Newby Rajendra

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense pleasure I take this opportunity to express my sincere indebtness and

profound sense of gratitude to our reverenced supervisors Dr. K. D. Pandey, Associate

Professor, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, BHU and Dr. R. Sagar, Assistant

Professor, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, BHU for their untiring and excellent

guidance, constant encouragement and valuable criticism that lead to the successful

completion of the Botanical Tour and this tour report.

It is great pleasure to express my gratitude and thankfullness to Prof. A.K. Rai, Head,

Department of Botany, BHU, for his kind support, guidance and providing us with this

opportunity to attend this botanical excursion.

I am also very thankful to Mr. V. K. Pandey and other Technical staffs for their support and

making necessary arrangements for the tour.

I am extremely grateful to my friends for giving me moral support and bearing all the joys

and sorrows which I experienced during this tour.

My thanks are also due to those who were involved directly or indirectly in this venture of

mine.

Above all, I believe that my silence is more than appropriate adjective for my esteemed

parents for their blessings, inspiration and financial support.


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A FIELD REPORT

Submitted for partial fulfilment for the degree ofBACHELOR OF SCIENCE

Supervisor Submitted by

Dr. K.D.Pandey Rajendra Patel

Dr. R.Sagar B.Sc. (Hons), Botany

Banaras Hindu University Banaras Hindu university

Centre of Advanced Study in Botany

Banaras Hindu University

Varanasi-221005

Session:-2012-2013

Roll No. BO-75 Date : 07/05/2013


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CONSTITUTION OF TEAM

The tour team constitutes 2 supervisors, 4 supporting technical staff and 84students.

Supervisors:

1. Dr. K.D.Pandey

Sr. Assistant Professor

2. Dr. R.Sagar

Assistant Professor

Technical staff:

1. Mr. V. K. Pandey

Technical Assistant

2. Mr. Ram Narayan Prasad

Jr. Laboratory Assistant

3. Mr. Phoolchand YadavLaboratory Assistant

4. Mr. Anil Kumar Singh

Laboratory Assistant

Tour committee members:

1. Nina Nancy Murmu

2. Alka Srivastava

3. Vartika

4. Kshama rai

5. Sakshi Singh

6. Ashutosh Kumar Singh

7. Rajendra patel

8. Durgesh Singh Yadav

9. Suryabhan Singh10.Yogendra Singh Shakya


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PREFACE

Botanical tours are needed as the basic demand of the subject to understand and interact withnature and to interpret signature of biodiversity which are essential in understanding

ecological processes. They help to access the ecological conditions of various places being

visited. It may be geographical, environmental and agricultural perspectives. It aims for the

thorough examination of the flora and fauna of the various spots being visited and to draw

conclusions from the observations. It is the only time when students away from classrooms

and text book borders, indulge themselves in the lap of nature and cherish its hidden

treasures.

Tours also holds a very significant place in college memories. It not only gives us anopportunity to explore different places, but it also helps in strengthening the bonds with our

friends.

We are highly fortunate since our university curriculum provided us with opportunity of

educational tour. The tour spot selected was endowed with rich biodiversity. The whole was

totally exciting and enthusiastic. We learned a lot about the environmental aspect of our

subject and how Botany plays an important role in the maintenance of ecosystem and nature

development.


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INTRODUCTION

Botanical garden tour is an important component for any busy student of plant science. It

explores the new idea and diversity of the plants in different environment, ecosystem and

habitat. It also includes the reserved area like botanical garden, forest reserve areas like

wildlife sanctuaries and some unique fresh water ecosystem and some unique ecosystem

like vegetation on sand dunes and diversity on island. Tours provide an opportunity to

identify the species to the possible extent awareness towards some new flora and fauna and

diversity within a species in protected and unprotected ecosystem.

Another experience provided is the social aspects which include team work adjustment with

the member along journey and exhausted life and pleasant living. A visit to any religious

place and monuments of historical importance and entertainment gives us positive energy

to complete the aims and objective of the tour.

India is rich country in diversity and plants and animal provides several diverse and unique

ecosystem due to diversity of their season and topography. In the north, Himalayas is

present and north eastern or hilly regions are equipped with temperate climate. Some of its

portions are glaciers while some represent sub-zero temperature. Seasonal fluctuations are

common. India is also surrounded with coastal regions in east and by Bay of Bengal, Arabian

ocean and Indian Ocean. Like Himalayan vegetation, the western coast starting from OKHA

to MANDAPAM contain high diversity of dry deciduous forest some time replaced with

monoculture. (HOT SPOTS- NCERT)

In view of the above the botanical tour was formed. The Botany (Hons.) students during the

period 6-March to 13-March with following aims and objectives:

1) To study the diversity of plants growing on sand dunes and nearby area and their

role in conservation and restoration of soil.

2) To have bird sight view on the diversity of islands opening of a fresh water lake into

the ocean and making of Chilika estuaries.

3) To observe the diversity of plants in the following protected areas:

- BOTANICAL GARDEN situated at Alipur road, Howrah, Kolkata.

- The existence of wildlife in a semi-natural protected areas NANDANKANAN and

Bhuwneshwar, the capital city of Orissa.

4) The other places of botanical importance if any.

Besides the above sociological aspects of the tour was visiting of the following places of

importance:

1) The unique Konark Sun Temple.

2) The famous Kali Temple at Kalighat in Kolkata.3) The Jagannath Temple, Puri


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TOUR LOCATION

The following spots were selected for visit during the tour:

Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose National Botanical Garden

Kolkata, West Bengal

Puri, Konark and Cuttack

Odisha

Fig: map of West Bengal Fig: map of Odisha


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TOUR SCHEDULE

DATE LOCATION

March 7, 2013 National Botanical Garden, Kolkata

Kalighat Temple, Kolkata

March 8, 2013 Jagannath Temple, Puri

Sea Beach, Puri

March 9, 2013 Balighai Beach, Konark Marine Drive

Konark Sun Temple

Balukhand Wildlife Sanctuary

March 10, 2013 Lingraj Temple

Udaygiri and Khandgiri

Nandankanan Wildlife Sanctuary and Botanical

Garden

Peepli Handicraft Market

March 11, 2013 Chilika Lake

March 12, 2013 Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack


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MESSAGE OF BOTANICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPORTANCE

1. VEGETATION ON SAND DUNES AND MARINE DRIVEForests are largely controlled by rainfall and temperature conditions of the region. Forests

cover nearly 37 percent of the total area of the state. Mal-distribution poses a serious

problem in the case of forest resources of Orissa. The fertile coastal plains with a dense

population lack forest cover. Then again, remoteness of the forests from the consumption

centres and the bulky nature of their products need cheap haulage. Orissa is very much

lacking in this respect. The presence of a large tribal population practicing shifting

cultivation on an extensive scale engenders direct loss of valuable forest cover.

The Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous Region

The dry deciduous type is confined to the upper Tel, upper Nagavali and upper Sabari basins

in the Western and South-Western parts of Orissa. Here Sal and Bamboo thin out and teak

pre-dominates.

The Coastal Forests

The dense growth of palm and coconut with long thin stems, deep roots and a thin crown,

has adapted itself nicely to the severe cyclones from the Bay of Bengal during the pre and

post-monsoon periods. Creepers of varied species and canes and other minor types of trees

have led to the description of the tidal forests of the Mahanadi mouth as the 'Little

Sunderbans'. On the Puri coast, Casuarina plantation (Salty Soil) has met the town's

demand for fuel. In between the mangrove forest and the cultivated zone a narrow strip of

grassland extends from Chilka lake to the mouth of the Mahanadi and beyond.


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2.CHILIKA LAKEChilka Lake is Asia's largest brackish water lagoon with water spread ranging from 1165 sq

km m the rainy season to 906 sq km in the dry season is nestled in the heart of the coastal

Odisha. It extends from Bhusandpur in Puri district in the North to Rambha-Malud in Ganjandistrict in the South, separated from the Bay of Bengal by a 60 km long narrow strip of

marshy islands and sand-flats.

Co-ordinates : 1943N 8519ECoordinates: 1943N 8519E

Lake type : Brackish

Primary inflows : 35 streams including the Bhargavi, Daya, Makra, Malaguni etc.

Primary outflows : old mouth at Arakhakuda, new mouth at Satapada.

Catchment area : 3,560 km2 (1,370 sq mi)

Basin countries : India Max. length : 64.3 km (40.0 mi)

Surface area : min.:740 km2 (286 sq mi)

max.: 1,165 km2 (450 sq mi)

Max. depth : 4.2 m (13.8 ft)

Water volume : 4 km3(3,200,000 acreft)

Surface elevation : 0 2 m (6.6 ft)

Islands : 223 km2 (86 sq mi)

The ecological richness of the lake is of great value in preserving the genetic diversity

because of the multiplicity of its habitat, flora and fauna. The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI)

surveyed the lake between 1985 and 1988 and identified 800 species of fauna, including

many rare, endangered, threatened and vulnerable species, but excluding terrestrial insects.

The rare and threatened animal species identified are green sea turtle (EN), dugong (VU),

Irrawaddy dolphin (VU), blackbuck (NT), Spoon billed sandpiper (CR), limbless skink and


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fishing cat (EN). 24 mammalian species were reported. 37 species of reptiles and

amphibians are also reported.

Flora in Chilika Lake

Flora

Recent surveys revealed an overall 726 species of flowering plants belonging to 496 genera

and 120 families. This represents about one fourth of the vascular plant species of the

Odisha state where some 2900 species altogether are found. Fabaceae is the most

dominant plant family followed by Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Certain species were found to

be characteristic of specific islands. The flora is predominantly of aquatic and sub-aquatic

plants. Overall 726 species of flowering plants belonging to 496 genera and 120 families

have been recorded. Fabaceae is the predominant plant family followed by Poaceae and

Cyperaceae. The species reported are leguminosae, poaceae, and cyperaceae; endemic

cassipourea ceylanica; five species of seagrass, and more.

Important species identified are:

Leguminosae, Poaceae, and Cyperaceae

Endemic Cassipourea ceylanica

Five species of seagrass Wild plants of horticultural importance and interesting plant groups such as

insectivorous plants, epiphytes, parasites and lithophytes.

Mangrove associates such asAegiceras corniculatus, Excoecaria agalloch, Salvadora

persica, Pongamia pinnata, Colubrina asiatica, Capparis roxburghii, Macrotyloma

ciliatum and many others.


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Dolphin

Dolphins in Chilika Lake

The Irrawaddy Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) is the flagship species of Chilika lake. Chilka is

home to the only known population of Irrawaddy dolphins in India and one of only two

lagoons in the world that are home to this species. It is classified as Critically Endangered, in

five of the six other places it is known to live.

A small population of Bottlenose dolphins, also migrate into the lagoon from the sea. Chilika

fishermen say that when Irrawaddy Dolphins and Bottlenose Dolphins meet in the outer

channel, the former get frightened and are forced to return toward the lake.

3. SEAThe Bay of Bengal, the largest bay in the world, forms the north-eastern part of the Indian

Ocean. Roughly triangular in shape, it is bordered mostly by India and Sri Lanka to the west,

Bangladesh to the north, and Burma (Myanmar) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The Bay of Bengal is full of biological diversity, diverging amongst coral reefs, estuaries, fish

spawning and nursery areas, and mangroves. The Bay of Bengal is one of the World's 64

Largest ecosystem.

Porpita porpita, a Blue button (Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata) is common in Bay of Bengal.


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Kerilia jerdoniiis a sea snake of the Bay of Bengal. Glory of Bengal Cone (Conus bengalensis)

is just one of the seashells which can be photographed along beaches of the Bay of Bengal.

An endangered species, the Olive Ridley sea turtle can survive because of the nesting

grounds made available at the Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, Gahirmatha Beach,

Odisha, India. Marlin, barracuda, skipjack tuna, (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellow fin tuna, Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin (Sousa chinensis), and Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) are a

few of the marine animals. Bay of Bengal Hogfish (Bodianus neilli) is a type of Wrass which

live in turbid lagoon reefs or shallow coastal reefs. Schools of dolphins can be seen, whether

they are the bottle nose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), Pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella

attenuata) or the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) . Tuna and dolphins are usually

residing in the same waters. In shallower and warmer coastal waters the Irrawaddy Dolphins

(Orcaella brevirostris) can be found.

4.PROTECTED AREAS

Botanical Garden, Kolkata

The Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden (previously known as Indian

Botanic Garden) is situated in Shibpur, Howrah near Kolkata. The gardens exhibit a wide

variety of rare plants and a total collection of over 12,000 specimens spread over 109

hectares. It is under Botanical Survey of India (BSI) of Ministry of Environment and Forests,

Government of India.

For nearly two centuries this garden, which is the largest and oldest of this kind in South

East Asia has been a premier Institution for botanical and horticultural research in India. The

great aesthetic beauty of this garden with its picturesque vistas, and vast greeneries serve

as a source of inspiration, education, research and recreation to millions of visitors to this

The Great Banyan Tree

garden throughout the year from India and abroad


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The best-known landmark of the garden is The Great Banyan Tree, an enormous banyan

tree (Ficus benghalensis) that is reckoned to be the largest tree in the world, at more than

330 metres in circumference. The Great Banyan Tree attracts millions of visitors every year.

It looks like a miniature forest and is over 250 years old with 2800 prop roots covering an

area of 1.5 hectares.

The large palm house of this garden has several interesting plants including the Double

Coconut [Lodoicea maldivica (Gmel.) Pers] which produces the largest known seeds in the

whole plant kingdom.

They are also famous for their enormous collections of orchids, bamboos, palms, and

plantsof the screw pine genus (Pandanus).

Orchids on Shesham Bamboos with short internode

Over 12,000 trees and shrubs belonging to 1400 species together with thousands of

herbaceous plants are in cultivation in the open in 25 Divisions, Glass houses, Green Houses

and conservatories. The garden maintains the germplasm collection of Bamboos,

Bougainvillea, Citrus, Jasmine, Pandanus, Water Lilies and has the richest collection of Palms

(about 109 species) in whole of South East Asia. In addition succulents, Hibiscus, Ficus,

Aromatic plants, Gymnosperms (in two Pinetums), Creepers, Ferns.


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A number of floricultural and arboricultural plants are grown in its Flower Garden, National

Orchidarium, Student Garden. Besides a large number of medicinal plants in its Medicinal

Plant Garden named as Charak Udyan enrich the garden.

A few interesting plants of the garden worth to mention are:

Branched Palm

Bread Fruit Tree

Double Coconut

Giant Water Lilies

Krishna bot

Mad tree

Shivalinga tree

In addition researches are also conducted on plant introduction, multiplication, horticultural

aspects and conservation.

Nandankanan Wildlife Sanctuary and Botanical Garden

Nandankanan Zoological Park is a 400-hectare (990-acre) zoo and botanical garden in

Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Established in 1960, it was opened to the public in 1979 and

became the first zoo in India to join World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) in

2009. It also contains a botanical garden and part of it has been declared a sanctuary.

Nandankanan, literally meaning The Garden of Heavens is located near the capital city,

Bhubaneswar, in the environs of the Chandaka forest, and includes the 134-acre Kanjia lake.

The botanical garden was opened in 1963.

The zoo is home to about 1660 individual animals representing 120 species, including 42

species of mammals, 54 species of birds, and 24 species of reptiles.


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Nandankanan is famous for its population ofwhite tigers, a species it claims to have

produced. Subsequent litters of white tigers have been distributed to zoos both in India and

internationally. Nandankanan is home to over 34 white tigers.

White Tiger CrocodileEndangered species such as the Asiatic lion, three Indian crocodilians, Sangal lion-tailed

macaque, Nilgiri langur, Indian pangolin, mouse deer and countless birds, reptiles and fish

have been breeding successfully at Nandankanan

The zoo includes 34 aquaria which are home to a large variety of fresh water fish.

The Reptile Park's cave-like entrance is guarded by a life size Tyrannosaurus rex. This houses

numerous species of crocodiles, lizards, turtles, and snakes.

The zoo was the first in India to successfully breed pangolin. In a programme started before

the Central Zoo Authority (CZA) pangolin breeding programme, the zoo authorities started

the programme in the nocturnal centre of the animal park. There are 10 pangolins in

Nandankanan Zoo, including six females.

Botanical Garden

The botanical garden has the largest Orchid House of Odisha soon spreading over 5,000

square feet. In Odisha alone, 130 species of orchids have been documented to date.

The Dendrocalamus stricts (Salia baunse) and Bamboosa arundinacea (Kanta baunsa) are

the two dominant species which are found here & shown respectively


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The hetrogeneous deciduous zone is the meeting ground of the Sal and other species like

Adina Cardifolia (Kusum), Xylia Xylocarpa, Anogeissus Iatifolia (Dhau) and Machilusvilloso.

5. Central Rice Research Institute

Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI)

BACKGROUND

Bangladesh resulted in a serious shortage of rice. Added to this, the

failure of the civil administration to cope with such a disastrous situationculminated in what was called the Great Bengal Famine of 1943. Withthis background, the Central Government, in the year 1944, decided tointensify research on all aspect of rice crop. In 1945, the Government ofIndia decided to establish a central Institute for rice research. As aresult, the Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) was setup on 23 April1946 at Bidhyadharpur, Cuttack, Odisha with an experimental farm landof 60 hectares provided by Government of Orissa. Dr. K. Ramiah, aneminent rice breeder, as its founder Director. Subsequently, in 1966, the

administrative control of the institute was transferred to the IndianCouncil of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Present director is Dr. T.Mohapatra.

The CRRI is one of the Institutes of the ICAR under the Division of CropSciences. The Institute has two research stations- Central RainfedUpland Rice Research Station (CRURRS), Hazaribagh, in Jharkhand,and the Regional Rainfed Lowland Rice Research Station (RRLRRS),Gerua, in Assam. These research stations were established to tackle the

problems of rainfed uplands, and flood prone rainfed lowlands,respectively.


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Two Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) also function under the CRRI andguided by the DDG (Agril. Extension). These KVKs are located atSanthapur, Cuttack and Jainagar, Koderma.

LOCATION

The Central Rice Research Institute is located in Cuttack in Odisha state

(200N, 860E) at 24 meters above mean sea level (MS1). The annualrainfall at Cuttack is about 1200 1500 millimeters and is receivedmostly during June-October (Kharifor Wet Season). Minimal rainfall isreceived between November to May (Rabior Dry Season) from south-west monsoon. The Institute is situated about 35 kilometers away fromBhubaneswar airport and about 7 kilometers south-east of Cuttackrailway station, on the Cuttack-Paradeep State Highway.


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The Central Rice Research

Institute is situated near

Vidyadharpur village on the

Cuttack-Paradip Road, Orissa,

India. It is one of the premiernational research institutes under

the Indian Council of Agricultural

Research.

Azolla in rice field as a bio fertilizer

Azolla is a free-floating water fern, having a symbiotic nitrogen fixing blue-green alga in its leaves. In

rice-Azolla culture this symbiotic association can fix nitrogen comparable to legumes. Greenhouse

and field studies were conducted to investigate its use as biofertilizer in rice-wheat cropping system

at CRRI.


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Experimental paddy field with different varieties of rice

Field of maize at CRRI


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SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS

1.TEMPLES

The landscape of Odisha is dotted with a large number of temples. The temples of Odisha

conform to the Indo Aryan Nagara style of architecture, with distinctive features specific to

this region.

The best known of these are:

The Lingaraja temple at Bhubaneshwar.

The Jagannath Temple at Puri.

The Sun Temple at Konark.

Sun Temple Konark

The temples of Odisha exhibit a majestic grandeur. An Oriya temple (deula) usually consists

of a sanctum, one or several front porches (jagamohana) usually with pyramidal roofs, a

dancing hall (nata mandir) and a hall of offerings (bhog mandir).

The Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneshwar boasts of a 150-foot (46 m) high deul while the

Jagannath Temple at Puri is about 200 feet (61 m)

high and it dominates the skyline of the town. Onlya portion of the Sun Temple at Konark, the largest

of the temples of the Golden triangle exists today,

and it is still staggering in size. It stands out as a

masterpiece in Odisha architecture.

Jagannath Temple

Odisha is also well known as a Buddhist and Jain pilgrimage destination. North-east of

Cuttack, about 10 km from Bhubaneshwar, there are Buddhist relics and ruins at the three

hilltop complexes of Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, which still bear witness to Buddhism's

fruitful tryst with this region until well into the 13th century.

2.BEACHES

Also famous for its beautiful beaches, Odisha (Orissa) can truly engulf you in a holiday spirit.

As you bask in the glory of a moderate sun here, the golden sand beaches leave you still

asking for more. Lovingly embraced by the Eastern Ghats at the eastern coast of India, thestate of Odisha (Orissa) is one of the most beautiful ones in India. And it is to the striking


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sandy beaches with white sands and various tribal communities living in the most aborigine

style that Odisha (Orissa) owes its beauty to. With a vast coastline spread over a lush area of

250 miles, Odisha (Orissa) still houses some relatively virgin or quite unexplored beaches.

Endowed with nature's bounty, meandering rivers, impressive waterfalls, forest-clad blue

hills of Eastern Ghats with rich wild life, Odisha (Orissa) is dotted with exquisite beaches like

Chandipur, Puri and Gopalpur on Sea with each having a unique feature of its own. With

each of these beaches having some rare features, the Odisha (Orissa) Beach Tour can prove

to be a real food for thought. Due to their increasing popularity amongst the tourists and

locals both, beaches in Odisha (Orissa) have started getting special attention from Odisha

(Orissa) Tourism thus bringing about considerable developmental changes. As a result,

Odisha (Orissa) Beaches are being flocked by an increased number of tourists with each

passing year.

Puri Beach

Fine white sands, roar of the breakers rolling in from the Bay of Bengal and countless

devotees flocking the place for a purification dip are the synonyms to the Puri Beach. The

beach has continued to be a sacred venue for an endless number of pilgrims coming to pay

homage to Lord Jagannath. With the annual Beach Festival taking place in November, the

beach has now become a favorite haunt of both Indian and foreign beach lovers. Located at

a mere distance of 35 kms from the Sun Temple and 65 kms from Bhubaneshwar, the beach

is an ideal place for an introvert holiday maker for the scarcity of crowd here.

Rising wave on Puri Beach

The beaches of Puri are also renowned for the sand sculptures created particularly by the

internationally famed Sudarshan Patnaik. The subjects are generally inspired by sculptures

covering the temple walls, characters and episodes from the mythology and also the

contemporary events. An entire beach stretch can be completely yours given the immense

number of beaches in Odisha (Orissa) and a comparatively lower number of fun lovers, thecity being a popular pilgrimage point for Indians.


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The beach at Puri offers a unique opportunity to witness the striking sunrise and the sunset

on the same beach. Often crowded with holiday makers bathing in the afternoon, and

enjoying the brightly lit kiosks in the night, the stretches, parallel to the main Marine Drive

Road, form the domain of the domestic tourists, with a row of hotels, food stalls and kiosksselling souvenirs.

A comparatively clean and quite place for sunbathing and a relaxed swim can be found at

the eastern end. Local fishermen easily distinguishable by their triangular straw hats and

dhotis serve as lifeguards on the beach, and take visitors out to sea in their boats to watch

the sunsets. On the Chakratirtha side, the long stretch of golden sand is more tranquil and

pleasant place to stroll. Take enough precaution while swimming as the currents can be

treacherous in Puri.

It is interesting to visit a fishing village along the coast, with dozens of boats made of solid

trunks ply off the coast during the day. Once landed, the rich catch of prawn, pamphlets and

other fishes drawn into the nets is transferred to baskets. The best time to pay a visit is

around dawn, when the fishermen head out from the village and row the fleet towards the

rising sun over the sea.

Balighai Beach

The Balighai Beach attracts the tourists for offering a clear view of a river mating with the

sea, an inspirational picture for creative professionals.

It is located on the Konark-Marine Drive.

The Casuarina trees and creeper sand dunes seem to be swaying on a melodious musical

note.The beach with its golden sand of the blue sea has its own sleepy charm.

Balighai Beach Students with Prof. at Beach

The beach is a very quite and comparatively clean place to swim and sun bathe, but oneshould take precautions because of treacherous undercurrents. Watching endless empty


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shoreline getting swarmed with fishermen with their hand-nets full of catch is interesting

and enjoyable to while away time in the stunning stillness. Whether it is the rising Sun over

the azure waters or the rhythmic lapping of waves shimmering in the bright moonlight, it is

an enduring experience.


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FLORA OF THE EDUCATIONAL TOUR OF BOTANY


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