PALAEOGEOGRAPHY 34

BMR RECORD 1991173

NEW ZEALAND

CRETACEOUS - CAINOZOIC TIME SLICE STRUCTURE MAPS

BY

ANNE M WALLEY

BUREAU OF MINERAL RESOURCES AND

PETROLEUM DIVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN MINERAL .INDUSTRIES RESEARCH ASSOCIATION

PHANEROZOIC HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA PROJECT

© Commonwealth of Australia, 1991

This work is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be directed to the Principal Information Officer, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601.

I88N 0811-062X ISBN 0 642 16389 8

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

LIST OF MAPS ii

SUMMARY iii

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Plate tectonic setting 6

2. TIME SLICE STRUCTURE MAPS· A BRIEF OVERVIEW 7

3. COMMENTS ON HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL 9

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 10

REFERENCES 10

FIGURES

1. Plate tectonic setting of the New Zealand region 2

2. Cretaceous • Cainozoic time scale, showing time slices 3 represented by structure maps

3. New Zealand· regional location map 4

4. Structure map legend 17

TABLE

I. Principal references used for each region 5

i

MAPS

STRUCTURE MAPS:

MAP K8: Time slice K8, 99·91 Ma 18

MAP KI0b: Time slice KI0b, 78·70 Ma 19

MAP Czl: Time slice Czl, 66.4·52 Ma 20

MAP Cz2b: Time slice Cz2b, 40·36.5 Ma 21

MAP Cz3: Time slice Cz3, 36.5·30 Ma 22

MAP Cz4a: Time slice Cz4a 23 (pre· Waitakian Stage), 30·24 Ma

MAP Cz4b: Time slice Cz4b, 22·15.2 Ma 24

MAP CZS: Time slice CZS, 10.5·5 Ma 25

MAP Cz6a: Time slice Cz6a, 5·3 Ma 26

MAP Cz7: Time slice Cz7, 1.7·0 Ma 27

ii

SUMMARY

Ten Cretaceous - Cainozoic time slice structure maps of New Zealand are presented in this report. The maps have been prepared during the BMR (Bureau of Mineral Resources)/APIRA (Petroleum Division of the Australian Mineral Industries Research Association) Phanerozoic History of Australia Project. These maps will form part of the data base for the construction of interpretative palaeogeographic maps of the Indo­Australian Plate.

The structure maps cover the period from the late Early Cretaceous to the Pleistocene. Structural features which have controlled basin subsidence and inversion are shown, together with major fault zones along which portions of New Zealand have moved relative to each other, during the Cretaceous to Cainozoic.

Tensional structures dominated the late Early to Late Cretaceous, during the breakup of eastern Gondwana. Further tensional faulting occurred in the Mid- to Late Eocene, when there was another phase of extension in the New Zealand region. There was regional subsidence and transgression through the Oligocene, but an increase in fault­controlled sedimentation during the Late Oligocene signified the beginning of a new stress regime. From the earliest Miocene onwards, structures reflect an overall compressive setting, initiated when the obliquely convergent plate boundary became established in New Zealand. Zones of Neogene deformation display a regional clockwise shift in the focus of compression and associated uplift, accompanying the rotation of the subduction system to its present trend.

Aspects of New Zealand's structural development which have implications for hydrocarbon potential are briefly outlined.

iii

1. INTRODUCTION

Ten time slice structure maps of New Zealand are presented in this report. The maps, which

cover the period from the late Early Cretaceous to the Pleistocene, have been prepared during

the Phanerozoic History of Australia Project, which is a joint project coordinated by the

Bureau of Mineral Resources (BMR), in conjunction with APIRA, the Petroleum Division of

the Australian Mineral Industries Research Association. These maps will form part of the

data base to be used for the construction of interpretative palaeogeographic maps of the New

Zealand region, for a number of Cretaceous and Cainozoic time intervals. The final

interpretative maps, which will be presented on reconstructed bases at 1: 10 000 000 scale,

will be combined with compilations produced for other regions within the Indo-Australian

Plate. The core of each time slice map will be the palaeogeography of Australia. Seventy

non-palinspastic palaeographic maps for the Cambrian to Cainozoic of Australia were

compiled during the BMR-APIRA Palaeogeographic Maps Project. New Zealand is astride

the Indo-Australian/Pacific Plate boundary (Figure 1) and therefore forms the southeastern

edge of the Phanerozoic History of Australia study region.

Structural features which have controlled basin subsidence and inversion are shown, together

with major fault zones along which portions of New Zealand have moved relative to each

other, during the Cretaceous to Cainozoic. These structural data maps are plotted on a

present-day base. Preliminary plate reconstructions for New Zealand have been discussed in

a separate report (Walley & Ross, 1991).

Time slices are selected on the basis of correlatable time breaks and palaeoenvironmentally

significant intervals. The time slices represented by structure maps are those chosen during

the BMR-APIRA Palaeogeographic Maps Project. Some of these time slices have been

subdivided for the Phanerozoic History of Australia Project to more clearly define major

events in the evolution of the Indo-Australia Plate. For example, time slice Cz2 has been

split into time slices Cz2a and Cz2b (Figure 2). Figure 3 is a regional location map. The

principal references used for each region are indicated in Table I.

The amount of structural information on each structure map reflects three factors:

1

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Plate tectonic setting of the New Zealand region

Information compiled from: Circum-Pacific Map Project (1981), Launay & others (1982), Cole (1984, 1986), Walcott (1984, 1987) and Pelletier (1990)

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FIGURE 2 CRETACEOUS • CAINOZOIC TIME SCALE, SHOWING TIME SLICES REPRESENTED BY STRUCfURE MAPS

3

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Boundary between regions Overlap between regions

FIGURE 3 NEW ZEALAND - REGIONAL LOCATION MAP

Map from DSIR, Geology & Geophysics, New Zealand. The map shows the eleven study regions currently under investigation by DSIR, as part of the Cretaceous - Cenozoic Basin Studies Programme. The following DSIR Basin Studies volumes have been published:

Basin Studies 1 (West Coast) - Nathan & others (1986) Basin Studies 2 (Canterbury) - Field & others (1989) Basin Studies 3 (Chatham Rise) - Wood & others (1989)

4

TABLE I

PRINCIPAL REFERENCES USED FOR EACH REGION

(See location map, Figure 3)

North Auckland Beggs & others (1988); Brook & others (1988); Hayward (1979); Hayward & others (1989); Ministry of Commerce (1990); Suggate & others (1978); Thrasher (1986, 1988).

South Auckland Cole (1979); Hochstein & Nixon (1979); Kear & Schofield (1978); Skinner (1986); Suggate & others (1978).

Taranaki King (1990); King & Robinson (1988); King & Thrasher (in press); Thrasher (1989).

Wanganui Anderton (1981); Katz (1990); King & Robinson (1988); Nelson & Hume (1977); Suggate & others (1978).

East Coast Barnes (1988); Beu & others (1980); Carter & others (1988); Francis & others (1989); Johnston (1980); Laird (1989); Lamb & Bibby (1989); Lewis (1980); Moore (1978, 1988); Moore & Morgans (1987); Moore & Speden (1984), Riddolls (1987); Suggate & others (1978); Van der Lingen & Pettinga (1980); Walcott (1987).

West Coast Region, South Island Grindley (1980); Nathan & others (1986).

Western Southland Norris & Carter (1980); Turnbull & Forsyth (1988); Uruski & Turnbull (1990).

Clutha/CanterbUlY Berryman & Beanland (1991); Carter (1988b); Field & others (1989); Herzer & Bradshaw (1985); Kamp & others (1989); Mortimer (1988); Suggate & others (1978); Yeats (1987).

Chatham Rise Wood & others (1989).

Great South Basin Anderton & others (1982); Carter (1988a, 1988b).

5

a) The scale of the fmal palaeogeographic maps (l: 10 000 000); thus only larger scale

structures are shown.

b) A lack of clear information on the style of deformation within certain areas in a

number of time slices; in these instances, either generalised information is shown, or

the areas concerned have been left blank.

c) There was minimal tectonic activity within some time slices (for example, time slice

Czl); the areas concerned have therefore been left blank.

On each time slice map, "K" = Cretaceous and "Cz" = Cainozoic.

1.1 Plate tectonic setting

From the Permian until the early Early Cretaceous, New Zealand was dominated by

convergent margin tectonics, at the margin of Gondwana. The collison of the youngest

segments of the convergent margin with the remainder of New Zealand took place in the

Early Cretaceous (Rangitata-2 Orogeny; Bradshaw & others, 1981), associated with terrane

deformation, granitoid intrusion, metamorphism and uplift (Bradshaw, 1989). There is now

thought to have been only a short interval between the convergence and a change in tectonic

regime to one of extension, although the age of the final deformational event varies from one

region to another. Convergence is now thought to have ceased in the Albian, at about 105

± 5 Ma (Bradshaw, 1989), in time slice K7 (Figure 2). The timing of the final convergent

event is, however, controversial, because of different interpretations as to both the significance

of major unconformities and the depositional environment of some Cretaceous sequences (see,

for example, Speden, 1976; Feary, 1979; Moore & Speden, 1979, 1984; Prebble, 1980;

Barnes, 1988; Korsch & Wellman, 1988).

Shortly after the collision of the [mal segments of the convergent margin, extension began

in the late Albian to Cenomanian (time slices K7 to K8), associated with the breakup of

eastern Gondwana (Laird, 1981; Browne & Field, 1988; Bradshaw, 1989). Extension was in

6

part transtensional (Thrasher, 1989) and fault-controlled basins developed. From the Late

Cretaceous to the Paleocene, lithospheric cooling and subsidence proceeded over the New

Zealand region, coeval with sea-floor spreading in the Tasman Sea. During a further

extensional phase in the Mid- to Late Eocene (time slices Cz2a - Cz2b), a zone of basins

developed along western New Zealand, possibly originating within a transfonn margin (see,

for example, Norris & Carter, 1980). Following the Eocene extension, there was regional

subsidence and transgression through the Oligocene.

The modem convergent Indo-AustralianlPacific Plate boundary became established in New

Zealand in the latest Oligocene/earliest Miocene (latest time slice Cz4a to time slice Cz4b),

placing New Zealand once again in a convergent tectonic regime. Subduction of the Pacific

Plate beneath the Indo-Australian Plate began east of North Island and Eastern North Island

became an accretionary wedge. In the South Island, the initiation of the dextral transcurrent

Alpine Fault marked the passage of the plate boundary through continental crust. South of

the South Island, subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate beneath the Pacific Plate

commenced. This obliquely convergent regime has persisted throughout the Neogene (Figure

1).

2. TIME SLICE STRUCTURE MAPS - A BRIEF OVERVIEW

Maps K8 and KIOb

These maps show early extensional structures associated with the breakup of Gondwana.

Grabens and half-grabens developed. Listric faulting in the Chatham Rise was associated

with rifting in the Bounty Trough to the south of the Rise (Wood & others, 1989).

Deposition in eastern North Island was in tectonically active shelf to slope environments, but

the style and trend of active structures during the Cretaceous and Palaeogene is not at present

clear.

Map Czl

Tensional faulting continued, but to a diminished extent. There was quiescence over much

of New Zealand, coeval with lithospheric cooling and subsidence at the time of sea-floor

7

spreading in the Tasman Sea.

Maps Cz2b, Cz3 and Cz4a

Renewed extension occurred during this period, with local re-activation of Cretaceous

structures; for example, in the West Coast Region. There was tensional (probably

transtensional) faulting in Western Southland (Uruski & Turnbull, 1990). An increase in

fault-controlled sedimentation occurred by time slice Cz4a, particularly in Taranaki and

Western Southland. This may have signified the beginning of a new stress regime through

the New Zealand region (see Turnbull & others, 1989; King, 1990).

Map Cz4b

Structures reflect an overall compressive regime, initiated when the obliquely convergent plate

boundary became established in New Zealand immediately prior to this time slice. Eastern

North Island became an accretionary wedge. Dextral transcurrent movement began along the

Alpine Fault in the South Island. Thrusts in North Auckland region and northeastern North

Island indicate emplacement of allochthons of ophiolitic rocks and Cretaceous - Oligocene

sediments (see Brothers & Delaloye, 1982; Kenny, 1984). Normal faults were reactivated as

reverse faults in Taranaki and Western Southland.

Maps Cz5, Cz6a and Cz7

Zones of deformation display a regional clockwise shift in the focus of compression and

associated uplift, accompanying the rotation of the subduction system to its present trend (see

Lamb & Bibby, 1989). The zone of faulting at the northern margin of the Chatham Rise

reflects the increasing de gree of impaction of Chatham Rise against the plate boundary (Wood

& others, 1989). During time slice Cz5, compression on major faults in Taranaki ceased and

oblique compression began along the Alpine Fault. Maps Cz6a and Cz7 indicate the rapid

uplift along the Alpine Fault zone. Uplift and basin inversion has been a major feature of the

Neogene. Tensional faulting in central North Island during time slice Cz7 represents

extension within the Taupo Volcanic Zone back-arc basin (Cole, 1986).

8

3. COMMENTS ON HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL

The hydrocarbon potential of the New Zealand region has been briefly discussed in previous

Phanerozoic History of Australia Project reports (Walley, 1991; Walley & Ross, 1991). It is

useful here to highlight aspects of New Zealand's structural development which have

implications for hydrocarbon potential.

Cretaceous extensional structures (see Maps K8, KlOb) controlled regions of sustained

subsidence. Terrestrial hydrocarbon source rocks were deposited during the early rift phase.

As lithospheric cooling and subsidence proceeded during the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene

(Map Czl), marine source rocks were deposited (see, for example, Cook & Beggs, 1990;

King, 1990). In the Great South Basin (Figure 3), these source rocks have been buried to at

least the peak of oil generation and some of the sequence may have been mature by the Late

Cretaceous. This area, together with the Canterbury Bight and Chatham Rise (Figure 3), has

not undergone extensive Late Tertiary tectonic activity. This is in marked contrast to areas

closer to the Neogene plate boundary zone, referred to below. Trap formation was largely

complete in the Great South Basin by the Late Cretaceous (Cook & Beggs, 1990).

During the propagation of the convergent plate boundary through New Zealand in the

Neogene, there was inversion of Cretaceous and Palaeogene basins, particularly west of and

close to the plate boundary zone (see areas of uplift marked on Maps Cz5, Cz6a and Cz7).

Thus, in these areas, Neogene structural traps have formed. Most of the hydrocarbon

accumulations in the Taranaki Basin (Taranaki, on Figure 3) occur in these Neogene structural

traps (King, 1990).

The regional clockwise shift in compression and associated uplift, during the Neogene, has

also initiated the formation of new areas of subsidence - for example, the rapid and continuing

subsidence of the South Wanganui Basin (see Wanganui, on Figure 3), which started at the

beginning of time slice Cz6a (Maps Cz6a-Cz7). This foreland basin, which is adjacent to the

Taranaki Basin but is under-explored, is discussed in Katz & Leask (1990).

9

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The structure maps and accompanying report have been compiled as part of the BMR-APIRA

Phanerozoic History of Australia Project. APIRA (the Petroleum Division of the Australian

Mineral Industries Research Association) and sponsoring companies are thanked for their

input to the project, without which the work could not have been completed.

The staff of DSIR, Geology & Geophysics, New Zealand, are thanked for their cooperation

and support of this project. Marita Bradshaw, Russell Korsch, David Palfreyman, Heike

Struckmeyer (BMR), and Brad Field, Malcolm Laird, Glenn Thrasher and Chris Uruski

(DSIR, Geology & Geophysics) provided useful comments on the maps and report. Peter

Brown (BMR) drafted all the maps and figures, with the exception of Figure 3.

REFERENCES

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ANDERTON, P.W., HOLLOWAY, N.H., ENGSTROM, J.e., AHMAD, H.M., & CHONG, B., 1982 - Evaluation of geology and hydrocarbon potential of the Great South and Campbell Basins. Geological/geophysical exploration report (Seahunt Group), Phillips Petroleum. New Zealand Geological Survey Open File Petroleum Report 828.

BARNES, P.M., 1988 - Submarine fan sedimentation at a convergent margin: the Cretaceous Mangapokia Fonnation, New Zealand. Sedimentary Geology, 59, 155-178.

BEGGS, J.M., HAYWARD, B.W., & HERZER, R.H., 1988 - Summary of recent Northland Basin Research Studies undertaken by New Zealand Geological Survey. Petroleum Exploration in New Zealand News, October 1988, 15-17. Ministry of Energy, Wellington.

BERRYMAN, K., & BEANLAND, S., 1991 - Variation in fault behaviour in different tectonic provinces of New Zealand. Journal of Structural Geology, 13(2), 177-189.

BEU, A.G., GRANT-TAYLOR, T.L., & HORNIBROOK, N. de B., 1980 - The Te Aute Limestone facies. Poverty Bay to Northern Wairarapa. New Zealand Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Series Map 13.

BRADSHAW, J.D., 1989 - Cretaceous geotectonic patterns in the New Zealand region. Tectonics, 8(4), 803-820.

10

BRADSHAW, ID., ANDREWS, P.B., & ADAMS, CJ., 1981 - Carboniferous to Cretaceous on the Pacific margin of Gondwana: The Rangitata phase of New Zealand. In CRESSWELL, M.M., & VELLA, P. (Editors) - Gondwana Five. Balkema, Rotterdam, 217-221.

BROOK, FJ., ISAAC, MJ., & HAYWARD, B.W., 1988 - Geology of autochthonous and allochthonous strata in the Omahuta area, northern New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey, Record 32.

BROTHERS, R.N., & DELALOYE, M., 1982 - Obducted ophiolites of North Island, New Zealand: origin, age, emplacement and tectonic implications for Tertiary and Quaternary volcanicity. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 25, 257-274.

BROWNE, G.H., & FIELD, B.D., 1988 - A review of Cretaceous - Cenozoic sedimentation and tectonics, East Coast, South Island, New Zealand. In JAMES, D.P., & LECKIE, D.A. (Editors) - Sequences, stratigraphy, sedimentology: surface and subsurface. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 15, 37-48.

CARTER, L., LEWIS, K.B., & DAVEY, F., 1988 - Faults in Cook Strait and their bearing on the structure of central New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 31, 431-446.

CARTER, R.M., 1988a - Plate boundary tectonics, global sea-level changes and the development of the eastern South Island continental margin, New Zealand, Southwest Pacific. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 5, 90-107.

CARTER, R.M., 1988b- Post-breakup stratigraphy of the Kaikoura Synthem (Cretaceous -Cenozoic), continental margin, southeastern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 31,405-429.

CIRCUM-PACIFIC MAP PROJECT, 1981 - Plate tectonic map of the circum-Pacific region, southwest quadrant. Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.

COLE, IW., 1979 - Structure, petrology and genesis of Cenozoic volcanism, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand - a review. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 22(6), 631-657.

COLE, J.W., 1984 - Taupo-Rotorua Depression: an ensialic marginal basin of North Island, New Zealand. In KOKELAAR, B.P., & HOWELLS, M.P. (Editors) - Marginal Basin Geology: Volcanic and associated sedimentary and tectonic processes in modern and ancient marginal basins. Geological Society of London. Special Publication 16, 109-120.

COLE, J.W., 1986 - Distribution and tectonic setting of Late Cenozoic volcanism in New Zealand. In SMITH, I.E.M. (Editor) - Late Cenozoic volcanism in New Zealand. The Royal Society of New Zealand, Bulletin 23, 7-20.

COOK, R.A., & BEGGS, 1M., 1990 - The exploration potential of the Great South Basin. In MINISTRY OF COMMERCE - 1989 New Zealand Oil Exploration Conference

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Proceedings. Petroleum and Geothennal Unit, Energy and Resources Division, Ministry of Commerce, 55-61.

FEARY, D.A., 1979 - Geology of the Urewera Greywacke in Waioeka Gorge, Raukumara Peninsula, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 22 (6), 693-708.

FIELD, B.D., BROWNE, G.H., & OTHERS, 1989 - Cretaceous and Cenozoic sedimentary basins and geological evolution of the Canterbury Region, South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey, Basin Studies 2.

FRANCIS, D.A., MOORE, P.R. & MAZENGARB, C., 1989 - A new 1:250000 geological map of Raukumara Peninsula. In Recent advances in east coast geology and geophysics. A one-day review of current ideas and recent progress, 31 May 1989. New Zealand Geological Survey, Abstracts, 17-18.

GRINDLEY, G.W., 1980 - Sheet S13. Cobb (Ist edition). Geological Map of New Zealand 1:63360. Map and notes. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand.

HAYWARD, B.W., 1979 - Eruptive history of the Early to Mid- Miocene Waitakere Volcanic Arc and palaeogeography of the Waitemata Basin, Northern New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 9 (3),297-320.

HAYWARD, B.W., BROOK, F.J., & ISAAC, M.J., 1989 - Cretaceous to middle Tertiary stratigraphy, palaeogeography and tectonic history of Northland, New Zealand. In SPORLI, K.B., & KEAR, D. (Editors) - Geology of Northland - accretion, allochthons and arcs at the edge of the New Zealand micro-continent. Royal Society of New Zealand, Bulletin 26, 47-64.

HERZER, R.H., & BRADSHAW, J.D., 1985 - The Motunau fault and other structures at the southern edge of the Australian-Pacific plate boundary, offshore Marlborough, New Zealand - discussion. Tectonophysics 115, 161-166.

HOCHSTEIN, M.P., & NIXON, I.M., 1979 - Geophysical study of the Hauraki Depression, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 22(1), 1-19.

JOHNSTON, M.R., 1980 - Geology of the Tinui-Awatoitoi District. New Zealand Geological Survey, Bulletin 94.

KAMP, P.J.J., GREEN, P.F., & WlllTE, S.H., 1989 - Fission track analysis reveals character of collisional tectonics in New Zealand. Tectonics, 8 (2), 169-195.

KATZ, H.R., 1990 - The South Wanganui Basin and its petroleum potential. In Recent developments in New Zealand basin studies. Seminar sponsored by DSIR Geology & Geophysics, 19 September 1990. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand, Abstracts, 35-38.

KATZ, R., & LEASK, W.L., 1990 - The South Wanganui Basin - a neglected hydrocarbon prospect. In MINISTRY OF COMMERCE - 1989 New Zealand Oil Exploration Conference

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16

FAULTS FOLDS

Acf/ve $ Anlicline

----- ProbablY acfive

* SynclIne

- /Vortna/ (indicalil7!1 downfhrow) --0-- Axis or boseff7enf high

.... ~ Zone or fighf- Tolding A A ~ Thrusf {/J Ina'/caring sfrike

v v Reverse •• Zone' or upltrf

..."., Transcurrenf ~ Zone oT raulfing -.:-

.. A Subducfion zone .............. 8ot./ndory oT Taupo Volconic Zone

FIGURE 4 STRUCTURE MAP LEGEND

6,0.

11<'

7ensional Mulflns

m;O

16S0

MAP K8:

180·

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF NEW ZEALAMD TIME SLICE KB

1720

99-91 Ma

100 0 100 200 300 AOO Scm ~I~I~I~' !~IL-__ ~I ____ ~I __ ~LI __ ~I

(

C,mpi/ed rebrtlory !JJI by AM Walley, BM!e Drawn by ?..! 8rown, fJMR

I7Go leOo

Time slice K8, 99-91 Ma

18

'&GO

40·

",,'

;/)0

/ ../

/ l /) I It , \ l' /' , ..

".I_ I ~

I

d~

- 11 f)1/

I) 1/ j /r I /" /

1>'00 ;/ ./

168'

MAP KI0b:

1800

1760

STRUCTURAL FEATURES 'OF NEW ZEALAND TI ME SLICE KIOb

78-70Ma

~ a ~ ~ D m~ I~ ~, ~I'~,~I----~I--__ ~I ____ LI __ ~I

~ 1tA0

~-/~ ~ r-

~ (

IZ 46·

COmpiled Feb,."",?, 1.991 byA..M. W""/t BMR Drawn by P. J. Brown, 11 ;f'

1720 1760

1600

Time slice KI0b, 78-70 Ma

19

I7G·

166·

Reaclivalion or-s"me Creluceous I"au/Is

MAP Czl:

180· 1760

STRUCTURAL fEATURES OF NEW ZEALAND TIME SLICE Cz 1

100 0 I! !! I

GG·4-52Ma

100 I

200 I

300 I

400km I

Compiled Feorual)' /.9.91 by A.N. J1/41Iey,BMR OraWI1 0/ p.J.8n:>wn, 8Mf(

~.

172· 176· 180·

Time slice Czl, 66.4·52 Ma

20

176'

168'

MAP Cz2b:

180" 176'

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF NEW ZEALAND TI M E SLICE Cz 2b

100 0 1 , 1! , ,

172"

4O-36"5Mt1

100 I

200 I

Time slice Cz2b, 40-36.5 Ma

21

300 I

-IOOkm I

17G·

1GB"

MAP Cz3:

176"

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF NEW ZEALAND TIME SLICE Cz3

17Z·

36'5-30Ma

100 0 100 zoo 300 400k", LI~·~_·~I ____ -LI ____ ~I ______ ~I ____ ~I

Con7pilecl Februaryf.j.J1 by A.AI. 1Va11ey. 8MR Orawno/ Po./. 8rown, 8lifR

176· 180"

Time slice Cz3, 36.5-30 Ma

22

/&.

!>pO

1G8'

MAP Cz4a:

180'

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF NEW ZEALAND TIME SLlCE Gz4a (pre-Waitakiell1)

30-24M"

100 o 1 , , 1

172°

Time slice Cz4a

100 1

200 I

300 1

400km 1

Compt"/"d February /~YI.by AM. Wa//9'- BM!? Drown 0/ I? J. Brovvn, BMR 17Go 180'

(pre-Waitakian Stage), 30-24 Ma

23

J;G0

A,B'

I7G·

168'

MAP Cz4b:

172'

180' 176'

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF NEW ZEALAND TIME SLICE Cz4b

roo 0 I I , , I I

22-JS'2MGI

100 I

200 I

300 I

ComjJ,/eti Fmr",C'?, IjJ/o/ A.JI. Wu//tJ,Y. BtI1!( Orpwl7 0/ ? J IJroWf'T, BMf(

176· IBO'

Time slice Cz4b, 22-15.2 Ma

24

A,O'

IIJ'

~.

168'

MAP Cz5:

180' 17"

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF NEW ZEALAND TIME SLICE Cz5

10·,- 5 Ma

100 0 100 200 300 0400 km ~I~!~!~!~.~I ____ ~I ____ ~I _____ IL_ __ ~I

Q,mp,/ed .Fehruol)' I.fj10/ AM. W"'//9' .!JlK ///,AIW1 0/ I?J. Brown, BMK

17" 160'

Time slice Cz5, 10.5-5 Ma

25

AC'

""'"

48'

116'

~.

WoO

MAP Cz6a:

172'

1&0' l1G'

STR.UCTURAL FEATURES OF NEW ZEALAND TIME SLICE CzG~

100 0 , I ! 11 I

5 -3 Mel

100 I

200 I

aoo I

Conrpile<i' Februa71jjl 0/ A.;lf.Wu/lo/. IMIR Orawn by P...I. tJrown. 5M1?

11G' 180'

Time slice Cz6a, 5-3 Ma

26

1,0'

~.

17GO

?foe

",,0

1>1<.

IG8° 1720

MAP Cz7:

180°

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF NEW ZEALAND TIME SLICE Cz7

1-] - 0 M&\

100 0 100 200 300 .roOkm ~I~'~'~!~'~I _____ 'L-__ ~I ____ -L' __ ~I

Com'pi/e-d Fe6ru",'J' Ijjl 0/ A. At. W"'//<;,r. BHI? £)rnW/7 ~ .? J grown

17G· 180·

Time slice Cz7, 1.7-0 Ma

27

J,O.

A-'r.

.IrS.