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NISO’s IOTA InitiativeMeasuring the Quality of OpenURL Links
NASIG Annual ConferenceSt. Louis, MO
June 2 – 5, 2011
Rafal Kasprowski, Rice University
Agenda
• In the Beginning: Full-text linking and Advent of OpenURL • IOTA: Created in response to OpenURL linking problems
• IOTA’s analytical approach
• Community-derived reports comparing quality of vendor
OpenURLs • Concept of the OpenURL Quality Index
• IOTA & KBART: relationship & joint initiative • Community involvement in IOTA: necessary for best outcomes
Before OpenURL: Proprietary Linking
• Certain A&I database providers (e.g., CSA, PubMed)
offered full-text linking option for a select number of content providers.
• Libraries manually activated full-text linking with
providers they had subscriptions with. • A&I --> Full Text
Proprietary Linking: Pros and Cons
• Linking had to be activated manually by libraries for each full-text provider.
• A&I providers offering this option were few.
• Selection of full-text providers was limited.
But... • Once set up, the static links to full texts were
accurate.
• Problem source pinpointed easily: A&I --> Full Text
Advent of OpenURL
• Objective: Deliver full texts unrestrained by proprietary silos. • Open standard generating dynamic links at time of request.
• A-Z list (e.g., e-journal, e-books):
o Knowledge base (KB) with library's holdings.o Replaces librarian as intermediary in linking.o Indicates provider of "appropriate copy"
• A&I ("Source") --> A-Z list ("KB") --> Full Text ("Target")
A, Bernand, et al. "A versatile nanotechnology to connect individual nano-objects for the fabrication of hybrid single-electron devices." Nanotechnology 21, no. 44 (November 5, 2010): 445201. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed October 24, 2010).
OpenURL: resolver, syntax, linking nodes
http://ps4ps6lm2r.search.serialssolutions.com/?issn=0957-4484&volume=21&issue=44&date=20101105&spage=445201&title=Nanotechnology&atitle=A+ versatile+nanotechnology+to+connect+individual+nano-objects+for+the+ fabrication+of+hybrid+single-electron+devices.&aulast=A++Bernand
Source Citation
Target OpenURL (Source OpenURL structured similarly)
Pros & Cons of OpenURL
Pros:• KB/Resolver vendors took over most of the linking setup:
Less work for libraries and providers.• Participation by A&I platforms and full-text providers
exceeded proprietary linking: OpenURL scales better. Cons:• Dynamic linking less predictable than static linking: more
difficult to pinpoint cause of link failures.• OpenURL linking not improved significantly last 10
years.• No systematic method exists to benchmark OpenURLs.
Identifying source of problem…"72% of respondents to the online survey either agreed or strongly agreed that a significant problem for link resolvers is the generation of incomplete or inaccurate OpenURLs by databases (for example, A&I products)."Culling, James. 2007. Link Resolvers and the Serials Supply Chain: Final Project Report for UKSG, p.33. http://www.uksg.org/sites/uksg.org/files/uksg_link_resolvers_final_report.pdf.
Defining methodology for addressing problem…
Recently, researchers have indicated the need for metadata quality metrics, including:• completeness;• accuracy;• conformance to expectations;• logical consistency and coherence.
Bruce, Thomas R. and Hillmann, Diane I. 2004. The Continuum of Metadata Quality: Defining, Expressing, Exploiting. In Metadata in Practice. Ed. Diane I. Hillmann and Elaine L. Westbrooks. Chicago: American Library Association, pp. 238-256.
Année philologique OpenURL Study
2008 Cornell study led by Adam Chandler*• Problem: Too often links sent from Aph did not
successfully resolve to requested resource.• Objective: Examine quality of OpenURLs offered to
users by Aph in order to improve the linking. Aph Study investigated:• Faulty citation metadata from source database.• Method to evaluate the OpenURLs.
*Chandler, Adam. 2009. Results of L’Année philologique online OpenURL Quality Investigation: Mellon Planning Grant Final Report.http://metadata.library.cornell.edu/oq/files/200902%20lannee-mellonreport-openurlquality-final.pdf.
Scoring System & Aph Study Outcomes
Concept of scoring in Aph study (based on B. Hughes study)*• establish a baseline for comparison; • results to be shared with data providers;• develop a best practice.
Problem analysis in Aph study limited to: • source link• presence/absence of citation metadata elements
Results:• OpenURL quality model: compares elements in Aph
OpenURLs to those of other providers.• No scoring was achieved for Aph, but model is first step
towards scoring system.
*Hughes, Baden. 2004. Metadata Quality Evaluation: Experience from the Open Language Archives Community. In Digital Libraries: International Collaboration and Cross-Fertilization. Ed. Zhaoneng Chen et al. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2004, pp. 320-329.
Creation of IOTA
NISO:• Accepts proposal to take Aph Study to wider community.• New OpenURL quality metrics initiative formed in Jan. 2011.• Branded as: Improving OpenURLs Through Analytics.
Basic Assumptions:• Results are achieved through an analytical investigation of
how OpenURL links work.• Practical Goal: Not the OpenURL standard is addressed, but
the links (OpenURLs) generated by standard.• Selective changes to OpenURLs will lead to significant
improvement in linking success rate.o Motto: "small changes. big improvements"
IOTA Desired Outcomes
• Produce qualitative reports that will help OpenURL providers quickly compare their OpenURL quality to that of their peers.
• Develop community-recognized index for measuring the quality of OpenURL links generated by content providers.
• Method:
o fair;o transparent;o scalable across all OpenURLs and their providers.
How is comparing OpenURLs useful?
• Content providers generating OpenURLs can:– compare their OpenURLs with other providers;– make improvements to their OpenURLs.
• Institutions can:– compare OpenURL providers;– make local adjustments to OpenURL setup.
• Link resolver vendors can:– compare OpenURL providers;– change their OpenURL provider settings:
• Link resolvers;• Web-scale discovery products.
Report types
• Source reports– Viewing how a particular (1) vendor or (2)
database• A. uses OpenURL elements (element frequency)• B. formats OpenURL elements (pattern frequency)
• Element / Pattern reports– Viewing how a particular (1) element or format
• A. is used across vendors• B. is used across databases
Running reports
Reports: Log file providers
Report: source (vendor or database)
Report: source = vendor
Report: element, source = vendor
Report: pattern, source = vendor
Report: source = database
Report: element, source = database
Report: pattern, source = database
Report: element and pattern frequency
Report: element & pattern frequency:Vendor option
Report: element/pattern frequency:Choosing Metric
Report: element/pattern by vendor
Report: element & pattern frequency:Database option
Report: element/pattern by database
Reporting System: improvements underway
• Consolidating variant instances of databases and vendors if the same;
• Separating article-like requests from book-like requests– Either/Or situation: most resources do not offer
both formats– Once separation is completed, users will be
given corresponding options to select OpenURL data by format: ARTICLE or BOOK
• These improvements will also benefit the accuracy of the OpenURL scoring system.
OpenURL Quality Index: initial version
1. Core elements:• Any element contained in IOTA's OpenURL reporting system;• 13M OpenURLs already obtained from libraries content
providers. 2. Scoring system based on assumption:• Correlation exists between
o # of core elements ("OpenURL completeness") & o ability of OpenURLs to link to specific content.
3. Weighting assigned to core elements:• Based on relative importance
o spage vs atitleo issn vs jtitleo doi/pmid vs date, etc.
OpenURL Quality Index: vendor rating
Work in Progress
• Element weighting still in progress:o E.g., importance of identifiers (doi, pmid) vs bibliographic data
(issn, volume, spage).
• Currently, IOTA focuses on OpenURLs from citation
sources only. OpenURL quality is also influenced by:o knowledge base,o resolver,o full-text provider (target).
• High "completeness" score of OpenURLs not always
indicative of "success" in linking to full textso Combination of multiple indexes along linking nodes may provide
more complete picture.
IOTA & KBART: NISO working groups
IOTA•Deals with issues specific to OpenURL linking;
•Seeks improvements in OpenURL elements used by:– OpenURL providers.
KBART•“Knowledge Bases And Related Tools”
•Deals with data issues at the KB level
•Seeks improvements in data exchange practices between:– content providers (e.g. OpenURL providers);
– product vendors (e.g. link resolver vendors);
– subscription agents.
IOTA & KBART: related through OpenURL
• IOTA node: – analyzing data sent from OpenURL source to link
resolver.
• KBART node:– creating formatting best practices for data sent from
content providers to knowledge base (and link resolver) vendors.
KBART-IOTA joint initiative
• KBART-IOTA node:– Exploring together the third source of failures:
• link-to (or target) syntax and behavior which couples link resolvers to content providers
• Collaboration begun in March 2011 is meant to address OpenURL quality in a broader context.
How can I get involved?
If you are an OpenURL provider:• Contribute data to IOTA• Review the IOTA data • This data is meant to help you make
improvements in your OpenURL linking If you are a librarian:• Contribute data to IOTA• Spread the word to vendors about IOTA
OpenURL data contact:• Adam Chandler, [email protected]
IOTA Web Presence
Questions?
• http://openurlquality.niso.org• http://www.niso.org/workrooms/
openurlquality• @nisoiota on twitter
Rafal KasprowskiElectronic Resources LibrarianRice University, Fondren Library MS 44Houston, TX [email protected]://www.slideshare.net/rkaspro