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visit www.physweekly.com/guidelines
News By Topic: Guidelines
Update
A collection of articles based on recently released guidelines and recommendations.
Read some of our coverage on new
guidelines and recommendations
online or download this eBook today!
visit www.physweekly.com 32
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The Basics
Table of Contents14 Getting a Grip on Asthma Control, Severity, & Exacerbations — Paul Enright, MD
18 New Treatment Guidelines for ED — Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA, FACP
110 Guidelines for Use of Antiretroviral Therapies — Paul E. Sax, MD
114 Strategies to Improve Medication Adherence — Walid F. Gellad, MD
118 Helpful Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Healthcare — Maryanne McGuckin, ScEd, MT
122 New Recommendations Managing Depression During Pregnancy
— Kimberly A. Yonkers, MD
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A Message From the EditorWe at Physician’s Weekly are excited to present you with an eBook dedicated to coverage of recently released guidelines, position statements, and recommendations from various distinguished and reputable healthcare organizations nationwide. In recent months, our publication has featured a variety of these types of news items, focusing on clinical and evidence-based research. The content in these articles relies on the expertise of our contributing physician authors. We anticipate that Physician’s Weekly will continue to feature news in this field of medicine in the coming months. We hope that you find this information useful in your practice. Please let us know your thoughts by contacting us at [email protected].
Sincerely,
Keith D’Oria Managing Editor, Physician’s Weekly
Publication of an advertisement or other product mention
in Physician’s Weekly should not be construed as an
endorsement of the product or the manufacturer’s claims.
The appearance of or reference to any person or entity in
this publication (including images) does not constitute
an expressed or implied endorsement of the product
mentioned. The reader is advised to consult appropriate
medical literature and the product information currently
provided by the manufacturer of each drug to verify
indications, dosage, method, duration of administration,
and contraindications.
visit www.physweekly.com 54
Paul Enright, MDResearch Professor of Medicine
The University of Arizona
A working group of experts from the European
Respiratory Society (ERS) and the American
Thoracic Society (ATS) recently published rec-
ommendations for the standardized definition and
data collection for assessing asthma severity, asthma
control, and asthma exacerbations in clinical trials
and clinical practice (www.thoracic.org). “The FDA
has traditionally required that increases in lung func-
tion (FEV1) be the primary outcome in clinical trials
of new asthma therapy, but clinicians realize that the
primary goals of patients are to minimize symptoms
and prevent asthma attacks or exacerbations,” says
Paul Enright, MD, a member of the working group.
“Improved lung function is an easily available objec-
tive measure of pre-therapy asthma severity and the
best test of bronchodilator therapy, but good, long-
term asthma control on therapy is an even more im-
portant patient-oriented outcome.”
Asthma ExacerbationsAccording to Dr. Enright, emergency room visits for
asthma indicate a failure of the healthcare system to
help patients control their asthma. Asthma exacerba-
tions occur across the spectrum of asthma severity,
risk death, and cause considerable anxiety to patients
and their families. They are also expensive and as-
sociated with significant loss of school days or work.
Only in the past decade, however, have exacerbations
been used as a primary outcome variable in research
into the efficacy of drug treatment in asthma.
Exacerbations should prompt changes in treatment,
according to the ATS/ERS guidelines. Episodes vary
considerably in speed of onset and in time to resolu-
tion, ranging from a few minutes to several weeks.
They also vary in their absolute severity, both be-
tween and within individual patients. Clinical char-
April 26, 2010 • Issue No. 16
Click here to view this article online.
Getting a Grip on
Asthma Control, Severity, &
ExacerbationsThe American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society
recently released recommendations to help standardize the measure
ment of improved asthma outcomes after changes in therapy.
visit www.physweekly.com 76
nosis of asthma and estimating its severity. When the
FEV1 is low during clinic visits, it should be measured
during follow-up visits to verify that lung function
has improved as a result of therapeutic interventions.
However, normal lung function does not exclude an
asthma diagnosis because patients with mild, inter-
mittent asthma usually have normal spirometry re-
sults between exacerbations. Biomarkers of airway
inflammation, such as exhaled nitric oxide and inha-
lation challenge tests (to measure AHR) are safe and
becoming more widely available in clinical settings.
They should be considered when the differential di-
agnosis of asthma is difficult. They also provide ob-
jective measurements for asthma clinical trials.
Healthcare UtilizationWhen asthma is poorly controlled, patients often re-
quire unscheduled use of healthcare, lose work and
school productivity, and need more expensive medi-
cations. These consequences have significant impli-
cations for asthma sufferers and healthcare providers.
Measures of healthcare utilization and health-related
quality of life provide indirect measures of asthma
control (Table 2). Dr. Enright notes that “clinicians
should also consider these patient-oriented factors
when treating patients with asthma.”
References
acteristics that cause acute distress and impairment
in one patient may represent another patient’s usual
status. As such, the guidelines recommend that exac-
erbation frequency be determined as part of routine
asthma assessments (Table 1). Information about the
onset and course of previous exacerbations should be
used to refine and customize written asthma action
plans for each patient.
Asthma Control“Asthma comprises four domains,” says Dr. Enright,
“including symptoms, variable airway obstruction,
twitchy airways (airway hyperresponsiveness, or
AHR), and airway inflammation.” The ATS/ERS
guidelines note that asthma severity should be deter-
mined before treatment is started, while asthma con-
trol is the extent to which the various manifestations
of the disease are reduced or removed by treatment.
Although severe exacerbations are more common in
patients with poorly-controlled asthma, they may also
occur in patients with mild asthma. For example, an
influenza infection often overwhelms the otherwise
good control achieved by use of combination asthma
inhalers. The FDA warns that although bronchodi-
lators may control symptoms and lung function in
the short term, use of long-acting bronchodilators
without the concurrent use of an inhaled corticos-
teroid is dangerous because bronchodilators do not
reduce airway inflammation or AHR. Considering
these facts, the concept of asthma control should en-
compass patients’ recent clinical state as well as their
future risk for experiencing adverse outcomes.
Asthma Daily DiariesSince asthma symptoms vary widely from week to
week, questionnaires administered only at clinic vis-
its are limited by patient recall and often do not cap-
ture the overall morbidity experienced by patients.
Therefore, the ATS/ERS guidelines recommend
patient diaries to measure symptoms, the use of al-
buterol rescue inhalers, and peak flow or FEV1 for
all asthma clinical trials. Dr. Enright says “asthma
diaries are very helpful to confirm improved asthma
control when medications have been changed, but
they are no longer considered a practical tool for
helping make the initial diagnosis of asthma.”
Lung Function & Airway ResponsivenessAccording to the ATS/ERS guidelines, it is essential
to perform good quality spirometry tests before and
after patients inhale albuterol when making a diag-
Paul Enright, MD, has reported to Physician’s Weekly that he has worked as a consultant for Pfizer on spirom- etry quality for a smoking cessation study and Gilead for a study of interstitial lung disease. His comments to Physician’s Weekly are his own beliefs and he is not speaking on behalf of the ATS, the ERS, or any other organization.
Table 1 Managing Exacerbations
• The severity of exacerbations varies considerably from patient to patient and over time.
• Asthma exacerbations should be identified by wors ening symptoms, the need for rescue inhalers, or
reduced lung function (FEV1 or peak expiratory flow).
• Information about the probable cause and the subsequent course of exacerbations should be used
to refine and customize the “action points’’ in written
asthma action plans.
• Exacerbation frequency should be evaluated as part of routine asthma assessment.
• A standardized definition of asthma exacerbations is needed for clinical practice, but is not yet available.
- It will differ from the definition used for
clinical trials.
Source: Adapted from: Paul Enright, MD; and Reddel HK, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180:59-99.
Table 2 Indirect Measures of Asthma Control
• Indicate whether primary care consultations were scheduled or unscheduled.
• Record all hospital referrals and the outcome.
- Patients should be prompted to follow-up with
their primary care providers.
• The need for prednisone for asthma exacerbations should be recorded.
• Record medical certificates issued for absence from work due to asthma.
• Clinicians should endeavor to evaluate quality-of- life issues relating to asthma from the perspective
of the patient.
• Quality-of-life assessments may help uncover unmet needs of patients.
Source: Adapted from: Paul Enright, MD; and Reddel HK, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180:59-99.
Reddel HK, Taylor DR, Bateman ED, et al for the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Task Force on Asthma Control and
Exacerbations. Asthma control and exacerbations: standardizing endpoints for clinical asthma trials and clinical practice. Am J Respir Crit
Care Med. 2009;180:59-99. Available at: www.thoracic.org/statements/resources/respiratory-disease-adults/ats-ers-asthma-control-and-
exacerbations.pdf
Bateman ED, Boushey HA, Bousquet J, et al. Can guideline-defined asthma control be achieved? The Gaining Optimal Asthma ControL study.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:836-844.
Taylor DR, Bateman ED, Boulet LP, et al. A new perspective on concepts of asthma severity and control. Eur Respir J. 2008;32:545-554.
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the
Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. 2007. Available from: www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.htm
Lane S, Molina J, Plusa T. An international observational prospective study to determine the cost of asthma exacerbations (COAX).
Respir Med. 2006;100:434-450.
Improved lung function is an easily available
objective measure of pretherapy asthma severity
and the best test of bronchodilator therapy, but
good, longterm asthma control on therapy is an
even more important patientoriented outcome.
—Paul Enright, MD
visit www.physweekly.com 98
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common disor-
der of male sexual function that affects all age
groups, especially older people and those with
diabetes, vascular diseases, psychiatric disorders, and
possibly hypogonadism. The general population
continues to age and life expectancy is expected to
increase. When combined with the high prevalence
of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, the healthcare
burden and quality-of-life issues associated with ED
may be substantial.
Current pharmacologic therapies for ED include
phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors and hor-
monal treatment. On November 3, 2009, the
American College of Physicians (ACP) published a
guideline in the Annals of Internal Medicine based
on systematic reviews and current evidence, which
presents recommendations on hormonal testing and
pharmacologic management for ED.
Initiating & Selecting TherapyThe ACP strongly recommends that therapy with a
PDE-5 inhibitor be initiated in men who seek treat-
ment for ED and who do not have a contraindication
for using these drugs (Table). Oral PDE-5 inhibitors
have demonstrated statistically significant and clini-
cally relevant improvements in sexual intercourse and
erectile function. Overall, PDE-5 inhibitors were well
tolerated and were associated with mild or moderate
adverse events. The incidence of adverse events did
not significantly differ among the available PDE-5
inhibitors. Nitrate therapy, however, is a contraindica-
tion for therapy with oral PDE-5 inhibitors. The ACP
also recommends that clinicians base their choices
of a specific PDE-5 inhibitor on the individual
preferences of men with ED. Evidence is in-
sufficient to compare efficacy and adverse
effects of different PDE-5 inhibitors, so
clinicians should consider individual pref-
erences such as ease of use, cost of medi-
cation, and adverse effects profiles.
Some Questions Remain The ACP does not recom-
mend for or against the
routine use of hor-
monal blood tests or
hormonal treatment
when managing ED
because there is in-
conclusive evidence
to determine the net
benefits and harms.
In studies of men
with ED, the preva-
lence of low testos-
New Treatment Guidelines for ED
terone varies widely, ranging from 12.5% to 36.0%.
The evidence is inconclusive about the effectiveness
of hormonal treatment, even in patients with low tes-
tosterone. Trials comparing testos terone (delivered in
various forms) with placebo in hypogonadal men with
ED were small, had low quality, or reported inconsis-
tent effects on erectile function. Considering these
lingering questions, clinicians should individualize
decisions to measure hormone levels. When deciding
whether or not to measure hormone levels, consider
the presence or absence of clinical symptoms of hor-
monal dysfunction (eg, decreased libido, premature
ejaculation, or fatigue) and of physical findings (eg,
testicular or muscle atrophy).
In addition to researching more deeply into hor-
monal tests and treatments, it’s also paramount that
future research endeavors improve upon the quality
of reporting. Some studies have evaluated the dose-
response effect of PDE-5 inhibitors with respect to
efficacy and harms, but more high-quality studies
would be beneficial.
Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA, FACP, has indicated to Physician’s Weekly that he is a principal investigator on unrestricted educational grants awarded to the American College of Physicians from the Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Atlantic Philanthropies, Endo Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Wellpojnt, Inc.
Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA, FACPSenior Medical Associate
Clinical Programs and Quality of Care Department
American College of Physicians
References
Table Recommendations The American College of Physicians (ACP) recommends
that clinicians initiate therapy with a PDE-5 inhib itor
in men who seek treatment for erectile dysfunction
and who do not have a contraindication to PDE-5
inhibitor use.
The ACP recommends that clinicians base the choice
of a specific PDE-5 inhibitor on the individual prefer-
ences of men with erectile dysfunction, including ease
of use, cost of medication, and adverse effects profile.
The ACP does not recommend for or against routine
use of hormonal blood tests or hormonal treatment in
the management of patients with erectile dysfunction.
Source: Adapted from: Qaseem A, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2009;639-649.
Qaseem A, Snow V, Denberg TD, et al; for the Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians. Hormonal testing and pharmacologic treatment of erectile dysfunction: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2009
Oct 20;151 [Epub ahead of print]. Available at: www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/0000605-200911030-00151v1
Tsertsvadze A, Yazdi F, Fink HA, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. AHRQ Evidence Report/Technology Assessment no. 171. Bethesda, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; May 2009. AHRQ publication no. 08(09)-E016. Available at www.ahrq.gov/downloads/
pub/evidence/pdf/erectiledys/erecdys.pdf. Accessed October 22, 2009.
Tsertsvadze A, Fink HA, Yazdi F, MacDonald R, Bella AJ, Ansari MT, et al. Oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and hormonal treatments for erectile
dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis prepared for an American College of Physicians’ clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med.
2009;151:650-661.
Wessells H, Joyce GF, Wise M, Wilt TJ. Erectile dysfunction. J Urol. 2007;177:1675-1681.
Acar D, Cayan S, Bozlu M, Akbay E. Is routine hormonal measurement necessary in initial evaluation of men with erectile dysfunction?
Arch Androl. 2004;50:247-253.
Earle CM, Stuckey BG. Biochemical screening in the assessment of erectile dysfunction: what tests decide future therapy?
Urology. 2003;62:727-731.
April 5, 2010 • Issue No. 13
Click here to view this article online.
visit www.physweekly.com 1110
The Department of Health and Human Services
(DHHS) Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for
Adults and Adolescents issued new guidelines
December 1, 2009 for the use of antiretroviral agents
in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. The revised
recommendations update the November 3, 2008 ver-
sion of the guidelines. “The guidelines serve as a living
document and are updated regularly using electronic
distribution channels,” says Paul E. Sax, MD, who is
on the DHHS panel. In the guidelines, recommenda-
tions are based on the best evidence from prospective
trials in HIV therapy with defined endpoints.
When to StartThere are several key changes from the November 3,
2008 DHHS guidelines, and one of the most impor-
tant, in Dr. Sax’s opinion, addresses when to start
antiretroviral therapy (ART). “In recent cohort
studies, findings support that starting therapy
in patients with a higher CD4 cell count is as-
sociated with improved outcomes,” he says.
“Most of the available evidence recommends
starting ART earlier, with specific consider-
ations [Table 1]. For example, one study suggested
that treatment be started before the CD4 cell count
falls below 350 cells/mm3 while another found that
500 cells/mm3 should be the threshold. Consider-
ing data from observational studies and data from
prospective clinical trials, the panel decided that the
threshold for starting ART should be increased to be-
tween 350 cells/mm3 and 500 cells/mm3.”
While there is clearly a movement in the updated
DHHS guidelines to begin treatment earlier, Dr. Sax
says this strategy does not apply to everyone. “Some
patients are clearly not ready to start therapy because
they can’t commit to lifelong medication adherence.
Providers and patients must work together to develop
individualized treatment plans, especially in cases
where patients have higher CD4 cell counts but are
not initiating ART.”
The DHHS update continues to recommend that
ART be started in all patients who have a history of
an AIDS-defining illness or in whom CD4 counts are
less than 350 cells/mm3. Regardless of CD4 count,
ART should also be started in women who are preg-
Guidelines for Use of Antiretroviral
TherapiesRevised guidelines have been issued for the use of antiretroviral
therapy in people with HIV. Important changes have been made
in the initiation of therapy and determining which regimens
are most appropriate when starting treatment.
Paul E. Sax, MDClinical Director, HIV Program
Division of Infectious Diseases
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Associate Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
March 22, 2010 • Issue No. 12
Click here to view this article online.
visit www.physweekly.com 1312
consider pill burden, adverse event profiles, effects on
pregnancy, and other complications of treatment. It’s
also important to analyze long-term data when select-
ing regimens to ensure that HIV patients are directed
to the most appropriate ART depending on each per-
son’s individual characteristics. Clinicians should rec-
ognize that some patients will be better treated using
alternative regimens based on their preexisting condi-
tions. The guidelines can help steer these treatment
decisions for providers.”
Other Updates The updated DHHS guidelines added a new section
that reviews current knowledge on the epidemiology
and diagnosis of HIV-2 infection, and the role of ART
in the treatment of these patients. “HIV-2 infection
is most prevalent in Western Africa,” says Dr. Sax.
“There also appears to be a higher rate in countries
with strong socioeconomic ties to West Africa, such as
France, Spain, Portugal, and former Portuguese colo-
nies such as Brazil, Angola, Mozambique and parts
of India, near Goa. This can affect U.S. clinicians too
because immigrants from these regions may enter the
country. Unfortunately, we still lack data on the opti-
mal treatment of HIV-2 infection. The limited avail-
able evidence indicates that non-nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitors do not appear to have activity
in these patients. For now, a regimen containing nu-
cleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a boosted
protease inhibitor is probably the best approach.”
More specific recommendations are provided con-
cerning when genotypic and phenotypic testing
should be used to guide management in both new-
ly-diagnosed patients and in treatment-experienced
patients when viremia develops during treatment.
The guidelines have updated information on drug-
resistance testing, regimens that should not be used,
the management of treatment-experienced patients,
treatment simplification, and hepatitis C coinfection.
Sections on antiretroviral-associated adverse effects,
antiretroviral drug interactions, and the prevention of
secondary transmission of HIV have also been updat-
ed. Dr. Sax says “these guidelines can provide helpful
advice for clinicians managing patients with HIV and
will continue to be updated as more evidence emerges
in the future.”
nant or in those who have HIV-associated nephropa-
thy or hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection for which
treatment of HBV is indicated.
What to StartThe December 1, 2009 DHHS guidelines also pro-
vide an update on what specific drug regimens should
be started in patients with HIV (Table 2). “There
have been many prospective comparative trials of
regimens—not just components of regimens—and
the panel now offers recommendations for ‘preferred’
regimens,” explains Dr. Sax. “Preferred regimens were
defined as having the most effective virologic efficacy
and tolerability and being the easiest for patients to
use.” The guidelines also have “alternative” regimens,
which have shown good virologic efficacy and toler-
ability but have some disadvantages when compared
with preferred regimens.
“The reason preferred regimens were chosen is that
direct head-to-head, randomized clinical trials have
been published,” says Dr. Sax. “These trials offer the
highest level of evidence that exists in clinical research.
When selecting preferred regimens, clinicians need to
References
Table 2 What to Start in ART-Naïve Patients
Regimens now have new classifications:
• “Preferred.”
• “Alternative.”
• “Acceptable.”
• “Regimens that may be acceptable but more definitive data are needed.”
• “Regimens to be used with caution.”
The following changes were made in the
recommendations:
• “Raltegravir + tenofovir/emtricitabine” has been added as a “Preferred” regimen based on the results of a Phase III randomized controlled trial.
• Fosamprenavir/ritonavir is now “Alternate.”
Four regimens are now listed as “Preferred” regimens for treatment-naïve patients:
• Efavirenz/tenofovir/emtricitabine.
• Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir + tenofovir/emtricitabine.
• Ritonavir-boosted darunavir + tenofovir/emtricitabine.
• Raltegravir + tenofovir/emtricitabine.
Lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimens are now listed as
“Alternative” regimens instead of “Preferred” regimens, except in pregnant women
• For pregnant women, twice-daily lopinavir/ ritonavir + zidovudine/lamivudine remains a “Preferred” regimen.
Source: Adapted from: Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents.
Department of Health and Human Services. December 1, 2009;1-161. Available at www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf.
Paul E. Sax, MD, has disclosed to Physician’s Weekly that he has served as an advisor or consultant to, and has received grants for educational activities from Abbott Laboratories, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, Tibotec, and Pfizer. He has also received grants for clinical research and educational activities and served as an advisor or consultant to Merck and GlaxoSmithKline.
Table 1 Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy Earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is
recommended with the following specific considerations:
• ART should be initiated in all patients with a history of an AIDS-defining illness or with CD4
count <350 cells/mm3.
• ART should be initiated, regardless of CD4 count, in patients with the following conditions:
- Pregnancy.
- HIV-associated nephropathy.
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection when treatment
of HBV is indicated.
• ART is recommended for patients with CD4 counts between 350 cells/mm3 and 500 cells/mm3. The
Panel was divided on the strength of this recom-
mendation: 55% wanted a strong recommendation
and 45% wanted a moderate recommendation.
• For patients with CD4 counts >500 cells/mm3, 50%
of Panel members favored starting ART; the other
half viewed treatment as optional in this setting.
• Patients initiating ART should be willing and able to commit to lifelong treatment and should understand
the benefits and risks of therapy and the importance
of adherence. Patients may choose to postpone
therapy, and providers, on a case-by-case basis,
may elect to defer therapy based on clinical and/or
psychosocial factors.
Included in the guidelines is a statement of benefits of re-
duction in HIV-associated inflammation and its asso ciated
complications and reduction in HIV trans mission and a
recognition of risks of short- or long-term drug-related
complications, non-adherence to lifelong therapy in asymp-
tomatic patients, and potential for development of drug
resistance may offset possible benefits of earlier initiation.
Source: Adapted from: Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adoles-
cents. Department of Health and Human Services. December 1, 2009;1-161. Available at www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf.
Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and
adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. December 1, 2009;1-161. Available at www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/Adultand
AdolescentGL.pdf
Matheron S, Pueyo S, Damond F, et al. Factors associated with clinical progression in HIV-2 infected-patients: the French ANRS cohort.
AIDS. 2003;17:2593-2601.
Branson BM, Handsfield HH, Lampe MA, et al. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in
health-care settings. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55(RR-14):1-17.
Stone VE, Jordan J, Tolson J, et al. Perspectives on adherence and simplicity for HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: self-report of
the relative importance of multiple attributes of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens in predicting adherence. J Acquir Immune
Defic Syndr. 2004;36:808-816.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service Task Force recommendations for use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant
HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States. Available at: aidsinfo.
nih.gov/contentfiles/PerinatalGL.pdf
Gulick RM, Ribaudo HJ, Shikuma CM, et al. Three- vs four-drug antiretroviral regimens for the initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: a randomized
controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296:769-781
Kitahata MM, Gange SJ, Abraham AG, et al; NA-ACCORD Investigators. Effect of early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for HIV on survival.
N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1815-1826.
visit www.physweekly.com 1514
According to recent estimates, about a third to a
half of all patients in the United States fail to
comply with their prescribed pharmacotherapy
regimens. Failure to adhere to medications can re-
duce quality of care and increase medical expenses.
Costs attributable to non-adherence are about $290
billion each year, and much of this spending stems
from complications that result from not taking
medications appropriately. “Patients fail to take their
medications for many reasons, including difficulty
with dosing regimens, costs, side effects, or concerns
about drugs in general,” says Walid F. Gellad, MD.
“Providers need different strategies and interventions
to improve adherence.”
To achieve optimal medication adherence, consider-
ations must be made with regard to effective patient-
provider communication, coordination among care
providers, and active engagement and participation
by patients. “All too often, patients are lacking im-
portant information or there are gaps in their com-
munication with providers,” Dr. Gellad says. “For
these reasons, it’s critical to identify any opportuni-
ties to remove barriers that keep patients from adher-
ing to their medications.”
New Policy RecommendationsOn July 15, 2009, several organizations convened
more than 40 experts to discuss poor medication
adherence in the United States, including Glaxo-
SmithKline, the National Association of Chain Drug
Stores Foundation, the National Consumers League,
the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers
of America, and the American College of Cardiol-
ogy. As a result of this meeting, consensus policy
recommendations to reduce barriers to adherence
were released on October 14, 2009. Using themes
that emerged from the July 15, 2009 conference and
considering the proposed policies under review by
Congress, the resulting recommendations focus on
the following key areas: quality improvement strat-
Strategies to Improve
Medication Adherence
A diverse group of healthcare and consumer organizations
have released recommendations to promote better adherence
to medication use and improve health outcomes for patients.
Contributing to this article:
Walid F. Gellad, MDAssociate Scientist and Policy Researcher
RAND Corporation
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine
University of Pittsburgh
Staff Physician
VA Pittsburgh Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion
February 15, 2010 • Issue No. 7
Click here to view this article online.
visit www.physweekly.com 1716
improve healthcare quality. “The potential for health
IT is enormous,” says Dr. Gellad. “It can be used to
improve the flow of medication use information be-
tween patients and providers at the point of care and
during transitions of care. Importantly, health IT can
assist in identifying and addressing gaps about pa-
tients’ medication use.”
Educating & Engaging Providers & Patients Patients’ beliefs and expectations about their medi-
cations and the availability of social supports can
affect patients’ ability to adhere to treatment regi-
mens. Good patient-provider communication is also
necessary. “Physicians need to encourage patient-
centered care that is designed to help patients bet-
ter understand their conditions and recommended
treatments, including medications,” says Dr. Gellad.
“Providers need to establish clear lines of commu-
nication about medication adherence with their
patients at every encounter. Efforts should support
providers in effectively communicating the impor-
tance of following treatment plans to patients and
their caregivers.” Education, counseling, reconcilia-
tion, and other activities that fully engage patients
may further improve adherence.
More to ComeAlthough much is known about the impact of poor
medication adherence, more research is necessary to
achieve better medication use and improve clinical
outcomes (Table 2). “We have a good understand-
ing of the barriers that patients face in taking their
medications appropriately,” says Dr. Gellad, “but we
need more research that assesses the effectiveness of
interventions to improve adherence. Interventions
to reduce barriers to adherence will hopefully help
patients and providers achieve better medication use
and health outcomes.”
egies, care coordination, use of health information
technology (IT), and patient and provider education
and engagement (Table 1).
Quality Improvement & Coordination of CareDespite the U.S. having an advanced healthcare sys-
tem, further improvements in quality can and must
be achieved. “Given the role that medications play
in treating diseases—particularly chronic ones—we
must implement strategies to recognize medica-
tion adherence and appropriate drug use as critical
components of improving outcomes and quality,”
explains Dr. Gellad. He adds that care coordination
must also improve, and physicians should recognize
the importance of medications in settings where care
is coordinated for multiple providers and patients.
Technology to the RescueCongress invested over $19 billion in the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 to help ac-
celerate the development of a nationwide interop-
erable health IT infrastructure. Policies have been
initiated to encourage physicians to use electronic
prescribing. Other policy makers are considering dif-
ferent strategies that build upon these reforms and
utilize health IT to improve patient care and measure
adherence. This information may ultimately help to
References
Table 1 Key Recommendations
Abbreviations: OTC, over-the-counter; IT, information technology; EHR, electronic health record.
Source: Adapted from: Prescription for Healthier Patients: Real Solutions for Better Medication Adherence. Better Medication Adherence is Essential to Improve Health Care Quality, Outcomes and Value. Diverse Group of Key Stakeholders Develop Consensus Policy Recommendations. October 14, 2009.
Available at www.nacds.org/user-assets/pdfs/2009/pharmacy/Policy_Recommendations_091014.pdf. Accessed October 29, 2009.
Coordinate Care:
• Develop specified criteria for qualification as a medical home, including care teams consisting of
a broad range of providers involved in patient care
(eg, pharmacists) and active involvement of patients
and caregivers in developing and implementing
care plans.
• Establish care plans for use in a range of care coordination models that include initial medication
review of all prescription and OTC medications and
supplements.
- Use information from reviews to establish and reach
clinical goals.
- Adopt medication reconciliation processes across
healthcare providers during transitions in care.
• Use suitable incentives to support care coordination activities; deliver to pharmacists, physicians, and
other providers.
Health IT:
• Develop EHR standards that support consistent data collection, ease of use, and provider access
to comprehensive electronic medication use
information for patients.
• Create incentives for providers to use health IT to identify patients at risk for poor medication
adherence.
• Enable for patient-provider and provider-provider sharing of EHRs while ensuring patient privacy.
• Use electronic reminders and personal health records; optimize use by consumers.
Quality Improvement:
• Create validated consensus-based metrics and public reporting tools to help establish a baseline
and to set goals.
• Establish suitable provider incentives.
• Utilize prevention initiatives.
Patient/Provider Education and Engagement:
• Support public education campaigns regarding compliance with chronic disease management.
• Use electronic and telephonic reminders, packaging features, and other tools.
• Utilize case management and other services designed to help patients take their medications correctly.
• Give provider education and training on shared decision-making and other patient communication
techniques.
• Promote health plan and payor strategies to design benefits that:
- Encourage better access to recommended treatments.
- Increase patient awareness of tools to
improve adherence.
- Foster coordination of existing
community-based services.
- Disseminate best practices and interventions.
- Promote providers use of screening tools to identify
patients at risk for poor medication adherence.
Table 2 Priority Areas for Future ResearchAdditional research on medication adherence is needed.
This should include:
• Carefully designed studies of a wide range of interventions to improve medication adherence.
• Assessments of:
- The relationship between non-health related factors
(eg, language, literacy, economic status) and
medication adherence.
- Less studied aspects of medication adherence
(eg, factors that lead to failure to first fill a
prescription).
• The impact of setting and type of provider on effectiveness of alternative interventions in
addressing patient barriers and barriers faced
by different patient groups.
• Collection of additional information on patient medication use.
• Continued evaluation of the economic and clinical impact of improved medication adherence on
healthcare system costs and health status.
Source: Adapted from: Prescription for Healthier Patients: Real Solutions for Better Medication Adherence. Better Medication Adherence is Essential to Improve Health Care Quality, Outcomes and Value. Diverse Group of Key
Stakeholders Develop Consensus Policy Recommendations. October 14, 2009. Available at www.nacds.org/user-assets/pdfs/2009/pharmacy/Policy_
Recommendations_091014.pdf. Accessed October 29, 2009.
Walid F. Gellad, MD, has indicated to Physician’s Weekly that he has or has had no financial interests to report. He notes that he was a participant in the July 2009 expert panel discussed in the article, but is not an author of the ensuing policy recommendations.
Prescription for Healthier Patients: Real Solutions for Better Medication Adherence. Better Medication Adherence is Essential to Improve
Health Care Quality, Outcomes and Value. Diverse Group of Key Stakeholders Develop Consensus Policy Recommendations. October 14, 2009. Available at www.nacds.org/user-assets/pdfs/2009/pharmacy/Policy_Recommendations_091014.pdf Accessed October 29, 2009.
Osterberg L., Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med. 2005:353:487-497.
Gellad WF, Haas JS, Safran DG. Race/ethnicity and nonadherence to prescription medications among seniors: results of a national study.
J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22:1572-1578.
Gellad WF, Huskamp HA, Phillips KA, Haas JS. How the new medicare drug benefit could affect vulnerable populations.
Health Aff (Millwood). 2006;25:248-255.
visit www.physweekly.com 1918
Throughout the world, surveillance and preven-
tion of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs)
have become a greater priority for institutions
committed to making healthcare safer. These infec-
tions have been associated with prolonged hospital
stays, long-term disability, increased resistance of
microorganisms to antimicrobials, massive financial
burdens, high costs for patients and their families,
and excess deaths. One prominent reason for the
spread of HCAIs has been poor hand hygiene. In an
effort to address this issue, the World Health Organi-
zation (WHO) issued guidelines on hand hygiene in
healthcare in May 2009. Available at www.who.int,
the guidelines offer a thorough review of evidence as
well as specific recommendations to improve hand
hygiene practices and reduce transmission of patho-
genic microorganisms to patients and healthcare
workers (HCWs).
“The new WHO guidelines are an extension to rec-
ommendations issued by the CDC in 2002,” ex-
plains Maryanne McGuckin, ScEd, MT, who was on
the task force that created both the WHO and CDC
guidelines. “They provide an extensive literature
review and inform clinicians on strategies for im-
provement that have tested successfully.” The WHO
guidelines are designed to be used in any setting in
which healthcare is delivered. Individual adaptation
of the recommendations is encouraged, based on lo-
cal regulations, settings, needs, and resources.
Assessing Practices & AdherenceAccording to the WHO guidelines, understanding
hand hygiene practices among HCWs is essential
to planning interventions. Adherence by HCWs to
recommended procedures has been reported with
significant variation, reaching unacceptably poor lev-
els in some cases. Risk factors for poor adherence to
hand hygiene recommendations have been well-doc-
umented, and there appears to be an inverse relation-
ship between intensity of patient care and adherence
to hand hygiene.
Helpful Guidelines on Hand Hygiene
in HealthcareThe World Health Organization has issued guidelines
to improve hand hygiene practices and reduce the
transmission of pathogenic microorganisms.
February 8, 2010 • Issue No. 6
Click here to view this article online.
Maryanne McGuckin, ScEd, MT President and Founder
McGuckin Methods International, Inc.
Senior Scholar, Department of
Health Policy
Thomas Jefferson University
visit www.physweekly.com 2120
Perceived barriers to hand hygiene adherence recom-
mendations include skin irritation caused by hand
hygiene agents, inaccessible hand hygiene supplies,
interference with HCW-patient relationships, and
the perception that patient needs take priority over
hand hygiene. Wearing of gloves, forgetfulness, lack
of knowledge of guidelines, insufficient time for hand
hygiene, and high workload and understaffing are
other perceived barriers. Furthermore, some HCWs
have reported believing that they washed their hands
when necessary even when observations indicated
that they did not.
Enacting Real ChangeThe WHO guidelines provide many important rec-
ommendations, spanning the domains of indications
for hand hygiene; hand hygiene technique; surgical
hand preparation; selection and handling of hand
hygiene agents; skin care; use of gloves; and other as-
pects of hand hygiene. Dr. McGuckin says that most
HCWs are aware of practices that correlate with
good hand hygiene, but she notes that—despite this
fact—rates of adherence are still low. “The key for
clinicians is to understand that good hand hygiene
practices are encouraged at each and every patient
encounter. Clinicians must understand when and
how to use specific techniques. To enact real change,
multimodal approaches and complete collabora-
tion among all constituents are imperative. Guide-
lines must be disseminated, multidisciplinary efforts
aimed at improving hand hygiene must be fostered,
and explicit administrative support must be gained
and maintained.”
The guidelines outline several strategies to imple-
ment improvement efforts for hand hygiene. “Some
strategies include posting hand hygiene policies near
the point of care, conducting education and training
programs regularly, and ensuring that facilities are
equipped properly to encourage good hand hygiene,”
says Dr. McGuckin. “A helpful example is the ‘My 5
Moments for Hand Hygiene’ tool, which serves as
a reminder for clinicians on when to practice hand
hygiene [Figure]. This tool and others outlined in the
WHO guidelines should be disseminated through-
out healthcare settings.”
Empowering Patients & HCWsThere has been increasing interest in establishing
interventions to promote hand hygiene, including
(but not limited to) HCW education, performance
feedback, reminders, use of automated sinks, and the
introduction of alcohol-based handrubs. Dr. McGu-
ckin says that education of HCWs and patients alike
is one of the cornerstones of improvement in hand
hygiene practices (Table). “It’s especially critical that
patients be empowered to ask their HCWs questions
about hand hygiene. Likewise, providers need to be
proactive and inform patients that they’re practicing
good hand hygiene to protect them. Fostering and
encouraging this communication is critical, and the
issue must be brought to the forefront.”
Sustaining EffortsRegular hand hygiene monitoring and feedback on
adherence by HCWs are imperative to sustaining
hand hygiene improvements. “The ultimate goal is
to lower the rate of HCAIs,” says Dr. McGuckin.
“To do that, the impact of hand hygiene interven-
tions and promotion programs for HCWs must be
measured. The clinical focus should be on specific
factors that influence behavior. Strategies should be
multifaceted and multimodal, and include consistent
education and senior executive support.”
References
Table Programs for HCWs: Strive to Educate & Motivate
• In hand hygiene promotion programs for healthcare workers (HCWs), focus specifically on factors currently
found to have a significant influence on behavior and
not solely on the type of hand hygiene products.
- Strategies should be multifaceted and multimodal
and include education and senior executive support
for implementation.
• Educate HCWs about the type of patient-care activities that can result in hand contamination.
- Provide information about the advantages
and disadvantages of various methods used
to clean hands.
• Monitor HCWs’ adherence to recommended hand hygiene practices.
- Provide HCWs with performance feedback.
• Encourage partnerships between patients, their families, and HCWs to promote hand hygiene in
healthcare settings.
Source: Adapted from: World Health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241597906_eng.pdf.
Figure My 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene
Source: Adapted from: World Health Organization. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241597906_eng.pdf.
Before
touching
a patient
After body
fluid exposure
risk
After
touching
patient
After
touching patient
surroundings
Before
clean/antiseptic
procedure
Maryanne McGuckin, ScEd, MT, has indicated to Physician’s Weekly that she has no financial disclosures to report.
World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care, 2009. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/
9789241597906_eng.pdf Accessed October 22, 2009.
McGuckin Methods International, Inc. Available at: www.hhreports.com Accessed October 28, 2009.
Boyce JM. Hand hygiene compliance monitoring: current perspectives from the USA. J Hosp Infect. 2008;70(Suppl 1):2-7.
Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Boyce J; World Health Organization World Alliance for Patient Safety First Global Patient Safety Challenge Core Group
of Experts. The World Health Organization Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care and their consensus recommendations. Infect Control
Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30:611-622.
Sax H, Allegranzi B, Uçkay I, Larson E, Boyce J, Pittet D. ‘My five moments for hand hygiene’: a user-centred design approach to understand,
train, monitor and report hand hygiene. J Hosp Infect. 2007;67:9-21.
Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Sax H, et al; WHO Global Patient Safety Challenge, World Alliance for Patient Safety. Evidence-based model for hand
transmission during patient care and the role of improved practices. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6:641-652.
McGuckin M, Waterman R, Shubin A. Consumer attitudes about healthcare-acquired infections and hand hygiene. Am J Med Qual.
2006;21:342-346.
McGuckin M, Waterman R, Govednik J. Hand hygiene compliance in the U.S: a multicenter evaluation using product volume measurement
and feedback. Am J Med Qual. 2009;24:205-213.
visit www.physweekly.com 2322
It has been estimated that between 14% and 23%
of pregnant women will experience depressive
symptoms during their pregnancy. An investiga-
tion published in 2003 reported that about 13% of
women take an antidepressant at some time during
their pregnancy. “Depression in pregnant women
frequently goes unrecognized and untreated for a
host of reasons, including concerns about the safety
of some treatments for pregnant patients and their
offspring,” says Kimberly A. Yonkers, MD. “There
may be risks associated with both untreated depres-
sion and the use of antidepressants that can compli-
cate treatment decisions.”
A New ReviewAn evidence-based report from the American Psychi-
atric Association (APA) and the American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has been
published to assist clinicians and patients as they
weigh the risks and benefits of various treatment op-
tions for depression during pregnancy. The APA and
ACOG convened a work group consisting of clinical
research experts within the fields of obstetrics and gy-
necology, psychiatry, and pediatrics, which critically
evaluated and summarized information about risks
associated with depression and the use of antidepres-
sants during pregnancy. The resulting recommenda-
tions were published jointly in the September 2009
issue of Obstetrics & Gynecology and the September/
October 2009 issue of General Hospital Psychiatry.
“Typically, OB-GYNs, nurse practitioners, and nurse
midwives are the clinicians who most often see wom-
en who are pregnant,” says Dr. Yonkers. “They can be
the first clinician to make a diagnosis of depression
in some cases. Other times, they may be the first to
observe depressive symptoms that are worsening. In
the past, reproductive health practitioners have re-
ported feeling ill-prepared to treat these patients be-
cause of the lack of evidence-based guidance. With
the publication of these recommendations, our hope
New recommendations have been unveiled to help physicians
and patients weigh the risks and benefits of various treatment
interventions for depression during pregnancy.
New Recommendations Managing Depression
During Pregnancy
Kimberly A. Yonkers, MDProfessor of Psychiatry
Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology,
and Reproductive Sciences
Director, PMS & Perinatal Research
Program
Yale University School of Medicine
January 11, 2010 • Issue No. 2
Click here to view this article online.
visit www.physweekly.com 2524
nation with medication. “There is no one-size-fits-
all approach for managing depression during preg-
nancy,” Dr. Yonkers says. “Management approaches
should depend on specific scenarios, patient char-
acteristics, and severity of depression. The APA/
ACOG report provides algorithms to help clinicians
during their care of these women. It should be noted
that there are more ways to intervene than to sim-
ply medicate or do nothing. Pregnant women with
severe recurrent depression should be considered
for some sort of treatment, be it psychological, medi-
cal, or both.”
One of the key recommendations of the APA/ACOG
report is that there needs to be ongoing consultation
between OB-GYNs, psychiatrists, and other health-
care providers during pregnancy (Table). “A collab-
orative approach is paramount,” says Dr. Yonkers.
“The more communication there is within this triad
of providers, the better. We should seek to form a
united front when dealing with a severe depressive
disorder in this patient group.”
Physicians and providers should remember that
women taking antidepressants prior to pregnancy
received these medications for good reason, says
Dr. Yonkers. “As providers, we can’t only look at one
part of the picture in isolation and simply take all
patients off antidepressants. We need to recognize
that our treatment strategies and decisions may have
profound effects during pregnancy.”
More Data NeededDr. Yonkers says that there is some existing research
relating to antidepressant use in pregnancy, but
more data are needed. “We have yet to adequately
control for other factors that may influence birth
outcomes, including maternal illness or health be-
haviors that can adversely affect pregnancy,” she says.
“Few studies of antidepressants and birth outcomes
assessed the mothers’ psychiatric condition. Con-
founding factors that influence birth outcomes—
poor prenatal care and drug, alcohol, and nicotine
use—are often not controlled in studies. Our recom-
mendations may be utilized as a guide to foster more
in-depth research. In the meantime, our hope is that
they are used as a resource when caring for pregnant
women who have or are at risk of developing major
depressive disorder.”
is that we’ll better inform providers about cur-
rent research on various depression treatment
methods and improve clinicians’ understanding
and ability to help with decision making.”
Diagnostic Challenges & ConsequencesIdentifying depression in pregnant women can
be difficult because depressive symptoms often
mimic usual experiences of pregnancy. “Some
symptoms of depression, including changes in
mood, energy level, appetite, and cognition,
are normative in pregnancy,” explains Dr. Yon-
kers. “When these symptoms present, clinicians
should view them as a cue to ask additional
questions. We must also consider the likelihood
that patients may be reluctant to admit feelings
of depression. There is a belief that women are
supposed to be happy when they’re pregnant,
so they may be embarrassed to admit that they
aren’t. Other women may view their depressed
feelings as a character flaw rather than an ill-
ness, or they may believe that depression will
reflect negatively on their capability of being a
good mother.”
Research has shown that depressive symptoms
and use of antidepressant medications during
pregnancy have been associated with nega-
tive consequences for newborns. Infants born
to women with depression are at greater risk
for irritability, less activity and attentiveness,
and fewer facial expressions when compared
with those born to mothers without depres-
sion. Depression during pregnancy is also as-
sociated with fetal growth changes and shorter
gestation periods. Dr. Yonkers adds that some
studies have linked fetal malformations, cardiac
defects, pulmonary hypertension, and reduced
birth weight to antidepressant use during preg-
nancy. “Furthermore, depressed women are
more likely to have poor prenatal care and preg-
nancy complications (eg, nausea, vomiting, and
preeclampsia) and to use drugs, alcohol, and
nicotine,” she says.
Highlighting Key RecommendationsAccording to the APA/ACOG report, some pa-
tients with mild-to-moderate depression can be
treated with psychotherapy alone or in combi-
References
Yonkers KA, Wisner KL, Stewart DE, et al. The management of depression during pregnancy: a report from the American Psychiatric Association
and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114:703-713. Available at: http://journals.lww.com/
greenjournal/Citation/2009/09000/The_Management_ of_Depression_During_Pregnancy__A.44.aspx
Smith MV, Shao L, Howell H, Wang H, Poschman K, Yonkers KA. Success of mental health referral among pregnant and postpartum women with
psychiatric distress. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009;31:155-162.
Yonkers KA. Parsing risk for the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:268-270.
Yonkers KA, Smith MV, Lin H, Howell HB, Shao L, Rosenheck RA. Depression screening of perinatal women: an evaluation of the healthy start
depression initiative. Psychiatr Serv. 2009;60:322-328.
Spoozak L, Gotman N, Smith MV, Belanger K, Yonkers KA. Evaluation of a social support measure that may indicate risk of depression during
pregnancy. J Affect Disord. 2009;114:216-223.
Yonkers KA. The treatment of women suffering from depression who are either pregnant or breastfeeding. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1457-1459.
Kimberly A. Yonkers, MD, has indicated to Physician’s Weekly that in the past year she has received an investiga-tor initiated trial funded by Eli Lilly and has received study medication from Pfizer for an NIMH funded trial.
Table An Overview of Recommendations
For Women Considering Pregnancy:
• For women on medication with mild or no symptoms for 6 months or longer, it may be appropriate to taper and
discontinue medication before becoming pregnant.
• Medication discontinuation may not be appropriate in women with:
- A history of severe, recurrent depression.
- Psychosis. - Bipolar disorder.
- Other psychiatric illness requiring medication.
- A history of suicide attempts.
• Women with suicidal or acute psychotic symptoms should be referred to a psychiatrist for aggressive treatment.
For Pregnant Women Currently on Depression Medication:
• Psychiatrically stable women who prefer to stay on medication may be able to do so after consultation between their psychia-
trist and OB-GYN to discuss risks and benefits.
• Women who would like to discontinue medication may attempt medication tapering and discontinuation if they are not experi-
encing symptoms, depending on their psychiatric history.
- Women with a history of recurrent depression are at a
high risk of relapse if medication is discontinued.
• Women with recurrent depression or who have symptoms despite their medication may benefit from psychotherapy
to replace or augment medication.
• Women with severe depression (with suicide attempts, functional incapacitation, or weight loss) should remain
on medication.
- If a patient refuses medication, alternative treatment
and monitoring should be in place, preferably before
discontinuation.
For Pregnant Women Not Currently on Depression Medication:
• Psychotherapy may be beneficial in women who prefer to avoid antidepressant medication.
• For women who prefer taking medication, risks and benefits of treatment choices should be evaluated and discussed,
including factors such as:
- Stage of gestation. - Symptoms.
- History of depression.
- Other conditions and circumstances
(eg, a smoker, difficulty gaining weight).
For All Pregnant Women:
• Regardless of circumstances, a woman with suicidal or psychotic symptoms should immediately see a psychiatrist
for treatment.
Source: Adapted from: Yonkers KA, et al. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114:703-713.