I HC NNG LM TP. H CH MINH
KHOA MI TRNG V TI NGUYN
Bi bo co:
NG DNG CNG NGH SINH THI TRONG THIT
K V VN HNH BCL
GVHD: L Quc Tun
SVTH: V Minh Anh
Trn Hunh Thanh Danh
Nguyn Nho Hun
Phm Th Thu Tho
Trng Th Hng Trang
Hoi V
L Quc Trung
2/2011
ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp
Nhm 4_DH08DL Trang 2
Mc lc:
Chng 1: M U ..................................................................................................... 4
Chng 2: TNG QUAN BI CHN LP ................................................................. 4
2.1 Khi nim BCL: .................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Phn loi BCL:................................................................................................... 4
2.3 La chn a im BCL cht thi rn ................................................................ 5
2.3.1 Cc yu t t nhin (mi trng t nhin): ...................................................... 5
2.3.2 Cc yu t kinh t - x hi: .............................................................................. 5
2.3.3 Cc yu t v c s h tng: ............................................................................ 6
2.3.4 Khong cch thch hp khi la chn BCL: ...................................................... 6
2.4 Cc vn mi trng ca BCL ......................................................................... 7
2.4.1 Nc r rc: ..................................................................................................... 7
2.4.1.1 Phn loi nc rc .................................................................................... 7
2.4.1.2 Lu lng nc rc - c im thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc rc ...... 8
2.4.1 nhim khng kh: ......................................................................................... 9
2.4.1.1 Thnh phn kh thi: ................................................................................. 9
2.4.1.2 C ch hnh thnh cc kh trong BCL: .................................................... 10
CHNG 3 : CC QUY NH V K THUT THIT K V VN HNH BCL
13
3.1 K thut thit k BCL: ....................................................................................... 13
3.1.1 Cc chn lp bao gm mt s dng nh sau: .............................................. 13
3.1.2 Quy m din tch BCL: ................................................................................. 15
3.1.3 H thng thu gom v x l nc rc, nc thi ca BCL: ............................. 16
3.1.4 Thu gom v x l kh thi ............................................................................. 17
3.1.5 H thng thot nc mt v nc ma .......................................................... 18
3.1.6 Hng ro v vnh ai cy xanh: ..................................................................... 18
3.1.7 H thng giao thng: ..................................................................................... 19
3.1.8 H thng cp nc: ....................................................................................... 19
3.2 Vn hnh bi chn lp ...................................................................................... 20
3.2.1 Giai on hot ng ca BCL........................................................................ 20
3.2.2 Giai on ng BCL ..................................................................................... 21
3.2.3 Quan trc mi trng BCL ........................................................................... 22
ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp
Nhm 4_DH08DL Trang 3
3.2.3.1 Quy nh chung ...................................................................................... 22
3.2.3.2 Cc trm quan trc mi trng nc ....................................................... 23
3.2.3.3 Chu k quan trc : ................................................................................... 24
3.2.3.4 Cc trm quan trc mi trng khng kh ............................................... 24
3.2.4 Kim tra cht lng cng trnh v mt mi trng ........................................ 24
3.2.5 Ti s dng din tch BCL ............................................................................ 25
Chng 4:NG DNG CNG NGH SINH THI ................................................. 26
4.1 ng dng CNST trong thu gom v x l kh: ..................................................... 26
4.1.1 Tnh ton lng kh pht sinh : ....................................................................... 26
4.1.2 Phng n thu kh : ....................................................................................... 26
4.1.3 Cc bin php khng ch nhim khng kh................................................. 27
4.1.4 Cc bin php gim thiu mi hi ................................................................. 30
4.2 ng dng CNST trong thu gom v x l nc r rc ....................................... 31
4.2.1 Gii php qun l nc rc i vi BCL CTR ang vn hnh ....................... 31
4.2.1.1 i vi BCL cht thi nguy hi .............................................................. 31
4.2.1.2 i vi BCL CTR thng thng ang hot ng .................................... 31
4.2.2 Cng ngh x l nc rc ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam .......................... 31
4.3 Ti s dng mt bng BCL: .............................................................................. 32
Chng 5:TNG KT ................................................................................................ 34
V d in hnh BCL sinh thi: ................................................................................. 34
TI LIU THAM KHO .......................................................................................... 39
Danh mc cc t vit tt:
BCL: Bi chn lp
CTR: Cht thi rn
CNST: cng ngh sinh thi
TCVN: tiu chun Vit Nam
ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp
Nhm 4_DH08DL Trang 4
NG DNG CNG NGH SINH THI TRONG THIT K
V VN HNH BI CHN LP
Chng 1: M U
Hin nay, vic x l cht thi rn mt cch hp l v ang t ra nhng vn
bc xc i vi hu ht tt c cc nc trn th gii. Lu nay, rc thi thng c chn
lp cc bi rc h hnh thnh mt cch t pht. Hu ht cc bi rc ny u thiu hoc
khng c cc h thng x l nhim li thng t gn khu dn c, gy nhng tc ng
tiu cc i vi mi trng v sc khe cng ng. Mt khc, s gia tng nhanh chng
ca tc th ha v mt dn c cc thnh ph gy ra nhng p lc ln i
vi h thng qun l cht thi rn th hin nay. Vic la chn cng ngh x l rc v
qui hoch BCL rc mt cch hp l v vy c ngha ht sc quan trng i vi cng tc
bo v mi trng.
Cng ngh x l cht thi rn thng c phi hp gia chn lp v t hay sn xut
phn vi sinh. Vic la chn cng ngh ph hp cn c xem xt trn c hai phng din
kinh t ln mi trng da trn nhng tiu ch ca kinh t cht thi. Trong cng ngh
sinh thi ngy nay ang c cc nc trn th gii quan tm, vic p dng cng ngh
sinh thi trong bi chn lp em li nhiu li ch ngoi mong i.
Chng 2: TNG QUAN BI CHN LP
2.1 Khi nim BCL:
BCL l mt din tch hoc mt khu t c quy hoch, la chn, thit k, xy dng
thi b CTR.
BCL bao gm cc cha cht thi, vng m v cc cng trnh ph tr khc nhau
nh trm x l nc, kh thi, cung cp in, nc v vn phng iu hnh
2.2 Phn loi BCL:
- BCL kh: l BCL cc cht thi thng thng (rc sinh hot, rc ng ph v rc cng
nghip).
- BCL t: l BCL dng chn lp cht thi di dng bn nho.
- BCL hn hp kh, t: l ni dng chn lp cht thi thng thng v c bn nho.
i vi cc dnh chn lp t v hn hp bt buc phi tng kh nng hp th nc
rc ca h thng thu nc rc, khng cho nc rc thm n nc ngm.
ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp
Nhm 4_DH08DL Trang 5
- BCL ni: l BCL xy ni trn mt t nhng ni c a hnh bng phng, hoc khng
dc lm (vng i g). Cht thi c cht thnh ng cao n 15m. Trong trng hp
ny xung quanh bi phi c cc v phi khng thm ngn chn quan h nc rc
vi nc mt xung quanh.
- BCL chm: l loi bi chm di mt t hoc tn dng cc h t nhin, moong khai
thc c, ho, mng, rnh
- BCL kt hp chm ni: l loi bi xy dng na chm, na ni. Cht thi khng ch
c chn lp y h m sau tip tc c cht ng ln trn.
- BCL cc khe ni: l loi bi c hnh thnh bng cch tn dng khe ni cc vng
ni, i cao.
2.3 La chn a im BCL cht thi rn
Khi la chn a im xy dng BCL, cn phi cn c vo quy hoch tng th ca
tng vng, tnh hoc thnh ph v phi m bo c s pht trin bn vng v phi xem
xt ton din cc yu t sau:
2.3.1 Cc yu t t nhin (mi trng t nhin):
- a hnh.
- Kh hu.
- Thu vn.
- Yu t a cht.
- a cht thu vn.
- a cht cng trnh.
- Yu t ti nguyn, khong sn
- Cnh quan sinh thi.
2.3.2. Cc yu t kinh t - x hi:
- S phn b dn c ca khu vc.
ng dng CNST trong thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp
Nhm 4_DH08DL Trang 6
- Hin trng kinh t v kh nng tng trng kinh t.
- H thng qun l hnh chnh.
- Di tch lch s.
- An ninh v quc phng.
2.3.3 Cc yu t v c s h tng:
- Giao thng v cc dch v khc.
- Hin trng s dng t.
- Phn b cc c s sn xut cng nghip, khai khong hin ti v tng lai.
- H thng cp thot nc v mng li in.
2.3.4 Khong cch thch hp khi la chn BCL:
Khi la chn v tr BCL cn phi xc nh r:
Khong cch t BCL n cc th.
Khong cch t BCL n cc cm dn c.
Khong cch t BCL n cc sn bay.
Khong cch t BCL n cc cng trnh vn ho, khu du lch.
Khong cch t BCL n cc cng trnh khai thc nc ngm.
Khong cch t ra BCL n ng g
