2010 CalNex Field Study and “Expanding to the Downwind WRAP Region”

NOAA Boulder

June 9, 2009

What does the WRAP do?

• Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP) formed to:– Collect data and provide regional analyses– Support development of state air pollution control plans required under the

EPA Regional Haze Rule

• Early 2008, WRAP Board adopted 2008-12 Strategic Plan

• Identifies regional technical analysis efforts to:– Build upon existing regional haze analysis and planning efforts– Move to a one-atmosphere approach which includes:

• Data and analyses to implement haze control plans• Sources, meteorological transport, atmospheric chemistry, and air quality

impacts on the Ozone/PM NAAQS, as well as mercury and nitrogen deposition; and

• Air quality planning effects from policy changes related to:– Energy development/production and– Climate change mitigation/adaptation

What does the WRAP work on Regional Haze show?

• Western sources and source categories form:– Ambient Particulate Matter aerosols broken down to chemical species as

measured by the rural IMPROVE and CASTNET networks, and the NCORE Urban Chemical Speciation network; and

– Ozone in both rural and urban areas

• Emissions are transported from tens to thousands of kilometers– Affecting primary air quality health standards (Ozone and PM National

Ambient Air Quality Standards [NAAQS]), as well as– Secondary air quality welfare standards (Ozone and PM NAAQS, Regional

Haze Rule).

• Spatial scale affecting the more than 100 relatively clean Class I Federal areas in the West ranges from global to regional to local

• WRAP Technical Committees and Forums are interested in the opportunity to leverage and extend the field study effort in 2010 within California to the downwind WRAP region.

WRAP Regional Technical Web Databases

• WRAP FETS: Incoming wild, prescribed, & ag fire data via a co-located database

• WRAP EDMS: Incoming WRAP emissions inventories

• WRAP Regional Modeling Center (RMC): Incoming modeled emissions data; necessary for chemical transport modeling, modeling data results, and gridded emissions inventories that cannot be visualized easily or obtained elsewhere

• AQS: Outgoing IMPROVE data, incoming PM2.5, PM10, Ozone, etc

• AirQuest: Incoming satellite data; other datasets being considered

• AirNow: Incoming Air Quality Index maps and ozone data

• DataFed: Outgoing IMPROVE data via direct ODBC connection to the VIEWS database; various incoming datasets

• RSIG: Incoming satellite data and products (future)

• Giovanni: Incoming satellite data and products

• NASA DAACs: Incoming satellite data and products

• BlueSky Framework: Pending proposal; Hybrid source apportionment model to be provided by NPS to BlueSky through web services

VIEWS Interoperability: Connected systems

WRAP Regional Technical Web Databases

Example WRAP Source Apportionment ResultsCAMx Particulate Source Apportionment Technology

(gridded emissions/met in photochemical model with virtual tags of source categories and regions)

Weighted Emissions Potential Analyses (gridded emissions * meteorological back trajectory residence time, using a one-over-distance factor to approximate deposition, with normalized final

results)

2005 through 2007 (3-year average) of 4th highest daily monitored maximum 8-hr average at rural & Class I sites

Rural & Class I area Ozone Monitoring Results(other recent 3-year regulatory monitoring periods show similar patterns)

Patterns of rural O3 observed at rural downwind locations, suggest that transport of Southern California emissions has long-range effects

Are impacts of regional O3 & PM transport to rural & Class I sites caused by the same or similar sources & source regions?

How do intervening source areas affect O3 & PM formation, titration, & transport?

California Ozone Transport - Source

Apportionment Study Results

Ozone Source Apportionment Monthly Mean Results (WRAP region states highlighted) Tong, D. Q. and Mauzerall, D. L. Summertime State-Level Source-Receptor Relationships between Nitrogen Oxides Emissions and Surface Ozone Concentrations over the Continental United States. Environmental Science & Technology, Volume 42, Number 21, 2008.

Source region contributions to the total inorganic N deposition from both dry and wet processes measured at Rocky Mountain National Park in northern

Colorado during the 2006 spring and summer RoMANS campaigns.

IMPROVE monitoring sites in the WRAP region with at least three years of valid data and identifies the six sites selected to demonstrate the apportionment tools. Pie diagrams show the composition for the mean of the 20% worst haze conditions and the mean light extinction (Mm-1) by the size of the circle (see figure key).

Olympic N.P.

Yellowstone N.P.

Badlands N.P.Grand Canyon N.P.

San Gorgonio W.

Salt Creek W.

Olympic N.P.

Yellowstone N.P.

Badlands N.P.Grand Canyon N.P.

San Gorgonio W.

Salt Creek W.

Particulate sulfate (a) and nitrate (b) source attribution by region using CAMx modeling for 6 western remote area monitoring sites. WRAP includes ND, SD, WY, CO, NM and all states further west. CENRAP includes all states east of WRAP and west of the Mississippi River including MN. Eastern U.S. includes all states east of CENRAP. The Pacific Offshore extends 300km to the west of CA, OR, and WA. Outside Domain refers to the modeling domain, which extends 100s of kilometers into the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and from Hudson Bay Canada to just north of Mexico City. This figure was assembled from site‑specific diagrams produced on the TSS web site for 2002.

NOx Emissions from Western US Power Plants

North Valmy

Intermountain

Hunter /Huntington

Mohave

Navajo Four Corners/San Juan

Cholla/Coronado/ Springerville

Bonanza

Craig/Hayden

Jim Bridger/Naughton

Dave Johnston/Laramie River

Colstrip

Reid Gardener

•Isolated plants have discrete signatures in satellite retrievals•Power plant emissions are measured continuously at each stack•Currently no NOx pollution controls on large coal-burning plants“Calibration” for satellite-model comparison

SCIAMACHY, Summer 2005 Kim, Frost et al.

NOx Emissions from Western US Urban Areas +O3/PM Urban and/or High Ambient Concentration Areas

Denver/NorthernFront Range

Albuquerque / Santa Fe

El Paso

Boise

Salt Lake City

Reno

Sacramento

San Francisco

Fresno

Bakersfield

Los Angeles

Las Vegas

Phoenix

Tucson

Build on satellite-model comparisons for power plantsEvaluate urban area emission inventories and monitor changes

SCIAMACHY, Summer 2005 Kim, Frost et al.

Ozone and/or PM NAAQS “Urban Nonattainment Areas” or Populated Areas “Very Near the NAAQS”

Planned CalNex O3

sonde network,

additional sites would be desirable

Environment Canada permanent ozonesonde sites

KelownaBratt's Lake

Granby Boulder

Highest priority for upwind sites

Moderate priority for upwind site

Point Reyes

Trinidad Head

Redding

San Nicolas Is.

Oakdale

BarstowMorro Bay

A Network of O3 sondes combined with aircraft could greatly help to answer these questions

Rationale for this suggested network configuration

Trinidad Head: A background site, where sondes are already launched, and upwind of the ozone non-attainment region of northern California.

Point Reyes: A background site upwind of Sacramento and San Francisco. A portable ground station would have to be deployed here.

San Nicolas Island: A background site upwind of LA and San Diego. The Navy has indicated that they would be interested in operating this site and already have the necessary equipment plus 24 sondes. NOAA could supplement this site with additional sondes.

Morro Bay: A background site roughly halfway between Point Reyes and San Nicolas Island, upwind of the southern San Joaquin Valley. Portable ground station required.

Barstow: Downwind of LA. A portable ground station would be required.

Oakdale: A small town downwind of San Francisco and Point Reyes and upwind of Yosemite National Park where ozone has been increasing. A portable ground station would be required. No information on a launch facility, it's just a town in the right place.

Redding: Downwind of Trinidad Head and within an ozone nonattainment region even though it has a fairly low population. Upwind of Mt. Lassen ozone monitor. Portable ground station required.

Boulder: There has been some interest from western air quality managers in participating in CALNEX and looking at downwind air pollution. Boulder would be an easy site for monitoring downwind ozone. Has an existing launch facility.

Granby: This site is directly upwind of Boulder but west of the Continental Divide, so it's as close as you can get to the Front Range and still measure upwind ozone. Portable ground station required.

Kelowna and Bratt's Lake: If the Canadians are interested in looking at long range ozone transport to eastern Canada then these permanent sites could be activated.

CalNex 2010 Study Plans - Characterizing Air Pollutant Fluxes that Influence California

Distant Pollutant Sources

Marine Shipping

Mexican Emissions

WRAP Requests Expansion to Include Fluxes that Influence other Southwestern States

Upwind of Southern Nevada

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Extend Mexican Emission Flux