NOAA P-3 in CalNex 2010: capabilities, dates, and strategies

2010 CalNex public meetingSacramento, CA –

Thursday, February 5, 2009

J. Cozic photo

NOAA P-3 in CalNex 2010: capabilities, dates, and strategiesTom Ryerson and Michael Trainer – NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences Division

CO

NO, NO2 , NOy , O3 ;CO2 , CH4

TDL H2 O

Aerosol lowturbulenceinlet (LTI)

WLOPC

CRD-AES; PAS; PSAP; UHSAS

PILS; AMS

NO3 and N2 O5UV-VISspectral

radiometer

NH3 & HNO3

SO2

PANs, ClNO2SSFR, CG4

AWAS; NMASS

Draft NOAA P-3 payload - CalNex 2010subset of instruments with identified funding is shown

HCHO

cloudprobes

PTRMS

Awaiting NOAA-ACCP funding decisions:• 14CO2 in selected whole air samples• 1-Hz N2 O, CH4 , CO2 , and CO

5 scientist seats only;at max takeoff weight

Instrument Measurement Time resolutionO3 ozone 1 secCO carbon monoxide 1 secSO2 sulfur dioxide 3 sec CO2 and CH4 carbon dioxide and methane 1 secAWAS VOCs, halocarbons, alkyl nitrates 62/flightPTRMS oxy-VOCs, aromatics, acetonitrile 15 secHCHO formaldehyde 1 secNO, NO2 , and NOy nitrogen oxides 1 secPANs and ClNO2 peroxyacyl nitrates and nitryl chloride 1 secNO3 and N2 O5 nocturnal nitrogen oxides 1 secHNO3 nitric acid 1 secNH3 ammonia 1 secLTI aerosol low turbulence inlet 1 secNMASS/UHSAS/WLOPC 0.004 to 8 m aerosol size distribution 1 secCRD-AES 3-

aerosol extinction as f(RH) 1 secPSAP 3-

aerosol absorption (filter) 15 secPAS 3-

aerosol absorption (photoacoustic) 5 secSP2 aerosol black carbon 1 secPILS aerosol chemical composition 80/flightAMS aerosol chemical composition 10 secUV-VIS spectrometer spectral actinic flux from 280-689 nm 1 secTDL H2 O water vapor 1 seccloud probes drop size and morphology 1 secposition and meteorologyaircraft location, T, P, winds, etc. 1 sec

ozone and tracers

VOCs and products

nitrogen species

aerosol size, optical properties,and composition

Draft NOAA P-3 payload - CalNex 2010subset of instruments with identified funding is shown

Draft NOAA P-3 payload - CalNex 2010subset of instruments with likely funding is shown





measurementsof direct emissions:

anthropogenic

biogenic







anthropogenic

biomass burning

biogenic







anthropogenic

GHGsandsoot

biomass burning

biogenic







anthropogenic

GHGsandsoot

agricultural

biomass burning

biogenic

Emissions evaluation

will be a focusin CalNex

Tentative NOAA P-3 CalNex deployment dates and locations

• NOAA ESRL has requested 205 P-3 flight hours for CalNex.

Depending on the actual allocation, we may consider 1-2flights from Colorado prior to transiting to California.

- instrument shakedown near home laboratory- investigate transport downwind of California

• Requested dates: May 1 through June 30, 2010 in California.

P-3 return date will be dictated by hurricane requirements

• Location: LA Basin, either Ontario or Long Beach airports.

P-3 range is sufficient to base anywhere in the State- co-location with NOAA and CIRPAS Twin Otters is highly desirable

need to avoid high/hot conditions to maximize flight duration

24/7 operations, with no noise or takeoff restrictions after dark

!!!

urban areashighways

5

4

3

2

1

0

Elevation, kmSea breeze, terrain, and agriculture

in the Central Valleys

Sea breeze, terrain, and 17 million people in the LA Basin

Adding to theknowledgebase in CAwill be achallenge

Emissions, chem.,and transportdetermined bymany factors

Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questionsEmissions studies

Anthropogenic enhancementsrelative to CO2 can be compared directly toinventory values

- VOCs, NOx, CH4 , halocarbons, N2 O- use 2002, 2008, & 2010 aircraft data- link to long-term WGC tower record

300

250

200

150

100

50

CO

, ppb

v

390385380375370

CO2, ppmv

SF refineries Richmond Concord Concord2 Antioch_urban Antioch_refin

CO vs. CO26

5

4

3

2

1

0

NO

2, ktons/year

38.2

38.0

37.8

37.6

37.4

Latit

ude

-122.8 -122.4 -122.0 -121.6

Longitude

NOAA P-3 trackMay 2, 2002

San Francisco & Central Valley




6

5

4

3

2

1

0

NO

2, ktons/year

38.2

38.0

37.8

37.6

37.4

Latit

ude

-122.8 -122.4 -122.0 -121.6

Longitude



NOy

• Detailed P-3 chemical datacan be used to

- differentiate between sources - differentiate transport pathways- quantify chemical processing

More emissions study detailsat 1:40 in Greg Frost’s talk




6

5

4

3

2

1

0

NO

2, ktons/year

38.2

38.0

37.8

37.6

37.4

Latit

ude

-122.8 -122.4 -122.0 -121.6

Longitude



SO2

• Detailed P-3 chemical datacan be used to

- differentiate between sources - differentiate transport pathways- quantify chemical processing

More emissions study detailsat 1:40 in Greg Frost’s talk

Using the P-3 to address CalNex science questions

Emissions studies

Can we quantifyNOx , NH3 , CH4 , & N2 Oemissions fromthe agricultural sector?

include Imperial Valley flightscompare to satellite columns

300

250

200

150

100

CO

, ppb

v

15129630

NOy, ppbv

Urban14.2 ± 0.4

Urban/industry9.4 ± 0.1

Central Valley5.7 ± 0.1

CO vs. NOy38.0

37.5

37.0

Latit

ude

-123.0 -122.5 -122.0 -121.5 -121.0 -120.5

Longitude


San Francisco &Central Valley


Emissions studies

Can we quantifyNOx , NH3 , CH4 , & N2 Oemissions fromthe agricultural sector?

include Imperial Valley flightscompare to satellite columns

Agricultural emissions

A wealth of existing data that we are not fully up to speed on

Blake VOC sampling grids and2008 ARCTAS DC-8 data showthe high spatial variability of sources

SJV supersite will anchor P-3 flights

repeat P-3 flights through growing seasonto observe increase in ag. activity over time


Emissions studies

Quantifying sulfur budgetof LA Basin & SF

SO2 from shipping, industry, and mobile sources vs.DMS from phytoplankton

34.4

34.2

34.0

33.8

33.6

33.4

Latit

ude

-119.0 -118.5 -118.0 -117.5 -117.0 -116.5

Longitude

ArcoTosco

Shell

Chevron

Texaco

-119.0 -118.5 -118.0 -117.5 -117.0 -116.5

Longitude


LA Basin

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

SO2, ktons/year

40

30

20

10

0

SO2, ppbv


Emissions studies

Quantifying sulfur budgetof LA Basin & SF

SO2 from shipping, industry, and mobile sources vs.DMS from phytoplankton

40

30

20

10

0

SO2,

ppb

v

10008006004002000

CO, ppbv

SO2 vs. CO

-119.0 -118.5 -118.0 -117.5 -117.0 -116.5

Longitude


LA Basin

40

30

20

10

0

SO2, ppbv

400

395

390

385

380

375

CO

2, ppmv


Processing studies

Oxidation rates and secondary product formation

LA-SJV differences?

• Use P-3 to connect LA and SJVsupersite observations during CalNex

• Emissions mixes are quite differentbetween the two basins

• How will this be reflected in differencesbetween secondary photoproducts?

P-3: O3 , HCHO, CH3 CHO, OVOCs, RONO2 , PANs, (PAN/HNO3 ), etc.


Central Valley aging and layers aloft

Repeatedly sample fresher vs. more oxidized air within South Coast and Central Valleysin the mixed layer & aloft (day and night flights)

Evaluate biogenic influences on CO2 & CH4via Lagrangian flights anchored by WGC tower

42

40

38

36

34

Latit

ude

-124 -122 -120 -118 -116 -114

Longitude

1209060300

Ozone, ppbv

Thu, Jun 1, 200615:00 local time

Processing studies


LA-SJV differences?

Gas-to-particle conversionof HNO3 and NH3

Nocturnal chemistry and transport

Aerosol-cloud interactions


Processing studies


LA-SJV differences?




Opportunity for studying multiday events(day – night – day studies)

Frontal passage (rare, but they do happen)gives a chance to observe pollutantbuildup after clearing out

Basin exchange times from multiple looks


Repeatedly sample fresher vs. more oxidized air within South Coast and Central Valleysin the mixed layer & aloft


Determine effects of anthropogenic vs. agricultural emissions on ozone and SOA


Processing studies


LA-SJV differences?




Opportunity for studying multiday events(day – night – day studies)

Frontal passage (rare, but they do happen)gives a chance to observe pollutantbuildup after clearing out

Basin exchange times from multiple looks


Repeatedly sample fresher vs. more oxidized air within South Coast and Central Valleysin the mixed layer & aloft


Determine effects of anthropogenic vs. agricultural emissions on ozone and SOA

Satellite-derived day-of-week differences in California urban

total NO2 columns


LA aerosol and ozone formation

Transects upwind and above LA ground site;continue through Riverside and downwind

Should have measurements that fully constrainNH3 + HNO3 NH4 NO3

The P-3 in 2010 will bring aerosol extinction, absorption, and soot mass to this classic aging experiment

Processing studies


LA-SJV differences?





Nighttime chemistry of NO3 and N2 O5

Sample urban plumes aloft after dark

determine (N2 O5 ) on NH4 NO3 particles

evaluate NOx and Ox loss vs. transport

study VOC sinks and halogen activation

Details at 10:50 in Steve Brown’s talk

Processing studies


LA-SJV differences?




Example of nighttime data(Houston, 2006)


Transport studies

use chemical measurements to define pathways for export of LABasin and Central Valley pollution

characterize residual layers aloft after dark

quantify relative contributionsof orographic lifting and gap flowsto transport within California

P-3 research mission range8+ hours endurance

700 nm radius(including vertical profiles)

We plan to repeatedly visit most of California,as science goals dictate

(not just an LA Basin experiment)


Transport studies


34.6

34.4

34.2

34.0

33.8

33.6

33.4

Latit

ude

-119.0 -118.5 -118.0 -117.5 -117.0 -116.5

Longitude

543210

Alt.

, km

WP-3D trackMay 13, 2002colored by CO

1

2

3

4

1 2 3

4


Transport studies


Chem. data shows export ishighly variable in time

- need vertical profiles over same locations at different timese.g., near Catalina & over San Bernardino Mountains

Repeat often to build stats;even better with several aircraft

34.6

34.4

34.2

34.0

33.8

33.6

33.4

Latit

ude

-119.0 -118.5 -118.0 -117.5 -117.0 -116.5

Longitude

543210

Alt.

, km

WP-3D trackMay 13, 2002colored by CO

1

2

3

4

1 2 3

4

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

NO

y, S

O2,

O3

(ppb

v)

1:30 PM5/13/02

1:45 PM 2:00 PM 2:15 PM 2:30 PM 2:45 PM 3:00 PM

Local time

543210

Alt.

(km

)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

CO

(ppmv)

O3 CONOy SO2

P-3 alt.ground

1 2 3 4


Transport studies


• Long history of studying transportaloft in the LA Basin:

- 1984 UCLA/EPA airborne lidar


Transport studies


• Long history of studying transportaloft in the LA Basin:

- 1984 UCLA/EPA airborne lidar

- 1997 Caltech/CIRPAS in-situaerosol measurements

• Hope to extend existing studiesby joint work with NOAA TwinOtter airborne lidar, CIRPAS TwinOtter aerosol, and combined aerosol and gas-phase data from the NOAA P-3


The P-3 can address many CalNex study goals independently.

- emissions characterization- chemical processing- transport and mixing

However, most or all of the planned P-3 studies will greatly benefit from:

- close coordination with other mobile platforms and ground sites- vertical context provided by remote sensing data- temporal context provided by longer-term ground site data & modeling- input from the experienced CA research community

e.g., local meteorology, agricultural emissions, 3D CTMs, ...

Our aim is to maximize joint efforts without undue strain on anyone.

CalNex

Proposal from Caltech: CIRPAS Twin Otter

John Seinfeld, P.I.

“very likely”

to be funded through NOAA ACCP

extramural grants program

focus on SOA formation

Anticipate Caltech/CIRPAS Twin Otteroperations from anLA Basin airportduring May-June 2010

Joint work with other aircraft TBD

Caltech/CIRPAS bringcritical experience, measurements, andanalysis tools to theCalNex study

Documents

NOAA P-3 in CalNex 2010: capabilities, dates, and strategies