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Kingsborough CC Student review
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• The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:
– 1. Cell Type (prokyotic or eukaryotic)– 2. Cell Number (unicellular or
multicellular)– 3. Feeding Type (autotroph or
heterotroph)
1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes – Bacteria! • DO NOT HAVE:
•An organized nucleus•Structured organelles
Prokaryotes – Typical BacteriaBasic Structure
• DNA – strands floating in cytoplasm/small rings called plasmids • Ribosomes- RNA/protein synthesis sites• Cytoplasm-water based• Cell membrane & Wall
Eukaryotes • DO HAVE:
• Nucleus organized with a membrane • other organelles
2nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions: Cell Number
•Unicellular- single celled organism – protozoans, bacteria, some algae•Multicellular- many celled organism – cells start to specialize/differentiate
• Unicellular • Multicellular
3rd Criteria for Kingdom DivisionsFeeding Type - How the organisms get their
food
–Autotroph or Producer
Make their own food
–Heterotroph or ConsumerMust eat other organisms to surviveIncludes decomposers – those that eat dead matter!
There used to be only 5 kingdoms
1. Moneran
2. Protista3. Fungi4. Plantae5. Animalia
This kingdom has now been divided into 2 – archaebacteria & eubacteria
6 Kingdoms• Archaebacteria• Eubacteria• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Kingdom Cell Type
Cell # Feeding Type
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular Autotroph
Eubacteria Prokaryote
Unicellular Both
Protista Eukaryote
Most Unicellular
Both
Fungi Eukaryote
both Heterotroph
Plantae Eukaryote
Multicellular
Autotroph
Animalia Eukaryote
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Cell Wall
Yes
Yes
Yes & NO
Yes
Yes
NO
Archaebacteria•Ancient
bacteria-– Live in very
harsh environments
– extremophiles
Eubacteria• It is the eubacteria
that most people are talking about when they say bacteria, because they live in more neutral conditions.
Bacteria•Bacteria are
unicellular prokaryotes
Bacterial Shapes•Bacteria come in
3 main shapes– Rod or Stick
(bacilli)– Sphere (cocci)– Helical or spiral
(borrelia)
Bacterial Locomotion•Some bacteria
have flagella or cilia for movement
•Some secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs
Bacterial Nutrition•Some bacteria are
autotrophs and can photosynthesize
•Some bacteria are heterotrophs
Protists• Protists include
many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae.
Odds & Ends Kingdom
Protista Kingdom• There are animal-like, fungus-
like, and plant-like protists
• Some are beneficial
• Some protists can cause diseases in humans, such as:
Protists Locomotion•3 types of movement:
–Pseudopod (false foot)
–Flagella/cilia–Contractile vacuoles
Protists Nutrition•Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs
Fungi Kingdom• The Kingdom Fungi
includes some of the most important organisms.
• By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.
Fungi• All fungi are eukaryotic
• They may be unicellular or multicellular
• All fungi have a cell wall
Unicellular (yeast)
Multicellular
Fungi• Fungi can be
very helpful and delicious
• Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi
Penicillin
Fungi• Fungi also causes a number of
plant and animal diseases:
•Athlete's Foot
Fungi Locomotion• Fungi are
stationary
• They have root-like structures that they use for attachment
Fungi Nutrition• All fungi are
heterotrophs - Saprophytes-get their
nutrients from dead organic matter- Mutualists – live symbiotically- Parasites – absorb from a host, eventually killing the host
Plant Kingdom• All plants
are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, and…
• they are autotrophs
• 4 important plant groups are the:
Mosses (Bryophyte
s)
Ferns (Pteridophyt
es)
Conifers (Gymnosper
ms)
Flowering Plants
(Angiosperms)
Non-vascular
Vascular
• Nonvascular Plants - Mosses
• the simplest of all land dwelling plants • lack an internal means for water transportation • do not produce seeds or flowers
- fertilization depends on water medium to get the sperm to the egg.
• lack a woody tissue necessary for support around their “stems” and so are usually relatively short
• Mosses
• Vascular Plants
•Internal transportation System• Xylem – water carrying tubes • Phloem – sugar carrying tissues • enables plants to evolve into larger specimens.
•Produce Seeds – protects and nourishes an Embryo of the new plant
Gymnosperms– Conifers (pine cones)– Oldest vascular
plants
Angiosperms - flowering plants
Animalia KingdomAll animals are:-Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall -Heterotrophs -Capable of movement at some point in their lives.
2nd Criteria for Animal Classification
• Skeletal Characteristics– Invertebrates
have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton
– Vertebrates have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage
• Kingdom– Phylum Major phylums of
animals are…•Subphylum
– Class» Order» Family» Genus» species
• Ecology- • the study of interactions between
– organisms and organisms– organisms and their environment
Factors that affect us:
1. Abiotic Factors Wind/Air currents
Soil
Light
Temperature
• A- stands for non• Bio- stands for living
• Abiotic Factors- nonliving factors
2. Biotic Factors:
• Biotic- Living factors
What is the organization of Ecological Study?
PopulationCommunity
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Organism
Levels of Organization• Individual- one
organism (living)
• Ex a moose
• Population- groups of individuals that belong to the species and live in the same area. (living-living same species)
• Ex many moose
• Community- groups of different populations (more than one population or different groups of species)
Ex many groups of moose beavers, trees, grass (all living)
• Ecosystem- all organisms in a particular area along with the nonliving. (living and nonliving)
Ex many groups of moose beavers, trees, grass, rocks, water, mountains
• Biome- group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities
• Biomes: tropical rain forest, tropical dry forest, tropical savannah, temperate grassland, desert, temperate woodland and shrubland, temperate forest, northwestern coniferous forest, boreal forest (taiga), tundra, mountains and ice caps
• Biosphere- all of the planet where life exhists, includes land, water, and, air
• Life extends 8 km up and 11 km below the surface
IN AN ECOSYSTEM:
Organisms live in a Habitat
Organisms fit into a Niche of the environment
Habitat vs. Niche
• Habitat- an area where an organism lives • Niche- an organisms role in its environment
– The Long Version full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. Includes where in the food chain it is, where an organism feeds
• Habitat is like an address in an ecosystem and a niche is like an occupation in an ecosystem.
Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
ENERGY FLOW
Energy Flow (Trophic Levels)• Producers- make their own food
• Consumers- get energy from consuming producers
Producers• Producers- capture
energy from sunlight or chemicals and use the energy to produce food.
• Producers are autotrophs- they make food from their environment
2 main types of autotrophs• One type gets
energy from the sun-by photosynthesis
• Another type gets energy without light- by chemosynthesis
Consumers• Consumers are
heterotrophs- get energy from other organisms
Types of Consumers• Herbivores- eat only plants• Carnivores- eat animals• Omnivores- eat both plants and
animals• Detritivores- eat dead matter (plants
and animals)
Feeding Relationships• Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction
from:– 1. the sun or inorganic compounds– 2. To autotrophs (producers)– 3. To heterotrophs (consumers)– Decomposers get energy from decomposing dead
organisms
Food Web- A network of feeding relationships.
(More realistic that a food chain)
Food Chain- a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten.
Food Web
They can become very complex!
Trophic levels• Each step in a food
chain or a food web is called a trophic level.– Producers are the first
trophic level– Consumers are the
second, third, or higher trophic level
• Each trophic level depends on the one below for energy
Energy Pyramid• Only part of the energy
stored in one level can be passed to the next- most energy is consumed for life processes (respiration, movement, etc., and heat is given off)
• Only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms in the next trophic level
Biomass Pyramid
• Biomass- the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level.
• A biomass pyramid represents the amount of potential food available for each trophic level in an ecosystem.
Energy Losses • Energy transfers are never 100 percent efficient
• Some energy is lost at each step
• Limits the number of trophic levels in an
ecosystem
• Energy flow is a one way path! (not a cycle)
All Heat in the End
• At each trophic level, the bulk of the energy received from the previous level is used in metabolism
• This energy is released as heat energy and lost to the ecosystem
• Eventually, all energy is released as heat
Two groups of flowering plantsMonocotDicotyledons
Cotyledons Two One
Leaf venation
Netted Parallel
Root system
Tap root system Fibrous root system
A comparison of monocots and dicots
The flower is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms Flowers are made up of four types of modified leaves sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. a. Stamens are the male reproductive organs that produce microspores. b. Carpels are female reproductive organs that produce megaspores.
The structure of a flower.
Plants: Grouped by characteristics
• Vascular– Three main parts: roots, stems and leaves
• Roots can be different sizes:– Fibrous and tap roots
• Storage roots; beets, carrots, sweet potatoes and turnips– Roots have different functions: anchoring the plant, taking
in water and minerals, and store food.
• Nonvascular– Simple; most grow in moist places– No vascular tissues.
Vascular Plants: Stems• Function of stems
– Support, transport of water & food • Most stems grow upward• Some stems grow sideward
– Types of stems• Green• Woody
– Transport of materials• Xylem & phloem
Plants are classified by characteristics.
Plants that make seeds Plants that do not make seeds
Flowering Plants
Conifers Ferns Mosses
Plants reproduce differently
a protective covering that surrounds the seed
anchor the plant in place and absorb water and other minerals from the soil.
carries water and food to the rest of the plant.
makes the plant's food.
makes seeds.
• Most flowers have four parts
– Flower parts
Sepal – one of the leaf-like parts that protects a flower bud and that is usually green
Pistil – part of a flower that makes the eggs that grow into seeds
Stamen – part of a flower that makes pollen
Pollen – tiny grains that make seeds when combined with a flower’s egg
How Do Flowers Make Seeds and Fruits?
Great Plant Escape- Plant parts
Ovary – the bottom part of the pistil in which seeds form
Ovule - the inner part of an ovary that contains an egg
embryo – tiny part of a seed that can grow into a new plant
How Fertilization Occurs
• When a pollen grain reaches a pistil, it grows a thin tube to the ovary. Sperm from the pollen grain combines with an egg, and a seed forms.
Fertilization – the combination of sperm from a pollen grain with an egg to form a seed
How Pollination Occurs• Butterflies may carry pollen
from the stamen of one flower to the pistil of the the same flower. Sometimes the butterfly may carry pollen from the stamen of one flower to the pistil of another flower of the same kind.
Pollination- the movement of pollen from a stamen to a pistil
Some flowering plants are
dicot seed – a seed that has two seed leaves that contain stored food
monocot seed – a seed that has one seed leaf and stored food outside the seed leaf