustic comfort | Building performance | Noise | School facilities | Users’ inquiry Introduction The aging of the school building estate as well as the updating of technical standards have brought to light a wide range of problems, that are already known and are objects of investment: from those about structural safety and fire protection, to architectural barriers and energy inefficiency. Less attention, however, is usually given to functional problems and people well-being in schools. Among these, noise is one of the most common conditions, suffered daily by large numbers of students and teachers and particularly critical for different categories of people, such as hypoacusics, subjects with autistic disorder (for whom noise disorder is considered a diagnostic discriminant), non-native speakers, etc. As a consequence, the actions of acoustic improvement have rarely found, so far, space in funding programs for interventions on existing schools. Among the scholars dealing with school facilities conditions, P. Woolner and E. Hall [1] rightfully warn against considering fully reliable those experimental researches aimed at directly correlating the effect of single environmental factors (such as daylighting, noise, temperature) on learning. However, it must be taken into account the several studies, as reported in [2]-[3], testifying the impact of noise in schools on student results. These show on the one hand the increasing difficulties in speech comprehension for all children and, even more, for those with language or attention disorders and for non- native speakers; on the other hand, the fall in short-term memory, due to the presence of "irrelevant sounds" with respect to the task, which automatically interfere with keeping information and, at the same time, capture the attention, distracting from the activity in progress. The link between noise and learning is, therefore, an important question on which to leverage the educational and school facilities authorities, so to promote acoustical improvements in schools, though it is not the only one. Indeed, the same attention should be placed, as in [4], on overexposure to noise in outer classroom environments (e.g. cor-ridors, canteens and gyms, etc.), which impacts more on people wellbeing as well as on beha-viours and on personal relationships. Genesis of the issue It is extremely hard to deal with the issue of noise in existing buildings, because there are several causes and effects, resulting from complex interactions between context, technical elements and functional factors. However, it is clear that the poor quality of buildings is the main cause of noise in schools. In fact, most of them are not fit to isolate interior environments from noise coming from outside and inside, to absorb the impact on the floors of desks and chairs, to contain the reflection of the voices, etc.. The origin of this situation must be sought back in time, in the lack of technical skills and methods for acoustic performance control, which characterized the production of school facilities for a long time. In Italy, in fact, the first national rules for school buildings dates back to 1888, but we must wait for those produced in 1956[5] by the working group of the "Study Centre for school buildings", whose activity is described in [6], to find the first acoustic recommendations regarding the choice of site, the location of the classrooms and the need to "implement the sound insulation of the partition walls between classroom and classroom, as well as the intermediate floors, when there are several floors”, without, however, any further specifications. In 1964, the Ministry of Public Works began a work to produce acoustic standards and a ministerial circular [7] was eventually issued two years later, in 1966, with the criteria for evaluating and testing building acoustic performances. A second circular [8] followed in 1967, specifically dedicated to schools, in which acceptability criteria were laid down: for some of them, certifications should have been provided (as regards soundproofing of partitions, glazing, grids, air intakes and external walls, as well as the sound absorption coefficient of insulating materials), while others had to be measured on site (Airborne Sound Attenuation between close and overlapping classrooms , impact sound levels between two overlapping spaces, service noise levels, internal reverberation times). However, it was only in 1975 that the contents of this circular were definitively incorporated into the updated technical standards relating to school buildings; then, they were partly reconfirmed in 1997, December 5 by the Decree of the President of the Council of Ministers (D.P.C.M.) "Determination of passive acoustic requirements of buildings" and this latter are still valid, despite the Italian Association of Acoustics deeming them inadequate by comparison with the parameters of the most recent European regulations [9]. But even the definition of the requirements does not guarantee their application and verification, since it will be necessary to wait until 1995 for the definition, in Law 447, of the figure of the competent technician, i.e., "the professional figure suitable to carry out the measurements, verify compliance with the values defined by the current regulations, draw up plans for noise recovery, and carry out the related control activities ". Focus NOISE IN SCHOOLS. A SYSTEMIC APPROACH TO IMPROVE ACOUSTIC COMFORT Maria Fianchini Fig. 1 - Acoustical tiles installed to cover the steel grids. 084

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Page 1: NOISE IN SCHOOLS Maria Fianchini A SYSTEMIC APPROACH TO ... · investment: from those about structural safety and fire protection, to architectural barriers and energy inefficiency

AbstractNoiseinschoolsisaseriousproblem,suffereddailybylotsofstudentsandteachers.Itaffectsteachingandlearning,makespupilsconcentrationdifficultandverbalcommunicationunclear.Inaddition,noiseproducesdiscomfortsandevenpathologicalsymptoms,particularlytopeoplewithhearingdevicesorwithspecificbehaviouralproblems.Nevertheless,bothmediaandinstitutionsinchargeofmanagingschoolfacilitiesdonotseemtotakeitintoproperaccount.Thispaperpresentsaqualitativeanalysisoftheproblem,consideringdifferenttypesofnoiseinschool,aswellasthoseconditionsproducingoramplifyingthem.Thisworkisbasedontheoutcomesofafieldresearchinmiddleschoolsthatenlightenedthenoisetobeoneofthemainissuesinvolvingschoolusers.Inconclusion,itdiscussestheneedoftheintegrationofdifferentstrategiesandthedevelopmentofmulti-levelinterventionsasapropermannertosuccessfullypursuetheacousticcomfortimprovementinexistingschools.

Keywords:Acousticcomfort|Buildingperformance|Noise|Schoolfacilities|Users’inquiry

IntroductionTheagingoftheschoolbuildingestateaswellastheupdatingoftechnicalstandardshavebroughttolightawiderangeofproblems,thatarealreadyknownandareobjectsofinvestment:fromthoseaboutstructuralsafetyandfireprotection,toarchitecturalbarriersandenergyinefficiency.Lessattention,however,isusuallygiventofunctionalproblemsandpeoplewell-beinginschools.Amongthese,noiseisoneofthemostcommonconditions,suffereddailybylargenumbersofstudentsandteachersandparticularlycriticalfordifferentcategoriesofpeople,suchashypoacusics,subjectswithautisticdisorder(forwhomnoisedisorderisconsideredadiagnosticdiscriminant),non-nativespeakers,etc.Asaconsequence,theactionsofacousticimprovementhaverarelyfound,sofar,spaceinfundingprogramsforinterventionsonexistingschools.Amongthescholarsdealingwithschoolfacilitiesconditions,P.WoolnerandE.Hall[1]rightfullywarnagainstconsideringfullyreliablethoseexperimentalresearchesaimedatdirectlycorrelatingtheeffectofsingleenvironmentalfactors(suchasdaylighting,

noise,temperature)onlearning.However,itmustbetakenintoaccounttheseveralstudies,asreportedin[2]-[3],testifyingtheimpactofnoiseinschoolsonstudentresults.Theseshowontheonehandtheincreasingdifficultiesinspeechcomprehensionforallchildrenand,evenmore,forthosewithlanguageorattentiondisordersandfornon-nativespeakers;ontheotherhand,thefallinshort-termmemory,duetothepresenceof"irrelevantsounds"withrespecttothetask,whichautomaticallyinterferewithkeepinginformationand,atthesametime,capturetheattention,distractingfromtheactivityinprogress.Thelinkbetweennoiseandlearningis,therefore,animportantquestiononwhichtoleveragetheeducationalandschoolfacilitiesauthorities,sotopromoteacousticalimprovementsinschools,thoughitisnottheonlyone.Indeed,thesameattentionshouldbeplaced,asin[4],onoverexposuretonoiseinouterclassroomenvironments(e.g.cor-ridors,canteensandgyms,etc.),whichimpactsmoreonpeoplewellbeingaswellasonbeha-vioursandonpersonalrelationships.

GenesisoftheissueItisextremelyhardtodealwiththeissueofnoiseinexistingbuildings,becausethereareseveralcausesandeffects,resultingfromcomplexinteractionsbetweencontext,technicalelementsandfunctionalfactors.However,itisclearthatthepoorqualityofbuildingsisthemaincauseofnoiseinschools.Infact,mostofthemarenotfittoisolateinteriorenvironmentsfromnoisecomingfromoutsideandinside,toabsorbtheimpactonthefloorsofdesksandchairs,tocontainthereflectionofthevoices,etc..Theoriginofthissituationmustbesought

backintime,inthelackoftechnicalskillsandmethodsforacousticperformancecontrol,whichcharacterizedtheproductionofschoolfacilitiesforalongtime.InItaly,infact,thefirstnationalrulesforschoolbuildingsdatesbackto1888,butwemustwaitforthoseproducedin1956[5]bytheworkinggroupofthe"StudyCentreforschoolbuildings",whoseactivityisdescribedin[6],tofindthefirstacousticrecommendationsregardingthechoiceofsite,thelocationoftheclassroomsandtheneedto"implementthesoundinsulationofthepartitionwallsbetweenclassroomandclassroom,aswellastheintermediatefloors,whenthereareseveralfloors”,without,however,anyfurther

specifications.In1964,theMinistryofPublicWorksbeganaworktoproduceacousticstandardsandaministerialcircular[7]waseventuallyissuedtwoyearslater,in1966,withthecriteriaforevaluatingandtestingbuildingacousticperformances.Asecondcircular[8]followedin1967,specificallydedicatedtoschools,inwhichacceptabilitycriteriawerelaiddown:forsomeofthem,certificationsshouldhavebeenprovided(asregardssoundproofingofpartitions,glazing,grids,airintakesandexternalwalls,aswellasthesoundabsorptioncoefficientofinsulatingmaterials),whileothershadtobemeasuredonsite(AirborneSoundAttenuationbetweencloseandoverlappingclassrooms,impactsoundlevelsbetweentwooverlappingspaces,servicenoiselevels,internalreverberationtimes).However,itwasonlyin1975thatthecontentsofthiscircularweredefinitivelyincorporatedintotheupdatedtechnicalstandardsrelatingtoschoolbuildings;then,theywerepartlyreconfirmedin1997,December5bytheDecreeofthePresidentoftheCouncilofMinisters(D.P.C.M.)"Determinationofpassiveacousticrequirementsofbuildings"andthislatterarestillvalid,despitetheItalianAssociationofAcousticsdeemingtheminadequatebycomparisonwiththeparametersofthemostrecentEuropeanregulations[9].Buteventhedefinitionoftherequirementsdoesnotguaranteetheirapplicationandverification,sinceitwillbenecessarytowaituntil1995forthedefinition,inLaw447,ofthefigureofthecompetenttechnician,i.e.,"theprofessionalfiguresuitabletocarryoutthemeasurements,verifycompliancewiththevaluesdefinedbythecurrentregulations,drawupplansfornoiserecovery,andcarryouttherelatedcontrolactivities".

Focus

NOISE IN SCHOOLS. A SYSTEMIC APPROACH TO IMPROVE

ACOUSTIC COMFORT

MariaFianchini

Fig. 1 - Acoustical tiles installed to cover the steel grids.

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Allthismeantthattheschoolsweredesignedandbuiltforalongtimewithoutanyacousticalcontrol,withperformancelevelsdependingontechno-typologicalsolutionsinuse,whichbecameparticularlycriticalbetweenthepost-WorldWarIIandthebeginningofthe'70s.Indeed,inthisperiod,ontheonesidethemasonrystructuresystemswerealmostabandoned,infavourofframestructuressystemswithbothexteriorandpartitionwallsmuchlighterand,therefore,withloweracousticinsulationperformances;andontheother,newschooltypes-withopenspacesand/orlargecirculationareas-begantobepromoted,withouttakingintoproperaccount(andsonosolutionscapableofprovidingacontrastweresought)theireffectsonnoisepropagationandonreverberationtime.ItisnoteasytohaveapictureofhowmanyandwhichschoolsmaysufferfromnoiseissuesinItaly,evenjustwithregardtothedesigndeficienciesrelatedtobuildingsage,duetothewayofcollectingdata(withintervalsoftimeoveralongperiod,asreportedin[10])onschoolfacilitiesages.Moreover;inadditiontotheoriginallowperformance,otherproblemshaveprobablyfollowedovertime,becauseofdecayandfailureofbuildingelementsandsystems,ofincreasingnoiseinurbanenvironment,etc.Conversely,insomecases,partialacousticalimprovementsoccurredasasecondaryeffectofworksaimedatdifferentpurposes,suchasreplacingwindowstoimproveenergyperformanceorinstallingceilingtilestomasktemporaryinterventionstopreventfloorslabsfailures(Fig1).However,ananalysisfocusedonlyontheshortcomingsoftheschoolbuildings,apartfromnotgivingbackanexhaustivepictureofaproblemwithsuchsystemicfeatures,couldalsoovershadowscenariosforacousticalimprovementthatcanonlybepursuedthroughtechnicalinterventions.Actually,muchmorecouldandshouldbedonestartingfromafocusondifferentsituationsinschoolactivitiesthatproducenoise,soastotry,asfaraspossible,tobringdownthenoisesources,whilepursuingthebestconditionsofuse.

NoiseperceptioninschoolsFrequencyandvarietyofacousticproblemsinschoolsemergedevenfromtheoutcomesofafieldworkcarriedoutinfivelowersecondaryschools(Fig02)ofthemetropolitanareaofMilan,betweenJanuaryandMay2016.This

waspartoftheresearchprogram"BacktoSchool"fundedbytheDepartmentofArchitectureandUrbanStudiesofthePolitecnicodiMilanoandaimedatupdatingtheframeworkofusers'needsandperformancerequirementsfortherenewalofexistingschoolfacilities[11].Dataandinformationwerecollectedboththroughon-siteobservationsandbyinvolvingteachersandstudentsof38classesindifferentways,accordingtothemodelproposedbytheOECDinthe“InternationalPilotStudyontheevaluationofqualityineducationalspaces”[12].Despitethevarietyoftechno-typologicalcharacters(whichincludedacourtyardmasonrybuildingoftheearlytwentiethcentury,threedifferentconcreteframefacilitiesandacomplexofthe'70swithprefabricatedstructures)andenvironmentalonesofthecasestudiesanalyzed(threesiteswereinurbanareas,anotheroneinaresidentialneighbourhoodinthegreen,thelastoneontheboundaryofanairportnoiseimpactarea),theissueofnoisewasconstantlythefocusofboththeevaluationteamandtheteachersandstudentsoftheschoolcommunitiesinvolved,althoughwithdifferentperspectivesinrelationtothedifferentroles

oftheparticipants.Forexample,duetonotbeingaccustomedtothespecificacousticconditionsofeachschool,duringthecourseoftheparticipatedactivitiesthegroupofexternalevaluatorswasmoresensitivethaninternaluserstotheeffectsofnon-limitedreverberationtimesinoutofclassroomenvironments(Fig03)andtothepresenceofnoisesfromdifferentsources,whichoverwhelmedinterpersonalcommunications.Differenttypeshavebeenregistered:fromthoseofastructuralnature,suchastheroaroftheaircrafttakingoffandlandingatthenearestschoolsitetotheairportorthecontinuousbrakinganddepartureofcarsandheavyvehiclesatthetrafficlightintheschoolplacedalongatraffic-intensiveurbanroad;tothoseproducedbycontingentsituations,suchasthemaintenanceofthegreenwithequipmentpoweredbypowerfulcompressors,scheduledbytheadministrationswithoutanyconsiderationoftheimpactonschools.Ontheotherhand,asregardsstudents,thoseinvolvedinlimited-teamworkshopactivitiesfocusedespeciallyonthedifferentkindsofnoiseintheclassroom(anevidenceofhowthesesucceedincapturingtheirattentionduringeducationalactivities)ofwhichtheyreportedawiderangeofcases,mainlyfrom

Fig. 3 - School halls whose shapes amplify reverberation.

Fig. 2 - Case Studies of “Back to School” Research

Tab. 1 - Students’ noise perception by survey results.

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withintheschool.Theserangedfromtheshiftingofchairsanddeskstothevoicesofchildrenofthelowercyclesplayingintheyard,uptothevastrepertoireintermsofsystems:fromtheringingonthephoneontheclerks’desksinthecorridortothehissofthevalvesofoldheaters,tothepersistentflickeroflampsbeingexhaustedinnewmultimediaboards(LIM),etc.Inaddition,thestudentshavealwaysdeclaredtobeveryannoyedbynoiseduringmeals,whileadmittingthattheythemselveswereproducingit.Similarly,fromtheanswerscollectedthroughthequestionnaires(Tab01),itemergesthat,infouroutoffivecases,themostperceivednoisedisturbanceisthatcomingfrominsidetheclassroom,followedcloselybytheoff-classroomone;whereas,thedisturbanceofambientenvironmentalnoisesalwayshaslowervalues,but,ofcourse,theperceptionofthelattercanbesignificantlydifferentdependingonthepositionoftheclassroom.Teacherscannotstandnoiseinthecanteenslikestudents.Regardingteachingconditions,theymainlyhighlighttheacousticincompatibilitybetweendifferentfunctionsplacedinspacesclosetoeachother;aproblemthatoccursaboveallwithmusicaleducationactivities,whicharenotalwayscarriedoutinaproperenvironmentfarfromclassrooms.Consistently,evenfromthequestionnaires(Tab02),accordingtoteacherstheoutofclassroomnoiseisthemostfrequent,whiletheeffectofthereverberationonstudents'understandingtheirspeechdoesnotseemsignificanttothem.

ConclusionNoiseproblemsinschoolsaresomanyandvarythatitseemsquitehardtheywillbefullysolvedintheshortterm.However,itisabsolutelynecessarytostartdealingwiththem,because,astheeducationistMarcoOrsi[14]remindsus,spendingthedayofstudyandworkinchaoticenvironmentsisextremelytiringandnon-educational,butalreadywithlittlemeasuresgreatimprovementscanbeachieved.Ontheonehand,therefore,itseemsimportantandurgentthatthisisrecognizedasanationalissue,whileontheotherhandweneedtofindanddeploystrategiesandmethodsabletoactivateimprovementprocessesevenwithshortresources.TherecentamendmentofLegislativeDecreeNo.153of2006byLawNo.21of2015thatintroducedthedutyforlocaladministrationstointegrateacousticimprovementintendersforworksaimedatincreasingenergyefficiencyinschoolsandinanyeventfortheirretrofittingorconstructionmightbeoneofthemostimportantinitiativesatgovernmentallevel;nevertheless,inordertopromotearealculturalchange,propercampaignstoraisecollectivesensitisationshouldfollowthecompulsoryapproach,similarlytowhathappenedforthesafetyandenvironmentalsustainabilityissues.Itispreciselythesafetyissuesinworkplacesthatcouldbemodeltodeveloptoolsandproceduresusefulfor

mappingproblemsandneedsanddefiningtheactionstobeundertaken.Infact,inordertoeffectivelymanageallsafety-relatedissuesinexistingschools,oneusuallyworksinparallelthroughtwolinesofaction:thefirstisbasedonanin-depthanalysisofschoolconditions-gatheredinthe"riskassessmentdocument"(statedin[14])-onthebasisofwhichaseriesofadaptationgoalsarestated,tobemetpartlybytheschoolandpartlybytheinstitutionincharge;thesecond,instead,consistsinthedefinition-andrelativefieldtest-ofbehaviouralrulesforemergency,consistentwiththephysicalandspatialcharactersofthecomplex.Moreover,the"riskassessmentdocument"itselfsimultaneouslytakesintoaccountavarietyoffactors,suchas:buildingcharactersandperformances(fireresistanceofmaterials,heightoftheparapets,etc.),layout(exits,distanceofactivitiesfromescaperoutes,etc.),organizationalplan(number,sizingandlocationofclasses,canteenshifts,etc.),waysofuse(papercollections,storageofcleaningproducts,obstructionsonescaperoutes,etc.).Furthermore,notonlypeoplewithspecificresponsibilities(principal,safetymanager,localadministrationtechnicians,maintenanceoperators,etc.)areinvolvedinpursuingsafetyobjectives,butalsoalltheothermembersoftheschoolcommunity(teachers,students,non-teachingstaff,etc.);andthemoretheschoolisobsoleteandinadequate(duetotheabsenceofemergencystairs,etc.),themorethefunctionalorganizationandthecarelavishedonuse-relatedpracticesbecomeimportanttoreducerisks.Borrowingtheapproachesandmethodscurrentlyusedinsafetymanagementwouldthereforeimply,fromanoperationalpointofview,thepossibleidentificationof"noiserisk"conditions,throughevaluationprocessesaimednotonlyatmappingthesetofproblems(technical,organizationalandbehavioural),butalsoatbringingoutthevariousacousticneedsofgroupsand/orindividualmembersoftheschoolcommunity.Moreover,theapplicationofpost-occupancyevaluationmethodologies-withtheusers’involvement–appearsthemosteffectivewaytounderstandcriticalconditionspresentineachsiteand,asfaraspossible,tomanagethenoiseissue,outliningthepossibleself-improvementactions,aswellastherequestsforfurtherdiagnosticactivityand

improvementworkstobesubmittedtotheinstitutionsincharge.

REFERENCES[1] P.WoolnerandE.Hall,“NoiseinSchools:a

holisticapprochtotheissue”,InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalResearchandPublicHealth,vol.7,2010,pp.3255-3269

[2] B.MShieldandJ.EDockrell,“Theeffectsofnoiseonchildrenatschool:areview”,BuildingAcoustics,10(2),2003,pp.97-106.

[3] M.Klatte,K.Bergström,andT.Lachmann,“Doesnoiseaffectlearning?Ashortreviewonnoiseeffectsoncognitiveperformanceinchildren.”,FrontiersinPsychology,4,2013,578.

[4] L.Scannell,M.Hodgson,J.G.MorenoVillarreal,R.Gifford,“TheRoleofAcousticsinthePerceivedSuitabilityof,andWell-BeinginInformalLearningSpaces”,EnvironmentandBehavior,Vol48,Issue6,2016,pp.769–795,FirstPublishedJanuary28,2015.

[5] DecreeofthePresidentoftheRepublic1December1956No.1688,“Approvazionedinuovenormeperlacompilazionedeiprogettidiedificiadusodellescuoleelementariematerne”,OfficialGazetteoftheItalianRepublic,No.102,19/4/1957.

[6] C.Cicconcelli,“Lospazioscolastico”,RassegnacriticadiArchitettura,n.25,1952,pp.5-15.

[7] MinistryofPublicWorks,"Criteridivalutazioneecollaudodeirequisitiacusticinellecostruzioniedilizie",CircularLettern.1769,30/4/1966.

[8] MinistryofPublicWorks,"Criteridivalutazioneecollaudodeirequisitiacusticinegliedificiscolastici",CircularLettern.3150,22/5/1967.

[9] A.AstolfiandM.Garai,Eds.,Lineeguidaperunacorrettaprogettazioneacusticadiambientiscolastici,AssociazioneItalianadiAcustica,Roma,2017.

[10] MinistryofUniversityandResearch,“AnagrafeEdiliziaScolastica”,MIUR,Roma,7/8/2015,avalilableat:http://www.istruzione.it/allegati/2015/Slide_Anagrafe_Edilizia.pdf,Web.5/6/2018.

[11] M.Fianchini,Ed.,Rinnovarelescuoledall’interno.Scenariestrategiedimiglioramentoperleinfrastrutturescolastiche,MaggioliEditore,SantarcangelodiRomagna,2017.

[12] OrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment-CentreforEffectiveLearningEnvironments(OECD-CELE),InternationalPilotStudyontheevaluationofqualityineducationalspaces(EQES),UserManual,2009.

[13] M.Orsi,L’oradilezionenonbasta.Lavisioneelepratichedell’ideatoredellescuoleSenzaZaino,Maggiolieditore,SantarcangelodiRomagna,2015.

[14] LegislativeDecree9April2008No.81,“Attuazionedell'articolo1dellalegge3agosto2007,n.123,inmateriadituteladellasaluteedellasicurezzaneiluoghidilavoro”,art.17,OfficialGazetteoftheItalian

Tab. 2 - Teachers’ noise perception by survey results.

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Republic,No.101,30/4/2008.

RUMOREASCUOLA.UNAPPROCCIOSISTEMICOPERILMIGLIORAMENTODELCOMFORTACUSTICO

AbstractIlrumorenellescuoleèunproblemaimportante,subitoquotidianamentedanumerosistudentieinsegnanti.Impattasull'insegnamentoesull'apprendimento,riducelaconcentrazionedeglialunnielachiarezzanellacomunicazioneverbale.Inoltre,ilrumoreproducedisagieanchesintomipatologici,inparticolareperlepersonecondispositiviacusticioconspecificiproblemicomportamentali.Tuttavia,siaimediacheleistituzioniresponsabilidellagestionedellestrutturescolastichenonsembranotenernecontoinmanieraadeguata.Nell’articolovienepresentataun'analisiqualitativadelproblema,prendendoinconsiderazionedifferentitipologiedirumorenellescuole,nonchélecondizionicheliproduconooliamplificano.Illavorosibasasuirisultatidiunaricercasulcampoinalcunescuolemedie,dacuièemersocomeilrumoresiaunodeiproblemiprincipalipergliutentidellascuola.Inconclusione,sidiscutelanecessitàdiintegraredifferentistrategieesviluppareinterventiapiùlivelliperperseguireconsuccessoilmiglioramentodelcomfortacusticonellescuoleesistenti.

Parolechiave:Comfortacustico|Prestazioniedilizie|Rumore|Edificiscolastici|Analisipartecipata

IntroduzioneL’invecchiamentodelpatrimoniodiediliziascolasticael’aggiornamentodellenormativetecnichehannofattoemergereunagammadiproblemi,ormaicomunementenotiedoggettodiinvestimento:daquellirelativiallasicurezzastrutturaleeantincendio,allebarrierearchitettoniche,all’inefficienzaenergetica.Minoreattenzione,invece,vienesolitamentepostaneiconfrontideiproblemidifunzionalitàebenesserenellescuole,traiquali,lapresenzadelrumoreèunadellecondizionipiùcomuni,subitaquotidianamentedagrandiquantitàdistudentiedocentieparticolarmentecriticaperdiversecategoriedipersone,comegliipoacusici,isoggetticondisturboautistico(periqualiildisturbodarumoreèconsideratounadiscriminantediagnostica),inonmadrelingua,ecc.Diconseguenza,leazionidimiglioramentoacusticohanoraramentetrovatospazioneiprogrammidifinanziamentopergliinterventisullescuoleesistenti.Traglistudiosichesioccupanodellecondizionidellescuole,P.WoolnerandE.Hall[1]mettonogiustamenteinguardiadalconsiderarepienamenteaffidabililericerchesperimentalivolteacorrelareinmanieradirettal’effettodisingolifattoriambientali(comelalucenaturale,ilrumore,latemperatura)suilivellidiapprendimento.Tuttaviaènecessarioprendereinconsiderazioneinumerosistudi,comein[2],[3],chetestimonianol’impattodelrumoreascuolasugliesitideglistudenti.Questievidenzianodaunlatol’aumentodidifficoltànellacomprensionedelparlatoneibambiniingeneralee,inmisuramaggiore,inquellicondisturbilinguisticiodiattenzioneeneinonmadrelingua;dall’altrolacadutadellamemoriaabrevetermine,perlapresenzadeicosiddetti“suoniirrilevanti”rispettoalcompito,cheinterferisconoautomaticamenteconilmantenimentodelleinformazionie,parallelamente,catturanol’attenzione,distraendodall’attivitàincorso.Larelazionetrarumoreeapprendimentoè,quindi,sicuramenteunargomentoimportantesucuifarleva,affinchéiresponsabilideisettorieducativiedellagestionedelleinfrastrutturescolasticheinvestanopermigliorarelecondizioniacustichedellescuole,manonèilsolo.Infatti,altrettantaattenzionedovrebbe

esserededicataallasovraesposizionealrumorenegliambientiextraaula(comeneicorridoi,nellemenseenellepalestre,ecc.),cheinterferiscemaggiormentesullecondizionidibenesserepsico-fisico,suicomportamentiesullerelazioniinterpersonali[4].

AnalisidelproblemaIltemarumorenellecostruzioniesistentièestremamentecomplessodaaffrontare,perchémultiformenellemanifestazionienellecause,chederivanodacomplesseinterazionitrafattoridicontesto,ediliziefunzionali.Tuttavia,èinnegabilechelascarsaqualitàediliziasialaprincipaleresponsabiledelrumoreascuola.Lamaggiorpartedellecostruzioninonsonoinfattiingradodiisolaregliambientiinternirispettoalrumoreprovenientedall’esternoedall’interno,diassorbirel’impattosuipavimentidellospostamentodibancheesedie,dicontenerel’effettodiriverberodellevoci,ecc..Lecausediquestasituazionevannoricercateindietroneltempo,nellamancanzadicompetenzetecnicheedimetodidicontrollodelleprestazioniacustiche,chehacaratterizzatounlungoperiododiproduzionedegliedificiscolastici.InItalia,infattirisaleal1888ilprimo“Regolamentoedistruzionitecnico-igienicheperl’esecuzionedellalegge8luglio1888sugliedificiscolastici”,mabisognaattendereilregolamentodel1956[5]elaboratodalgruppodilavorodel“Centrostudiperl’ediliziascolastica”[6],pertrovareleprimeraccomandazionidiacusticarelativamenteallasceltadelsito,allalocalizzazionedelleauleeallanecessitàdi“attuarel'isolamentofonicodelleparetidivisoriefraaulaeaula,nonche'deisolaiintermedi,quandovisonodiversipiani”,dicuiperònonsonoforniteulteriorispecifiche.Nel1964,ilministerodeiLavoriPubblicidàavvioaunlavorodielaborazionedirequisitiacustici,cheportaall’emanazionediunaprimacircolareministerialeconi“criteridivalutazioneecollaudodeirequisitiacusticiperlecostruzioniedilizie”nel1966[7]ediunasuccessiva,specificatamentededicataall’ediliziascolasticanel1967[8].Vengonocosìdefinitiilivellidiaccettabilitàdeirequisitiacusticidellescuole,chedovrannoessereinpartecertificati(relativamentealpoterefonoisolantedidivisori,diinfissigriglie,presed'ariaeparetiesterneopacheealcoefficientediassorbimentoacusticodeimaterialiisolantiacustici)einparteverificatiinsito(l'isolamentoacusticoperviaaereafraambientiadusodidatticoadiacentiesovrastanti,illivellodirumoredicalpestiotraduespazisovrapposti,larumorositàprovocatadiserviziedimpiantifissi,iltempodiriverberazione).È,però,solonel1975cheicontenutidellacircolareverrannodefinitivamenteassuntinelle“Normetecnicheaggiornaterelativeall'ediliziascolastica,ivicompresigliindicidifunzionalitàdidattica,ediliziaedurbanistica,daosservarsinellaesecuzionedioperediediliziascolastica”deldicembre1975einpartericonfermatianchedalD.P.C.M.5dicembre1997“Determinazionedeirequisitiacusticipassividegliedifici”,nonostantel’AssociazioneItalianadiAcusticaliritengainadeguatidalconfrontoconiparametridellepiùrecentinormativeeuropee[9].Maancheladefinizionedeirequisitinongarantiscedifattolaloroapplicazioneeverifica,datochebisogneràattenderefinoal1995perladefinizione,nellalegge447,dellafiguradeltecnicocompetenteovverolafiguraprofessionaleidoneaadeffettuarelemisurazioni,verificarel'ottemperanzaaivaloridefinitidallevigentinorme,redigereipianidirisanamentoacustico,svolgerelerelativeattivitàdicontrollo.Tuttociòhacomportatochelescuolevenisseroalungoprogettateerealizzatesenzaalcuncontrolloacustico,conprestazionichevarianoinrapportoallediversesoluzionitecno-tipologicheadottate,marisultanoparticolarmentecritichenellecostruzionirealizzatetrailsecondodopoguerrael’iniziodeglianni’70.Inquestoperiodo,infatti,daunlatovennerodefinitivamenteabbandonatiisistemicostruttiviin

muraturaportanteafavoredistruttureatelaioincalcestruzzooacciaiocontamponamentimoltopiùleggerie,quindi,conpiùbassilivellidiisolamentoacustico;dall’altroiniziaronoadiffondersinuovimodellitipologici,conambientiopenspacee/oconampinucleicentralididistribuzione,ecc.,dicuinonsiteneva,però,inconsiderazione(equindinonsicercavanosoluzioniidoneeacontrastare)leconseguenzesullapropagazionedelrumoreeglieffettisuitempidiriverbero.NonèfacileavereunquadrodiquanteequaliscuoleinItaliapossanoavereproblemidirumore,anchesoloperquantoriguardalecarenzeprogettualidovuteall'etàdegliedifici,acausadelmododiraccolta,perintervallitemporalilunghi,deidatinazionalisull’etàstrutturescolastiche[10].Inoltre,allebasseprestazioniinizialisisommanoancheglieffettideltrascorreredeltempo,comeadesempio,quelliconnessialdegradoealmalfunzionamentodielementiedilizieimpianti,all’aumentodelleemissionisonorenell’ambienteurbano,ecc..Percontro,purinassenzadispecificiobiettividimiglioramentoacustico,talvoltasonostatiapportatiparzialibeneficigrazieadinterventiattuaticonfinalitàdiverse,comelasostituzionedeiserramentipermigliorareleprestazionienergeticheol’inserimentodipannellidicontrosoffittofonoassorbentipermascherareinterventitemporaneidiprevenzionesuisolai.(fig01).Tuttavia,un’analisiesclusivamentecentratasullecarenzedelleinfrastrutturescolastiche,oltreanonrestituireunquadroesaustivodiunproblemaconconnotazionicosìsistemiche,rischiaanchediprefigurarescenaridimiglioramentoperseguibilisoloattraversointerventidinaturaedilizia.Inrealtà,moltosipuòesidevefarepartendodallamessaafuocodellediversesituazionichenellosvolgimentodelleattivitàscolasticheproduconorumore,percercare,perquantopossibile,diabbatterneallafontelecause,perseguendoalcontempolemiglioricondizionid’uso.

LapercezionedelrumorenellescuoleLafrequenzaelamolteplicitàdellecriticitàacustichenellescuolesonoemerseconevidenzaanchedagliesitidiunlavorodiricercasulcampocondottoincinquescuolesecondariediprimogradodell’areametropolitanamilanese(fig02),trailgennaioemaggiodel2016,nell’ambitodiunprogrammadiricercadaltitolo“TorniamoaScuola”finanziatadalDipartimentodiArchitetturaeStudiUrbanidelPolitecnicodiMilanoefinalizzatoall'aggiornamentodelquadroesigenzialeperilrinnovodellestrutturescolasticheesistenti[11].Illavoroèstatosviluppatoconmetodologiedipost-occupancyevaluation,raccogliendodatieinformazionisiaattraversoosservazioniinsito,checoinvolgendodocentiestudentidi38classicondiversemodalità,secondoilmodellopropostodall’OECDattraversol’InternationalPilotStudyontheevaluationofqualityineducationalspaces[12].Nonostantelavarietàdeicaratteritecno-tipologici(checomprendevanounedificioacortilechiusodiinzio‘900inmuraturaportante,tredifferenticostruzioniatelaioincalcestruzzoarmatoeuncomplessodeglianni’70conpannelliprefabbricatatiportanti)edambientalideicasistudioanalizzati(3sitieranoinareeurbane,1inunquartiereresidenzialinelverde,1sullimitaredell’areadirispettoaereoportuale),iltemadelrumoreèstatocostantementealcentrodell’attenzionesiadelgruppodivalutazionechedeidocentiestudentidellecomunitàscolastichecoinvolte,seppureconprospettivedifferenteinrapportoaidiversiruolideipartecipanti.Ilgruppodeivalutatoriesterni,peresempio,nonessendoassuefattoallecondizioniacustichespecifichediciascunascuola,durantelosvolgimentodelleattivitàpartecipaterisultavapiùsensibiledegliutentiinternitantoaglieffettidi

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riverberononcontrollatonegliambientiextra-aula(fig03),quantoallapresenzadirumorididiversaprovenienza,chesovrastavanolecomunicazioniinterpersonali(3).Nesonostatiregistratididiversotipo:daquellidinaturastrutturale,comeilrombodegliaereiinfasedidecolloediatterraggionelsitoscolasticopiùprossimoall’aeroportoolecontinuefrenateepartenzadiautoemezzipesantiincorrispondenzadelsemaforonellascuolapostalungounasseviariourbanoadaltaintensitàditraffico;aquelliprodottidasituazionicontingenti,comeleattivitàdimanutenzionedelverdeconattrezzaturealimentatedapotenticompressori,programmatedalleamministrazionisenzanessunaconsiderazionedell’impattosullescuole.Perquantoriguardaglistudenti,invece,quellicoinvoltinelleattivitàdiworkshopagruppiristrettisisonofocalizzatiinmodoparticolaresuidiversirumoripresentiinaula(adimostrazionedicomequestiriescanoacatturarelaloroattenzioneduranteleattivitàdidattiche),dicuiriportavanoun’ampiacasisticaampia,prevalentementediorigineinternaallascuola.Questaandavadallospostamentodisedieebanchiallevocideibambinideicicliinferiorichegiocanoincortile,finoalvastorepertoriointemadiimpianti:dalsuonodeltelefonodellapostazionedeicommessinelcorridoio,aisibilidellevalvoledeivecchicaloriferi,allosfarfalliopersistentedellelampadeinfasediesaurimentonellenuovelavagnemultimediali(LIM),ecc..Inoltre,glistudentihannosempremanifestatomoltofastidioperilrumoreduranteipasti,purriconoscendocheeranolorostessiaprodurlo.Analogamente,dallerisposteraccolteattraversoiquestionari(tab01),emergeche,inquattrocasisucinque,ildisturbodarumoremaggiormentepercepitosiaquelloprovenientedall’internodellaclasse,seguitoconpocoscartodaquelloextra-aula.Viceversa,ildisturboperrumoriambientalidelcontestohasemprevaloriinferiori,ma,naturalmente,lapercezionediquest’ultimopuòrisultaresignificativamentediversainfunzionedellaposizionedell’aula.Gliinsegnanticondividonoconglistudentiilfastidioperilrumoreneirefettori.Perquantoriguardalecondizionidell’aula,segnalavanoprevalentementel’incompatibilitàacusticatrafunzionidiversetraloroprossime;problemachesimanifestasoprattuttoconleesercitazionidieducazionemusicale,chenonsemprevengonosvolteinunambienteidoneoelontanodalleclassi.Coerentemente,anchedaiquestionari(tab02)peridocentiilrumoreextra-aulaèquelloprevalente,mentrenonsembrasignificativoperlorol’effettodelriverberosullacomprensionedelparlato.

ConclusioniLecriticitàacustichenellescuolesonotalichedifficilmentecisipotràattendere,nelbreveperiodo,illoropienosuperamento.Tuttaviaèassolutamentenecessariocominciareadoccuparsene,perché,comeciricordailpedagogistaMarcoOrsi,trascorrerelagiornatadistudioedilavoroinambienticaoticièestremamentefaticosoediseducativo,magiàconpiccoliaccorgimentisipossanoottenererisultatiimportanti[13].Daunlato,quindi,sembraimportanteeurgentefarsìcheiltemaassumaunarilevanzanazionale,dall’altro,però,bisognatrovareilmododimettereincampostrategiediinterventochepermettanol’attivazionediprocessidimiglioramentoancheinpresenzadirisorselimitate.L’inserimentoconlalegge21del2015neldecretolegislativo153del2006dell’obbligoperleamministrazionidiprevedereinterventidimiglioramentoacusticonellegared’appaltoperl’incrementodell’efficienzaenergeticadellescuoleecomunqueperlalororistrutturazioneocostruzioneèforseunadelleiniziativepiùimportantialivellogovernativoma,perpromuovereunautentico

cambiamentoculturale,all’approccioimpositivodovrebberoseguireancheadeguatecampagnedisensibilizzazionecollettiva,analogamenteaquantoavvenutoperletematichedellasicurezzaedellasostenibilitàambientale.Edèproprioallatematicadellasicurezzaneiluoghidilavorochesipotrebbefareriferimento,perelaborarestrumentieprocedureutiliamappareproblemiebisognieadefinireleazionidaintraprendere.Infatti,perpotergestireefficacementetuttelequestioniattinentiallasicurezzanellescuoleesistenti,solitamentesioperaparallelamenteattraversoduelineediazione:laprimasifondasuun’approfonditaanalisidellecondizionidellascuola–raccoltanel“documentodivalutazionedeirischi”–sullacuibasevengono,poi,definitiunaseriediobiettividiadeguamento,inpartearesponsabilitàdellascuolaeinpartedell’entegestore;laseconda,invece,consistenelladefinizione–erelativaprovasulcampo–diregoledicomportamentoincasodiemergenza,coerenticonicaratterifisiciespazialidelcomplesso.Peraltro,lostesso“documentodivalutazionedeirischi”[14]prendeinconsiderazioneparallelamentefattorimoltodiversitraloro,quali:icaratteriedilizi(resistenzaalfuocodeimateriali,altezzadeiparapetti,ecc.),illayout(numerodiaperture,posizionedelleattivitàrispettoalleviedifuga,ecc.),l’organizzazionedelleattività(numero,dimensionamentoedistribuzionedelleclassi,turnimensa,ecc.),imodid’uso(assembramentodimaterialicartacei,localizzazioneprodottidipulizia,collocazionediingombrioostruzionisulleviedifuga,ecc.).Inoltre,sonocoinvoltinelperseguimentodegliobiettividisicurezzanonsolofigureconresponsabilitàspecifiche(dirigentescolasticoeresponsabiledellasicurezza,tecnicideglientilocali,operatoridellamanutenzione,ecc.),maanchetuttiglialtrimembridellacomunitàscolastica(docenti,studenti,personalenondocente,ecc.).Diconseguenza,quantopiùlascuolaèobsoletaeinadeguata(perassenzadiscaledisicurezza,ecc.),tantopiùlecondizionidiorganizzazionedellafunzioneel’attenzionenellepratiched’usoassumonoimportanzanelcontribuireallariduzionedeirischi.Mutuareapprocciemetodicorrentementeinusonellagestionedellasicurezzaimplicherebbe,quindi,dalpuntodivistaoperativo,l’individuazionedipossibilicondizionidi“rischiorumore”,attraversoprocessidivalutazionefinalizzatinonsoloamappareiproblemi(tecnici,organizzativiecomportamentali),maancheafaremergerelediverseesigenzeacustichedigruppie/odisingolimembridellacomunitàscolastica.Inoltre,l’applicazionedimetodologiedipost-occupancyevaluation,conilcoinvolgimentodegliutenti,siprospettacomelamodalitàpiùefficacepercomprenderelecriticitàpresentiinciascunsitoe,perquantopossibile,governareilproblemadelrumore,delineandotantolepossibiliazionidiauto-miglioramento,quantolerichiestediapprofondimentodiagnosticoe/odiinterventodapresentareall’entegestorecompetente.

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