New York:Campaign Finance Handbook 2012

7/31/2019 New York:Campaign Finance Handbook 2012

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~fcl}fm ~f`far}p lem fxrfema}v~fp ~fjl~mcfpp gi

zhf}hf~ }hfq l~f pv``fppivc ae hlyaej }hfa~ elkflrrfl~ ge }hf nlccg}% (EQ@^^ 9>22%>(i!%! ]hap

zgvcm lcpg ae`cvmf `lemaml}fp zhg `hggpf }g fem

}hfa~ `lkrlaje%

Zhfe l `lemaml}f ~lapfp g~ prfemp kgefq ae`cvm+

aej }hf `lemaml}f‑p gze kgefq ae le l}}fkr} }g

hlyf hap g~ hf~ elkf lrrfl~ ge }hf nlccg} nv} ig~


zhl}fyf~ cfjlc ~flpge (ae`cvmaej nf`lvpf }hfq

hlyf `hgpfe }g fem }hfa~ `lkrlaje! }hfa~ elkf

mgfp eg} lrrfl~ ge }hf nlccg} }hl} `lemaml}f

kvp} }hfe map`cgpf lcc pv`h ~f`far}p lem fxrfema+

}v~fp eg} lc~flmq ~frg~}fm ge fcf`}age ~frg~}p ge

}hf efx} `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f Rf~agma`

^frg~} (pff –Zhfe L~f frg~}p Iacfm7‛ pf`}agegi }hap Hlemnggd !%

]hf `lemaml}f kvp} }hfe `ge}aevf }g iacf `lk+

rlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p ve}ac hf g~ phf

`gkrcf}fp }hf }f~kael}age r~g`fmv~f lp gv}caefm

ae }hap Hlemnggd %

]hf gncajl}age }g iacf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cg+

pv~f ~frg~}p lcpg lrrcafp }g `lemaml}fp zhg gecqvpf }hfa~ gze kgefq }g iaele`f }hfa~ `lkrlaje%

]hf `lemaml}f kvp} lcpg r~gyamf }hf elkf lem

lmm~fpp gi }hf mfrgpa}g~q l} zha`h hf'phf klae+

}laep }hf l``gve}p i~gk zha`h hf'phf `gemv`}p

hap 'hf~ gze `lkrlaje iaeleàlc l`}aya}q% (FC <=+

<2=(<!4 <=+<<8(0!(n!%!

Zhf~f le giia`f map}~a`} lem'g~ fcf`}age qfl~ gi l

`lemaml}f ap vemf}f~kaefm l} }hf }akf gi ~fjap}~l+

}age ~fjap}~l}age mg`vkfe}p pvnka}}fm phgvcm pg

aema`l}f nq }hf vpf gi –]NM‛ (}g nf mf}f~kaefm!

zhf~f lrr~gr~al}f% Za}hae }zg mlqp gi leq mf}f~+

kael}age ~fcl}ayf }g }hfpf kl}}f~p lkfemfm ~fj+

ap}~l}age mg`vkfe}p kvp} nf pvnka}}fm aema`l}aej

}hf vrml}fm aeig~kl}age% @ge}~anv}age caka}p zacc

lrrcq% @ge}l`} EQPNGF ig~ j~fl}f~ mf}lac%

Cg`lc `lemaml}fp zhg kldf }hfa~ gze iacaejp lem

zhg ~lapf g~ prfem g~ fxrf`} }g ~lapf g~ prfem






8

@clak gi Fxfk r} age i ~gk Iac aej

@lemaml}fp klq iacf l @lemaml}f g~ @gkka}}ff@clak gi Fxfkr}age i~gk Iacaej @lkrlaje Iaeleàlc

Map`cgpv~f ^frg~}p ig~k (@I+26! ai gef gi }hf igc+

cgzaej rf~}laep% (FC <=+<>=%!?

@lemaml}fp hlyf eg}'zacc eg} ~f`fayf g~ prfem

kg~f }hle -62 ig~ }hfa~ `lkrlaje ae`cvmaej

}hfa~ gze rf~pgelc ivemp4

@lemaml}fp ig~ rvnca` giia`f ae l }gze à}q g~

yaccljf hlyaej l rgrvcl}age vemf~ <2222

zhf~f }hf `lemaml}f mgfp eg} ~lapf g~ prfem ae

fx`fpp gi -<222 ae }hf ljj~fjl}f ge }hf `lk+rlaje% ]hap ae`cvmfp }hf rf~pgelc ivemp gi }hf

`lemaml}f%

Eg}f? Ai li}f~ pvnkappage gi }hap ig~k }hf nlpap ig~ l

`clak gi fxfkr}age nf`gkfp aeylcam mvf }g l

`hlejf ae à~`vkp}le`f (f%j% fx`ffmaej kgef}l~q

}h~fphgcm g~ p`grf gi `lemaml}f'`gkka}}ff l`}aya}q

~f|va~fp iacaej! }hf `lemaml}f'`gkka}}ff kvp} }hfe

iacf lcc lrrca`lncf fcf`}age ~frg~}p %

Fc akael} age gi Mvrc a`l} f I a c aej ig~

@f~}l ae Cg`lc Ia cf~pCg`lc iacf~p ~f|va~fm }g lcpg iacf za}h EQPNGFlem zhg mg pg eg cgejf~ hlyf }g kldf l mv+ rca`l}f iacaej za}h }hf cg`lc ngl~m(p!%(EQ@^^ 9>22%<%! Cg`lc ~fjap}~l}age ap p}acc ~f|va~fm%

N% @gkka } }ffp

A} ap }hf gncajl}age gi l `gkka}}ff }g ~fjap}f~ za}h

}hf lrr~gr~al}f ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep lem map`cgpf

a}p ~f`far}p lem fxrfema}v~fp% (FC <=+<2>(<!%!

^fjap } ~l} age R~g`fmv~f

L `gkka}}ff ~fjap}f~p nq iacaej?

<% @gkka} }ff ^fjap }~l} age' ]~flpv~f~

lem Nled Aeig~k l} ag e Ig~k (@I+2>!

]hap ig~k ap vpfm }g ~fjap}f~ lcc `gkka}}ffp% A}r~gyamfp }hf ngl~m(p! za}h aeig~kl}age `ge`f~e+

aej }hf `gkka}}ff‑p elkf }qrf }~flpv~f~

nled'mfrgpa}g~q `lemaml}fp'nlccg} r~grgpa}agep

pvrrg~}fm g~ grrgpfm lem g}hf~ lv}hg~afm

nledaej pajel}g~afp% ]hap ig~k kvp} nf iacfm

za}hae iayf mlqp gi `hggpaej l }~flpv~f~ lem

mfrgpa}g~q lem r~ag~ }g ~f`fayaej g~ fxrfemaej

leq ivemp% (FC <=+<<8(<!%!

Qgv~ `lkrlaje‑p nled l``gve}(p! kvp} nf

grfefm l} l nledaej g~jleal}age lv}hg~afm }g

mg nvpaefpp ae Efz Qg~d P}l}f% (FC <=+<<8(<!%!]hf n~le`h zhf~f }hf l``gve} ap grfefm lem

hfcm kvp} nf rhqpa`lccq cg`l}fm ae Efz Qg~d

P}l}f%

@gep } a }v } fm @gkka } } ff Fx`fr} age

]hf @I+2> ig~k ap eg} ~f|va~fm }g nf iacfm nq l

`gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ff (pff –I~f|vfe}cq Vpfm

]f~kp‛ ig~ mfiaea}age!% Hgzfyf~# EQPNGF ~f+

|vfp}p }hl} lcc `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp ~f|va~fm }g iacf za}h EQPNGF pvnka} l `gkrcf}fm @I+

2> ig~k ig~ lmkaeap}~l}ayf rv~rgpfp% @gep}a+

}v}fm `gkka}}ffp ~f|va~fm }g iacf map`cgpv~f

~frg~}p za}h }hf `gve}q g~ à}q ngl~m(p! gi fcf`+

}agep phgvcm `gepvc} za}h }hf lrr~gr~al}f

`gve}q g~ à}q ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep ig~ }hfa~

~f|va~fkfe}p ~fjl~maej ~fjap}~l}age%

gyf~ -<222 ae l `lcfeml~ qfl~ kvp} ~fjap}f~ lem

iacf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p za}h EQP+

NGF ae lmma}age }g ~fjap}f~aej za}h }hfa~ cg`lc

ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep%

]hf -<222 ~lapfm g~ prfe} (ae`cvmaej `lemaml}f

`ge}~anv}agep'fxrfema}v~fp ~fjl~maej hap g~ hf~ gze`lkrlaje! ~fcl}fp }g iaeleàlc l`}aya}q (~f`far}p g~

fxrfema}v~fp! ae }hf `lcfeml~ qfl~ eg} le femaej

`lph nlcle`f%

]hfpf `lemaml}fp kvp} `ge}l`} EQPNGF }g gn}lae

}hfa~ Iacf~ AM# lem RAE% P}l}f lem `gve}q ngl~m

Iacf~ AM#p klq nf maiif~fe}%




1

]hf `gkka}}ff klq lcpg hlyf }g iacf }hf?

>% @gkk a } } ff Lv}hg~ al } age P}l }vp Ig~k

(@I+20!

]hap ig~k ap vpfm }g aema`l}f zhf}hf~ g~ eg} }hf

`gkka}}ff hlp nffe lv}hg~afm nq }hf prfàia`

`lemaml}f(p! cap}fm }hf~fae }g lam g~ }ldf rl~} ae}hfa~ egkael}age g~ fcf`}age% (FC <=+<<>%! RL@p

phgvcm eg} iacf l @I+20%

L @I+20 ig~k kvp} nf iacfm nq lcc rgca}a`lc `gk+

ka}}ffp }hl} pvrrg~} g~ grrgpf }hf egkael}age

g~ fcf`}age gi leq `lemaml}f }h~gvjh ma~f`} fx+

rfema}v~f%

Lv}hg~al}age `le gecq nf j~le}fm nq l `lema+

ml}f% ]hap kflep }hf `lemaml}f(p! hlyf li+

ia~kl}ayfcq l`degzcfmjfm }g qgv }hl} qgv~ `gk+

ka}}ff ap lv}hg~afm }g lam g~ }ldf rl~} ae }hfa~ `lkrlaje zha`h ae`cvmfp ~lapaej lem'g~

prfemaej kgefq ge }hfa~ nfhlci%

]hf kf~f il`} }hl} }hf `lemaml}f(p! degz }hl}

qgv~ `gkka}}ff ap `gemv`}aej l`}aya}q ~fcl}ayf }g

}hfa~ `lkrlaje mgfp eg} `gep}a}v}f lv}hg~al+

}age%

Zhf~f le giia`f map}~a`} lem'g~ fcf`}age qfl~ gi l`lemaml}f ap vemf}f~kaefm l} }hf }akf gi ~fjap}~l+

}age ~fjap}~l}age mg`vkfe}p pvnka}}fm phgvcm pg

aema`l}f nq }hf vpf gi –]NM‛ (}g nf mf}f~kaefm!

zhf~f lrr~gr~al}f% Za}hae }zg mlqp gi leq mf}f~ka+

el}age ~fcl}ayf }g }hfpf kl}}f~p lkfemfm ~fjap}~l+

}age mg`vkfe}p kvp} nf pvnka}}fm aema`l}aej }hf

vrml}fm aeig~kl}age% @ge}~anv}age caka}p zacc lrrcq%

@ge}l`} EQPNGF ig~ j~fl}f~ mf}lac%

RL@ Fx`fr} age

L @I+20 ig~k ap eg} ~f|va~fm }g nf iacfm nq l

`gkka}}ff }hl} gecq kldfp `ge}~anv}agep (f%j%

RL@p!% (FC <=+<<>%! Ai l `gkka}}ff lamp g~

}ldfp rl~} ae }hf fcf`}age g~ egkael}age gi `le+

maml}fp gecq nq kldaej `ge}~anv}agep lem mgfp

eg} g}hf~zapf lam g~ }ldf rl~} ae }hfa~ `lkrlaje

}h~gvjh ma~f`} fxrfema}v~fp }hfe }hf `gkka}+

}ff mgfp eg} iacf }hap ig~k%

L }~flpv~f~ kvp} iacf lkfemfm @I+2> lem @I+20

ig~kp lp lrrca`lncf za}hae }zg mlqp gi leq `hlejfp

}g leq aeig~kl}age `ge}laefm }hf~fae%

@lkrlaje I aeleàl c Map` cgpv~f

^frg~ }p ^f|va ~fm gi @gkk a } } ffp

@gkka}}ffp l~f ~f|va~fm }g iacf fa}hf~ le a}fkafm

~frg~} le Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe} (ai |vlcaiafm! g~ l

Eg+L`}aya}q ~frg~} lp mfp`~anfm ig~ fl`h iacaej

rf~agm?

<% A }fkafm @lkrlaje Iaeleàl c

Map`c gpv~f ^frg~} (@I+2<!

L ~frg~} map`cgpaej }hf iaeleàlc l`}aya}q ig~ lprfàia` ~frg~}aej rf~agm mf}lacfm ge lrrca`lncf

p`hfmvcf(p! lem zhf~f l} }hf `cgpf gi }hf ~f+

rg~}aej rf~agm }hf ljj~fjl}f gi ~f`far}p g~ fx+

rfema}v~fp gi }hf `lkrlaje hlyf fx`ffmfm

-<222% Ae }hf `lpf gi eg iaeleàlc l`}aya}q mv~+

aej }hf ~frg~}aej rf~agm pff Eg+L`}aya}q ~frg~}%

>% Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l} fk fe} (@I+2<!

L ~frg~} zhf~f l} }hf `cgpf gi }hf ~frg~}aej

rf~agm efa}hf~ }hf }g}lc ~f`far}p eg~ }hf }g}lc

fxrfema}v~fp hlyf fx`ffmfm -<222 ae }hf lj+

j~fjl}f ig~ }hf `lkrlaje% (FC <=+<>=(=!%!

Ge`f l `gkka}}ff }hl} ap fe}a}cfm }g iacf le Ae+

Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe} fx`ffmp }hf -<222 }h~fph+

gcm ae ljj~fjl}f ~f`far}p g~ fxrfema}v~fp ig~ l

`lkrlaje a} kvp} nfjae }g iacf a}fkafm ~frg~}p

(@I+2<! `gkkfeàej za}h }hf ~frg~}aej rf~agm

zhf~fae }hf }h~fphgcm ap `~gppfm% Iv~}hf~kg~f

}hf aea}alc a}fkafm ~frg~} iacfm kvp} `ge}lae le

a}fkal}age gi lcc ~f`far}p lem fxrfema}v~fp r~f+

yagvpcq fe`gkrlppfm nq }hf Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l}f+

kfe}(p! iacfm nq }hf `gkka}}ff% Ge`f l `gkka}+

}ff iacfp le a}fkafm ~frg~} a} `le efyf~ iacf leAe+Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe} ig~ leq iv}v~f ~frg~}%

]hf gecq `gkka}}ffp }hl} `le iacf Ae+Cafv+Gi

P}l}fkfe}p l~f lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ffp pgcfcq

pvrrg~}aej gef `lemaml}f g~ l `gkka}}ff




<2

pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej l nlccg} r~grgplc'

r~grgpa}age% (FC <=+<>=(=!%!

0% Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~} (@I+<8!

L ~frg~} iacfm aema`l}aej }hl} }hf~f ap eg l`}aya}q

}g ~frg~} ig~ }hl} prfàia` ~frg~}aej rf~agm%

Ig~ iacf~p za}h EQPNGF? l @I+<8 ig~k `le nfpvnka}}fm ae hl~m `grq za}h le g~ajaelc pajel+

}v~f g~ gecaef vpaej l Iacf~ AM# lem RAE l}


Ig~ iacf~p za}h l `gve}q g~ à}q ngl~m gi

fcf`}agep iacaej ge rlrf~? }g ~frg~} eg l`}aya}qig~ l rl~}a`vcl~ rf~agm pv`h iacf~p phgvcm pvnka}

ivccq `gkrcf}fm `gyf~ pvkkl~q lem p}l}vp

rljfp gi }hf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~f+

rg~} (@I+2<!%

@gkka}}ffp gi `lemaml}fp l~f gncajl}fm }g map`cgpf

`lkrlaje+~fcl}fm ~f`far}p lem fxrfema}v~fp ~f+

jl~mcfpp gi zhf}hf~ }hf `lemaml}f ap pv``fppivc ae

hlyaej hap g~ hf~ elkf lrrfl~ ge }hf nlccg}% ]hap

zgvcm lcpg ae`cvmf `lemaml}fp zhg `hggpf }g fem

}hfa~ `lkrlaje%

Zhfe l `lemaml}f‑p `gkka}}ff ~lapfp g~ prfempkgefq ae`cvmaej }hf `lemaml}f‑p gze kgefq ae le

l}}fkr} }g hlyf }hf `lemaml}f‑p elkf lrrfl~ ge

}hf nlccg} nv} ig~ zhl}fyf~ cfjlc ~flpge (ae`cvmaej

nf`lvpf }hfq hlyf `hgpfe }g fem }hfa~ `lkrlaje!

}hf `lemaml}f‑p elkf mgfp eg} lrrfl~ ge }hf nlc+

cg} }hl} `gkka}}ff kvp} }hfe map`cgpf lcc ~f`far}p

lem fxrfema}v~fp eg} lc~flmq ~frg~}fm ge fcf`}age

~frg~}p ge }hf efx} `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f

Rf~agma` ^frg~} (pff –Zhfe L~f ^frg~}p Iacfm7‛

pf`}age gi }hap Hlemnggd !% (EQ@^^ 9>22%>(i!%!

]hf `gkka}}ff kvp} }hfe `ge}aevf }g iacf `lkrlaje

iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p ve}ac }hf }~flpv~f~ `gk+

rcf}fp }hf }f~kael}age r~g`fmv~f lp gv}caefm ae }hap

Hlemnggd %

Cg`lc `gkka}}ffp }hl} ~lapf g~ prfem g~ fxrf`} }g

~lapf g~ prfem gyf~ -<222 ae l `lcfeml~ qfl~

kvp} ~fjap}f~ lem iacf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f

~frg~}p za}h EQPNGF ae lmma}age }g ~fjap}f~aej za}h

}hfa~ cg`lc ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep% (FC <=+<2>(=!%!

]hf -<222 ~lapfm g~ prfe} ~fcl}fp }g iaeleàlc l`+

}aya}q (~f`far}p g~ fxrfema}v~fp! ae }hf `lcfeml~

qfl~ eg} le femaej `lph nlcle`f% ]hfpf `gkka}+

}ffp kvp} `ge}l`} EQPNGF }g gn}lae }hfa~ Iacf~ AM#

lem RAE% P}l}f lem `gve}q ngl~m Iacf~ AM#p klq nf

maiif~fe}%

@gkka}}ffp pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej cg`lc nlccg}

r~grgpa}agep kvp} ~fjap}f~ lem iacf za}h }hf lrr~g+

r~al}f cg`lc ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep% Leq pv`h `gkka}+

}ff pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej l cg`lc nlccg} r~grgpa}age}hl} ~lapfp g~ prfemp gyf~ -<#222 ae l `lcfeml~ qfl~

~fcl}ayf }g l cg`lc nlccg} r~grgpa}age ae l jfef~lc

fcf`}age kvp} lcpg ~fjap}f~ lem iacf za}h EQPNGF

lem ~fjap}f~ za}h }hf cg`lc ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep%

Eg}f? Ig~ l }gze g~ yaccljf nlccg} r~grgpa}agep eg}

pvnka}}fm }g }hf yg}f~p gi }hl} kveaàrlca}q l} }hf

}akf gi l jfef~lc fcf`}age ilcc gv}pamf }hf p`grf gi

EQP Fcf`}age Clz%

]hf~fig~f `gkka}}ffp pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgp+

aej nlccg} r~grgpa}agep ae l }gze g~ yaccljf }ldaej rcl`f g}hf~ }hle ae Egyfknf~ mg eg} hlyf }g kldf

`lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~fp ~fcl}ayf }g }hfa~ nlc+

cg} r~grgpa}age l`}aya}q% (FC <+<2>%!

@gkka } } ffp R~gh an a }fm i ~gk I ac aej

Ae+C afv+gi P}l} fkfe} p

@gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp rl~}q `gkka}}ffp

kvc}a+`lemaml}f `gkka}}ffp lem RL@p l~f fx+

r~fppcq r~ghana}fm i~gk iacaej Ae+Cafv+Gi

P}l}fkfe}p%







<<

le fcf`}age }h~gvjh `ge}~anv}agep g~ ma~f`} fx+

rfema}v~fp% A} ap le lmkaeap}~l}ayf `~fl}age gi

EQPNGF }hl} gecq lrrcafp }g lem `le gecq nf

vpfm nq l caka}fm j~gvr gi `gkka}}ffp? prfàia+

`lccq RL@p rl~}q `gkka}}ffp lem `gep}a}v}fm

`gkka}}ffp%

EQPNGF r~fpvkfp }hl} }hap caka}fm j~gvr gi `gkka}}ffp l~f pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej `lema+

ml}fp ig~ fcf`}age nq kldaej `ge}~anv}agep g~

ma~f`} fxrfema}v~fp lem }hf~fig~f fxrf`}p }g

~f`fayf }hf }h~ff fcf`}age ~frg~}p ig~ l rl~}a`v+

cl~ fcf`}age (r~akl~q lem'g~ jfef~lc!% Hgzfyf~

ai gef gi }hap caka}fm j~gvr gi `gkka}}ffp zacc

eg} nf l`}ayfcq pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej `lema+

ml}fp ae l rl~}a`vcl~ fcf`}age a} klq pvnka} l

Eg}a`f gi Ege+Rl~}aàrl}age ae Fcf`}age(p! nq l

^fjap}f~fm RL@ Rl~}q g~ @gep}a}v}fm @gkka}+

}ff ig~k (@I+>2! zha`h eg}aiafp l ngl~m gi

fcf`}agep gi }hap p}l}vp% ]hfe }hl} ngl~m zacceg} fxrf`} }g ~f`fayf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cg+

pv~f fcf`}age ~frg~}p ig~ }hl} rl~}a`vcl~ fcf`}age%

@leeg} V pf @I+>2 ig~ Rf~agm a`

^frg~ }p

]hf Eg}a`f gi Ege+Rl~}aàrl}age ae Fcf`}age(p!

(@I+>2! mgfp eg} lrrcq }g Rf~agma` ^frg~}p

~f|va~fm }g nf iacfm ig~ `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map+

`cgpv~f lp prfàiafm fl`h qfl~ ae }hf leevlc

iacaej lcfeml~ l} zzz%fcf`}agep%eq%jgy%


<%

L RL@ zhfe ~fjap}f~aej za}h l ngl~m gi fcf`+

}agep nq pvnka}}aej }hf @gkka}}ff ^fjap}~l}age']~flpv~f~ lem Nled Aeig~kl}age ig~k (@I+2>!

mgfp eg} hlyf }g r~gyamf leq aeig~kl}age ae

Pf`}age F –@lemaml}f(p! }g nf Pvrrg~}fm g~

Grrgpfm‛ gi }hf @I+2>%

EQP Fcf`}age Clz prfàia`lccq fxfkr}p RL@p

i~gk hlyaej }g r~gyamf }hf aeig~kl}age ae }hap

pf`}age lp le lmkaeap}~l}ayf `geyfeafe`f }g

ng}h }hf RL@ lem }hf ngl~mp gi fcf`}agep

zhf~f RL@p pvnka} }hfa~ iacaejp% ]hap ap nf+

`lvpf RL@p gecq kldf `ge}~anv}agep }g `lema+

ml}fp lem rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ffp% Ai }hf RL@ zlp

~f|va~fm }g r~gyamf `lemaml}f aeig~kl}age aePf`}age F# a} zgvcm hlyf }g `gep}le}cq lkfem a}p

@I+2> ig~k zhfefyf~ `ge}~anv}agep zf~f klmf

nq }hf RL@ }g lmma}agelc `lemaml}fp'

`gkka}}ffp% (FC <=+<<8(<!%!

>%

RL@p mg eg} iacf }hf @gkka}}ff Lv}hg~al}age

P}l}vp ig~k (@I+20!% L @I+20 ap gecq ~f|va~fm

}g nf iacfm nq rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ffp }hl} kldf

ma~f`} fxrfema}v~fp g}hf~ }hle nq `ge}~anv+

}agep ae pvrrg~} gi g~ grrgpa}age }g `lemaml}fplem g}hf~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ffp%

RL@p klq kldf `ge}~anv}agep }g `lemaml}fp

lem rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ffp nv} klq eg} kldf ma+

~f`} fxrfema}v~fp ge }hfa~ nfhlci%

0%

L Eg}a`f gi Ege+Rl~}aàrl}age ae Fcf`}age(p! nq

l ^fjap}f~fm RL@ Rl~}q g~ @gep}a}v}fm @gk+

ka}}ff (@I+>2! ap }hf ig~k }hl} eg}aiafp l ngl~mgi fcf`}agep }hl} l rl~}a`vcl~ }qrf gi `gkka}}ff

ap eg} jgaej }g pvrrg~} g~ grrgpf `lemaml}fp ae

L @I+>2 ig~k kvp} nf pvnka}}fm eg cl}f~ }hle 0>

mlqp r~ag~ }g }hf ia~p} fcf`}age ae zha`h a} lrrcafp

(f%j% r~akl~q g~ jfef~lc!% L @I+>2 ig~k klq nfpvnka}}fm ge rlrf~ g~ yal EQPNGF‑p zfnpa}f ve+

mf~ @lkrlaje Iaele`f'Iacf Map`cgpv~f ^frg~}p'

Eg}aia`l}agep% Ai pvnka}}aej l @I+>2 ig~k ge rlrf~

a} kvp} `ge}lae le g~ajaelc pajel}v~f%

Ai pvnka}}aej l @I+>2 ig~k yal }hf zfnpa}f l Iacf~



<>

@lemaml}f @gkka } }ffp

@lemaml}fp @leeg} I a cf Eg} a` f gi

Ege+Rl~} a` arl} age ae F cf`} age(p! nq

l ^fjap}f ~fm RL@ Rl~} q g~ @gep} a+

}v} fm @gkk a} } ff (@I+>2!

Lv}hg~afm lem velv}hg~afm `gkka}}ffp gi

`lemaml}fp }hl} l~f gncajl}fm }g iacf `lkrlaje

iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f fcf`}age ~frg~}p nf`lvpf gi

}hfa~ l`}aya}q l~f eg} rf~ka}}fm }g iacf l (@I+>2!

}g pvnp}a}v}f ig~ }hfpf fcf`}age ~frg~}p%

Pv`h `gkka}}ffp kvp} iacf gef gi }hf igccgzaej

~frg~}p ig~ fl`h prfàia` iacaej rf~agm?

A}fkafm ^frg~}

Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe} (ai |vlcaiafm!

Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~}

(Pff –@lkrlaje Iaeleàlc Map`cgpv~f ^frg~}p

^f|va~fm gi @gkka}}ffp#‛ ae }hap pf`}age%!

@lemaml}fp zhg l~f gncajl}fm }g iacf `lkrlaje

iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f fcf`}age ~frg~}p nf`lvpf gi

}hfa~ l`}aya}q l~f eg} rf~ka}}fm }g iacf l (@I+>2!

}g pvnp}a}v}f ig~ }hfpf fcf`}age ~frg~}p% Pv`h

`lemaml}fp kvp} iacf gef gi }hf igccgzaej ~f+

rg~}p ig~ fl`h prfàia` iacaej rf~agm?

A}fkafm ^frg~}

Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe} (ai |vlcaiafm!

Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~}

(Pff –@lkrlaje Iaeleàlc Map`cgpv~f ^frg~}p

^f|va~fm gi @lemaml}fp#‛ ae }hap pf`}age%!

AM# lem RAE l~f ~f|va~fm% ]hf RAE pf~yfp lp le

fcf`}~gea` pajel}v~f%

Lp }hf EQPNGF Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pqp}fk (FIP!

Pgi}zl~f mgfp eg} hlyf l @I+>2 iacaej gr}age }hf

gecq zlq }g pvnka} l @I+>2 ig~k fcf`}~gea`lccq ap

yal EQPNGF‑p zfnpa}f%

L @hlejf Nl`d }g Rl~ } a ` arl } age

P}l}vp Mv~ aej }hf Fcf`} age

Ai li}f~ iacaej l @I+>2 ig~k }hf `gkka}}ff gr}p }g

rl~}aàrl}f ae }hf rl~}a`vcl~ fcf`}age }h~gvjh `ge}~a+

nv}agep g~ fxrfema}v~fp a} kvp} nfjae iacaej `lk+

rlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p za}h }hf efx}

fcf`}age ~frg~} }hl} `gyf~p }hf ml}f zhfe }hf l`}ay+

a}q nfjaep%


@clak gi Fxfk r} age i ~gk Iac aej

@gkka}}ffp klq iacf l @lemaml}f g~ @gkka}}ff

@clak gi Fxfkr}age i~gk Iacaej @lkrlaje Ia+

eleàlc Map`cgpv~f ^frg~}p (@I+26! ai gef gi

}hf igccgzaej rf~}laep?

Lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ffp pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej

gef `lemaml}f ig~ rvnca` giia`f g~ l `gk+

ka}}ff pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej l nlc+

cg} r~grgpa}age ae }gzep à}afp g~ yaccljfp

hlyaej l rgrvcl}age vemf~ <2222 zhf~f

}hf `lemaml}f'`gkka}}ff mgfp eg} ~lapf g~ prfem ae fx`fpp gi -<222 ae }hf ljj~fjl}f

ig~ }hf `lkrlaje%

Eg}f? Ig~ l }gze g~ yaccljf nlccg} r~grgpa}agep

eg} pvnka}}fm }g }hf yg}f~p gi }hl} kveaàrlca}q

l} }hf }akf gi l jfef~lc fcf`}age ilcc gv}pamf }hf

p`grf gi EQP Fcf`}age Clz% ]hf~fig~f `gk+

ka}}ffp pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej nlccg} r~grgpa}agep ae

l }gze g~ yaccljf }ldaej rcl`f g}hf~ }hle ae Eg+

yfknf~ mg eg} hlyf }g kldf `lkrlaje iaele+

àlc map`cgpv~fp ~fcl}ayf }g }hfa~ nlccg} r~grgpa+

}age l`}aya}q% Lp pv`h ae }hap aep}le`f }hap fx+ fkr}age mgfp eg} lrrcq lp map`cgpv~f gi }hap

l`}aya}q ap eg} ~f|va~fm% ]hap ig~k phgvcm eg} nf

iacfm% (FC <+<2>%!

@gkka}}ff ig~kfm pgcfcq }g pvrrg~} g~ gr+

rgpf l nlccg} r~grgpa}age }hl} mgfp eg}

~lapf g~ prfem gyf~ -<22%



<0

Zhfe l `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}}ff ~f`fayfp l cgle g~

hlp l cgle g~ mfn} ig~jayfe }hf iacf~ kvp} pvnka}

`grafp gi }hf mg`vkfe}(p! fyamfeàej pv`h cglep'

mfn}p ~f`fayfm g~ ig~jayfe% Pv`h mg`vkfe}p kvp}

nf pvnka}}fm ae `geove`}age za}h }hf `lkrlaje ia+

eleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} `gyf~aej }hf rf~agm zhfe

}hf }~lepl`}age }ggd rcl`f% (FC <=+<2>(<!%! Pff

–@ge}~anv}age lem ^f`far} Caka}l}agep‛ ae }hap Hlem+

nggd ig~ lrrca`lnaca}q gi caka}p%

L cgle g~ calnaca}q klmf nq l `lemaml}f }g hap'hf~ `lk+

rlaje kvp} nf ~frg~}fm lp lrrca`lncf (pff –Zhg Kvp}Iacf lem Zhl} Kvp} Nf Iacfm‛ pf`}age gi }hap Hlem+

nggd ! lem kvp} nf mg`vkfe}fm nq cf}}f~(p! gi aemfn}+

fmefpp lem'g~ ig~jayfefpp# lp lrrca`lncf%

Leq iacf~ ~f|va~fm }g iacf r~akl~q jfef~lc lem'g~

prfàlc fcf`}age ~frg~}p kvp} l} }hf plkf }akf }hf

lrrca`lncf rgp}+fcf`}age `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cg+

pv~f ~frg~} ap mvf pvnka} `grafp gi lcc gi }hf iacf~‑p

`lkrlaje kl}f~alcp rv~`hlpfm g~ r~gmv`fm nq g~

vemf~ }hf lv}hg~a}q gi }hf rf~pge iacaej }hf rgp}+

fcf`}age ~frg~} g~ }hf `gkka}}ff g~ }hf rf~pge ge

zhgpf nfhlci a} ap iacfm% (FC <=+<29%!

@lkrlaje kl}f~alcp ae`cvmf lcc n~glm`lp} `lncf g~

pl}fcca}f p`hfmvcfp lem p`~ar}p ae}f~ef} r~ae} lem

g}hf~ }qrfp gi lmyf~}apfkfe}p rlkrhcf}p à~`v+

cl~p icqf~p n~g`hv~fp cf}}f~hflmp lem g}hf~

r~ae}fm kl}}f~ rv~`hlpfm g~ r~gmv`fm ae `geef`+

}age za}h l prfàia` fcf`}age%

Zhfe pvnka}}aej `lkrlaje kl}f~alcp rcflpf eg}f

}hl} pvnkappagep?

@le ae`cvmf mvrca`l}f g~ajaelcp (f%j% rgp}f~picqf~p nv}}gep f}`%! g~ rhg}g`grafp4

Kvp} nf hl~m `grafp eg} fcf`}~gea`'maja}lc iacfp4

Klq nf rhg}gj~lrhfm zhfe ig~ r~l`}a`lc rv~+

rgpfp }hfq `leeg} nf ~flmacq ~fr~gmv`fm ae l

rlrf~ `grq nf`lvpf }hfq l~f cl~jf vezafcmq

a}fkp (f%j% naccngl~mp plemza`h ngl~mp f}`%!4

lem

Kvp} nf cfjancf ai `grafm%

L >=+Hgv~ Eg}a`f ap l ~f|va~fm map`cgpv~f zha`h ap

vpfm }g ~frg~} leq `ge}~anv}age g~ cgle gyf~ -<222

~f`fayfm }hf mlq li}f~ }hf `v}+gii ml}f gi }hf <<+mlq

r~f+fcf`}age ~frg~} vr }g fcf`}age mlq% Pv`h `ge}~a+

nv}age g~ cgle kvp} nf map`cgpfm za}hae >= hgv~p gi

~f`far}% (EQ@^^ 9>22%>(j!%!

]hfpf eg}a`fp l~f ~f|va~fm nf`lvpf za}hgv} }hfk

}hf~f zgvcm nf eg rvnca` map`cgpv~f gi cl~jf cglep

g~ `ge}~anv}agep ~f`fayfm mv~aej }hf rf~agm cflmaej

vr }g fcf`}age mlq% G}hf~zapf }hfq zgvcm gecq nf

ia~p} map`cgpfm ge }hf rgp}+fcf`}age `lkrlaje iaele+

àlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}% Lcc >=+Hgv~ Eg}a`fp?

Lrrcq }g lcc r~akl~q jfef~lc lem prfàlc fcf`+

}agep lem kvp} nf iacfm nq leq iacf~ ig~ l prfàia`

fcf`}age ae zha`h }hfq l~f ~f|va~fm }g iacf fcf`+

}age ~frg~}p%

Kvp} nf ~f`fayfm nq }hf lrr~gr~al}f ngl~m(p!

gi fcf`}agep zhf~f }hf iacf~ ap ~f|va~fm }g pvn+

ka} map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p za}hae >= hgv~p gi ~f+

`far} gi }hf `ge}~anv}age g~ cgle ae |vfp}age%

Ig~ iacf~p za}h EQPNGF? ]hfpf eg}a`fp `le nfpvnka}}fm?

Gecaef vpaej l Iacf~ AM# lem RAE l}

zzz%fcf`}agep%eq%jgy4 g~ +

Ae rf~pge l} }hf EQPNGF giia`fp =2 Eg~}h

Rfl~c P}~ff} Pva}f 6 Lcnleq EQ <>>2:+>:>1

g~ +

Nq ilx (6<8+=89+99>:!%

Ig~ iacf~p za}h l `gve}q g~ à}q ngl~m gi fcf`+

}agep? ]hfpf eg}a`fp `le nf iacfm ae rf~pge g~ nqilx% @gepvc} cg`lc ngl~mp gi fcf`}agep ig~ iv~}hf~

mf}lacp%

@%

Mg`vkfe}l } age

Leq `ge}~anv}age'cgle ig~ zha`h l >=+Hgv~ Eg+

}a`f hlp nffe pvnka}}fm kvp} lcpg nf map+

`cgpfm ae }hf lrrca`lncf rgp}+fcf`}age `lk+

rlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}%




<=

Ae g~mf~ ig~ l EQPNGF iacf~ }g ~f|vfp} }f~kael}age

g~ }g ~fpaje lp l }~flpv~f~ EQPNGF ~f|va~fp }hl}

}hf iacf~'}~flpv~f~ pvnka} l ]f~kael}age g~ ^fpajel+

}age ^f|vfp} Ig~k'Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~} Ig~k (@I+<8! ae z~a}aej za}h le g~ajaelc pajel}v~f ae `geove`+

}age za}h }hf lrrca`lncf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cg+

pv~f ~frg~} fe`gkrlppaej }hf }~lepl`}agep cflmaej

vr }g }hf ml}f gi }hf ~f|vfp} ig~ }f~kael}age g~ ~fp+

ajel}age% (EQ@^^ 9>22%:%!

Pff –]f~kael}aej Iacaej Gncajl}agep‛ lem'g~ –Mv}afp

gi ]~flpv~f~p'@lemaml}fp‛ g~ –^fpajeaej lp ]~flp+

v~f~‛ pf`}agep ae }hap Hlemnggd ig~ kg~f mf}lacp%


Fc akael} age gi Mvrc a`l} f I a c aej ig~

@f~}l ae Cg`lc Ia cf~p

Cg`lc iacf~p ~f|va~fm }g lcpg iacf za}h EQPNGFlem zhg mg pg eg cgejf~ hlyf }g kldf l mv+ rca`l}f iacaej za}h }hf cg`lc ngl~m(p!%(EQ@^^ 9>22%<%! Cg`lc ~fjap}~l}age ap p}acc ~f|va~fm%

Eg}f Lngv} ]gze lem Yaccljf Nlccg} R~grgpa}agep? Ig~

l }gze g~ yaccljf nlccg} r~grgpa}agep eg} pvnka}}fm }g

}hf yg}f~p gi }hl} kveaàrlca}q l} }hf }akf gi l jfef~lc

fcf`}age ilcc gv}pamf }hf p`grf gi EQP Fcf`}age Clz%

]hf~fig~f `gkka}}ffp pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej

nlccg} r~grgpa}agep ae l }gze g~ yaccljf }ldaej rcl`f

g}hf~ }hle ae Egyfknf~ mg eg} hlyf }g kldf `lk+

rlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~fp ~fcl}ayf }g }hfa~ nlccg}

r~grgpa}age l`}aya}q% (FC <+<2>%!

Vpf gi Graeage Rgc cp

Eg `lemaml}f rgca}a`lc rl~}q g~ `gkka}}ff phlcc l}+

}fkr} }g r~gkg}f }hf pv``fpp g~ mfifl} gi l `lema+

ml}f nq ma~f`}cq g~ aema~f`}cq map`cgpaej g~ `lvpaej

}g nf map`cgpfm }hf ~fpvc}p gi l rgcc ~fcl}aej }g l `le+

maml}f ig~ pv`h giia`f g~ rgpa}age vecfpp za}hae =8hgv~p li}f~ pv`h map`cgpv~f }hfq r~gyamf }hf ~f+

|va~fm aeig~kl}age `ge`f~eaej }hf rgcc lp gv}caefm ae

(EQ@^^ 9>2<%>! }g }hf lrrca`lncf ngl~m(p! %

Efz Qg~d P}l}f Jgyf~eg~ C}% Jgyf~eg~

P}l}f @gkr}~gccf~ P}l}f L}}g~efq Jfef~lc

P}l}f Pfel}g~p P}l}f Lppfkncq Kfknf~p

P}l}f Pvr~fkf @gv~} Ovp}a`fp lem `f~}lae rl~}q giia`fp

Lcc g}hf~ giia`fp

Efz Qg~d @a }q @lemaml}fp?

Hlyf lmma}agelc ~f|va~fkfe}p

P}l} f @gkka } }ffp ?

@gkka}}ffp pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej `lema+ ml}fp ig~ p}l}f giia`fp `f~}lae rl~}q giia`fp lem }hgpf pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej p}l}fzamf nlccg} r~grgpa}agep

Cg`l c @gkka } }ffp ?

@gkka}}ffp pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej lcc g}hf~

giia`fp lem cg`lc nlccg} r~grgpa}agep



<6

@lemaml}fp ig~ yaccljf giia`f lem `gkka}}ffp pgcfcq

pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej `lemaml}fp ig~ yaccljf giia`fg~ yaccljf nlccg} r~grgpa}agep kvp} ~fjap}f~ lem iacf

za}h }hf yaccljf `cf~d zhfe }hf yaccljf `cf~d ~vep }hf

fcf`}age%

Ig~ yaccljf fcf`}agep ~ve nq }hf yaccljf `cf~d zhf~f

iacf~p za}h }hf yaccljf `cf~d hlyf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc

l`}aya}q gv}pamf gi }hf yaccljf fcf`}age ae |vfp}age

(f%j% pvrrg~}aej'grrgpaej `lemaml}fp lem'g~ `gk+

ka}}ffp ig~ }gze `gve}q g~ p}l}f giia`fp4 }~lepif~p

}g rl~}q g~ `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp gv}pamf gi }hf

yaccljf! pv`h iacf~p zacc }hfe lcpg hlyf le gncajl}age

}g ~fjap}f~ lem iacf za}h }hf lrr~gr~al}f `gve}qngl~m gi fcf`}agep lem'g~ EQPNGF%

? ^fjap}~l}agep'iacaejp kvp} nf klmf

za}h }hf lrrca`lncf `gve}q ngl~m gi fcf`}agep%

Zhf~f }hf ~f`far}p g~ fxrfema}v~fp fx`ffm g~ l~f

fxrf`}fm }g fx`ffm -<222 ae }hf `lcfeml~ qfl~

ae`cvmaej }hf `lemaml}f‑p gze kgefq }hfe pv`h

~fjap}~l}agep lem iacaejp kvp} lcpg nf klmf za}h

EQPNGF% (FC <=+<2>4 <=+<2=%!

]hf -<222 ~lapfm g~ prfe} ~fcl}fp }g iaeleàlc l`+

}aya}q (~f`far}p g~ fxrfema}v~fp! ae }hf `lcfeml~

qfl~ eg} le femaej `lph nlcle`f%

@f~}l ae Ya c cljf @lemaml}fp'

@gkk a } }ffp Klq @ cl ak Fxfk r} age

i~gk Ia c aej

]hf igccgzaej `lemaml}fp'`gkka}}ffp klq iacf l

@lemaml}f g~ @gkka}}ff @clak gi Fxfkr}age i~gk

Iacaej @lkrlaje Iaeleàlc Map`cgpv~f ^frg~}p

(@I+26!? @lemaml}fp ig~ rvnca` giia`f lem lv}hg~+afm `gkka}}ffp pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej gef `lemaml}f

ig~ rvnca` giia`f g~ pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej l

nlccg} r~grgpa}age ae }gzep à}afp g~ yaccljfp hlyaej

l rgrvcl}age vemf~ <2222 zhf~f }hf `lemaml}f'

`gkka}}ff mgfp eg} ~lapf g~ prfem ae fx`fpp gi

-<222 ae }hf ljj~fjl}f ig~ }hf `lkrlaje% (FC <=+

<>=%!

M% Ya c cljf Fcf` } agep




<9

Mflmc aefp ig~ @lkrla je Iaeleàl c Map` cgpv~f ^frg~ } p



@v} +gii ml}f

•Igv~ mlqp nfig~f i acaej mvf ml}f

Iacaej mvf ml}f

•Mflmcaef }g pvnk a} `gkrcf}fm ~frg~}

•Gecaef EQPNGF ia caej `lcfeml~ l}zzz%fcf`}agep%p}l}f%eq%vp

•Rf~agm a` ~frg~} p fl`h qfl~ i~g k lcc l`}ayf iacf~p

•Fcf`}age ~frg~} p ~f|va~fm z hfe rl~} aàrl}aej aele fcf`} age

zz%fcf`}agep%eq%jgy



<:

A A %

Lcc `lemaml}fp lem `gkka}}ffp gncajl}fm }g iacf

`lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p kvp} pvnka}ae lmma}age }g leq ~f|va~fm fcf`}age ~frg~}p `lk+

rlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f rf~agma` ~frg~}p% (FC <=+

<28(<!4 EQ@^^ 9>22%>%! lp prfàiafm ae }hf leevlc

iacaej `lcfeml~ l}? zzz%fcf`}agep%eq%jgy%

]hfpf rf~agma` ~frg~}p kvp} nf iacfm ve}ac pv`h }akf

lp }hf `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}}ff }f~kael}fp (pff

–]f~kael}aej Iacaej Gncajl}agep‛ pf`}age ae }hap

Hlemnggd ig~ kg~f mf}lacp!%

]hf~f l~f }h~ff `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p

iacfm ae `geef`}age za}h fl`h fcf`}age (r~akl~q jfe+f~lc lem prfàlc!% (FC <=+<28(<!4 EQ@^^ 9>22%>(l!%!]hfq l~f lp igccgzp?

0>+mlq r~f+fcf`}age4 lem +

<<+mlq r~f+fcf`}age4 lem +

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(gecq ig~ }hgpf rl~}aàrl}aej iaeleàlccq ae

}hf r~akl~q!4 g~ +

>:+mlq rgp}+fcf`}age ig~ jfef~lc g~

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ae }hfa~ }a}cfp% @lemaml}fp lem `gkka}}ffp phgvcm `ge+pvc} }hf lrr~gr~al}f ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep }g gn}lae }hf

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ap lcpg lrrca`lncf }g }hf `lemaml}fp lem'g~ }hfa~ `gk+

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zha`h hlp nffe iacfm ig~ l r~akl~q fcf`}age%

Lcc g}hf~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ffp ae`cvmaej RL@p rl~}q

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Aepamf Rl~} Gef Pf`} a ge A A ?

@lkrlaje Iaeleàlc Map`cgpv~f Fcf`}age ^frg~}p

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]akaej gi ^frg~}p

L% N%

@% Vepv``fpp iv c

@lemaml}fp

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ma}v~fp ~fjl~mcfpp gi zhf}hf~ }hf `lemaml}f ap

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ml}f‑p elkf lrrfl~ ge }hf nlccg} nv} ig~ zhl}+

fyf~ cfjlc ~flpge (ae`cvmaej nf`lvpf }hfq hlyf

`hgpfe }g fem }hfa~ `lkrlaje! }hf `lemaml}f‑p

elkf mgfp eg} lrrfl~ ge }hf nlccg} }hl} `lema+

ml}f lem'g~ `gkka}}ff kvp} }hfe map`cgpf lcc



<8

]hf ia~p} `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} }hl} ap~f|va~fm }g nf iacfm mfrfemp ge zhf}hf~ }hf iacf~ ap

l `lemaml}f g~ l `gkka}}ff%

<% @lemaml}fp

Zhf~f l `lemaml}f ap gncajl}fm }g iacf `lkrlaje

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maml}f kvp} iacf ap }hf 0>+mlq r~f+fcf`}age ~frg~} ig~

}hf ia~p} fcf`}age ae zha`h }hl} `lemaml}f?

Pffdp l nlccg} caef4 g~ +

Lrrfl~p ge }hf nlccg}4 g~ +

Pffdp l nlccg} caef yal le –Grrg~}vea}q }g

Nlccg}‛%

(EQ@^^ 9>22%>(l!%! ]hap ap ~fjl~mcfpp gi zhfe

`lkrlajeaej nfjle%

@lemaml}fp phgvcm ~fif~ }g }hf –Zhg Kvp} Iacf )

Zhl} Kvp} Nf Iacfm7‛ pf`}age ae }hap Hlemnggd ig~

aep}~v`}agep ge `lemaml}f iacaej gncajl}agep%

M% ] akaej g i ^frg~ }p

]hf `lemaml}f lem'g~ `gkka}}ff kvp} }hfe `ge+

}aevf }g iacf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p

ve}ac }hf `lemaml}f g~ }~flpv~f~ `gkrcf}fp }hf }f~+

kael}age r~g`fmv~f lp gv}caefm ae }hap Hlemnggd %

L `lemaml}f zhgpf elkf lrrfl~p ge }hf nlccg}

kvp} iacf lcc fcf`}agep ~frg~}p fyfe ai }hfq hlyf

femfm }hfa~ `lkrlaje%

Ig~ fl`h ~frg~} iacfm za}h EQPNGF rcflpf

`hf`d }hf @lkrlaje Iaele`f pf`}age gi EQP+

NGF‑p zfnpa}f l} zzz%fcf`}agep%eq%jgy }g fe+

pv~f }hf `g~~f`} `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f

~frg~} zlp ~f`fayfm (f%j% qfl~ g~ }qrf! lem }g

~fyafz }hf aeig~kl}age }g fepv~f }hf nlcle`fp

l``v~l}fcq ~ficf`} qgv~ ~f`g~mp lem }hl} }hf

aeig~kl}age qgv r~gyamfm ap `gkrcf}f%


Ml}f ^lejf ig~ ^frg~ }p

Lcc ~frg~}p `gyf~ l prfàia` rf~agm gi }akf% ]hf rf+

~agm `gyf~fm ap lczlqp }hf mlq li}f~ }hf `v}+gii ml}f

i~gk }hf r~fyagvp ~frg~} vr }g lem ae`cvmaej }hf

`v}+gii ml}f ig~ }hf `v~~fe} ~frg~}% ]hf `v}+gii ml}f

ap lczlqp igv~ mlqp nfig~f }hf iacaej mvf ml}f (~fif~

}g leevlc iacaej `lcfeml~!% (FC <=+<28(>!%!

]hf rv~rgpf gi }hf `v}+gii ml}f ap }g lccgz iacf~p }g

lppfkncf }hf lrr~gr~al}f ml}l gi }hfa~ iaeleàlc l`+

}aya}q lem r~frl~f }hfa~ `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cg+pv~f ~frg~}p%

Kf}hgmp gi Pvnkapp age

Klac? L `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} pvn+ka}}fm nq rlrf~ (gecq ai lv}hg~afm g~ fxfkr}! mapd+

f}}f @M g~ MYM ap mffkfm r~grf~cq iacfm zhfe

pfe} nq `f~}aiafm klac za}hae }hf r~fp`~anfm }akf%

(FC <=+<28(9!%!

Fklac? Map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p iacfm nq fklac l}}l`hkfe}

za}h EQPNGF kvp} nf ae }hf lrr~gr~al}f fcf`}~geaìg~kl} lem kvp} lcpg nf pvnka}}fm za}hae }hf r~f+

p`~anfm }akf% Pv`h ~frg~}p ~f`fayfm li}f~ 6 r%k% ge

l nvpaefpp mlq g~ ge Pl}v~mlq g~ Pvemlq g~ ge l

cfjlc hgcamlq zacc nf ml}f+p}lkrfm ig~ }hf efx}

nvpaefpp mlq%

~f`far}p lem fxrfema}v~fp eg} lc~flmq ~frg~}fm

ge fcf`}age ~frg~}p ge }hf efx} `lkrlaje iaele`f

rf~agma` ~frg~}% (EQ@^^ 9>22%>(i!%!



<1

>%

]hf ia~p} `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} }hl} l`gkka}}ff kvp} pvnka} li}f~ a} ~fjap}f~p nq iacaej l

@gkka}}ff ^fjap}~l}age']~flpv~f~ lem Nled Aeig~+

kl}age ig~k (@I+2>! ap fa}hf~ gi }hf igccgzaej

~frg~}p zha`hfyf~ `gkfp ia~p}?

]hf efx} rf~agma` ~frg~}4 g~ +

]hf 0>+mlq r~f+fcf`}age ~frg~} ig~ }hf efx}

lrrca`lncf fcf`}age%

(EQ@^^ 9>22%>(l!(`!%!

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Hlemnggd ig~ aep}~v`}agep ge `gkka}}ff iacaej

gncajl}agep%

–Hgvpfdffraej‛ ap l }f~k }hl} ~fif~p }g }hf ~f`far}p

lem fxrfema}v~fp gi gecq l rl~}q g~ `gep}a}v}fm

`gkka}}ff vpfm }g klae}lae rf~klefe} hflm|vl~+

}f~p lem p}lii lem }g `l~~q ge g~mael~q l`}aya}afp

}hl} l~f eg} ig~ }hf fxr~fpp rv~rgpf gi r~gkg}aej

}hf `lemaml`q gi prfàia` `lemaml}fp% (FC <=+<>=

(0!%!

Pv`h ~f`far}p lem fxrfema}v~fp kvp} nf map`cgpfm

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}hf `gep}a}v}fm g~ rl~}q `gkka}}ff ae |vfp}age%

Hgzfyf~ l `gep}a}v}fm g~ rl~}q `gkka}}ff klq

fp}lncaph lem ~fjap}f~ le gr}agelc hgvpfdffraej

`gkka}}ff ig~ }hf pgcf rv~rgpf gi ~frg~}aej hgvpf+

dffraej ~f`far}p lem fxrfema}v~fp% Pv`h map`cg+

pv~f zgvcm gecq nf ~f|va~fm ge `lkrlaje iaeleàlc

map`cgpv~f Rf~agma` ^frg~}p iacfm lp prfàiafm ae }hf

leevlc iacaej `lcfeml~ l} zzz%fcf`}agep%eq%jgy%

@lemaml}fp lem `gkka}}ffp g}hf~ }hle rl~}q lem

`gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp l~f eg} lv}hg~afm }g hlyf

hgvpfdffraej fxrfepfp lem ~f`far}p g~ }g ~fjap}f~

gr}agelc hgvpfdffraej `gkka}}ffp%

@lemaml}fp g~ Lv}hg~ afm

@gkka} }ffp Za }h R~f+fx ap } aej

Ia c aej Gnc ajl} agep

]hf –ia~p} iacaej‛ aep}~v`}agep pf} ig~}h hf~fae mg

eg} lrrcq }g `lemaml}fp g~ }hfa~ lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ffp zhg hlyf eg} }f~kael}fm }hfa~

iacaej gncajl}age li}f~ }hfa~ clp} fcf`}age% Ve}ac

}f~kael}age ap ~f|vfp}fm lem lrr~gyfm }hfpf

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`ge}aevf }g iacf lcc rf~agma` ~frg~}p lp zfcc lp

leq fcf`}age ~frg~}p lp lrrca`lncf%

@gkka} }ffp Za }h R~f+fx ap } aej

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]hf –ia~p} iacaej‛ aep}~v`}agep pf} ig~}h lngyf mg

eg} lrrcq }g `gkka}}ffp }hl} hlyf eg} }f~ka+

el}fm }hfa~ iacaej gncajl}age% Ve}ac }f~kael}age ap

~f|vfp}fm lem lrr~gyfm }hfpf `gkka}}ffp

kvp} `ge}aevf }g iacf lcc Rf~agma` ^frg~}p lp

zfcc lp leq fcf`}age ~frg~}p lp lrrca`lncf%




>2

Zhf~f }g Pvnka} @lkrlaje Iaele` al c Map`cgpv~f ^frg~}p

Ai qgv l~f l?

• Pvnka} ~frg~}p fcf`}~gea`lccq }g EQPNGFP}l}f `lemaml}f'`gkka}}ff4 p}l}fzamfnlccg} r~grgpa}age`gkka}}ff

• Pvnka} ~frg~}p }g à}q'`gve}q ngl~m(p! gi fcf }agep ai ~lapaej g~ prfemaej -<#222 g~ cfpp

• Pvnka} ~frg~}p fcf`}~gea lccq }g EQPNGF ai ~lapaejg~ prfemaej kg~f }hle -<#222 (lcpg kff}p cg`lciacaej gncajl}age!

Cg`lc `lemaml}f'`gkka}}ff4 cg`lcnlccg} r~grgpa}age`gkka}}ff

•Pvnka} ~frg~}p }g yaccljf `cf~d ig~ yaccljf fcf`}agep ~ve nq }hl}`cf~d

•Pvnka} ~frg~}p }g }hf `gve}q ngl~m ig~ yaccljf fcf`}agep ~ve nq}hf `gve}q ngl~m

•Pvnka} ~frg~}p fcf`}~gea`lccq }g EQPNGF ai yaccljf fcf`}age ap~ve nq }hf `gve}q lem ~lapaej g~ prfemaej kg~f }hle -<#222

•Pvnka} ~frg~}p }g lrrca`lncf à}q'`gve}q ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}ageplem'g~ EQPNGF ig~ l`}aya}q gv}pamf }hf yaccljf fcf`}age

Yaccljf lemaml}f'`gkka}}ff4 yaccljfnlccg} r~grgpa}age`gkka}}ff



Rcflpf ~fif~ }g }hf Eg}f Lngv} ]gze lem Yaccljf Nlccg} R~grgpa}agep ae }hf pf`}age –Zhf~f ) Hgz L~f

^frg~}p Iacfm‛ ig~ akrg~}le} lmma}agelc mf}lacp ge nlccg} r~grgpa}agep%



><

Lem @gkka } } ffp Pvrrg~ } a ej

G~ Grrgpae j ]hfk

Lem @gkka } }ffp Pvrrg~ } a ej

G~ Grrgpae j ]hfk

A A A %

L% N%

Aepamf Rl~} Gef Pf`} a ge A A A ?

Zhf~f ) Hgz P}l}f @lemaml}fp lem @gkka}}ffp Pvrrg~}aej g~ Gr+ rgpaej ]hfk Kvp} Iacf

Zhf~f ) Hgz Cg`lc @lemaml}fp lem @gkka}}ffp Pvrrg~}aej g~ Gr+ rgpaej ]hfk Kvp} Iacf Zhf~f ) Hgz Yaccljf @lemaml}fp lem @gkka}}ffp Pvrrg~}aej g~ Grrgpaej ]hfk Kvp} Iacf Rgca}a`lc L`}age @gkka}}ffp (RL@p!P}l}fzamf lem Cg`lc Nlccg} R~grgpa}agep Aemfrfemfe} Fxrfema}v~fp

@lemaml}fp ~veeaej ig~ p}l}f giia`fp lem `f~}lae

rl~}q giia`fp lem }hf `gkka}}ffp pvrrg~}aej g~

grrgpaej }hgpf `lemaml}fp ae`cvmaej rl~}q `gkka}+

}ffp `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp lem RL@p kvp} ~fj+

ap}f~ lem iacf za}h EQPNGF vecfpp fxfkr} i~gk

iacaej% (FC <=+<<24 EQ@^^ 9>22%<4 FC <=+<>=%!

(Pff –Fx`fr}agep }g Iacaej ^f|va~fkfe}p‛ pf`}age ae

}hap Hlemnggd ig~ kg~f mf}lacp%!

P}l}f giia`fp ae`cvmf Jgyf~eg~ C}% Jgyf~eg~ P}l}f

@gkr}~gccf~ L}}g~efq Jfef~lc P}l}f Pfel}f P}l}f

Lppfkncq P}l}f Pvr~fkf @gv~} Ovp}a`f lem `f~+

}lae rl~}q rgpa}agep%

Pv`h iacaejp kvp} nf klmf fcf`}~gea`lccq vecfpp l

zlayf~ lccgzaej iacaej ge rlrf~ hlp nffe lrrcafm ig~

lem j~le}fm ae z~a}aej g~ vecfpp g}hf~zapf fxfkr}

ai eg} fx`ffmaej }hf -<222 }h~fphgcm% (FC <=+<2>

(=!%! (Pff –Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej za}h EQPNGF‛ ae }hapHlemnggd ig~ kg~f mf}lacp%!

@lemaml}fp ~veeaej ig~ cg`lc rvnca` lem rl~}q gi+

ia`fp lem }hf `gkka}}ffp pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej

}hgpf `lemaml}fp (fx`fr} `f~}lae yaccljf fcf`}agep!

ae`cvmaej cg`lc rl~}q `gkka}}ffp `gep}a}v}fm `gk+

ka}}ffp lem RL@p kvp} ~fjap}f~ lem iacf za}h }hf

lrr~gr~al}f `gve}q g~ à}q ngl~m gi fcf`}agep (FC <=

+<<24 EQ@^^ 9>22%<(l!(>!4 FC <=+<>=! vecfpp

fxfkr} i~gk iacaej vemf~ EQP Fcf`}age Clz Pf`}age

<=+<>=% (Pff –Fx`fr}agep }g Iacaej ^f|va~fkfe}p‛

pf`}age ae }hap Hlemnggd ig~ kg~f mf}lacp%!

Cg`lc iacf~p phgvcm `ge}l`} }hf lrr~gr~al}f `gve}q

g~ à}q ngl~m gi fcf`}agep ig~ aeig~kl}age ge hgz }g

pvnka} ~frg~}p cg`lccq (a%f% rlrf~ g~ fcf`}~gea`!%

Cg`lc iacf~p zhg ~lapf g~ prfem g~ fxrf`} }g ~lapf

g~ prfem kg~f }hle -<222 ae leq `lcfeml~ qfl~

l~f lcpg ~f|va~fm }g ~fjap}f~ lem iacf `lkrlaje ia+

eleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p za}h EQPNGF ae lmma+}age }g iacaej za}h }hf lrr~gr~al}f `gve}q g~ à}q

ngl~m gi fcf`}agep% (FC <=+<2>(=!4 <=+<2=4 EQ@^^

9>22%<(m!%!

Leq cg`lc iacf~ ~f|va~fm }g iacf za}h EQPNGF lem

zhg l`}vlccq mgfp pg zacc eg} hlyf }g kldf l mvrca+

`l}f iacaej za}h }hfa~ `gve}q lem'g~ à}q ngl~m(p! gi

fcf`}agep% ]hfa~ EQPNGF iacaej zacc pl}apiq }hfa~ cg+

`lc iacaej gncajl}age% (EQ@^^ 9>22%<(m!%!

EQP Fcf`}age Clz ~f|va~fp }hl} `lemaml}fp'`gkka}}ffp pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej `lemaml}fp lem'g~ nlccg}

r~grgpa}agep kvp} ~fjap}f~ lem'g~ iacf l} }hf lrrca`lncf p}l}f lem'g~ cg`lc ngl~m(p!%



>>

]hfpf cg`lc iacf~p zacc p}acc nf gncajl}fm }g pl}apiq leq

~fjap}~l}age ~f|va~fkfe}p za}h }hfa~ lrrca`lncf

`gve}q g~ à}q ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep% Cg`lc iacf~p zhg

l~f eg} g}hf~zapf ~f|va~fm }g iacf za}h EQPNGF

`leeg} fcf`} }g mg pg lp l pvnp}a}v}f ig~ cg`lc iacaej%

]hfpf iacf~p kvp} iacf za}h }hfa~ `gve}q g~ à}q

ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep%

Pv`h iacaejp klmf za}h EQPNGF kvp} nf klmf

fcf`}~gea`lccq vecfpp l zlayf~ hlp nffe lrrcafm ig~

lem j~le}fm ae z~a}aej% (FC <=+<2>(=!%!% (Pff

–Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej za}h EQPNGF‛ ae }hap Hlemnggd

ig~ kg~f mf}lacp%!

Ia caej Ve} a c ]f~kael} age

Leq iacf~ ge`f ~fjap}f~fm za}h EQPNGF kvp} `ge+

}aevf }g kldf lcc ~f|va~fm iacaejp ve}ac }hf iacf~ ~f+

|vfp}p l }f~kael}age ae z~a}aej (yal @I+<8 g~ @I+2<

ig~k lp lrrca`lncf! i~gk EQPNGF lem a} ap j~le}fmnq EQPNGF% (FC <=+<28(<!%!

]f~kael}aej za}h l `gve}q'à}q ngl~m mgfp eg} lv}g+

kl}a`lccq }f~kael}f iacaej ~f|va~fkfe}p za}h EQP+

NGF lem ya`f yf~pl%

]f~kael}age kvp} nf ~f|vfp}fm lem r~g`fppfm

pfrl~l}fcq za}h fl`h ngl~m zhf~f l iacf~ ap ~fjap+

}f~fm% Pakrcq `cgpaej }hf iacf~‑p nled l``gve} mgfp

eg} }f~kael}f }hf gncajl}age }g iacf `lkrlaje iaele+

àlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p za}h }hf lrrca`lncf ngl~m(p!

gi fcf`}agep%

Ig~ yaccljf fcf`}agep ~ve nq }hf yaccljf `cf~d `lema+

ml}fp lem `gkka}}ffp pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgp+

aej `lemaml}fp ig~ yaccljf giia`f kvp} ~fjap}f~ lem

iacf za}h }hf yaccljf `cf~d% Ig~ yaccljf fcf`}agep ~ve

nq l `gve}q ngl~m gi fcf`}agep pv`h ~fjap}~l}agep

lem iacaejp kvp} nf klmf za}h }hf `gve}q ngl~m gi

fcf`}agep% (EQ@^^ 9>22%<(l!(0!%!

Ig~ yaccljf fcf`}agep ~ve nq }hf yaccljf `cf~d zhf~f

iacf~p za}h }hf yaccljf `cf~d hlyf `lkrlaje iaele`f

l`}aya}q gv}pamf gi }hf yaccljf fcf`}age ae |vfp}age(f%j% pvrrg~}aej'grrgpaej `lemaml}fp lem'g~ `gk+

ka}}ffp ig~ }gze `gve}q g~ p}l}f giia`fp4 }~lepif~p

}g rl~}q g~ `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp gv}pamf gi }hf

yaccljf! }hf iacf~p zacc }hfe lcpg hlyf le gncajl}age

}g ~fjap}f~ lem iacf za}h }hf lrr~gr~al}f `gve}q

ngl~m gi fcf`}agep lem'g~ EQPNGF%

Ig~ yaccljf fcf`}agep ~ve nq l `gve}q ngl~m gi fcf`+

}agep zha`h zgvcm }hfe ~f|va~f }hl} }hf iacaejp nf

klmf za}h }hl} `gve}q ngl~m gi fcf`}agep zhf~f

}hf ~f`far}p g~ fxrfema}v~fp fx`ffm g~ l~f fx+

rf`}fm }g fx`ffm -<222 ae l rl~}a`vcl~ `lcfeml~ qfl~ }hfe pv`h ~fjap}~l}agep lem iacaejp kvp} lcpg

nf klmf za}h EQPNGF vecfpp l zlayf~ lccgzaej

iacaej ge rlrf~ hlp nffe lrrcafm ig~ lem j~le}fm ae

z~a}aej% (FC <=+<>=(9!%! Ai leq gi }hf lngyf yaccljf

`lemaml}fp lem'g~ `gkka}}ffp pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgp+

aej }hfk l~f gncajl}fm }g lcpg ~fjap}f~ lem iacf za}h

EQPNGF lem mg pg }hfq zacc eg} hlyf }g kldf l

mvrca`l}f iacaej za}h }hfa~ `gve}q ngl~m gi fcf`}agep%

@% Ya c cljf @lemaml} fp

Lem @gkk a } } ffp Pvrrg~ } aej g~

Grrgpaej ]hfk

Rl~} Gef ”Iacaej f|va~fkfe}p

Efz Qg~d @a }q @lemaml}fp Hlyf

Lmma } agelc ^f|va ~fkfe}p

Lcc Efz Qg~d @a}q `lemaml}fp ig~ klqg~ rvnca` lmyg`l}f `gkr}~gccf~ ng~gvjh r~fpamfe} lem à}q `gveàc kvp} ~fjap}f~ za}h }hf Efz Qg~d @a}q @lkrlaje Iaele`f Ngl~m (@IN! iacf rf~a+ gma` map`cgpv~f p}l}fkfe}p lem gnpf~yf @IN caka}p ae lmma}age }g `gkrcqaej za}h lcc Efz

Qg~d P}l}f Ngl~m gi Fcf`}agep (EQPNGF! `lk+ rlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~f|va~fkfe}p%

@lemaml}fp g~ rg}fe}alc `lemaml}fp ae Efz Qg~d @a}q phgvcm `ge}l`} }hf Efz Qg~d @a}q @lkrlaje Iaele`f Ngl~m (@IN! l} zzz%eq`ìn%aeig g~ nq `lccaej ><>+029+:<22%

@f~}l ae Ya c cljf @lemaml}fp'

@gkk a } }ffp Klq @ cl ak Fxfkr} age]hf igccgzaej `lemaml}fp'`gkka}}ffp klq iacf l @lema+

ml}f g~ @gkka}}ff @clak gi Fxfkr}age i~gk Iacaej @lk+

rlaje Iaeleàlc Map`cgpv~f ^frg~}p (@I+26!? @lemaml}fp

ig~ rvnca` giia`f lem lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ffp pgcfcq pvr+

rg~}aej gef `lemaml}f ig~ rvnca` giia`f g~ pgcfcq pvrrg~}+

aej g~ grrgpaej l nlccg} r~grgpa}age ae yaccljfp hlyaej l

rgrvcl}age vemf~ <2222 zhf~f }hf `lemaml}f'`gkka}}ff

mgfp eg} ~lapf g~ prfem ae fx`fpp gi -<222 ae }hf ljj~f+

jl}f ig~ }hf `lkrlaje% (FC <=+<>=%!



>0

Cg`l c

@gkka}}ffp gecq pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej l cg`lc nlccg}

r~grgpa}age kvp} ~fjap}f~ lem iacf za}h }hf lrr~gr~al}f

cg`lc ngl~m gi fcf`}agep% Leq pv`h `gkka}}ff pvrrg~}+

aej g~ grrgpaej l cg`lc nlccg} r~grgpa}age }hl} ~lapfp g~

prfemp g~ fxrf`}p }g ~lapf g~ prfem kg~f }hle

-<222 ae }hf `lcfeml~ qfl~ ~fcl}ayf }g plam cg`lc nlc+cg} r~grgpa}age kvp} lcpg ~fjap}f~ lem pvnka} `lk+

rlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p za}h EQPNGF ae

lmma}age }g ~fjap}f~aej za}h }hf cg`lc ngl~m% (FC <=+

<2>4 <=+<<24 <=+<<84 EQ@^^ 9>22%<%!

Nlccg} r~grgpa}agep l~f pvnof`} }g }hf plkf ~vcfp lem

~fjvcl}agep ~fjl~maej mvrca`l}f iacaejp lp ap gv}caefm ae

Pvnpf`}age N gi }hap pf`}age gi }hf Hlemnggd %


Ig~ l }gze g~ yaccljf nlccg} r~grgpa}agep eg}

pvnka}}fm }g }hf yg}f~p gi }hl} kveaàrlca}q l}

}hf }akf gi l jfef~lc fcf`}age ilcc gv}pamf }hf

p`grf gi EQP Fcf`}age Clz% ]hf~fig~f `gk+

ka}}ffp pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej nlccg}

r~grgpa}agep ae l }gze g~ yaccljf }ldaej rcl`f

g}hf~ }hle ae Egyfknf~ mg eg} hlyf }g kldf

`lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~fp ~fcl}ayf }g

}hfa~ nlccg} r~grgpa}age l`}aya}q% (FC <+<2>%!

M% Rgc a } a` l c L` } age

@gk k a} } ffp (RL@p!

Lcc RL@p kvp} pvnka} }h~ff r~akl~q lem }h~ff jfe+

f~lc fcf`}age ~frg~}p ig~ }hf lrrca`lncf fcf`}age(p! aezha`h }hfq l~f pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej l `lemaml}f

(p! ig~ fcf`}age nq kldaej `ge}~anv}agep lp zfcc lp

leq rf~agma` ~frg~}p%

P}l }f

RL@p }hl} pvrrg~} g~ grrgpf `lemaml}fp ig~ p}l}f

giia`fp `f~}lae rl~}q giia`fp lem }hgpf pvrrg~}aej

g~ grrgpaej p}l}fzamf nlccg} r~grgpa}agep kvp} ~fj+

ap}f~ lem iacf za}h EQPNGF% (FC <=+<2>4 <=+<<2!%

Cg`l cRL@p }hl} gecq pvrrg~} g~ grrgpf `lemaml}fp ig~

cg`lc giia`fp `f~}lae rl~}q giia`fp lem }hgpf pvr+

rg~}aej g~ grrgpaej cg`lc nlccg} r~grgpa}agep kvp}

~fjap}f~ lem iacf za}h }hf lrr~gr~al}f cg`lc ngl~m gi

fcf`}agep% Leq pv`h `gkka}}ff }hl} ~lapfp g~

prfemp g~ fxrf`}p }g ~lapf g~ prfem kg~f }hle

-<222 ae }hf `lcfeml~ qfl~ kvp} lcpg ~fjap}f~ lem

pvnka} `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p za}h

EQPNGF ae lmma}age }g ~fjap}f~aej za}h }hf cg`lc

ngl~m% (FC <=+<2>4 <=+<<24 EQ@^^ 9>22%<%!

Eg}f? RL@p eg} rl~}aàrl}aej ae l r~akl~q g~ jfe+

f~lc fcf`}age kvp} pvnka} }hf Eg}a`f gi Ege+

Rl~}aàrl}age ae Fcf`}age(p! (@I+>2! }g }hf lrr~gr~a+

l}f ngl~m(p!%

I% Aem fr fem fe }

Fxrfema }v~fp

]hf EQP Fcf`}age Clz kleml}fp hgz `lkrlaje ia+eleàlc l`}aya}q ae`cvmaej aemfrfemfe} fxrfema}v~fpap }g nf map`cgpfm% Prfàia` }g aemfrfemfe} fxrfema+

}v~fp }hgpf kldaej }hfk kvp} ~fjap}f~ l `gkka}}ffza}h EQPNGF lem'g~ l cg`lc ngl~m gi fcf`}agep lplrr~gr~al}f }h~gvjh zha`h }g ~frg~} }hf l`}aya}q% Leaemfrfemfe} fxrfema}v~f ap le fxrfema}v~f klmfpvnof`} }g pf`}age <=+<22 gi }hf EQP Fcf`}age Clz}hl}?(a! fxr~fppcq lmyg`l}fp ig~ }hf fcf`}age g~ mfifl}gi l `lemaml}f4 lem (aa! ap aemfrfemfe} gi }hf `lemaml}fg~ hap ljfe}p g~ lv}hg~afm rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ffp ae }hl}}hf `lemaml}f g~ hap'hf~ ljfe}p g~ lv}hg~afm rgca}a`lc`gkka}}ffp mam eg} lv}hg~af ~f|vfp} pvjjfp} igp}f~ g~ `ggrf~l}f za}h ae leq zlq%

Lcc nlccg} r~grgpa}age `gkka}}ffp kvp} pvnka}

}h~ff jfef~lc fcf`}age ~frg~}p ig~ }hf lrrca`lncf

fcf`}age(p! ae zha`h }hfq l~f rl~}aàrl}aej lp zfcc

lp leq rf~agma` ~frg~}p }hl} g``v~ r~ag~ }g }hf }f~+

kael}age gi iacaej gncajl}agep%

@gkka}}ffp pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej p}l}fzamf nlc+

cg} r~grgpa}agep kvp} ~fjap}f~ lem iacf za}h EQP+

NGF% (FC <=+<2>4 <=+<<24 <=+<<8%!



>=

@ge} ~ anv} age C ak a } p (ig~ ^f` fay aej!


• -<62222 ljj~fjl}f ae l`lcfem l~ qfl~Aemayamvlcp

• -6222 ljj~fjl}f ae `lcfem l~ qfl~@g~rg~l} agep

• Vecak a}fm (fx`fr} pvn of`} } g

~f`fayaej c aka} p gi fl`h `lemaml} flem' g ~ gkk a } }ff!

RL@p

@ge} ~ anv } age C ak a } p (ig ~ Jay aej !

• Pff `hl~} ae } hap Hlemngg d ig~ ilk acqlem ege+ilk acq c aka} p

@lemaml}f'

`lemam l}f*p lv} hg~ afm`gkka} }ff

• -<2>#022 ljj~fjl}f i~g k le aemayamvlc ae`lcfeml~ qfl~

• -6222 i~gk l `g~rg ~l}age ae l `lcfeml~ qfl~

@gep}a}v}fm'rl~}q`gkka} }ff

• Vecaka}fm

Nlccg} r ~gr gpa}age p lemhgv pfdffraej ig ~rl~}q'`gep} a }v}fm

`gkka}}ffp

• Vecak a}fm (fx`fr} pvnof`} } g jayaejcak a}p gi aemayamvlcp lem `g~ rg~ l}age p!

RL@p

@ge} ~ anv} age C ak a }p (ig~ ^f`f ay aej!



>6

Aepamf Rl~} Gef Pf`} a ge AY?

@ge}~anv}agep + Mfiaea}age lem @f~}lae Fx`fr}agep

Ljj~fjl}f @lcfeml~ Qfl~ Caka}p

Nvpaefpp @ge}~anv}agep @lemaml}f'Ilkacq @ge}~anv}agep

R~akl~q'Jfef~lc'Prfàlc Fcf`}age @lkrlaje Caka}p

Gv}p}lemaej Cglep# lem Calnaca}afp Ig~jayfe# lp Lrrcafm }g Caka}p

@lemaml}f @ge}~anv}age ^f`far} Caka}p

@gkka}}ff @ge}~anv}age ^f`far} Caka}p

Kap`fcclefgvp Mf}lacp

A Y%

]hf EQP Fcf`}age Clz fp}lncaphfp `f~}lae caka}p ge `ge}~anv}agep }hl} `le nf jayfe lem ~f`fayfm nq `lema+ml}fp lem rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ffp lp zfcc lp caka}p ge `ge}~anv}agep }hl} `le nf jayfe nq aemayamvlcp lem g}hf~ fe}a}afp% @ge}~anv}age caka}p zf~f fp}lncaphfm }g lkgej g}hf~ }haejp `v~}lac }hf lkgve} gi aeicvfe`f }h~gvjhkgefq }hl} l `ge}~anv}g~ `le hlyf ge fcf`}agep lem }hf fcf`}age r~g`fpp%

L% @ge}~ anv} agep

–@ge}~anv}age‛ kflep? (FC <=+<22(1!%!

<! Leq jai} pvnp`~ar}age gv}p}lemaej cgle (}g }hf

fx}fe} r~gyamfm ig~ ae EQP Fcf`}age Clz Pf`}age <=+

<<=! lmyle`f g~ mfrgpa} gi kgefq g~ leq}haej gi

ylcvf klmf ae `geef`}age za}h }hf egkael}age ig~

fcf`}age (f%j% r~akl~q! g~ fcf`}age (f%j% jfef~lc! gi leq `lemaml}f g~ klmf }g r~gkg}f }hf pv``fpp g~

mfifl} gi l rgca}a`lc rl~}q g~ r~aeàrcf g~ gi leq nlccg}

r~grgplc

>! Leq ivemp ~f`fayfm nq l rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff i~gk

leg}hf~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff }g }hf fx}fe} pv`h ivemp

mg eg} `gep}a}v}f l }~lepif~ (FC <=+<22(<2!%! (Pff

–I~f|vfe}cq Vpfm ]f~kp‛ pf`}age gi }hap Hlemnggd

ig~ mf}lacp!

0! Leq rlqkfe} nq leq rf~pge g}hf~ }hle l `lema+

ml}f g~ l rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff lv}hg~afm nq }hf `le+maml}f klmf ae `geef`}age za}h }hf egkael}age ig~

fcf`}age (f%j% r~akl~q! g~ fcf`}age (f%j% jfef~lc! gi

leq `lemaml}f g~ leq rlqkfe} klmf }g r~gkg}f }hf

pv``fpp g~ mfifl} gi l rgca}a`lc rl~}q g~ r~aeàrcf g~

gi leq nlccg} r~grgplc ae`cvmaej nv} eg} caka}fm }g

`gkrfepl}age ig~ }hf rf~pgelc pf~ya`fp gi leq aema+

yamvlc zha`h l~f ~femf~fm ae `geef`}age za}h l `le+

maml}f‑p fcf`}age g~ egkael}age za}hgv} `hl~jf4 r~g+

yamfm hgzfyf~ }hl} egef gi }hf ig~fjgaej phlcc nf

mffkfm l `ge}~anv}age ai a} ap klmf }ldfe g~ rf~+ig~kfm nq l `lemaml}f g~ hap prgvpf g~ nq l rf~pge

g~ l rgca}a`lc gkka}}ff aemfrfemfe} gi }hf lema+

ml}f g~ hap'hf~ ljfe}p g~ lv}hg~afm rgca}a`lc `gkka}+

}ffp% Ig~ rv~rgpfp gi }hap l~}a`cf }hf }f~k

–aemfrfemfe} gi }hf `lemaml}f g~ hap ljfe}p g~ lv+

}hg~afm rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ffp‛ phlcc kfle }hl} }hf

`lemaml}f g~ hap ljfe}p g~ lv}hg~afm rgca}a`lc `gk+

ka}}ffp mam eg} lv}hg~af ~f|vfp} pvjjfp} igp}f~ g~

`ggrf~l}f ae leq pv`h l`}aya}q4 lem r~gyamfm iv~}hf~

}hl} }hf }f~k `ge}~anv}age phlcc eg} ae`cvmf?

(L! (–Ygcve}ff~ pf~ya`fp‛ ! }hf ylcvf gi pf~ya`fp

r~gyamfm za}hgv} `gkrfepl}age nq aemayamvlcpzhg ygcve}ff~ l rg~}age g~ lcc gi }hfa~ }akf ge

nfhlci gi l `lemaml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff

(N! (–Hgvpf rl~}afp'rf~pgelc r~grf~}q‛! }hf vpf

gi ~flc g~ rf~pgelc r~grf~}q lem }hf `gp} gi aeya+

}l}agep iggm lem nfyf~ljfp ygcve}l~acq r~gyamfm

nq le aemayamvlc }g l `lemaml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gk+

ka}}ff ge }hf aemayamvlc‑p ~fpamfe}alc r~fkapfp

ig~ `lemaml}f+~fcl}fm l`}aya}afp }g }hf fx}fe}

pv`h pf~ya`fp mg eg} fx`ffm -622 ae ylcvf lem

(@! (–Ygcve}ff~ }~lyfc fxrfepfp‛! }hf }~lyfc fx+rfepfp gi leq aemayamvlc zhg ge hap gze nfhlci

ygcve}ff~p hap rf~pgelc pf~ya`fp }g leq `lema+

ml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff }g }hf fx}fe} pv`h

fxrfepfp l~f ve~faknv~pfm lem mg eg} fx`ffm

-622 ae ylcvf%

Eg}f? –]~lepif~p‛ l~f eg} `ge}~anv}agep% (FC <=+<22

(1!(>!4 <=+<22(<2!%!



>9Rl~} Gef ”Iacaej ^f|va~fkfe}p

@%

EQP Fcf`}age Clz rcl`fp `lcfeml~ qfl~ `ge}~anv+}age caka}p ge }hf }g}lc lkgve} gi rgca}a`lc `ge}~anv+

}agep }hl} `le nf klmf nq aemayamvlcp lem `g~rg~l+

}agep }g Efz Qg~d P}l}f `lemaml}fp lem `gkka}+

}ffp lp igccgzp?

Le aemayamvlc klq `ge}~anv}f vr }g l }g}lc gi

-<62222 ae }hf ljj~fjl}f ae l `lcfeml~ qfl~%

(FC <=+<<=(8!%!

L `g~rg~l}age klq `ge}~anv}f vr }g l }g}lc gi

-6222 ae }hf ljj~fjl}f ae l `lcfeml~ qfl~%

(FC <=+<<9(>!%!

Fl`h liiacal}fm g~ zhgccq+gzefm pvnpamal~q `g~rg~l+

}age ai l pfrl~l}f cfjlc fe}a}q hlp a}p gze caka}%

Eg}za}hp}lemaej }hf lngyf eg aemayamvlc `g~rg~l+

}age g~ g}hf~ `ge}~anv}g~ klq jayf kg~f }g l `lema+

ml}f lem'g~ l `lemaml}f‑p lv}hg~afm rgca}a`lc `gk+

ka}}ff(p! }hle le lkgve} mf}f~kaefm vemf~ }hf clz

ig~ }hf giia`f pgvjh} nq }hf `lemaml}f% ]hap ap `lccfm

}hf fcf`}age caka}% ]hap lkgve} ap }hf klxakvk }hl}

}hf `lemaml}f klq ~f`fayf ae }hf ljj~fjl}f i~gk

leq gef `ge}~anv}g~ mv~aej }hf `lkrlaje'fcf`}age

`q`cf ig~ }hf rl~}a`vcl~ fcf`}age%

Ig~ pgkf giia`fp }hf clz ~f|va~fp l ig~kvcl nf

vpfm }g mf}f~kaef }hf caka}% Ae }hgpf `lpfp `lema+

ml}fp lem }hfa~ `gkka}}ffp phgvcm `ge}l`} }hf

ngl~m gi fcf`}agep zhf~f }hfq iacf `lkrlaje iaele+

àlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p }g iaem gv} }hf caka}p% (FC <=+

<<=(<!%! Cg`lc `lemaml}fp lem'g~ }hfa~ `gkka}}ffp

phgvcm `ge}l`} }hfa~ `gve}q g~ à}q ngl~m gi fcf`+

}agep }g gn}lae }hfa~ lrrca`lncf caka}%

L `g~rg~l}age klq `ge}~anv}f l }g}lc gi -6222 ae }hf

ljj~fjl}f ae l lcfeml~ qfl~% Ig~ aep}le`f ai l `g~+

rg~l}age kldfp iayf pfrl~l}f -<222

`ge}~anv}agep ae l rl~}a`vcl~ qfl~ }hf ljj~fjl}f caka}

hlp nffe ~fl`hfm lem eg iv~}hf~ `ge}~anv}agep `le

nf klmf ae }hl} `lcfeml~ qfl~% Pakacl~cq ai l `g~rg+

~l}age hlyaej klmf eg r~fyagvp `ge}~anv}agep ae }hl}

qfl~ kldfp l -6222 `ge}~anv}age }g l rl~}q `gkka}+

}ff `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ff g~ l RL@ }hf ljj~fjl}f

caka} hlp nffe ~fl`hfm lem eg iv~}hf~ `ge}~anv}agep

`le nf klmf ae }hl} `lcfeml~ qfl~%

@g~rg~l}f `ge}~anv}agep l~f lcpg pvnof`} }g l `lema+

ml}f‑p `ge}~anv}age ~f`far} caka} zha`h klq nf cfpp

}hle -6222% Ig~ fxlkrcf ai }hf `g~rg~l}age hlp eg}

klmf leq `ge}~anv}agep ae }hf `lcfeml~ qfl~4 lem }hf

`lemaml}f }g nf pvrrg~}fm gecq hlp l -<222 `ge}~a+

nv}age ~f`far} caka}4 lem }hf `g~rg~l}age hlp eg}

klmf leq r~fyagvp `ge}~anv}agep }g }hl} `lemaml}f ae

}hf fcf`}age `q`cf }hf `g~rg~l}age `le gecq kldf l

-<222 `ge}~anv}age }g }hl} `lemaml}f fyfe }hgvjh

}hf `g~rg~l}age p}acc hlp lcc gi a}p -6222 caka} }g jayf

ig~ }hl} qfl~% Ae }hap aep}le`f }hf `g~rg~l}age zgvcm

hlyf -=222 ~fklaeaej gi a}p leevlc ljj~fjl}f `ge+}~anv}age caka}%

Ig~ `g~rg~l}f `ge}~anv}agep }g l `lemaml}f g~ rgca}a`lc

`gkka}}ff zhf~f }hf `ge}~anv}age ~f`far} caka} ap hajhf~

}hle -6#222# }hf `g~rg~l}age `le p}acc gecq `ge}~anv}f }g

}hl} `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}}ff pvnof`} }g }hf `g~rg~l+

}age‑p -6#222 ljj~fjl}f `ge}~anv}age caka}% Ig~ fxlk+

rcf# ig~ l Pfel}f lemaml}f zhgpf }zg+qfl~ fcf`}age

`q`cf `ge}~anv}age caka} ap -1#622# ae }hf ia~p} qfl~ gi }hf

fcf`}age `q`cf# ai }hf `g~rg~l}age hlp eg} klmf leq

`ge}~anv}agep ae }hl} `lcfeml~ qfl~# }hf `g~rg~l}age `le

kldf l -6#222 `ge}~anv}age }g }hl} `lemaml}f# fyfe}hgvjh }hf `lemaml}f‑p ~f`far} caka} ap hajhf~% Ae }hf

pf`gem qfl~# ai }hf `g~rg~l}age hlp eg} klmf leq `ge+

}~anv}agep ae }hl} `lcfeml~ qfl~# }hf `g~rg~l}age `le

gecq kldf l -=#622 `ge}~anv}age }g }hl} `lemaml}f# lp

}hl} ap }hf ~fklaeaej rg~}age gi }hf `lemaml}f‑p -1#622

caka} lylaclncf }g }hf `g~rg~l}age% Ig~ }hf ~fklaemf~ gi

}hl} `lcfeml~ qfl~# }hf `g~rg~l}age zgvcm gecq hlyf

-622 ~fklaeaej gi a}p leevlc -6#222 ljj~fjl}f `ge}~a+

nv}age caka} }g kldf iv~}hf~ rgca}a`lc `ge}~anv}agep%

N% Ljj~fjl} f @lcfeml~



>: Rl~} Gef ”Iacaej ^f|va~fkfe}p

Lmma}agelccq l `g~rg~l}age `leeg} kldf ~f}~gl`}ayf

`ge}~anv}agep ig~ leq r~fyagvp qfl~ ae le l}}fkr} }g

klxakaf }hf `g~rg~l}age‑p ljj~fjl}f `ge}~anv}age

}g l `lemaml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff% Fl`h liiacal}fm

g~ zhgccq+gzefm pvnpamal~q `g~rg~l}age ai l pfrl+

~l}f cfjlc fe}a}q hlp a}p gze caka}% Pv`h `ge}~anv+

}agep l~f ~frg~}fm ge P`hfmvcf N gi }hf `lkrlajeiaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}% Pff }hap Hlemnggd ig~

fx`fr}agep ~fjl~maej –hgvpfdffraej‛ `ge}~anv}agep%

(FC <=+<<9(>!%!

L Caka}fm Calnaca}q @gkrleq (CC@! ap }~fl}fm lp le

aemayamvlc ig~ caka}l}age rv~rgpfp% @ge}~anv}agep ~f+

`fayfm i~gk CC@p l~f ~frg~}fm ge P`hfmvcf @ gi

}hf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}%

L pgcf r~gr~af}g~‑p `ge}~anv}agep l~f mffkfm lp

nfaej i~gk }hf gzef~ gi }hf `gkrleq lem kvp} nf

cap}fm lp pv`h ge P`hfmvcf L gi }hf `lkrlaje ia+

eleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}%

Rl~}ef~phar `ge}~anv}agep l~f l}}~anv}fm }g }hf aema+

yamvlc rl~}ef~p zhg l~f kldaej }hf `ge}~anv}agep

}h~gvjh }hf rl~}ef~phar nv} }hf aemayamvlc rl~}ef~pzhg l~f kldaej }hf `ge}~anv}age l~f eg} prfàia`lccq

cap}fm ve}ac }hf ljj~fjl}f rl~}ef~phar `ge}~anv}age

fx`ffmp ->622 }g }hf prfàia` ~fàrafe} (a%f% `lema+

ml}f g~ `gkka}}ff!% (FC <=+<>2(>!%!

Rl~}ef~phar `ge}~anv}agep l~f lczlqp ~frg~}fm ae

}hf elkf gi }hf rl~}ef~phar ge P`hfmvcf L% Ge`f

}hf ljj~fjl}f rl~}ef~phar `ge}~anv}age fx`ffmp

->622 (mv~aej }hf `lcfeml~ qfl~ ig~ l `gep}a}v}fm

g~ rl~}q `gkka}}ff g~ RL@4 g~ mv~aej }hf fcf`}age'

`lkrlaje `q`cf ig~ l `lemaml}f g~ lv}hg~afm `gk+

ka}}ff! }hfe }hf ~fàrafe} kvp} lcpg `gkrcf}fP`hfmvcf G zha`h ig~ aeig~kl}age rv~rgpfp r~g+

yamfp }hf a}fkal}age gi }hf aemayamvlc rl~}ef~‑p

`ge}~anv}agep kldaej vr }hf ljj~fjl}f rl~}ef~phar

`ge}~anv}age%

Fl`h aemayamvlc rl~}ef~‑p `ge}~anv}agep zhf}hf~

}ldfe i~gk }hf rl~}ef~phar l``gve} g~ i~gk }hf

rl~}ef~‑p rf~pgelc l``gve} zacc `gve} }gzl~mp }hl}

rl~}ef~‑p aemayamvlc `lcfeml~ qfl~ caka} gi -<62222%

(FC <=+<<=(8!%!

Ivemp gi l `lemaml}f lem }hf prgvpf gi }hf `lema+

ml}f prfe} ge }hf `lkrlaje l~f eg} `ge}~anv}agep

lem l~f eg} caka}fm% Hgzfyf~ }hfq kvp} nf ~f+

rg~}fm ge }hf lrr~gr~al}f p`hfmvcf(p!% (FC <=+<22

(1!(0!4 <=+<<=(8!%!

]hf fcf`}age caka} ig~ ilkacq kfknf~p ap le ljj~f+jl}f caka} i~gk lcc gi }hf `lemaml}f‑p ilkacq (mfiaefm

lp }hf lemaml}f‑p `hacm rl~fe} j~lemrl~fe}

n~g}hf~ pap}f~ lem }hf prgvpfp gi }hgpf rf~pgep!%

(FC <=+<<=(<!(l!%!

Leq gef kfknf~ gi }hf `lemaml}f‑p ilkacq `le `ge+

}~anv}f leq rg~}age gi }hf ilkacq caka} g~ }hf fe}a~f

lkgve} gi }hf ilkacq caka}% Hgzfyf~ leq rg~}age

`ge}~anv}fm ~fmv`fp }hf lkgve} gi }hf ljj~fjl}f

}hl} ap cfi} ig~ }hf g}hf~ ilkacq kfknf~p }g `ge}~an+

v}f% Ai gef ilkacq kfknf~ `ge}~anv}fp }hf zhgcf

caka} }hfe }hf caka} hlp nffe ~fl`hfm lem }hf ~fp}gi }hf ilkacq ap r~ghana}fm i~gk kldaej leq `ge}~a+

nv}agep% Pff –@lemaml}f @ge}~anv}age ^f`far} Cak+

a}p‛ ae }hap pf`}age ig~ mf}lacp%

Ae+d aem @ge} ~ anv} age C aka }p

Ae+daem `ge}~anv}agep kvp} nf lppfppfm l} ila~ kl~+

df} ylcvf ~frg~}fm ge }hf lrr~gr~al}f `lkrlaje

iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} lem l~f pvnof`} }g caka}p

(FC <=+<<=(>!4 EQ@^^ 9>22%9!%



>8

F%

Pfrl~l}f C ak a }p ig~ Fcf`} agep

Fl`h r~akl~q jfef~lc g~ prfàlc fcf`}age `lk+

rlaje hlp a}p gze caka}% Eg `ge}~anv}g~ klq jayf

kg~f }g l `lemaml}f lem'g~ l `lemaml}f‑p lv}hg~+

afm rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff(p! }hle le lkgve} mf}f~+

kaefm vemf~ }hf clz ig~ }hf giia`f pgvjh} nq }hf

`lemaml}f% ]hap ap `lccfm }hf fcf`}age caka}% (FC <=+

<<=(<!(l!(n!%! ]hap lkgve} ap }hf klxakvk }hl}

}hf `lemaml}f'lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff klq ~f`fayf

ae }hf ljj~fjl}f i~gk leq gef `ge}~anv}g~ mv~aej

}hf `lkrlaje'fcf`}age `q`cf ig~ }hl} rl~}a`vcl~

fcf`}age%

]hf }g}lc `ge}~anv}fm }g l `lemaml}f lem'g~ }g leq

lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff(p! gi }hf `lemaml}f i~gk l

rl~}a`vcl~ `ge}~anv}g~ kvp} nf `gknaefm lem lr+

rcafm }g }hf `lemaml}f‑p caka} ig~ }hl} rl~}a`vcl~

fcf`}age%

@lemaml}fp lem `gkka}}ff }~flpv~f~p kvp} fe+

pv~f }hl} }hf fcf`}age caka}p l~f eg} fx`ffmfm lem

}hl} }hgpf ivemp l~f prfe} gecq ig~ }hf fcf`}age }g

zha`h }hfq rf~}lae vecfpp }hf ivemp zf~f pv~rcvp

ivemp cfi} gyf~ i~gk l r~ag~ fcf`}age%

Caka } p ig~ @ge}fp} fm R~ akl~ afp

Ae g~mf~ ig~ l `lemaml}f g~ l `lemaml}f‑p lv}hg~+

afm `gkka}}ff }g |vlcaiq ig~ l pfrl~l}f r~akl~q

`ge}~anv}age caka} }hf `lemaml}f kvp} nf rl~}aàrl}+

aej ae l `ge}fp}fm r~akl~q% ]hap lcpg ae`cvmfp rl~+

}aàrl}age ae l r~akl~q zhf~f le –Grrg~}vea}q }g

Nlccg}‛ hlp nffe rf~if`}fm%

]hf `lemaml}f g~ `lemaml}f‑p `gkka}}ff ~f`fayfp

le lmma}agelc r~akl~q `ge}~anv}age caka} ig~ fyf~q

`ge}fp}fm r~akl~q ae zha`h }hf `lemaml}f rl~}aà+rl}fp%

I%

Cglep

Lp r~fyagvpcq map`vppfm ae }hap pf`}age l `ge}~anv+

}age ae`cvmfp leq jai} pvnp`~ar}age gv}p}lemaej

cgle (}g }hf fx}fe} r~gyamfm ig~ ae EQP Fcf`}age

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egkael}age ig~ fcf`}age (f%j% r~akl~q! g~ fcf`}age

(f%j% jfef~lc! gi leq `lemaml}f g~ klmf }g r~g+

kg}f }hf pv``fpp g~ mfifl} gi l rgca}a`lc rl~}q g~

r~aeàrcf g~ gi leq nlccg} r~grgplc (FC <=+<22(1!(<!%!

EQP Fcf`}age Clz Pf`}age <=+<<= fp}lncaphfp }hf

`ge}~anv}age caka}p zha`h lrrcq }g lcc `ge}~anv}agep }g`lemaml}fp lem }g lcc `ge}~anv}agep }g rgca}a`lc `gk+

ka}}ffp zg~daej ma~f`}cq g~ aema~f`}cq za}h leq `lema+

ml}f }g lam g~ rl~}aàrl}f ae pv`h `lemaml}f‑p egka+

el}age g~ fcf`}age g}hf~ }hle leq `ge}~anv}agep }g

leq rl~}q `gkka}}ff g~ `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ff%

Cglep }ldfe nq l `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}}ff klq ~fpvc}

ae }hf gv}p}lemaej nlcle`f gi }hf cgle nfaej mffkfm

l `ge}~anv}age ig~ caka} rv~rgpfp% (FC <=+<<=(9!(l!(n!%!

l! L cgle klmf }g l `lemaml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gk+ka}}ff g}hf~ }hle l `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ff nq

leq rf~pge ia~k lppgàl}age g~ `g~rg~l}ageg}hf~ }hle ae }hf ~fjvcl~ `gv~pf gi }hf cfemf~‑p

nvpaefpp (a%f% nledp! phlcc nf mffkfm }g }hf

fx}fe} eg} ~frlam nq }hf ml}f gi }hf r~akl~qjfef~lc g~ prfàlc fcf`}age lp }hf `lpf klq

nf l `ge}~anv}age nq pv`h rf~pge ia~k lppg+àl}age g~ `g~rg~l}age%

n! L cgle klmf }g l `lemaml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gk+ka}}ff g}hf~ }hle l `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ff nq

leq rf~pge ia~k lppgàl}age g~ `g~rg~l}age ae

}hf ~fjvcl~ `gv~pf gi }hf cfemf~‑p nvpaefpp

(a%f% nledp! phlcc nf mffkfm }g }hf fx}fe} eg}

~frlam nq }hf ml}f gi }hf r~akl~q jfef~lc g~ prfàlc fcf`}age lp }hf `lpf klq nf l `ge}~a+

nv}age nq }hf gncajg~ ge }hf cgle lem nq

leq g}hf~ rf~pge femg~paej `gpajeaej

jvl~le}ffaej `gccl}f~lcaaej g~ g}hf~zapf

r~gyamaej pf`v~a}q ig~ }hf cgle%




>1

Lp pv`h cglep `le ~fpvc} ae }hf ~f`far} gi le gyf~+

`ge}~anv}age ig~ caka} rv~rgpfp ai }hf gv}p}lemaej

nlcle`f gi }hf cgle lp gi }hf ml}f gi }hf r~akl~qjfef~lc g~ prfàlc fcf`}age lp }hf `lpf klq nf?

<! ap ae lem gi a}pfci j~fl}f~ }hle }hf lrrca`lncf

`ge}~anv}age caka} g~ +

>! zhfe lmmfm }g }hf r~fyagvp `ge}~anv}age(p! gi

}hf `ge}~anv}g~ ae }hl} fcf`}age `q`cf ~fpvc}p ae

le ljj~fjl}f lkgve} ig~ }hf lrrca`lncf `q`cf

zha`h ap j~fl}f~ }hle }hf `ge}~anv}age caka} ig~

}hl} `q`cf%

^fjl~mcfpp gi }hf lngyf }hf gncajl}age }g ~frlq

}hf gv}p}lemaej nlcle`f gi }hf cgle ~fklaep lem

}hf iacf~ kvp} lcpg `ge}aevf }g ~frg~} }hf gv}+

p}lemaej nlcle`f gi }hf cgle ge P`hfmvcf E ve}ac a}

ap ~frlam g~ ig~jayfe%

Iacf~p l~f p}~gejcq `lv}agefm }g `gepamf~ }hf lrrca+

`lncf `ge}~anv}age caka} lp lrrcafm }g }hf gv}+

p}lemaej nlcle`f gi }hf cgle lp zfcc lp `lv}agefm

}g ~fyafz }hf `ge}~anv}age hap}g~q gi }hf rl~}a`vcl~

`ge}~anv}g~ zhg zacc nf kldaej }hf cgle ae g~mf~ }g

lygam gyf~+`ge}~anv}agep ig~ caka} rv~rgpfp%

Cglep g~ C alna c a } afp Ig~j ayfe

Cglep g~ calnaca}afp }hl} l~f ig~jayfe l~f `gepamf~fm

`ge}~anv}agep ig~ caka} rv~rgpfp lem l~f pvnof`} }g`ge}~anv}age caka}p ig~ }hf lrrca`lncf fcf`}age g~ `lc+

feml~ qfl~ `q`cf%

Ig~jayfefpp `le ~fpvc} ae }hf ~f`far} gi le gyf~+

`ge}~anv}age ai }hf lkgve} ig~jayfe?

<! ap ae lem gi a}pfci j~fl}f~ }hle }hf lrrca`lncf


>! zhfe lmmfm }g }hf r~fyagvp `ge}~anv}age(p! gi

}hf `ge}~anv}g~ zhg ap ig~jayaej }hf cgle g~ ca+

lnaca}q ~fpvc}p ae le ljj~fjl}f lkgve} ig~ }hflrrca`lncf `q`cf zha`h ap j~fl}f~ }hle }hf lr+

rca`lncf `ge}~anv}age caka} ig~ }hl} `q`cf%

Iacf~p l~f p}~gejcq `lv}agefm }g `gepamf~ }hf lrrca+

`lncf `ge}~anv}age caka} lp lrrcafm }g }hf lkgve} }g

nf ig~jayfe lp zfcc lp `lv}agefm }g ~fyafz }hf

`ge}~anv}age hap}g~q gi }hf rl~}a`vcl~ `ge}~anv}g~

zhg zacc nf ig~jayaej l cgle g~ calnaca}q ae g~mf~ }g

lygam gyf~+`ge}~anv}agep ig~ caka} rv~rgpfp%

Zhfe l `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}}ff ~f`fayfp l cgle

g~ hlp l cgle ig~jayfe }hf iacf~ kvp} pvnka} }g

lrrca`lncf ngl~m(p! `grafp gi }hf mg`vkfe}(p!

fyamfeàej pv`h cglep ~f`fayfm g~ ig~jayfe%

Zhfe l `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}}ff hlp leq g}hf~

calnaca}q ig~jayfe l iacf~ kvp} pvnka} }g lrrca`lncf

ngl~m(p! `grafp gi }hf mg`vkfe}(p! fyamfeàej

pv`h ig~jayfefpp%

Pv`h mg`vkfe}p kvp} nf pvnka}}fm ae `geove`+

}age za}h }hf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}

`gyf~aej }hf rf~agm zhfe }hf }~lepl`}age }ggd

rcl`f% (FC <=+<2>(<!%!

Cglep Klmf g~ C alna c a } afp

Ae`v~ ~fm nq l @lemaml}f

L cgle klmf }g g~ calnaca}q ae`v~~fm nq l `le+

maml}f ig~ hap'hf~ gze `lkrlaje kvp} nf

~frg~}fm lp lrrca`lncf (pff –Zhg Kvp} Iacf

lem Zhl} Kvp} Nf Iacfm‛ pf`}age gi }hap

Hlemnggd ! lem kvp} nf mg`vkfe}fm lp lr+

rca`lncf%




02Rl~} Gef ”Iacaej ^f|va~fkfe}p

J% } p

]hf `hl~}p ae }hap pf`}age pf} ig~}h }hf klxakvk fcf`}age caka}p `lc`vcl}fm vpaej l`}ayf yg}f~ }g}lcp gecq }hl}klq nf ~f`fayfm nq l `lemaml}f ig~ l rl~}a`vcl~ giia`f% (FC<=+<<=4 EQ@^^ 9><=%2%! @gcvke L ~fr~fpfe}p }hflkgve} }hl} `le nf ~f`fayfm i~gk leq ege+ilkacq `ge}~anv}g~ lem @gcvke N ~fr~fpfe}p }hf lkgve} }hl} `le

nf ~f`fayfm i~gk }hf ilkacq% ]hfpf caka}p l~f pvnof`} }g `hlejf lem phgvcm nf yf~aiafm za}h EQPNGF lem'g~ lrrca`lncf cg`lc ngl~m%

Eg}f? @lemaml}fp gr}aej ae}g }hf EQ@ Rvnca` Iaeleàej R~gj~lk phgvcm `hf`d za}h }hf Efz Qg~d @a}q @lk+

rlaje Iaele`f Ngl~m ig~ iv~}hf~ caka}l}agep%



`lkrlajep }g rlq gv}p}lemaej mfn}p kvp} ~fklae za}hae

}hf caka}p lrrca`lncf }g }hl} fcf`}age%

Pff EQPNGF <1:8 Graeage #<0 lem EQPNGF <186

Graeage #>%

H% @gkka}}ff @ge}~anv}age

^f`far} Caka}p

Nlccg} R~grgpa}agep

]hf~f l~f eg caka}p ge `ge}~anv}agep }g pvrrg~} g~ grrgpf

l nlccg} r~grgpa}age%

Rl~}q g~ @gep}a}v}fm @gkka}}ffp

]hfpf `gkka}}ffp klq eg} ae l `lcfeml~ qfl~ ~f`fayf

kg~f }hle -<2>022 i~gk leq gef `ge}~anv}g~% (FC <=+

<<=(<2!%! Hgzfyf~ `g~rg~l}agep `leeg} `ge}~anv}f }hap

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p}acc pvnof`} }g }hfa~ gyf~lcc -6222 ljj~fjl}f leevlc `ge+

}~anv}age caka}% (FC <=+<<9%! ]hf lngyf caka}p mg eg} lrrcq

}g `ge}~anv}agep klmf nq leq `ge}~anv}g~ ae`cvmaej `g~+rg~l}agep }g rl~}q lem `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp ig~

–Hgvpfdffraej‛% (FC <=+<>=(0!%!

Hgvpfdffraej

–Hgvpfdffraej‛ ap l }f~k }hl} ~fif~p }g }hf ~f`far}p lem

fxrfema}v~fp gi l rl~}q g~ `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ff vpfm }g

klae}lae rf~klefe} hflm|vl~}f~p lem p}lii lem }g `l~~q

ge g~mael~q l`}aya}afp }hl} l~f eg} ig~ }hf fxr~fpp

//@ge}l`} cg`lc ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep ig~ `ge}~anv}age caka}p (nlpfm ge evknf~ gi fe~gccfm'~fjap}f~fm yg}f~p! ig~

cg`lc `lemaml}fp% ]hf jfef~lc fcf`}age caka} lrrcafp }g prfàlc fcf`}agep lp zfcc%

Rl~} Gef”Iacaej f|va~fkfe}p

@gcvke L @gcvke N

Giia`f Fcf`}age Ege+Ilkacq Caka} Ilkacq Caka}

R~akl~q ]g}lc evknf~ gi fe~gccfm yg}f~p ae

}hf `lemaml}f‑p rl~}q ae }hf map}~a`}#

fx`cvmaej yg}f~p ae ael`}ayf p}l}vp

kvc}arcafm nq -2%26 nv} l} cflp}

-<222 za}h l klxakvk gi -62222

]g}lc evknf~ gi fe~gccfm

yg}f~p ae }hf `lemaml}f‑p

rl~}q ae }hf map}~a`} fx+

`cvmaej yg}f~p ae ael`}ayf

p}l}vp kvc}arcafm nq

-2%>6 nv} l} cflp} -<>62lem eg kg~f }hle

-<22222%

Lcc G}hf~ Rvnca` Giia`fp//

lem Pvr~fkf @gv~} Ovp}a`f

Jfef~lc ]g}lc evknf~ gi ~fjap}f~fm yg}f~p ae

}hf lemaml}f‑p map}~a`}# fx`cvmaej

yg}f~p ae ael`}ayf p}l}vp kvc}arcafm

nq -2%26 nv} l} cflp} -<222 za}h l

klxakvk gi -62222

]g}lc evknf~ gi ~fjap+

}f~fm yg}f~p ae `lemaml}f‑p

map}~a`} fx`cvmaej yg}f~p

ae ael`}ayf p}l}vp kvc}a+

rcafm nq -2%>6 nv} l} cflp}

-<>62 lem eg kg~f }hle

-<22222%

Kg~f ge @lemaml}f

@ge}~anv}age ^f`far} Caka}p

Rcflpf ~fkfknf~ }hl} }hfpf l~f ljj~fjl}f caka}p

}hl} lrrcq }g }hf fe}a~f fcf`}age `q`cf% Jfef~lccq }hf

fcf`}age `q`cf ap fa}hf~ }zg g~ igv~ qfl~p% (Pff

–@lkrlaje @q`cf‛ ae –I~f|vfe}cq Vpfm ]f~kp‛ pf`+

}age ae }hap Hlemnggd ig~ kg~f mf}lacp!%

L `ge}~anv}age ap mffkfm l}}~anv}lncf }g }hf efx}

fcf`}age ae zha`h }hf `lemaml}f rl~}aàrl}fp% ]hfml}f gi }hf `ge}~anv}age ap }hf ml}f a} ap ~f`fayfm nq

}hf `lemaml}f'`gkka}}ff% Ai }hf ml}f gi ~f`far} ap

li}f~ le fcf`}age mlq a} lv}gkl}a`lccq lrrcafp }g }hf

yf~q efx} fcf`}age ig~ }hl} `lemaml}f% ]hf gecq fx+

`fr}age }g }hap ~vcf ap zhf~f lp gi fcf`}age mlq }hf

mfn}p gi }hf `lemaml}f'`lemaml}f‑p `gkka}}ff fx+

`ffm }hf femaej `lph nlcle`f ge hlem% (FC<=+<2>

<=+<2= <=+<>>%!

Zhf~f mfn} fx`ffmp }hf femaej `lph nlcle`f ge

hlem lp gi }hf lrrca`lncf fcf`}age mlq }hf `lema+

ml}f'`lemaml}f‑p `gkka}}ff `le ~f`fayf `ge}~anv+}agep i~gk `ge}~anv}g~p }hl} hlyf eg} qf} ~fl`hfm }hf

`ge}~anv}age caka} ig~ }hf `lemaml}f ig~ }hf r~fyagvp

fcf`}age%

Hgzfyf~ }hf lkgve} }hl} `le nf `gccf`}fm }gzl~m

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}hle }hf `lph nlcle`f ge hlem lp gi fcf`}age mlq% Ae

g}hf~ zg~mp `ge}~anv}agep lccg`l}fm }g r~ag~

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`fayaej a}# ap ~fprgepancf }g fepv~f }hl} }hfa~ gze lrrca`lncf caka}p l~f eg} fx`ffmfm%

@lkrlaje @ge}~anv}age }g nf

Vemf~ ]~vf Elkf gi @ge}~anv}g~

EQP Fcf`}age Clz Pf`}age <=+<>2 p}l}fp?

<! Eg rf~pge phlcc ae leq elkf fx`fr} hap gze#

ma~f`}cq g~ aema~f`}cq# kldf l rlqkfe} g~ l

r~gkapf gi rlqkfe} }g l `lemaml}f g~ rgca}a`lc`gkka}}ff g~ }g leq giia`f~ g~ kfknf~ }hf~fgi#

g~ }g leq rf~pge l`}aej vemf~ a}p lv}hg~a}q g~ ae

a}p nfhlci g~ ge nfhlci gi leq `lemaml}f# eg~

phlcc leq pv`h `gkka}}ff g~ leq pv`h rf~pge

g~ `lemaml}f degzaejcq ~f`fayf l rlqkfe} g~

r~gkapf gi rlqkfe}# g~ fe}f~ g~ `lvpf }hf

plkf }g nf fe}f~fm ae }hf l``gve}p g~ ~f`g~mp

gi pv`h `gkka}}ff# ae leq elkf g}hf~ }hle }hl}

gi }hf rf~pge g~ rf~pgep nq zhgk a} ap klmf%

>! Eg}za}hp}lemaej pvnmayapage gef gi }hap pf`}age#

l rl~}ef~phar# lp mfiaefm ae pf`}age }fe gi }hfrl~}ef~phar clz# klq nf `gepamf~fm l pfrl~l}f

fe}a}q ig~ }hf rv~rgpfp gi }hap pf`}age# lem lp

pv`h klq kldf `ge}~anv}agep ae }hf elkf gi

plam rl~}ef~phar za}hgv} l}}~anv}aej pv`h `ge}~a+

nv}agep }g }hf aemayamvlc kfknf~p gi }hf rl~}+

ef~phar r~gyamfm }hl} leq pv`h `ge}~anv}age

klmf nq l rl~}ef~phar }g l `lemaml}f g~ }g l

rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff# phlcc eg} fx`ffm# ->#622% Ae

}hf fyfe} }hl} pv`h rl~}ef~phar `ge}~anv}age }g

leq pv`h `lemaml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff fx+

`ffmp ->#622# }hf ljj~fjl}f lkgve} gi pv`h

`ge}~anv}age phlcc nf l}}~anv}fm }g fl`h rl~}ef~ zhgpf phl~f gi }hf `ge}~anv}age fx`ffmp

-11%22%

Ng}h pvnmayapagep gi EQP Fcf`}age Clz Pf`}age <=+

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Clz Pf`}age <=+<22(1!% (–@ge}~anv}age‛!%

]hf –}~vf elkf gi }hf `ge}~anv}g~‛ ap gi `~a}a`lc ak+

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ml}fp lem rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ffp lem }hf lkgve} gi

pv`h `ge}~anv}agep% ]hap lppap}p EQPNGF lem }hf

rvnca` ae mf}f~kaeaej zhf}hf~ g~ eg} lrrca`lncf

`ge}~anv}age caka}p hlyf nffe `gkrcafm za}h%

A% Kap`fcclefgvp Mf}lacp

rv~rgpf gi r~gkg}aej }hf `lemaml`q gi prfàia` `le+

maml}fp% (FC <=+<>= (0!%!

@lemaml}fp lem `gkka}}ffp# g}hf~ }hle rl~}q lem

`gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp# l~f eg} lv}hg~afm }g hlyf

hgvpfdffraej fxrfepfp lem ~f`far}p%

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@ge}~anv}agep nq l `g~rg~l}age ig~ hgvpfdffraej l~f

eg} lrrcafm }g }hf `g~rg~l}age‑p -6#222 ljj~fjl}f

`lcfeml~ qfl~ `ge}~anv}age caka}% @ge}~anv}agep i~gk

le aemayamvlc ig~ hgvpfdffraej l~f eg} lrrcafm }g }hf

aemayamvlcp -<62#222 ljj~fjl}f `lcfeml~ qfl~ `ge}~a+

nv}age caka}%

@hf`dp }g Hgvpfdffraej

@ge}~anv}agep }g hgvpfdffraej kvp} nf mfpajel}fm ae

z~a}aej nq }hf pajel}g~q# aema`l}fm ae }hf –kfkg‛ rg~+

}age gi }hf `hf`d lem'g~ ge le l}}l`hfm cf}}f~ g~ l

`ge}fkrg~lefgvp mg`vkfe}# pv`h lp le ^PYR g~

pgcaà}l}age ~fprgepf `l~m%

RL@p

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}hf ljj~fjl}f lkgve} gi `ge}~anv}agep }hfq `le

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}ff `le ~f`fayf%

Rl~} Gef”Iacaej f|va~fkfe}p

@hf`dp M~lze ge Ogae} L``gve}

Jfef~lccq# `hf`dp m~lze ge l ogae} l``gve} l~flppvkfm jayfe nq }hf pajel}g~q (}hf rf~pge zhgpajefm }hf `hf`d!% Hgzfyf~# ai }hf `ge}~anv}age ap }g

nf l}}~anv}fm }g kvc}arcf ogae} l``gve} hgcmf~p# }hfelcc gi }hf elkfp# ae lmma}age }g }hf pajel}g~q# lem}hf prfàia` lkgve}p l}}~anv}fm }g fl`h `ge}~anv}g~ ge }hf ogae} l``gve}# kvp} nf aema`l}fm ae }hf–kfkg‛ rg~}age gi }hf `hf`d lem'g~ ge le l}}l`hfmcf}}f~ g~ l `ge}fkrg~lefgvp mg`vkfe}# pv`h lp le^PYR g~ pgcaà}l}age ~fprgepf `l~m% Pff P`hfmvcf L ae }hf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}aejaep}~v`}agep%

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Y%

Aepamf Rl~} Gef Pf`} a ge Y

Kfmal Eg} Gncajl}fm }g Iacf

@lemaml}fp'@gkka}}ffp Eg} Gncajl}fm }g Iacf

@lemaml}fp zhg mg eg} ~f`fayf g~ prfem kg~f

}hle -62 (zha`h lcpg lrrcafp }g }hfa~ gze rf~+

pgelc ivemp! ae`cvmaej `lemaml}fp ig~ `gve}q

`gkka}}ff lem ig~ mfcfjl}f lem lc}f~el}f }g l ovmaàlc `geyfe}age% Hgzfyf~ }hf lrr~gr~al}f

ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep kvp} nf aeig~kfm ae z~a}+

aej gi l `clak gi }hap fxfkr}age nq iacaej l @le+

maml}f g~ @gkka}}ff @clak gi Fxfkr}age I~gk

Iacaej @lkrlaje Iaeleàlc Map`cgpv~f ^frg~}p

(@I+26!% (FC <=+<>=(6!4 EQ@^^ 9>22%6%!

Leq `lemaml}f g~ `lemaml}f‑p lv}hg~afm `gk+

ka}}ff zhf~f }hf `lemaml}f ap ae le ve`ge+

}fp}fm r~akl~q lem eg} g}hf~zapf pvrrg~}aej

`lemaml}fp zhg l~f ae l `ge}fp}fm r~akl~q mg

eg} hlyf }g iacf r~akl~q fcf`}age ~frg~}p% Kge+afp ~f`fayfm g~ prfe} phlcc nf map`cgpfm ae }hf

ia~p} jfef~lc fcf`}age `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cg+

pv~f ~frg~} iacfm% (FC <=+<>=(:!%!

@lemaml}fp lem lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ffp pgcfcq

pvrrg~}aej gef `lemaml}f ig~ rvnca` giia`f g~

pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej l nlccg} r~grgpa+

}age ae }gzep à}afp g~ yaccljfp hlyaej l rgrv+

cl}age vemf~ <2222 zhf~f }hf `lemaml}f'

`gkka}}ff mgfp eg} ~lapf g~ prfem ae fx`fpp

gi -<222 ae }hf ljj~fjl}f ig~ }hf `lkrlaje%

(FC <=+<>=(9!%! ]hfpf `lemaml}fp'`gkka}}ffp

kvp} iacf l @lemaml}f g~ @gkka}}ff @clak gi

Fxfkr}age I~gk Iacaej @lkrlaje Iaeleàlc

Map`cgpv~f ^frg~}p (@I+26!%

L `gkka}}ff ig~kfm pgcfcq }g pvrrg~} g~ gr+

rgpf l nlccg} appvf lem }hl} mgfp eg} ~lapf g~

prfem gyf~ -<22% (FC <=+<>=(8!%!

L% Kfmal

N% @lemaml}fp'@gkka} }ffp

Iacaej ~f|va~fkfe}p mg eg} lrrcq }g }hf igccgzaej?

Ifmf~lc `lemaml}fp g~ `gkka}}ffp iacaej za}h

}hf Ifmf~lc Fcf`}age @gkkappage (IF@! zhf~f

}hf l`}aya}q pgcfcq rf~}laep }g ifmf~lc giia`f%

Hgzfyf~ ai `ge}~anv}agep g~ fxrfema}v~fp }g lam

g~ }ldf rl~} ae }hf fcf`}age g~ mfifl} gi l p}l}f

g~ cg`lc `lemaml}f fx`ffm -<222 ae }hf ljj~f+

jl}f ae leq `lcfeml~ qfl~ }hfe }hf `gkka}}ff

ap ~f|va~fm }g ~fjap}f~ lem pvnka} `lkrlaje

iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p lp ~f|va~fm gi leq

Efz Qg~d P}l}f rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff % Pv`h

`gkka}}ff ap ~f|va~fm }g hlyf l mfrgpa}g~q

(nled l``gve}! rhqpa`lccq cg`l}fm ae Efz Qg~d

P}l}f lp ap ~f|va~fm gi leq g}hf~ `gkka}}ff

~fjap}f~fm ae }hf p}l}f% (FC <=+<>=(>! (>+l!%!

]hap pf`}age cap}p g~jleazl}agep# `lemaml}fp lem `gkka}}ffp }hl} l~f eg} gncajl}fm }g iacf `lk+

rlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p%

Iacaej ~f|va~fkfe}p klq eg} lrrcq }g }hf kfmal lpigccgzp? ig~ rv~rgpfp gi }hf fx`fr}age i~gk hlyaej

}g iacf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p |vlca+

iafm kfmal l~f `gepamf~fm }g nf leq rf~pge lppg+

àl}age g~ `g~rg~l}age fejljfm ae }hf rvnca`l}age g~

map}~anv}age gi leq efzprlrf~ g~ g}hf~ rvnca`l}age

appvfm l} ~fjvcl~ ae}f~ylcp ae ~fprf`} }g }hf g~mael~q

`gemv`} gi pv`h nvpaefpp% (FC <=+<>=(<!%!



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map`cgpv~f ~frg~}aej ~f|va~fkfe}p gv}caefm ae }hf igccgzaej pf`}age gi }hap Hlemnggd% Ig~ lmma}agelc aeig~kl+

}age lngv} `lemaml}f ~fprgepanaca}afp# pff –Zhg Kvp} Iacf lem Zhl} Kvp} Nf Iacfm7‛ pf`}age ae }hap Hlem+

nggd%

^fjap}f~

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Dffr

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Iacf

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^fpaje'

}f~kael}f

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•@gk rcf} f iacaej gncajl}age p ve} ac ~f|vfp} ap j~le}fm

Klae}lae~f`g~mp

•Ig~ rf~ agm gi iayf qfl~p (pff .^f`g~m p f}fe }ag e. g e rljf 09 gi } hap Hlemnggd%08



06

YA % MV]AFP GI ]^FLPV^F^P'@LEMAML]FP

Aepamf Rl~} Gef Pf`} a ge YA ?

Mg`vkfe}p ^f|va~fm }g ^fjap}f~ lem Iacf

Lmma}agelc ^fprgepanaca}afp gi ]~flpv~f~p'@lemaml}fp

Ae g~mf~ }g ~fjap}f~ za}h }hf lrrca`lncf ngl~m(p! gi

fcf`}agep# lrr~gr~al}f ig~kp kvp} nf iacfm nq? (<! l}~flpv~f~ gi l rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff4 g~ (>! l `lemaml}f

za}h l ~fjap}f~fm lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff }hl} zacc nf

map`cgpaej lcc gi }hf iaeleàlc l`}aya}q gi }hf `lema+

ml}f‑p `lkrlaje ae`cvmaej lcc gi }hf iaeleàlc l`}ay+

a}q gi }hf `lemaml}f4 g~ (0! l `lemaml}f zhg mgfp eg}

hlyf l ~fjap}f~fm lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff }hl} zacc nf

map`cgpaej lcc gi }hf iaeleàlc l`}aya}q gi }hf `lema+

ml}f‑p `lkrlaje# ae`cvmaej }hf iaeleàlc l`}aya}q gi

}hf `lemaml}f4 g~ (=! l `lemaml}f zhg hlp l ~fjap+

}f~fm lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff# nv} `hggpfp }g hlyf

iaeleàlc l`}aya}q ig~ }hf `lkrlaje }hl} zacc eg} nf

map`cgpfm nq }hf lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff%

Lrrca`lncf ~fjap}~l}age ig~kp l~f?

<% @gkka } } ff ^fjap } ~l } age ']~flpv~f~

lem Nled Aeig~k l} age Ig~k (@I+2>!

]hap ig~k ap vpfm }g ~fjap}f~ lcc `gkka}}ffp% A}

r~gyamfp }hf ngl~m(p! za}h }hf `gkka}}ff‑p

elkf }qrf }~flpv~f~ nled'mfrgpa}g~q `lema+

ml}fp'nlccg} r~grgpa}agep pvrrg~}fm g~ grrgpfm#

lem g}hf~ lv}hg~afm nledaej pajel}g~afp%

]hap ig~k kvp} nf iacfm za}hae iayf mlqp gi `hggpaej l }~flpv~f~ lem mfrgpa}g~q lem r~ag~

}g ~f`fayaej g~ fxrfemaej leq ivemp%

]hf @I+2> ig~k ap iacfm za}h }hf ngl~m(p! gi

fcf`}agep zhf~f }hf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cg+

pv~f ~frg~}p kvp} nf iacfm% Cg`lc iacf~p phgvcm

`gepvc} za}h }hf lrr~gr~al}f `gve}q g~ à}q

ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep ig~ }hfa~ ~f|va~fkfe}p lem

r~g`fmv~fp%

>% @gkka } } ff Lv}hg~ al} age P}l } vp Ig~k

(@I+20! ]hap ig~k ap vpfm }g aema`l}f zhf}hf~ g~ eg} }hf

`gkka}}ff hlp nffe lv}hg~afm nq }hf prfàia`

`lemaml}f(p! cap}fm }hf~fae }g lam g~ }ldf rl~} ae

}hfa~ egkael}age g~ fcf`}age% L @I+20 ig~k kvp}

nf iacfm nq lcc rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ffp }hl} pvrrg~}

g~ grrgpf }hf egkael}age g~ fcf`}age gi leq

`lemaml}f }h~gvjh ma~f`} fxrfema}v~f%

L% Mg` vk fe} p ^f|va ~fm

Gecq }hf }~flpv~f~ lem }hf aemayamvlcp pg mfpaj+

el}fm nq }hf @I+2> ae pf`}age J –Rf~pge(p!G}hf~ }hle ]~flpv~f~ Lv}hg~afm }g Paje @hf`dp‛

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l} l nledaej g~jleal}age lv}hg~afm }g mg nvpaefpp

ae Efz Qg~d P}l}f% ]hf n~le`h zhf~f }hf l``gve} ap

grfefm lem hfcm kvp} nf rhqpa`lccq cg`l}fm ae Efz

Qg~d P}l}f%

@gep } a } v }fm @gkka } } ff Fx`fr } age

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NGF ~f|vfp}p }hl} lcc `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp

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rcf}fm @I+2> ig~k ig~ lmkaeap}~l}ayf rv~+

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iacf map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p za}h }hf `gve}q g~ à}q

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ig~ }hfa~ ~f|va~fkfe}p ~fjl~maej ~fjap}~l}age%



09

]hf iacf~ zhg klq fa}hf~ nf }hf }~flpv~f~ g~ `le+

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(<! (0!%!

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yal mapdf}}f @M MYM g~ fklac l}}l`hkfe} vpaej

EQPNGF‑p Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pqp}fk (FIP! Pgi}+

zl~f% (FC <=+<2>(=!%!

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}g pvnka} ~frg~}p cg`lccq ai lrrca`lncf% Pff –Zhf~f

lem Hgz L~f ^frg~}p Iacfm7‛ pf`}age ae }hap Hlem+

nggd %

Ia cf~ AM# lem RAE

Zhfe ~fjap}f~aej nq iacaej }hf @gkka}}ff ^fjap}~l+

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g~ }hf @lemaml}f @lkrlaje Iaele`f ^fjap}~l}age

Ig~k (@I+2=! iacf~p zacc nf lppajefm l Iacf~ AM# lp

zfcc lp l RAE% Ig~ iacaej rv~rgpfp }hf RAE ap }hf

fcf`}~gea` pajel}v~f gi }hf iacf~% ]hf RAE lcpg fe+

pv~fp }hl} }hf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}

hlp nffe iacfm nq g~ lv}hg~afm nq }hf mfpajel}fm

iacf~% Lp calnaca}q l}}l`hfp }g fl`h iacaej }hf iacf~

phgvcm fepv~f }hl} hap g~ hf~ RAE ap pf`v~fcq dfr}

lem vpfm% Ig~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ffp EQPNGF zacc

gecq r~gyamf }hf RAE }g }hf }~flpv~f~ gi ~f`g~m%

^fjap} ~l} age ^f|va ~fm ig~ Rgc a } a ` l c

@gkka } }ffp Nfig~f I aele` al c

L` } a y a } q

Eg giia`f~ kfknf~ g~ ljfe} gi leq rgca}a`lc `gk+

ka}}ff phlcc ~f`fayf leq ~f`far} }~lepif~ g~ `ge}~a+

nv}age g~ kldf leq fxrfema}v~f g~ ae`v~ leq calnac+

a}q ve}ac }hf `gkka}}ff phlcc hlyf `hgpfe l }~flp+

v~f~ lem mfrgpa}g~q lem iacfm }hfa~ elkfp (aea}alc

~fjap}~l}age g~ lkfemkfe} }hf~f}g! lp ~f|va~fm

za}h }hf lrr~gr~al}f ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep%


0% @lemaml}f‑p Lv}hg~azl}age ig~ l @gk+

ka} }ff } g Kldf L c c @lkrl aje Iaele+

àlc Map`cgpv~fp (@I+<9!

]hap ig~k ap vpfm nq l `lemaml}f za}h le lv+}hg~afm `gkka}}ff }hl} zacc kldf lcc gi }hf

`lemaml}f‑p ~f|va~fm `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cg+

pv~f iacaejp ae`cvmaej lcc gi }hf l`}aya}q gi }hf

`lemaml}f%

=%

(@I+2=!

]hap ig~k ap gecq vpfm nq `lemaml}fp }g ~fjap}f~

za}h EQPNGF ae gef gi }zg à~`vkp}le`fp?

]hf `lemaml}f mgfp eg} hlyf l ~fjap}f~fm

lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff }hl} zacc nf map`cgp+

aej lcc gi }hf iaeleàlc l`}aya}q gi }hf `lema+

ml}f‑p `lkrlaje ae`cvmaej }hf iaeleàlc

l`}aya}q gi }hf `lemaml}f4 g~+

]hf `lemaml}f hlp l ~fjap}f~fm lv}hg~afm

`gkka}}ff nv} `hggpfp }g hlyf iaeleàlc

l`}aya}q ig~ }hf `lkrlaje }hl} zacc eg} nf

map`cgpfm nq }hf lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff%

L @I+20 ig~k ap eg} ~f|va~fm }g nf iacfm nq l `gk+

ka}}ff }hl} gecq kldfp `ge}~anv}agep (a%f% RL@p!%

]hf }~flpv~f~ kvp} iacf g~ `lvpf }g nf iacfm }hf @I

+20 ig~k ai lrrca`lncf l} }hf plkf }akf gi }hf iacaej

gi }hf @I+2> ig~k%

Lv}hg~al}age `le gecq nf j~le}fm nq l `lemaml}f%]hap kflep }hf `lemaml}f(p! hlp liia~kl}ayfcq l`+

degzcfmjfm }g qgv }hl} qgv~ `gkka}}ff ap lv}hg~+

afm }g lam g~ }ldf rl~} ae }hfa~ `lkrlaje zha`h

ae`cvmfp ~lapaej lem prfemaej kgefq ge }hfa~ nf+

hlci% ]hf kf~f il`} }hl} }hf `lemaml}f(p! degzp

}hl} qgv~ `gkka}}ff ap `gemv`}aej l`}aya}q ~fcl}ayf

}g }hfa~ `lkrlaje mgfp eg} `gep}a}v}f lv}hg~al}age%

]akf ^f|va~fkfe} ig~ I a c aej

@I+2> lem @I+20 Lk femk fe} p

L }~flpv~f~ kvp} iacf lkfemfm @I+2> lem @I+

20 ig~kp lp lrrca`lncf za}hae }zg mlqp gi leq

`hlejfp }g leq aeig~kl}age `ge}laefm }hf~fae%

( FC <=+<<8(<!%!

N% Lmm a } agel c

^fprgepan a c a } afp



0:

Mf}la cfm Ngvem L`` gve}p

]hf }~flpv~f~ gi fyf~q rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff lp zfcc

lp fyf~q `lemaml}f zhg ~f`fayfp g~ fxrfemp leq

kgefq g~ leq ylcvlncf }haej g~ ae`v~p leq calnaca}q

}g rlq kgefq g~ a}p f|vaylcfe} phlcc dffr lem ~f+

}lae mf}lacfm ngvem l``gve}p gi lcc ~f`far}p }~lep+

if~p cglep calnaca}afp `ge}~anv}agep lem fxrfema+

}v~fp klmf nq }hf `gkka}}ff g~ leq gi a}p giia`f~p

kfknf~p g~ ljfe}p l`}aej vemf~ a}p lv}hg~a}q g~ ae

a}p nfhlci g~ }hf `lemaml}f lp lrrca`lncf% (FC <=+

<<8%!

^f`far}p ^f|va ~fkfe}

Lcc fxrfema}v~fp gyf~ -<2 kvp} nf ygv`hfm ig~ nq l

~f`far}fm nacc p}l}aej }hf rl~}a`vcl~p gi }hf fxrfepf%

(FC <=+<>>(>!%!

Fyamfe` f gi Aemfn}fmefpp'

Ig~jayfefpp

Leq `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} aema`l}aej

l cgle phlcc hlyf l}}l`hfm }g a} l `grq gi }hf fya+

mfe`f gi aemfn}fmefpp% (FC <=+<2>%! Ai iacaej fcf`+

}~gea`lccq }hf fyamfe`f gi aemfn}fmefpp phgvcm nf

iacfm vemf~ pfrl~l}f `gyf~% Fyamfe`f gi aemfn}fm+

efpp ap }hf cgle mg`vkfe}%

Ai leq cgle g~ gv}p}lemaej calnaca}q ap ig~jayfe }hfe}hf ~frg~} aema`l}aej pv`h ig~jayfefpp kvp} lcpg

ae`cvmf l `grq gi }hf fyamfe`f gi ig~jayfefpp% Ai

iacaej fcf`}~gea`lccq }hf fyamfe`f gi ig~jayfefpp

phgvcm nf iacfm vemf~ pfrl~l}f `gyf~% Fyamfe`f gi

ig~jayfefpp ap l mg`vkfe} }hl} phgzp }hl} }hf gnca+

jl}age hlp nffe ig~jayfe%

Leq cgle g~ calnaca}q }hl} ap ig~jayfe ap pvnof`} }g lr+

rca`lncf `ge}~anv}age caka}p%

Caka } p ge @lph

]hf~f l~f caka}p ge }hf lkgve} gi `lph }hl} `lema+

ml}fp lem rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ffp'}~flpv~f~p `le ~f+

`fayf lem fxrfem% Eg `lemaml}f rgca}a`lc `gkka}+

}ff g~ ljfe} }hf~fgi klq ~f`fayf i~gk leq gef rf~+

pge le ljj~fjl}f lkgve} j~fl}f~ }hle -<22 ae

`lph% Mapnv~pfkfe}p'fxrfema}v~fp ae fx`fpp gi

-<22 klq EG] nf ae `lph% (FC <=+<<8(>!%!

Iaele` al c L` } a y a } q” Mfrgpa }p

Lcc `lph `hf`dp m~li}p g~ g}hf~ aep}~vkfe}p phlcc

nf mfrgpa}fm ae }hf l``gve} gi }hf `lemaml}f g~

`gkka}}ff ae }hf mfpajel}fm mfrgpa}g~q% (FC <=+

<<8 (>!%!

Gncajl} age } g ]v~e Gyf~ ^f`far} p

lem ^f`g~mp gi I aeleàl c L` } ay a } q

}g ]~flpv~f~

Giia`f~p kfknf~p g~ ljfe}p gi l rgca}a`lc `gkka}+

}ff g~ ljfe}p gi l `lemaml}f }hl} ~f`fayf leq ~f+

`far} `ge}~anv}age g~ }~lepif~ g~ kldf leq fxrfe+

ma}v~f g~ ae`v~ leq calnaca}q kvp} za}hae }h~ff mlqp

li}f~ mfklem gi }hf }~flpv~f~ lem ae leq fyfe}

za}hae <= mlqp li}f~ leq pv`h iaeleàlc l`}aya}q

jayf }g }hf }~flpv~f~ gi pv`h `gkka}}ff g~ }g pv`h

`lemaml}f ai leq ljfe} lv}hg~afm nq hak g~ hf~ l

mf}lacfm l``gve}aej gi lcc za}h ygv`hf~p'~f`far}p%

(FC <=+<>>(<!%!

Rf~pgelc Vpf R~ghan a } agep

@ge}~anv}agep ~f`fayfm nq l `lemaml}f g~ l rgca}a`lc

`gkka}}ff phlcc eg} nf `geyf~}fm nq leq rf~pge }g

l rf~pgelc vpf zha`h ap ve~fcl}fm }g l rgca}a`lc

`lkrlaje g~ }hf hgcmaej gi l rvnca` giia`f g~ rl~}q

rgpa}age% (FC <=+<02%!

Maprgpa } age gi Legeqk gvp

@ge} ~ anv} agep

Leq legeqkgvp `ge}~anv}agep ~f`fayfm nq l `lema+

ml}f `lkrlaje }~flpv~f~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff g~

ljfe`q }hf~fgi phlcc eg} nf vpfm g~ fxrfemfm nv}

phlcc nf rlam gyf~ }g }hf @gkr}~gccf~ gi }hf P}l}f gi

Efz Qg~d ig~ mfrgpa} ae }hf jfef~lc }~flpv~q gi }hf

p}l}f vecfpp nfig~f }hf mvf ml}f ig~ iacaej gi }hf

efx} `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} }hf amfe+

}a}q gi }hf legeqkgvp `ge}~anv}g~ nf`gkfp degzelem ae }hl} fyfe} }hf legeqkgvp `ge}~anv}age phlcc

nf ~f}v~efm }g }hf `ge}~anv}g~ g~ ~f}laefm lem r~gr+

f~cq ~frg~}fm lp l `ge}~anv}age }hl} ap pvnof`} }g cak+

a}p% (FC <=+<>8%!




08Rl~} Gef ”Iacaej ^f|va~fkfe}p

^fpajel} age g~ ]f~kael} age

]~flpv~f~p iacaej }~flpv~f~ ~fpajel}age ~frg~}p g~

}~flpv~f~p g~ `lemaml}fp iacaej }f~kael}age ~frg~}p

za}h EQPNGF kvp} lcpg iacf l rlrf~ ]f~kael}age g~

^fpajel}age ^f|vfp} Ig~k'Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~}

Ig~k (@I+<8! za}h le g~ajaelc pajel}v~f kldaejpv~f }g `hf`d }hf ngx(fp! lrrca`lncf }g }hf ~f|vfp}%

(Pff }hf –^fpajeaej lp ]~flpv~f~‛ lem

–]f~kael}aej Iacaej Gncajl}agep‛ pf`}agep ae }hap

Hlemnggd ig~ mf}lacp !%

Ae l``g~mle`f za}h EQP Fcf`}age Clz fyf~q rgca}a+

`lc `gkka}}ff phlcc hlyf l }~flpv~f~ lem

mfrgpa}g~q (nled! lem phlcc `lvpf }hf }~flpv~f~

(l`}ayf lem'g~ ~fpajefm! }g dffr mf}lacfm ngvem

l``gve}p gi lcc ~f`far}p }~lepif~p cglep calnaca}afp

`ge}~anv}agep lem fxrfema}v~fp klmf nq }hf `gk+

ka}}ff g~ leq gi a}p giia`f~p kfknf~p g~ ljfe}p

l`}aej vemf~ a}p lv}hg~a}q g~ ge a}p nfhlci ig~ l rf+

~agm gi iayf qfl~p i~gk }hf ml}f gi }hf iacaej gi }hfiaelc `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} za}h ~f+

prf`} }g }hf fcf`}age g~ `geyfe}age }g zha`h }hfq

rf~}lae%

]hfpf ~f|va~fkfe}p ~fjl~maej ~f`g~mp ~f}fe}age

lcpg lrrcq }g `lemaml}fp% (FC <=+<<8%!



Hgz } g ^fpaje lp ]~flpv~f~

Iacf lcc `lkrlajeiaeleàlc

map`cgpv~f ~frg~}pmvf }g ml}f lem

ve}ac ~fpajel}age aplrr~gyfm

Pvnka} ~f|vfp}za}h @I+<8

lem'g~ @I+2<}g EQPNGF

lem lrr~gr~al}fcg`lc ngl~m(p!

Ae`cvmf lcf}}f~ gi

~fpajel}age

^f}lae lcc ~f`g~mpig~ iayf qfl~p

•Efz }~flpv~f~ pvnka}p lkfemfm

@I+2># @I+20•@lemaml}f iacfplkfemfm @I+<9 ai lrrca`lncf



01

YAA %

Aepamf Rl~} Gef Pf`} a ge YA A ?

Mg`vkfe}p ^f|va~fm ig~ ]~flpv~f~ ^fpajel}age

^f`g~mp ]~lepif~ lem ^f}fe}age Vrge ]~flpv~f~ ^fpajel}age Gncajl}age }g Iacf Ve}ac ^fpajel}age R~g`fpp @gkrcf}f

]g ~fpaje l }~flpv~f~ kvp} pvnka} }hf igccgzaej }g

lcc ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep zhf~f }hf `gkka}}ff(p! ap~fjap}f~fm?

<% L `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~fpajel}age

~frg~}4 lem fa}hf~ l @I+<8 g~ @I+2< ig~k

lp lrrca`lncf4 lem

>% L cf}}f~ gi ~fpajel}age%

Ig~ }akf i~lkfp `gepvc} EQ@^^ 9>22%: gi }hf

^vcfp lem ^fjvcl}agep gi EQPNGF%

^frg~ }p lem Ig~kp

Fcf`}~gea` iacf~p za}h EQPNGF kvp} pvnka} l ivccq

`gkrcf}fm rlrf~ ]f~kael}age g~ ^fpajel}age ^f+

|vfp} Ig~k (@I+<8! zhfe pvnka}}aej l iaelc `lk+

rlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~fpajel}age ~frg~} lp mf+

p`~anfm nfcgz?

A }fkafm `lk rl aje i aele` al c m ap` cg +

pv~f ~frg~ } ? Le a}fkafm ~frg~} `~fl}fm vp+

aej }hf Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pqp}fk (FIP! Pgi}+zl~f zhf}hf~ iacfm lp le l}}l`hkfe} }g le

fklac g~ iacfm nq klac ge mapdf}}f @M g~ MYM4

Gec aef ~frg~ }p ? Gef gi }hf caka}fm }qrfp gi

ege+a}fkafm ~frg~}p zha`h `le nf iacfm gecaef

(a%f% Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe} ai |vlcaiafm g~ Eg+

L`}aya}q ^frg~}! l} zzz%fcf`}agep%eq%jgy%

L Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~} `le lcpg nf pvnka}}fm ge l

rlrf~ @I+<8 ig~k% ]hf @I+<8 ig~k kvp} nf `gk+rcf}fm ae a}p fe}a~f}q za}h }hf lrr~gr~al}f –Iacaej Rf+

~agm‛ lem –]~flpv~f~ ^fpajel}age ^frg~}‛ ngxfp

`hf`dfm%

]hf ivccq `gkrcf}fm @I+<8 ig~k kvp} `ge}lae le

g~ajaelc pajel}v~f lem nf pvnka}}fm nq klac g~ ae

rf~pge }g?

Efz Qg~d P}l}f Ngl~m gi Fcf`}agep

@lkrlaje Iaele`f Vea}

=2 Eg~}h Rfl~c P}~ff} Pva}f 6

Lcnleq EQ <>>2:+>:>1

]hf Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pqp}fk (FIP! Pgi}zl~f mgfp

eg} `ge}lae l mfpajel}age (a%f% ~frg~} }qrf! ig~ `lk+

rlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~fpajel}age ~frg~}p ae

`geove`}age za}h l }~flpv~f~ ~fpajel}age% Lp pv`h l

`lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} pvnka}}fm

fcf`}~gea`lccq }hl} ap ae}femfm }g nf l ~fpajel}age

~frg~} `leeg} nf r~g`fppfm lp l ~fpajel}age ~frg~}

za}hgv} pvnka}}aej }hf `gkrcf}fm @I+<8 ig~k%EQPNGF zgvcm eg} g}hf~zapf degz }hl} }hf iacf~

ae}femfm }hf pvnka}}fm ~frg~} }g nf a}p ~fpajel}age

~frg~}%

Ig~kp pvnka}}fm nq ilx g~ nq le fcf`}~gea` iacf l}+

}l`hfm }g le fklac zacc nf ~fof`}fm%

Cg`l c F cf` } ~ge a` I acf ~p

Cg`lc iacf~p zhg iacf fcf`}~gea`lccq za}h à}q'`gve}q

ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep phgvcm `ge}l`} }hl} ngl~m ig~

leq cg`lc ~fpajel}age ~f|va~fkfe}p%




=2

Iacf~p za}h l cg`lc ngl~m gi fcf`}agep g~ iacf~p za}h

EQPNGF za}h le fxfkr}age }g iacf ge rlrf~ zhg

pvnka} l rlrf~ @I+2< ig~k ig~ ~fpajel}age rv~+

rgpfp kvp} `gkrcf}f }hf `gyf~ rljf gi }hf @I+2<

ig~k ae a}p fe}a~f}q za}h }hf lrr~gr~al}f –Iacaej Rf+~agm‛ lem –]~flpv~f~ ^fpajel}age ^frg~}‛ ngxfp

`hf`dfm%

]hf ivccq `gkrcf}fm @I+2< ig~k kvp} `ge}lae le


rf~pge }g }hf lrrca`lncf ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep%

Leq ~fjvcl~cq p`hfmvcfm iacaej ae`cvmaej fcf`}age

~frg~}p g~ rf~agma` ~frg~}p `le nf mfpajel}fm lp l}~flpv~f~ ~fpajel}age ~frg~}% L} g}hf~ }akfp l }~flp+

v~f~ `le pvnka} le gii+`q`cf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc

map`cgpv~f ~fpajel}age ~frg~}% Le gii+`q`cf `lk+

rlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} ap mfiaefm lp l

~frg~} zha`h mgfp eg} `g~~fprgem }g leq prfàia`

iacaej rf~agm%

]hf ~fpajel}age ~frg~} kvp} ae`cvmf lcc }~lepl`}agep

i~gk }hf `v}+gii ml}f gi }hf clp} ~frg~} iacfm vr }g

}hf fiif`}ayf ml}f gi ~fpajel}age%

L ~fpajel}age zacc eg} nf r~g`fppfm vecfpp lcc ~f+|va~fkfe}p ig~ ~fpajel}age l~f kf}4 }hap ae`cvmfp

}hf iacaej gi lcc mfcae|vfe} ~frg~}p%

^fpajel} age Cf} } f~ ^f|va ~fkfe} p

Ae lmma}age }g pvnka}}aej l `grq gi }hfa~ cf}}f~ gi ~fp+

ajel}age }g leq ngl~m zhf~f l }~flpv~f~ ap ~f|va~fm

}g iacf map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p }~flpv~f~p gi leq rgca}a`lc

`gkka}}ff kvp} lcpg r~gyamf l `grq gi }hfa~ cf}}f~

gi ~fpajel}age }g }hf lrr~gr~al}f `gkka}}ff `hla~+rf~pge g~ ai eg pv`h aemayamvlc }hf lrr~gr~al}f

kleljfkfe} gi }hfa~ g~jleal}age%

]~flpv~f~p gi l `lemaml}f‑p lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff

kvp} lcpg r~gyamf l `grq gi }hf cf}}f~ gi ~fpajel}age

}g }hf `lemaml}f%

Vrge }hf fiif`}ayf ml}f gi ~fpajel}age g~ vrge }hf

mfl}h gi }hf }~flpv~f~ eg kfknf~ gi }hf `gkka}+

}ff klq ~f`fayf g~ prfem ivemp ve}ac l efz }~flp+

v~f~ ap `hgpfe lem le lkfemfm @gkka}}ff ^fjap+

}~l}age']~flpv~f~ lem Nled Aeig~kl}age ig~k

(@I+2>! ap pvnka}}fm%

]hf efz }~flpv~f~ kvp} iacf lkfemfm @I+2> lem

@I+20 ig~kp ai lrrca`lncf za}hae }zg mlqp gi leq

`hlejfp }g aeig~kl}age `ge}laefm }hf~fae%

Nled I~fff

Zhf~f l }~flpv~f~ ~fpajep lem l efz }~flpv~f~ hlp

eg} nffe mfpajel}fm EQPNGF zacc rcl`f l nled

i~fff ge }hf l``gve} ve}ac l efz }~flpv~f~ ap mfp+

ajel}fm%




=<

@%

]~flpv~f~p l~f ~f|va~fm }g `ge}aevf }g iacf lcc lrrca+

`lncf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f fcf`}age ~f+

rg~}p lp zfcc lp lcc rf~agma` ~frg~}p za}h EQPNGF

lem'g~ cg`lc ngl~mp ve}ac }hf ~fpajel}age ~f|va~f+

kfe}p hlyf nffe kf}%

^fpajel}agep kvp} nf r~g`fppfm pfrl~l}fcq za}h

fl`h ngl~m zhf~f }hf iacf~ ap ~fjap}f~fm% ^fpajel+

}age za}h gef ngl~m mgfp eg} f|vlc ~fpajel}age za}h

leg}hf~ ngl~m%

Iv~}hf~kg~f ~fpajel}age za}h l cg`lc ngl~m gi fcf`+}agep mgfp eg} `gep}a}v}f ~fpajel}age za}h EQP+

NGF%

Lmma}agelccq pakrcq pvnka}}aej l cf}}f~ gi ~fpajel+

}age mgfp eg} ivciacc lcc gi }hf ~f|va~fkfe}p ef`fp+

pl~q ig~ l }~flpv~f~ ~fpajel}age% L }~flpv~f~ hlp l

`ge}aevaej gncajl}age }g iacf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map+

`cgpv~f ~frg~}p za}h }hf lrrca`lncf ngl~m(p! gi

fcf`}agep ve}ac hf g~ phf pv``fppivccq ~fpajep lem

}hf ~fpajel}age ap r~g`fppfm%

^fpajel}agep l~f pvnof`} }g ~fyafz lem lrr~gylc nq

}hf ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep ig~ `gkrcale`f za}h }hf

lrrca`lncf p}l}v}fp lem ~vcfp lem ~fjvcl}agep gi

EQPNGF lem l~f eg} mffkfm iaelc ve}ac lrr~gr~a+

l}f r~g`fppaej hlp }ldfe rcl`f% Ai lcc ~f|va~fkfe}p

l~f eg} kf} iacf~p zacc ~f`fayf l cf}}f~ gv}caeaej ~f+

klaeaej appvfp }g nf ~fpgcyfm }g |vlcaiq ig~ ~fpaj+

el}age%

Lcc r~fyagvpcq ~f|va~fm ~frg~}p kvp} hlyf nffe

pvnka}}fm% Lmma}agelccq cf}}f~p gi ig~jayfefpp'

aemfn}fmefpp ai eg} r~fyagvpcq pvnka}}fm kvp}

lcpg nf r~gyamfm%


N%

^f`g~m }~lepif~? ]hf ~fpajeaej }~flpv~f~ ap fx+rf`}fm }g ivccq `ggrf~l}f ae }hf }~lepa}age }g }hf

efz }~flpv~f~% ]hf ~fpajeaej }~flpv~f~ phgvcm }v~e

gyf~ lcc l``gve}p `hf`dnggdp lem ~f`g~mp }g }hf

efz }~flpv~f~ klae}laeaej l `grq ig~ }hfkpfcyfp

akkfmal}fcq li}f~ `gkrcf}aej }hf ~fpajel}age r~g`+

fpp%

^f`g~mp ~f}fe}age? Ae l``g~mle`f za}h EQP Fcf`+}age Clz Pf`}age <=+<<8 fyf~q rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff

phlcc hlyf l }~flpv~f~ lem l mfrgpa}g~q (nled! lem

phlcc `lvpf }hf }~flpv~f~ (l`}ayf lem'g~ ~fpajefm!}g dffr mf}lacfm ngvem l``gve}p gi lcc ~f`far}p

}~lepif~p cglep calnaca}afp `ge}~anv}agep lem fxrfe+

ma}v~fp klmf nq }hf `gkka}}ff g~ leq gi a}p giia+

`f~p kfknf~p g~ ljfe}p l`}aej vemf~ a}p lv}hg~a}q

g~ ge a}p nfhlci ig~ l rf~agm gi iayf qfl~p i~gk }hf

ml}f gi }hf iacaej gi }hf iaelc ~frg~} za}h ~fprf`} }g

}hf fcf`}age r~akl~q fcf`}age g~ `geyfe}age }g

zha`h }hfq rf~}lae%

]hfpf ~f|va~fkfe}p ~fjl~maej ~f`g~mp ~f}fe}age

lcpg lrrcq }g `lemaml}fp lp zfcc%



=>



H gz } g ]f ~ k a e l} f

Iacf lcc`lkrlajeiaeleàlc

map`cgpv~f~frg~}p mvf *}ac}f~kael}age ap

lrr~gyfm

Hlyf femaej`lph nlcle`f gi -2 ~ficf`}fm ae

}hf iaelca}fkafm ~frg~}

lem nled

l``gve}

Hlyfeg

gv}p}lemaejcglep

g~ calnaca}afp

Pvnka}@I+<8'

@I+2< }gEQPNGF lemlrr~gr~al}f

cg`lc ngl~m(p!

Pvnka}gv}p}lemaej

fyamfe`fgi

ig~jayfefpp'aemfn}fmefpp



=0

]f~kael}age femp l iacf~‑p gncajl}age }g iacf `lk+

rlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p za}h }hf lrr~gr~a+l}f ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep%

Ae g~mf~ }g }f~kael}f l iacf~ kvp} `gkrcf}f l pf~afp

gi p}frp% ]hf ia~p} p}fr ae }hf }f~kael}age r~g`fpp

nfjaep za}h l ~f|vfp} i~gk }hf iacf~ }hl} ap ~fyafzfm

l} }hf lrrca`lncf ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep% Lcc iacaej gnca+

jl}agep `ge}aevf ve}ac }hf }f~kael}age r~g`fpp ap

iaelcafm lem lrr~gyfm nq EQPNGF lem'g~ }hf

lrrca`lncf ngl~m(p!%

^frg~ }p lem Ig~kp

Fcf`}~gea` iacf~p za}h EQPNGF kvp} pvnka} nq klac

g~ ae rf~pge l ivccq `gkrcf}fm rlrf~ ]f~kael}age g~

^fpajel}age ^f|vfp} Ig~k (@I+<8! zhfe pvnka}+

}aej l `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f }f~kael}age

~frg~} lp mfp`~anfm nfcgz?

A }fkafm `lk rl aje i aele` al c m ap` cg +

pv~f ~frg~ } ? Le a}fkafm ~frg~} `~fl}fm vp+

aej }hf Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pqp}fk (FIP! Pgi}+

zl~f zhf}hf~ iacfm lp le l}}l`hkfe} }g le

fklac g~ iacfm nq klac ge mapdf}}f @M g~ MYM4

Gec aef ~frg~ }p ? Gef gi }hf caka}fm }qrfp gi

ege+a}fkafm ~frg~}p zha`h `le nf iacfm gecaef

(a%f% Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe} ai |vlcaiafm g~ Eg+

L`}aya}q ^frg~}! l} zzz%fcf`}agep%eq%jgy%

L Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~} `le lcpg nf pvnka}}fm ge l

rlrf~ @I+<8 ig~k%

]hf @I+<8 ig~k kvp} nf `gkrcf}fm ae a}p fe}a~f}q

za}h }hf lrr~gr~al}f –Iacaej Rf~agm‛ lem

–]f~kael}age ^frg~}‛ ngxfp `hf`dfm%

]hf ivccq `gkrcf}fm @I+<8 ig~k kvp} `ge}lae le


rf~pge }g?

Efz Qg~d P}l}f Ngl~m gi Fcf`}agep


=2 Eg~}h Rfl~c P}~ff} Pva}f 6 Lcnleq EQ <>>2:+>:>1

]hf Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pqp}fk (FIP! Pgi}zl~f mgfp

eg} `ge}lae l mfpajel}age (a%f% ~frg~} }qrf! ig~ }f~+

kael}age ~frg~}p% Lp pv`h l `lkrlaje iaeleàlc

map`cgpv~f ~frg~} pvnka}}fm fcf`}~gea`lccq }hl} ap

ae}femfm }g nf l }f~kael}age ~frg~} `leeg} nf r~g`+

fppfm lp l }f~kael}age ~frg~} za}hgv} pvnka}}aej}hf `gkrcf}fm @I+<8 ig~k% EQPNGF zgvcm eg}

g}hf~zapf degz }hl} }hf iacf~ ae}femfm }hf pvnka}}fm

~frg~} }g nf a}p }f~kael}age ~frg~}%

Ig~kp pvnka}}fm nq ilx g~ nq le fcf`}~gea` iacf l}+

}l`hfm }g le fklac zacc nf ~fof`}fm%

Cg`l c F cf` } ~ge a` I acf ~p

Cg`lc iacf~p zhg iacf fcf`}~gea`lccq za}h à}q'`gve}q

ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep phgvcm `ge}l`} }hl} ngl~m ig~

leq cg`lc }f~kael}age ~f|va~fkfe}p%

Aepamf Rl~} Gef Pf`} a ge YAA A ?

Mg`vkfe}p ^f|va~fm }g ]f~kael}f Iacaej Gncajl}agep

Lmma}agelc @~a}f~al ig~ ]f~kael}age Gncajl}age }g Iacf Ve}ac ]f~kael}age R~g`fpp @gkrcf}f

^f`g~mp ^f}fe}age

YA A A % ]F^KAEL]AEJ IACAE J GNC AJL]AGEP




==

Iacf~p za}h l cg`lc ngl~m gi fcf`}agep g~ iacf~p za}h

EQPNGF za}h le fxfkr}age }g iacf ge rlrf~ zhg

pvnka} l rlrf~ @I+2< ig~k ig~ }f~kael}age rv~+

rgpfp kvp} `gkrcf}f }hf `gyf~ rljf gi }hf @I+2<

ig~k ae a}p fe}a~f}q za}h }hf lrr~gr~al}f –Iacaej Rf+

~agm‛ lem –]f~kael}age ^frg~}‛ ngxfp `hf`dfm%

]hf ivccq `gkrcf}fm @I+2< ig~k kvp} `ge}lae le


rf~pge }g }hf lrrca`lncf ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep%

Leq ~fjvcl~cq p`hfmvcfm iacaej ae`cvmaej fcf`}age

~frg~}p g~ rf~agma` ~frg~}p `le nf mfpajel}fm lp l

}f~kael}age ~frg~}% L} g}hf~ }akfp l iacf~ `le pvnka}

le gii+`q`cf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} ig~ }f~kael}age rv~rgpfp% ]hap hgzfyf~ ap pvnof`} }g

}hf kam+`q`cf }f~kael}age ~fp}~a`}agep mfp`~anfm ge

}hf efx} rljf% Le gii+`q`cf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map+

`cgpv~f ~frg~} ap mfiaefm lp l ~frg~} zha`h mgfp eg}

`g~~fprgem }g leq prfàia` iacaej rf~agm%

]hf }f~kael}age ~frg~} kvp} ae`cvmf lcc }~lepl`}agep

i~gk }hf `v}+gii ml}f gi }hf clp} ~frg~} iacfm vr }g

}hf fiif`}ayf ml}f gi }f~kael}age%

L }f~kael}age zacc eg} nf r~g`fppfm vecfpp lcc ~f+

|va~fkfe}p ig~ }f~kael}age l~f kf} ae`cvmaej iacaejgi lcc mfcae|vfe} ~frg~}p% L }f~kael}age ap eg} gk+

rcf}f ve}ac EQPNGF lem'g~ lrrca`lncf cg`lc

ngl~m(p! r~gyamf lrr~gylc%

]f~kael } age ^fp} ~ a` } agep ge

@gep } a }v }fm @gkka } }ffp

@gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp mg eg} jfef~lccq `flpf }g

fxap} fx`fr} ae fx}~fkf à~`vkp}le`fp% Lp pv`h

leq `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ff }hl} mfpa~fp l }f~kael+

}age phgvcm `gepvc} za}h EQPNGF ig~ iv~}hf~ mf+

}lacp%

Ae lmma}age }g mg`vkfe}l}age ~f|va~fm ig~ }f~kael+

}age lp r~fyagvpcq aema`l}fm ae g~mf~ }g }f~kael}fiacf~p kvp} lcpg hlyf?

Pvnka}}fm lcc r~fyagvpcq ~f|va~fm `lkrlaje

iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p4

Le femaej `lph nlcle`f gi -2 ae }hf nled l`+

`gve} zha`h lcpg kvp} nf ~ficf`}fm ae }hf iacf~‑p

iaelc `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f }f~kael}age

~frg~}4 lem +

Lcc gv}p}lemaej cglep g~ calnaca} afp ~frlam g~ ig~+

jayfe ae`cvmaej pvnkappage gi cf}}f~p gi ig~jayf+

efpp% Leq ig~jayfe cglep g~ calnaca}afp l~f pvn+ of`} }g lrrca`lncf `ge}~anv}age caka}p%

Ae g~mf~ }g |vlcaiq ig~ }f~kael}age }hf~f `le nf

eg efjl}ayf `lph nlcle`f ge leq ~frg~}%

Zhfe Ivemp ^fk lae

Nfig~f }f~kael}age `le g``v~ zhfe }hf~f ap kgefq

~fklaeaej ae }hf iacf~‑p l``gve} }hf ivemp kvp} nf

cfjlccq maprf~pfm% ]g mg pg ivemp `le nf?

@ge}~anv}fm }g l `hl~a}q ~f`gjeafm nq }hf Ae+

}f~elc ^fyfevf Pf~ya`f nv} eg} zhf~f }hf iacf~ g~ l kfknf~ gi }hf iacf~‑p ilkacq `ge}~gcp }hf

`hl~a}q g~ hlp mfàpage kldaej rgzf~p }hf~fae4

@ge}~anv}fm }g l `lemaml}f g~ l rgca}a`lc `gk+

ka}}ff pvnof`} }g }hf ~fàrafe} `lemaml}f‑p g~

`gkka}}ff‑p ~f`far} caka}4

]~lepif~~fm nf}zffe }zg lv}hg~afm `gkka}+

}ffp pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej }hf plkf `lemaml}f4 g~

}g l rl~}q g~ `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ff zhf~f }hf

iacf~ kldaej }hf }~lepif~ ap l `lemaml}f g~ `le+

maml}f‑p lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff% ]~lepif~p l~f

eg} pvnof`} }g l caka}4^fivemfm ge l r~g+~l}fm nlpap }g lcc `ge}~anv+

}g~p%

Ovmaàlc `lemaml}fp'`gkka}}ffp hlyf pajeaia`le}

~fp}~a`}agep ge }hf mapnv~pfkfe} gi ~fklaeaej

ivemp% Lp pv`h }hfq phgvcm `gepvc} }hf Ovmaàlc

@lkrlaje F}ha`p @fe}f~ 888+922+6>0> g~

zzz%eq`gv~}p%jgy'ar'o`f`%


N% Lmma } agel c @~ a } f~ al ig~

]f~kael} age



=6

Iacf~p l~f ~f|va~fm }g `ge}aevf }g iacf lcc lrrca`lncf`lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f fcf`}age ~frg~}p lp

zfcc lp lcc rf~agma` ~frg~}p za}h EQPNGF lem'g~

cg`lc ngl~mp ve}ac }hf }f~kael}age ~f|va~fkfe}p

hlyf nffe kf} lem EQPNGF lem'g~ lrrca`lncf

cg`lc ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep hlyf lrr~gyfm }hf ~f+

|vfp}%

]f~kael}agep kvp} nf ~f|vfp}fm lem r~g`fppfm

pfrl~l}fcq za}h fl`h ngl~m zhf~f }hf iacf~ ap ~fjap+

}f~fm% ]f~kael}age za}h gef ngl~m mgfp eg} f|vlc

}f~kael}age za}h leg}hf~ ngl~m%

Iv~}hf~kg~f }f~kael}age za}h l cg`lc ngl~m gi fcf`+

}agep mgfp eg} `gep}a}v}f }f~kael}age za}h EQPNGF%

]f~kael}agep l~f pvnof`} }g ~fyafz lem lrr~gylc nq

}hf ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep ig~ `gkrcale`f za}h }hf

lrrca`lncf p}l}v}fp lem ~vcfp lem ~fjvcl}agep gi

EQPNGF lem l~f eg} mffkfm iaelc ve}ac lrr~gr~a+

l}f r~g`fppaej hlp }ldfe rcl`f% Ai lcc ~f|va~fkfe}p

l~f eg} kf} iacf~p zacc ~f`fayf l cf}}f~ gv}caeaej ~f+

klaeaej appvfp }g nf ~fpgcyfm }g |vlcaiq ig~ }f~ka+

el}age%

Lmma}agelccq pakrcq `cgpaej l iacf~‑p nled l``gve}

mgfp eg} }f~kael}f }hl} iacf~‑p gncajl}age }g `ge}aevf

}g iacf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p za}h

}hf lrrca`lncf ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep ve}ac }hfq pv`+

`fppivccq }f~kael}f% Iacf~p zacc ~f`fayf l cf}}f~ gv}cae+

aej leq ~fklaeaej appvfp }g nf ~fpgcyfm }g |vlcaiq

ig~ }f~kael}age ai lrrca`lncf%

@% Gnc ajl} age } g I a cf

Ve} a c ]f~k ael } age

R~g` fpp @gk rcf}f

Ig~jayfe Cglep g~ C alna c a } afp

Cglep g~ calnaca}afp }hl} l~f ig~jayfe l~f `gepam+

f~fm `ge}~anv}agep ig~ caka} rv~rgpfp lem l~f

pvnof`} }g `ge}~anv}age caka}p ig~ }hf lrrca`lncf

fcf`}age g~ `lcfeml~ qfl~ `q`cf%

Ig~jayfefpp `le ~fpvc} ae }hf ~f`far} gi le gyf~+

`ge}~anv}age ai }hf lkgve} ig~jayfe?

Ap ae lem gi a}pfci j~fl}f~ }hle }hf lrrca`lncf


Zhfe lmmfm }g }hf r~fyagvp `ge}~anv}age(p!

gi }hf `ge}~anv}g~ zhg ap ig~jayaej }hf cgle g~

calnaca}q ~fpvc}p ae le ljj~fjl}f lkgve} }hl}

ap j~fl}f~ }hle }hf lrrca`lncf `ge}~anv}age

caka}%

Iacf~p l~f p}~gejcq `lv}agefm }g `gepamf~ }hf lr+rca`lncf `ge}~anv}age caka} lp lrrcafm }g }hf

lkgve} }g nf ig~jayfe lp zfcc lp `lv}agefm }g

~fyafz }hf `ge}~anv}age hap}g~q gi }hf rl~}a`vcl~

`ge}~anv}g~ zhg zacc nf ig~jayaej l cgle g~ calnaca}q%

^f|va~fm cf}}f~p gi ig~jayfefpp? Lmma}agelccqcf}}f~p gi ig~jayfefpp'aemfn}fmefpp ai eg} r~fya+

gvpcq pvnka}}fm kvp} lcpg nf r~gyamfm%

Kam+@q` cf ]f~kael} age ^fp} ~ a ` +

} a gep@lemaml}fp g~ `gkka}}ffp }hl} l~f gncajl}fm }g

pvnka} ~frg~}p ig~ l rl~}a`vcl~ fcf`}age `q`cf

(f%j% r~akl~q jfef~lc lem'g~ prfàlc! `leeg}

}f~kael}f kam+`q`cf%

]hfq kvp} pvnka} lcc ~f|va~fm ~frg~}p ig~ }hl}

fcf`}age lem `le gecq }f~kael}f ai |vlcaiafm }g mg

pg zhfe pvnka}}aej }hf lrrca`lncf rgp}+fcf`}age

`lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} l} a}p p`hfm+

vcfm iacaej ml}f (a%f% <2+mlq rgp}+r~akl~q g~ >:+

mlq

rgp}+jfef~lc'prfàlc!%

Ae g~mf~ }g |vlcaiq }g }f~kael}f l `gkka}}ff }hf~f

`le nf eg efjl}ayf `lph nlcle`f ge leq ~frg~}%

Iacaej gncajl}agep `ge}aevf ve}ac }hf }f~kael}age

~f|vfp} hlp nffe lrr~gyfm nq EQPNGF%

(FC <=+<28(<!4 EQ@^^ 9>22%>(n!%!

Rl~} Gef ”Iacaej f|va~fkfe}p

Calnaca}afp ~fklaeaej? Ai }hf rgp}+fcf`}age ~f+rg~} g~ }hf clp} ~frg~} iacfm phgzp lppf}p g~

calnaca}afp ~fklaeaej }hf `lemaml}fp kvp} `ge+

}aevf }g iacf Rf~agma` ^frg~}p ve}ac }hf~f l~f eglppf}p g~ calnaca}afp l} zha`h rgae} }f~kael}age

klq nf ~f|vfp}fm%



=9

]~flpv~f~p? Fyf~q rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff phlcc hlyf l}~flpv~f~ lem l mfrgpa}g~q (nled! lem phlcc `lvpf

}hf }~flpv~f~ (l`}ayf lem'g~ ~fpajefm! }g dffr mf+

}lacfm ngvem l``gve}p gi lcc ~f`far}p }~lepif~p

cglep calnaca}afp `ge}~anv}agep lem fxrfema}v~fp

klmf nq }hf `gkka}}ff g~ leq gi a}p giia`f~p kfk+

nf~p g~ ljfe}p l`}aej vemf~ a}p lv}hg~a}q g~ ge a}p

nfhlci ig~ l rf~agm gi iayf qfl~p i~gk }hf ml}f gi

}hf iacaej gi }hf iaelc ~frg~} za}h ~fprf`} }g }hf

M% ^f` g~mp ^f} fe} age

fcf`}age g~ `geyfe}age }g zha`h }hfq rf~}lae%

@lemaml}fp? ]hfpf ~f|va~fkfe}p ~fjl~maej ~f+`g~mp ~f}fe}age lcpg lrrcq }g `lemaml}fp iacaej

`lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p lp zfcc%

Lp pv`h ~f`g~mp kvp} nf klae}laefm vrge lr+

r~gyfm }f~kael}age ig~ }hf ~f|va~fm rf~agm gi }akf

gv}caefm hf~fae% (FC <=+<<8%!


map`cgpv~f ~frg~}aej ~f|va~fkfe}p gv}caefm ae }hap pf`}age gi }hap Hlemnggd%

Zlqp g i M apnv~p aej ^fk lae aej Ivemp } g ]f~ k ael }f

@ge}~ anv} f }g l`hl~a }q ~f`gjeafm

nq }hf Ae }f~elc^fyfe vf Pf~y a`f#

nv } eg } z hf ~f } hfi a cf~ g~ l kfk nf~

gi }hf iacf~ ‑p ilkacq`ge}~gcp }h f

`hl~ a}q g ~ hlpmfàpage kldaej

rgzf~p4 g~%%%

%%% `ge}~ anv}f}g l `lemaml}fg~ l rgc a } a`lc`gkka } }ff #

pvnof`}} g } hf

~fàrafe}`lemaml}f‑p g~`gkka}}ff‑p~f`far} c aka } 4

g~%%%

%%%}~lepif~nf }z ffe }z g

lv}hg~ afm`gkka } }ffp?

•pgcfcq pvrr g~} aej }hfplkf `lemaml}f4 g ~

•}g l rl~ }q g~`gep} a }v }fm

`gkka } }ff zhf~f }hfi a cf~ kldaej }hf

}~lepif~ ap l `lemaml}fg~ `lemaml}f‑p

lv}hg~ afm`gkka } }ff 4 g~%%%

% % %~fivemge l

r~g+~l}fmnlpap}g lc c

`ge} ~ anv}g~p



=:

A X % EGE+@GKRCALE@F ) RFELC]AFP

Aepamf Rl~} Gef Pf`} a ge AX?

Iaeleàlc lem @~akaelc Rfelc}afp ig~ Ege+@gkrcale`f

]hf~f l~f pajeaia`le} `gepf|vfe`fp ig~ ng}h }~flpv~f~p lem `lemaml}fp zha`h klq ae`cvmf rfelc}afp

ig~ ilacv~f }g `gkrcq za}h }hf ~f|va~fkfe}p gi }hf EQP Fcf`}age Clz ~fcl}aej }g `lkrlaje iaeleàlc

map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p lp gv}caefm ae }hap Hlemnggd % ]hap ae`cvmfp ilacv~f }g iacf ~f|va~fm `lkrlaje iaele+

àlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p%

EQPNGF g~ l cg`lc ngl~m gi fcf`}agep klq aep}a}v}f

l ovmaàlc r~g`ffmaej (a%f% clzpva}! }g gn}lae iacaej

`gkrcale`f lp zfcc lp l iaeleàlc rfelc}q rcvp

`gp}p lem mapnv~pfkfe}p ig~ n~aejaej }hf r~g`ffm+

aej% ]hf klxakvk iaeleàlc rfelc}q gn}laefm ae l

ovmjkfe} hlp nffe ae`~flpfm% Rfelc}afp ig~ fl`h

aemayamvlc ilacv~f }g iacf g~ kvc}arcf ilacv~fp }g iacf nq

l }~flpv~f~ g~ `lemaml}f l~f gv}caefm nfcgz% (FC <=

+<>9(<!%!% Ae}f~fp} zacc l``~vf ge verlam ovmjkfe}plp r~gyamfm nq clz%

Ae lmma}age }g }hf iaeleàlc rfelc}afp gv}caefm hf~fae

}hf~f klq nf lppgàl}fm `~akaelc rfelc}afp ig~ ilac+

v~f }g `gkrcq za}h }hf ~f|va~fkfe}p gi EQP Fcf`+

}age Clz ~fcl}aej }g `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f

~frg~}p lp }hf lpf klq nf% Leq rf~pge zhg zacc+

ivccq lem degzaejcq yagcl}fp leq r~gyapage gi EQP

Fcf`}age Clz rf~}laeaej }g `lkrlaje iaele`f map`cg+

pv~f g~ `ge}~anv}age caka}p klq nf jvac}q gi l kapmf+

kfleg~ lem'g~ l ifcgeq% (FC <=+<>9(=!4 Rfelc Clz

><2%=6%! lp }hf `lpf klq nf%

Yagcl}agep4 Rfelc}afp<% Leq rf~pge zhg ilacp }g iacf l p}l}fkfe} ~f|va~fm

}g nf iacfm nq }hap l~}a`cf phlcc nf pvnof`} }g l àyac

rfelc}q eg} ae fx`fpp gi gef }hgvplem mgccl~p }g

nf ~f`gyf~lncf ae l prfàlc r~g`ffmaej g~ àyac l`+

}age }g nf n~gvjh} nq EQPNGF g~ g}hf~ ngl~m gi

fcf`}agep% Leq rf~pge zhg }h~ff g~ kg~f }akfp

za}hae l jayfe fcf`}age `q`cf ig~ pv`h }f~k gi giia`f

ilacp }g iacf l p}l}fkfe} g~ p}l}fkfe}p ~f|va~fm }g nf

iacfm nq }hap l~}a`cf phlcc nf pvnof`} }g l àyac

rfelc}q eg} ae fx`fpp gi -<2222 }g nf ~f`gyf~+lncf lp r~gyamfm ig~ ae }hap pvnmayapage%

>% Leq rf~pge zhg l`}aej lp g~ ge nfhlci gi l `le+

maml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff vemf~ à~`vkp}le`fp

fyaeàej le ae}fe} }g yagcl}f pv`h clz veclzivccq

l``fr}p l `ge}~anv}age ae fx`fpp gi l `ge}~anv}age

caka}l}age fp}lncaphfm ae }hap l~}a`cf phlcc nf ~f+

|va~fm }g ~fivem pv`h fx`fpp lkgve} lem phlcc nf

pvnof`} }g l àyac rfelc}q f|vlc }g }hf fx`fpp

lkgve} rcvp l iaef gi vr }g }fe }hgvplem mgccl~p }g

nf ~f`gyf~lncf ae l prfàlc r~g`ffmaej g~ àyac l`+

}age }g nf n~gvjh} nq EQPNGF%

0% Leq rf~pge zhg degzaejcq lem zaccivccq ilacp }g

iacf l p}l}fkfe} ~f|va~fm }g nf iacfm nq }hap l~}a`cf

za}hae }fe mlqp li}f~ }hf ml}f r~gyamfm ig~ iacaej

pv`h p}l}fkfe} g~ leq rf~pge zhg degzaejcq lem

zaccivccq yagcl}fp leq g}hf~ r~gyapage gi }hap l~}a`cf

phlcc nf jvac}q gi l kapmfkfleg~%

=% Leq rf~pge zhg degzaejcq lem zaccivccq `ge}~an+

v}fp l``fr}p g~ lamp g~ rl~}aàrl}fp ae }hf l``fr+

}le`f gi l `ge}~anv}age ae le lkgve} fx`ffmaej le

lrrca`lncf klxakvk prfàiafm ae }hap l~}a`cf phlccnf jvac}q gi l kapmfkfleg~%

6% Leq rf~pge zhg phlcc l`}aej ge nfhlci gi l `le+

maml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff degzaejcq lem zaccivccq

pgcaà} g~jleaf g~ `gg~mael}f }hf ig~kl}age gi l`+

}aya}afp gi gef g~ kg~f velv}hg~afm `gkka}}ffp

kldf fxrfema}v~fp ae `geef`}age za}h }hf egkael+

}age ig~ fcf`}age g~ fcf`}age gi leq `lemaml}f g~ pg+

caà} leq rf~pge }g kldf leq pv`h fxrfema}v~fp ig~

}hf rv~rgpf gi fylmaej }hf `ge}~anv}age caka}l}agep

gi }hap l~}a`cf phlcc nf jvac}q gi l `clpp F ifcgeq%



=8

]~flpv~f~‑p ^fprgepanaca}q

Rfelc}afp ig~ l `gkka}}ff‑p ilacv~f }g iacf l~f }hf rf~+

pgelc ~fprgepanaca}q gi }hf }~flpv~f~% Ovmjkfe}p l~f

gn}laefm lem fe}f~fm ljlaep} }hf }~flpv~f~ eg} }hf

`gkka}}ff g~ }hf `lemaml}f ai }hf `gkka}}ff ap l

`lemaml}f‑p lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff% Hgzfyf~ }hf

rfelc}afp `le nf rlam ig~ nq }hf `gkka}}ff lem

phgvcm nf ~frg~}fm lp le fxrfema}v~f% (FC <=+<<8

(<!%

@lemaml}f‑p ^fprgepanaca}q

Zhfe l `lemaml}f hlp aemayamvlc `lkrlaje iaeleàlc

map`cgpv~f ~f|va~fkfe}p zha`h klq ae`cvmf }hf iac+

aej gi l @lemaml}f‑p Lv}hg~al}age ig~ @gkka}}ff

}g Kldf Lcc @lkrlaje Iaeleàlc Map`cgpv~fp ig~k

(@I+<9! }hf `lemaml}f‑p ilacv~f }g iacf ap }hf rf~pgelc

~fprgepanaca}q gi }hf `lemaml}f eg} gi leq `gkka}}ff

g~ }~flpv~f~% Pv`h ovmjkfe}p ig~ rfelc}afp zgvcm nf

gn}laefm lem fe}f~fm ljlaep} }hf `lemaml}f%

]hfpf ovmjkfe}p `le g``v~ ~fjl~mcfpp gi zhf}hf~

g~ eg} }hf `lemaml}f hlp le lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff

za}h a}p gze pfrl~l}f lem map}ae`} map`cgpv~f ~f|va~f+

kfe}p lem ~fjl~mcfpp gi zhf}hf~ g~ eg} }hf lv}hg~+

afm `gkka}}ff hlp l`}vlccq klmf a}p iacaej% Ae lmma+

}age }hf rfelc}q ap lrrca`lncf }g fl`h iacaej rf~agm ae

zha`h }hf `lemaml}f hlp eg} qf} iacfm hap g~ hf~ @I+

<9 ig~k g~ `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} lp

}hf `lpf klq nf% Lmma}agelccq `lemaml}fp zhg mgeg} hlyf le lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff lem zhg ilac }g

kldf }hfa~ gze ~f|va~fm iacaejp zacc nf pvnof`} }g

rfelc}afp ig~ fl`h iacaej }hl} ap eg} klmf%



=1

Rl~ } ]zg ”

Fcf` } ~ge a` Ia c aej z a } h EQPNGF



62

Iacf~p klq yapa} }hf zfnpa}f zzz%fcf`}agep%eq%jgy }g mgzecglm }hf Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pqp}fk (FIP! Pgi}zl~f%Ge }hf hgkf rljf pfcf`} @lkrlaje Iaele`f }hfe pfcf`} Iacf Map`cgpv~f ^frg~}p lem `ca`d ge Mgzecglm

}hf cl}fp} yf~page gi }hf EQPNGF Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pqp}fk (FIP! Pgi}zl~f% Pff }hf igccgzaej pf`}age gi }hap

Hlemnggd ig~ mf}lacp%



6<

A % AE] ^GMV@]AGE ]G FCF@]^GEA@ IACA EJ

Aep amf Rl~ } ]z g Pf`} age A ?

Hajhcajh}p gi Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pqp}fk (FIP! Pgi}zl~f

]f`hea`lc Lppap}le`f

@lemaml}fp'}~flpv~f~p kvp} pvnka} `lkrlaje ia+eleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p fcf`}~gea`lccq fa}hf~ nq

mapdf}}f @M g~ MYM4 g~ nq fklac l}}l`hkfe} vpaej

EQPNGF‑p Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pqp}fk Pgi}zl~f%

]hf Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pgi}zl~f Vpf~'^fif~fe`f

Jvamf ap lylaclncf vemf~ }hf @lkrlaje Iaele`f

hflmaej l} EQPNGF‑p zfnpa}f?


]hf Vpf~'^fif~fe`f Jvamfp `ge}lae aeig~kl}age

ge?

Mgzecglmaej lem aep}lccaej Fcf`}~gea` IacaejPqp}fk pgi}zl~f

@~fl}aej l ~frg~}'iacf

Fe}f~aej p`hfmvcf ml}l

R~ae}aej ~frg~}p

Plyaej ~frg~}p

Zhfe vpaej FIP pgi}zl~f ig~ ~frg~} pvnkappage

`~fl}fm ~frg~}p l~f lppajefm l iacf elkf l``g~maej

}g }hf igccgzaej `gmfp% Mg eg} ~felkf qgv~ ~frg~}%

L ; 0>+Mlq R~f+R~akl~q

N ; <<+Mlq R~f+R~akl~q

@ ; <2+Mlq Rgp}+R~akl~q

M ; 0>+Mlq R~f+Jfef~lc

F ; <<+Mlq R~f+Jfef~lc

I ; >:+Mlq Rgp}+Jfef~lcJ; 0>+Mlq R~f+Prfàlc

H ; <<+Mlq R~f+Prfàlc

A ; >:+Mlq Rgp}+Prfàlc

O ; Olevl~q Rf~agma`

D ; Ovcq Rf~agma`

C ; Gii @q`cf

X%L ; Lkfemfm ^frg~} (zhf~f X ; leq cf}}f~

lngyf!

]f`he a`l c Lpp ap }le`f

Ig~ }f`hea`lc |vfp}agep `ge}l`} }hf EQPNGF Ae+ig~kl}age ]f`hegcgjq Hfcr Mfpd l} (6<8!=:=+8>22

g~ <+822+=68+0=60 g~ nq fklac l}?

fiphfcrBfcf`}agep%eq%jgy% ]g ~f|vfp} l @M gi

}hf pgi}zl~f `ge}l`} @lkrlaje Iaele`f l} <+

822+=68+0=60%

L% FIP Hajhc ajh} p

Fcf`}~gea` iacaejp klq nf pvnka}}fm }g EQPNGF ae

gef gi }zg zlqp?

Lp le fklac l}}l`hkfe} }g?fipiacaejBfcf`}agep%eq%jgy

Yal klac ge mapdf}}f @M g~ MYM }g?


=2 Eg~}h Rfl~c P}~ff} Pva}f 6

Lcnleq Efz Qg~d <>>2:+>:>1

@gepvc} }hf Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pgi}zl~f ^fif~fe`f

Jvamfp l} zzz%fcf`}agep%eq%jgy ig~ prfàia` ae+

p}~v`}agep ge pvnkappage gi fcf`}~gea` iacaejp }g

EQPNGF%%


mailto:[email protected]








6>

]hf Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pgi}zl~f ^fif~fe`f Jvamf }g vpaej

FIP zha`h akkfmal}fcq igccgzp }hap pf`}age `ge}laep

prfàia` aep}~v`}agep ge?

Mgzecglmaej lem aep}lccaej Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pqp}fkpgi}zl~f4

Vpaej }hf FIP r~gj~lk4

Cgjjaej ae4

@~fl}aej l ~frg~}'iacf4

Fe}f~aej p`hfmvcf ml}l4

R~ae}aej ~frg~}p4

Fxrg~}aej (plyf }g iacf! l ~frg~}4

Pfemaej'pvnka}}aej ~frg~}p }g EQPNGF4

Yf~aiqaej ~f`far} lem l``v~l`q gi }~lepka}}fm ~f+

rg~}p4 lem +

]f`hea`lc lppap}le`f%

Nfig~f EQPNGF `le l``fr} l `lkrlaje iaeleàlc

map`cgpv~f ~frg~} l `lemaml}f g~ }~flpv~f~ kvp}

ia~p} ~fjap}f~ nq pvnka}}aej }hf lrr~gr~al}f ~fjap}~l+

}age ig~kp% (Pff –Zhg Kvp} Iacf ) Zhl} Kvp} Nf

Iacfm7‛ pf`}age gi }hap Hlemnggd ig~ kg~f mf}lacp%!

]hf iacf~ zacc }hfe nf lppajefm l Iacf~ Amfe}aia`l}age

Evknf~ (Iacf~ AM#! lem Rf~pgelc Amfe}aia`l}age

Evknf~ (RAE!%

L iacf~ kvp} eg} vpf }hf EQPNGF pgi}zl~f }g r~f+rl~f l ~frg~} ig~ iacaej nfig~f ~f`fayaej l Iacf~ AM#

lem RAE i~gk EQPNGF% L iacf~ zhg mgfp pg zacc

hlyf }g ~f+fe}f~ lcc ml}l ae }hf ~frg~} lp ~frg~}p

r~frl~fm za}hgv} l `g~~f`} Iacf~ AM# lem RAE `le+

eg} nf vrcglmfm ae}g }hf ml}lnlpf% Pae`f l RAE

pf~yfp lp le fcf`}~gea` pajel}v~f RAE vpf ap kle+

ml}g~q }g lv}hfe}a`l}f l iacaej%

Iacf~p ~fjap}f~fm za}h EQPNGF `le pvnka} }hf igc+

cgzaej ~frg~}p ge rlrf~ g~ `hggpf }g pvnka} }hfk

gecaef?

Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe}4Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~}p4

>=+Hgv~ Eg}a`f4 lem

Eg}a`f gi Ege+Rl~}aàrl}age ae Fcf`}age(p! nq l

^fjap}f~fm RL@ Rl~}q g~ @gep}a}v}fm @gkka}+

}ff

Hgzfyf~ }hf Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pqp}fk (FIP! Pgi}+

zl~f `leeg} nf vpfm }g `~fl}f'pvnka} }hfpf ~frg~}p

gecaef% ]hfq `le gecq nf fcf`}~gea`lccq `~fl}fm lem

pvnka}}fm gecaef l} zzz%fcf`}agep%eq%jgy?

@CA@D% (@lkrlaje Iaele`f[

@CA@D% (Iacf Map`cgpv~f ^frg~}[Pfcf`} }hf lrr~gr~al}f ~frg~}

Igccgz }hf p}fr+nq+p}fr aep}~v`}agep (Iacf~ AM#

lem RAE effmfm!

]hf iacf~ kvp} pvnka} l ivccq `gkrcf}fm rlrf~ ]f~+

kael}age g~ ^fpajel}age ^f|vfp} Ig~k (@I+<8! ai

}hf iacf~‑p ~frg~} ap ae}femfm }g nf fa}hf~ l }~flpv~f~

~fpajel}age ~frg~} g~ l }f~kael}age ~frg~} lp mf+

p`~anfm nfcgz? Le a}fkafm ~frg~} `~fl}fm vpaej }hf Fcf`}~gea`

Iacaej Pqp}fk (FIP! Pgi}zl~f zhf}hf~ iacfm lp

le l}}l`hkfe} }g le fklac g~ iacfm nq klac ge

mapdf}}f @M g~ MYM4 g~ +

L ~frg~} iacfm gecaef (a%f% Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe}

ai |vlcaiafm g~ Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~}!

]hf ivccq `gkrcf}fm ig~k kvp} `ge}lae le g~ajaelc

pajel}v~f lem nf pvnka}}fm nq klac }g EQPNGF% L

~fpajel}age g~ }f~kael}age `leeg} nf ~f|vfp}fm g}h+

f~zapf g~ r~g`fppfm za}hgv} pvnka}}aej }hf `gk+

rcf}fm @I+<8% Ig~kp pvnka}}fm nq ilx g~ nq lefcf`}~gea` iacf l}}l`hfm }g le fklac zacc nf ~fof`}fm%

L ~fpajel}age g~ }f~kael}age `le gecq nf j~le}fm nq

EQPNGF lem ap eg} fiif`}ayf ve}ac pg j~le}fm%

(Pff –^fpajeaej lp ]~flpv~f~‛ g~ –]f~kael}aej Iac+

aej Gncajl}agep‛ pf`}age ae }hap Hlemnggd ig~ kg~f

mf}lacp%!

Rl~} ]zg ”Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej za}h EQPNGF





60

Iacf~p l~f ~f|va~fm }g `ge}aevf }g iacf lcc lrrca`lncf

`lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f fcf`}age ~frg~}p lp

zfcc lp lcc `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f rf~agma`

~frg~}p za}h EQPNGF lem'g~ cg`lc ngl~mp ve}ac

}f~kael}age hlp nffe ~f|vfp}fm% ]f~kael}age kvp}

nf ~f|vfp}fm lem r~g`fppfm pfrl~l}fcq za}h fl`hngl~m zhf~f }hf iacf~ ap ~fjap}f~fm% ]f~kael}age za}h

gef ngl~m mgfp eg} f|vlc }f~kael}age za}h leg}hf~

ngl~m% Lmma}agelccq pakrcq `cgpaej l iacf~‑p nled

l``gve} mgfp eg} }f~kael}f }hl} iacf~‑p gncajl}age }g

`ge}aevf }g iacf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~f+

rg~}p za}h }hf lrrca`lncf ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep ve}ac

hf g~ phf pv``fppivccq }f~kael}fp% (Pff –^fpajeaej

lp ]~flpv~f~‛ g~ –]f~kael}aej Iacaej Gncajl}agep‛


Akrg~}le} Aeig~kl}age ig~ @f~}lae Cg`lc Iacf~p

Ig~ gejgaej fxap}aej cg`lc iacf~p kldaej l IA^P]

fcf`}~gea` iacaej za}h EQPNGF }hf igccgzaej aeig~+

kl}age lmm~fppfp hgz }g `lr}v~f fcf`}~gea`lccq }hf

iacf~‑p r~fyagvp femaej `lph nlcle`f%

Hgzfyf~ ig~ l cg`lc iacf~ zhgpf aea}alc ~frg~} ap nf+

aej klmf ng}h cg`lccq lem za}h EQPNGF }hf igc+

cgzaej aeig~kl}age mgfp eg} lrrcq pae`f }hfq zacc

eg} hlyf le aea}alc nlcle`f }g nf `l~~afm ig~zl~m

i~gk l r~fyagvp ~frg~}%

%Fiif`}ayf ae >226 l`}ayf cg`lc iacf~p (`lemaml}fp

lem'g~ `gkka}}ffp! iacaej za}h l cg`lc ngl~m gi fcf`+

}agep zhg lcpg nf`gkf gncajl}fm }g iacf fcf`}~gea+

`lccq za}h EQPNGF nf`lvpf }hfq l~f ~lapaej g~

prfemaej g~ fxrf`} }g ~lapf g~ prfem kg~f }hle

-<222 ae l `lcfeml~ qfl~ kvp} `gkrcq za}h }hf

igccgzaej ai }hfq hlyf eg} lc~flmq mgef pg?

Aea}alc Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej? @l~~qaej Ig~zl~m

Nlcle`f i~gk R~fyagvp Rlrf~ Iacaej

Aea}alc fcf`}~gea` iacaej kvp} `ge}lae }hf femaej

`lph nlcle`f gi }hf kgp} ~f`fe} rlrf~ iacaejp

klmf l} }hf cg`lc ngl~m gi fcf`}agep Ilacv~f }g

mg pg zacc ~fpvc} ae }hf aea}alc iacaej lem lcc iv}v~f

iacaejp }g hlyf ae`g~~f`} nlcle`fp% Ae g~mf~ }g

r~grf~cq `l~~q ig~zl~m }hf femaej `lph nlcle`f

ge}g }hf ia~p} fcf`}~gea` iacaej cg`lc

iacf~p l~f ~f|va~fm }g mg l gef+}akf fe}~q ge

P`hfmvcf J (]~lepif~p+Ae!% ]g mg pg }hf igccgz+

aej aeig~kl}age kvp} nf fe}f~fm ge P`hfmvcf J?

Ml}f ‐ Vpf }hf `v}+gii ml}f gi }hap iacaej lp}hf ia~p} `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f

~frg~} ig~ EQPNGF (f%j% Olevl~q <<>2XX” ap }hf `v}+gii ml}f ig~ Olevl~q

<6 >2XX rf~agma` `lkrlaje iaeleàlc

map`cgpv~f ~frg~}!%

]~lepif~ ]qrf ‐ Vpf ]qrf > (@gkka}}ffPgcfcq Pvrrg~}aej Plkf @lemaml}f!%

Elkf ‐ ]~flpv~f~p zacc cap} }hfa~ `gkka}}ffelkf% @lemaml}fp iacaej }hfa~ gze ~frg~}

zacc cap} }hfa~ elkf%

Lkgve} ‐ ^f`g~m }hf femaej `lph nlcle`fi~gk }hf clp} rlrf~ ~frg~} iacfm za}h }hf

cg`lc ngl~m gi fcf`}agep%

@hf`d }hf EQPNGF zfnpa}f }g yf~aiq }hl} }hf

ml}l lem }hf femaej `lph nlcle`f l~f `g~~f`}%

Ilacv~f }g kldf }hf gef+}akf fe}~q ge P`hfmvcf

J zacc ~fpvc} ae le ae`g~~f`} nlcle`f zha`h zacc

`l~~q ig~zl~m }g iv}v~f iacaejp lem klq r~fyfe} l

iacf~ i~gk }f~kael}aej%

^f|vfp}aej le Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Fxfkr}age

Ig~k (@I+<1!

]g ~f|vfp} le fxfkr}age i~gk iacaej fcf`}~gea+

`lccq za}h EQPNGF l iacf~ kvp} `gkrcf}f lem

pvnka} le Lrrca`l}age ig~ Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Fx+fkr}age (@I+<1! ig~k }g EQPNGF% ]hf @I+<1

kvp} nf pvnka}}fm nq klac ge rlrf~ za}h le

g~ajaelc pajel}v~f% Ig~kp pvnka}}fm nq ilx g~ nq

le fcf`}~gea` iacf l}}l`hfm }g le fklac zacc nf

~fof`}fm% Le fxfkr}age `le gecq nf j~le}fm ae

z~a}aej nq EQPNGF lem ap eg} fiif`}ayf ve}ac pg

j~le}fm%




6=

Eg}f? Rlrf~ ~frg~}p pvnka}}fm za}hgv} le Fxfkr+

}age ig~klccq j~le}fm ae z~a}aej nq EQPNGF zacc nf

~fof`}fm lem ~f}v~efm% ]hap klq ~fpvc} ae l iacf~ nfaej pvnof`} }g l rfelc}q ig~ cl}f iacaej g~ ege+iacaej%

Fxfkr}agep l~f ~l~fcq j~le}fm% ]g |vlcaiq ig~ le

fxfkr}age i~gk }hf fcf`}~gea` iacaej ~f|va~fkfe}zha`h ap l prfàlc lem caka}fm rf~kappage }g pvnka}

~frg~}p ge rlrf~ iacf~p kvp} kff} ng}h gi }hf igc+

cgzaej `~a}f~al lem pvnka} l @I+<1 (Lrrca`l}age ig~

Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Fxfkr}age!?

<% Iacf~ mgfp eg} hlyf l``fpp }g }hf }f`hegcgjq

ef`fppl~q }g `gkrcq za}h }hf fcf`}~gea` iacaej

~f|va~fkfe}% –L``fpp }g }hf }f`hegcgjq‛ ap mf+

iaefm lp }hf gzef~phar lem'g~ }hf lnaca}q }g l`+

`fpp l `gkrv}f~ za}h l zaemgzp+nlpfm grf~l}+

aej pqp}fk `lrlncf gi `gkrcqaej za}h fcf`+

}~gea` iacaej ~f|va~fkfe}p4 lem + >% Iacaej fcf`}~gea`lccq zgvcm `lvpf l pvnp}le}alc

hl~mphar% –Pvnp}le}alc hl~mphar‛ ap mfiaefm lp

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Ig~ P}l}f @lkrlaje? Ig~ `lemaml}fp ~veeaej ig~ Efz Qg~d P}l}f Jgyf~eg~ C}% Jgyf~eg~ P}l}f @gkr}~gccf~P}l}f L}}g~efq Jfef~lc P}l}f Pfel}f P}l}f Lppfkncq lem P}l}f Pvr~fkf @gv~} lem `f~}lae rl~}q giia`fp

`hf`d }hap ngx%

Ig~ Cg`lc @lkrlaje? Ig~ lcc g}hf~ giia`fp `hf`d }hap ngx lem cap} }hf `gve}q elkf zhf~f }hf cg`lc giia`f ap nfaejpgvjh}%

A}fk L? @lemaml}fp ig~ p}l}fzamf giia`f kvp} r~gyamf }hf giia`f pgvjh} map}~a`}# lem fcf`}age qfl~% Cg`lc `lemaml}fp r~g+yamf }hf giia`f pgvjh} ae`cvmaej }hf elkf lem }qrf gi kveaàrlca}q f%j% à}q gi }gze gi g~ yaccljf gi% ]hf map}~a`} lem fcf`+}age qfl~ phgvcm lcpg nf r~gyamfm%

A}fk N? Fe}f~ }hf elkf gi }hf `lemaml}f% Rcflpf r~gyamf l ~fpamfe}alc lmm~fpp klacaej lmm~fpp ai maiif~fe} lem rhgefevknf~% R%G% Ngx ap eg} lccgzfm ig~ ~fpamfe}alc lmm~fpp% Pgàlc Pf`v~a}q evknf~ ap gr}agelc%

A}fk @? Qgv~ l``gve} kvp} nf grfefm l} l nledaej g~jleal}age lv}hg~afm }g mg nvpaefpp ae Efz Qg~d P}l}f% ]hfn~le`h zhf~f }hf l``gve} ap grfefm lem hfcm kvp} nf rhqpa`lccq cg`l}fm ae Efz Qg~d P}l}f%

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IG^K @I+26 AEP]^V@]AGEP]hap ig~k kvp} `ge}lae g~ajaelc pajel}v~f(p! ae aed lem nf eg}l~afm g~ pvnp`~anfm }g%

@grafp gi pajel}v~fp# ae`cvmaej }hgpf ge ilxfp# RMIp# g~ g}hf~ fcf`}~gea` iacfp# l~f eg} l``fr}lncf%

L `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}}ff kvp} iacf }hap ig~k l} fl`h lrr~gr~al}f ngl~m gi fcf`}agep zhf~f }hf `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}}ff ap ~f|va~fm }g iacf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p%

Ig~ P}l}f @lkrlaje? @hf`d }hap ngx ig~ `lemaml}fp g~ `gkka}}ffp pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej `lemaml}fp ig~ Efz Qg~d P}l}f Jgyf~eg~# C}% Jgyf~eg~# P}l}f @gkr}~gccf~# P}l}f L}}g~efq Jfef~lc# P}l}f Pfel}f# P}l}f Lp+

pfkncq lem P}l}f Pvr~fkf @gv~}# lp zfcc lp }hgpf pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej p}l}fzamf nlccg} r~grgpa+}agep%

Ig~ Cg`lc @lkrlaje? @hf`d }hap ngx ig~ lcc g}hf~ giia`fp lem cg`lc nlccg} r~grgpa}agep# lem cap} }hf `gve}qelkf zhf~f }hf cg`lc giia`f ap nfaej pgvjh} g~ }hf nlccg} r~grgpa}age ap lrrfl~aej% @lemaml}fp g~ `gkka}}ffppvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej pv`h `lemaml}fp g~ nlccg} r~grgpa}agep `le iacf }hap ig~k za}h }hf lrr~gr~al}f cg`lcngl~m gi fcf`}agep# g~ yaccljf `cf~d zhf~f }hf yaccljf `cf~d ~vep }hf fcf`}age%

A}fk L? @lemaml}fp ig~ p}l}fzamf giia`f kvp} r~gyamf }hf giia`f pgvjh}# map}~a`} evknf~ ai lrrca`lncf lem fcf`+}age qfl~% Cg`lc `lemaml}fp kvp} r~gyamf }hf giia`f pgvjh}# ae`cvmaej }hf elkf lem }qrf gi kveaàrlca}q (f%j%#@a}q gi Efznv~jh4 ]gze gi @gcgeaf4 Yaccljf gi P`g}al!% ]hf map}~a`} lem fcf`}age qfl~ kvp} lcpg nf r~gyamfm%

A}fk N? Fe}f~ }hf elkf gi }hf `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}}ff% Rcflpf r~gyamf l ~fpamfe}alc lmm~fpp# l klacaej lm+m~fpp ai maiif~fe}# rhgef evknf~ lem f+klac lmm~fpp gi }hf `lemaml}f g~ }~flpv~f~% R%G% Ngx eg} lccgzfm ig~ ~fpamfe}alc lmm~fpp%

A}fk @? @lemaml}fp zhg mg eg} ~f`fayf g~ prfem kg~f }hle -62 (}hap }h~fphgcm ae`cvmfp }hfa~ gze rf~pgelcivemp!# ae`cvmaej `lemaml}fp ig~ `gve}q `gkka}}ff gi l rgca}a`lc rl~}q g~ ig~ mfcfjl}f g~ lc}f~el}f mfcfjl}f }g l

ovmaàlc map}~a`} `geyfe}age# kvp} aeig~k }hf lrr~gr~al}f ngl~m(p! gi fcf }agep ae z~a}aej gi }hap il }%

A}fk M? L `gkka}}ff ig~kfm pgcfcq }g pvrrg~} g~ grrgpf l nlccg} appvf# }hl} mgfp eg} ~lapf g~ prfem gyf~ -<22# ap eg} ~f|va~fm }g iacf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p%

A}fk F? @lemaml}fp lem lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ffp pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej gef `lemaml}f ig~ rvnca` giia`f# g~ pgcfcqpvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej l nlccg} r~grgpa}age# ae }gzep# à}afp g~ yaccljfp hlyaej l rgrvcl}age vemf~ <2#222#zhf~f }hf `lemaml}f lem'g~ `gkka}}ff mgfp eg} ~lapf g~ prfem ae fx`fpp gi -<#222 ae }hf ljj~fjl}f ig~ }hf`lkrlaje# l~f eg} ~f|va~fm }g iacf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p% ]hap }h~fphgcm ae`cvmfp }hf rf~pgelcivemp gi }hf `lemaml}f%

Eg}f? ]hap fxfkr}age klq nf`gkf aeylcam# ~f|va~aej ~fjap}~l}age lem iacaej gi `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map+`cgpv~f ~frg~}p za}h }hf lrrca`lncf p}l}f# `gve}q lem'g~ à}q ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep# ai }hf `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}}ff pvrrg~}p g~ grrgpfp `lemaml}fp g~ nlccg} r~grgpa}agep gv}pamf gi }hf lrrca`lncf ov~apma`}age%

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pvrrg~}aej nlccg} r~grgpa}agep ae l }gze g~ yaccljf }ldaej rcl`f g}hf~ }hle ae Egyfknf~ mg eg} hlyf }gkldf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~fp ~fcl}ayf }g }hfa~ nlccg} r~grgpa}age l`}aya}q% Ae }hap aep}le`f# }hapig~k mgfp eg} hlyf }g nf iacfm%

Ai qgv hlyf leq |vfp}agep lngv} l `clak gi fxfkr}age# `ge}l`}?Efz Qg~d P}l}f Ngl~m gi Fcf`}agep@lkrlaje Iaele`f Vea}=2 Eg~}h Rfl~c P}~ff}# Pva}f 6

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Pf`}age <=+<2= gi EQP Fcf`}age Clz


T [ Efz Ig~k T [ Lkfemfm Ig~k

GIIA@F? WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW MAP]Â@]? WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

@LEMAML]F‑P IVCC ELKF? WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

@LEMAML]F‑P LMM^FPP?

^fpamfe}alc (eg R%G% Ngx! WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Klacaej (R%G% Ngx lccgzfm! WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW



@LEMAML]F‑P @GVE]Q? WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

PG@ALC PF@VÂ]Q EVKNF^? WWWWWWWWW'WWWWWWW'WWWWWWWW F+KLAC LMM^FPP? WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

]FCFRHGEF?

Hgkf WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW Nvpaefpp WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW @fcc WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

A PZFL^ G^ LIIA^K ]HL]?

<! A lk l `lemaml}f ig~ }hf giia`f lp p}l}fm lngyf# lem

>! Lcc iaeleàlc l`}aya}q ~fcl}fm }g kq lkrlaje# ae`cvmaej kq gze# zacc nf map`cgpfm nq lelv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff# zha`h zacc iacf ge kq nfhlci%

ELKF GI LV]HGÂ_FM @GKKA]]FF? WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

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]^FLPV^F^‑P ^FPAMFE]ALC LMM^FPP? WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

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giWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW # >2WWWWWW

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98



IG^K @I+<9 AEP]^V@]AGEP

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@LEMAML]FP IG^ RVNCA@ GIIA@F G^ RL^]Q RGPA]AGE KLQ NF ^F\VA^FM ]G IACF ]HAP IG^K%

IACF ]HAP IG^K AI?

Qgv l~f l `lemaml}f za}h le lv}hg~afm gkka}}ff }hl} zacc kldf lcc gi }hf lemaml}f‑p ~f|va~fm `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f

iacaejp% ]hfpf `gkka}}ff iacaejp zgvcm ae`cvmf lcc }hf iaeleàlc l`}aya}q gi }hf `lkrlaje# ae`cvmaej }hf iaeleàlc l`}aya}q gi }hf `lema+ml}f%

MG EG] IACF ]HAP IG^K AI?

Qgv l~f l `lemaml}f za}h le lv}hg~afm gkka}}ff lem qgv hlyf lmma}agelc iaeleàlc l`}aya}q }hl} zacc eg} nf ~frg~}fm nq qgv~

`gkka}}ff? @lemaml}fp za}h le lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff }hl} hlyf# g~ rcle ge hlyaej# leq iaeleàlc l`}aya}q }hl} zacc eg} nf map`cgpfm

nq }hf `gkka}}ff# ae`cvmaej }hf iaeleàlc l`}aya}q gi }hf `lemaml}f# l~f ~f|va~fm }g map`cgpf }hap g}hf~ iaeleàlc l`}aya}q nq iacaej ia+

eleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p ge }hf ~f|va~fm iacaej ml}fp% ]hfpf ~frg~}p zgvcm nf ae lmma}age }g }hf `gkka}}ff‑p ~frg~}p% Ig~ EQP+

NGF iacf~p# pff Lmma}agelc Aeig~kl}age nfcgz%

Qgv l~f l `lemaml}f za}hgv} le lv}hg~afm gkka}}ff? @lemaml}fp }hl} mg eg} hlyf le lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff l~f ~f|va~fm }g

map`cgpf lcc }hf iaeleàlc l`}aya}q gi }hf `lkrlaje# ae`cvmaej }hf iaeleàlc l`}aya}q gi }hf `lemaml}f# nq iacaej map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p ge }hf

~f|va~fm iacaej ml}fp% Ig~ EQPNGF iacf~p# pff Lmma}agelc Aeig~kl}age nfcgz%

ZHFE @GKRCF]AEJ ]HAP IG^K# ]HF @LEMAML]F KVP]?

R~gyamf }hf giia`f pgvjh} map}~a`} # (ai lrrca`lncf! `lemaml}f‑p ivcc elkf ~fpamfe}alc lmm~fpp (eg R%G% Ngxfp lc+

cgzfm!# `gve}q# lem }fcfrhgef evknf~(p!%

R~gyamf le g~ajaelc pajel}v~f (`grafp gi pajel}v~fp# ae`cvmaej }hgpf ge ilxfp# RMIp# g~ g}hf~ fcf`}~gea` iacfp# l~f eg}

l``fr}lncf!%

Hlyf }hap ig~k eg}l~afm# g~ pvnp`~anfm }g nq l `gkkappagef~ gi mffmp%

Iacf }hap ig~k l} cflp} 0> mlqp r~ag~ }g }hf ia~p} fcf`}age }g zha`h a} ~fcl}fp%

R~gyamf lmma}agelc phff}p ai }hap ig~k mgfp eg} r~gyamf fegvjh prl`fp ig~ }hf `lemaml}f aeig~kl}age%

Iacf le lkfemfm @I+<9 leq }akf aeig~kl}age ge }hf g~ajaelc ig~k `hlejfp# g}hf~ }hle le fcf`}age qfl~%

Eg}f? ]hf gr}agelc klacaej lmm~fpp klq ae`cvmf l R%G% Ngx % F+klac lmm~fpp Pgàlc Pf`v~a}q evknf~ `fcc lem nvpaefpp}fcfrhgef evknf~p l~f gr}agelc%

ZHF^F ]G IACF ]HAP IG^K?

@lemaml}fp ig~ p}l}fzamf giia`f# EQP Pfel}f'Lppfkncq# Pvr~fkf @gv~} Ovp}a`f# lem `f~}lae rl~}q giia`fp? Iacf }hap

ig~k za}h }hf Efz Qg~d P}l}f Ngl~m gi Fcf`}agep (EQPNGF!%

Cg`lc `lemaml}fp (lcc g}hf~ giia`fp'rl~}q rgpa}agep!? Iacf }hap ig~k za}h }hf lrrca`lncf à}q g~ `gve}q ngl~m gi fcf`}agep%

Ae lmma}age# iacf le g~ajaelc gi }hap ig~k za}h EQPNGF ai qgv~ lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff rclep }g ~lapf g~ prfem kg~f }hle

-<#222 ae l `lcfeml~ qfl~%

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iacf za}h }hf `gve}q ngl~m gi fcf`}agep# lem lcpg iacf le g~ajaelc gi }hap ig~k za}h EQPNGF ai qgv~ lv}hg~afm `gkka}+}ff rclep }g ~lapf g~ prfem kg~f }hle -<#222 ae l `lcfeml~ qfl~%

LMMA]AGELC AEIG^KL]AGE?

Ai }hf `gkka}}ff elkfm nq }hf `lemaml}f ge }hap ig~k (<! mgfp eg} ~fjap}f~ nq iacaej }hf @I+2> ig~k# lem (>! mgfp eg}

}hfe iacf }hf ~f|va~fm map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p# }hf `lemaml}f zacc nf ~fprgepancf ig~ iacaej }hf ~frg~}p%

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@lemaml}fp ~f|va~fm }g iacf za}h EQPNGF zhg l~f eg} ~f|va~fm }g iacf }hap @I+<9 (pff lngyf! kvp} pvnka} }hf @lemaml}f @lk+

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Fcf`}age Qfl~ ap }hf qfl~ gi }hf r~akl~q jfef~lc g~ prfàlc fcf`}age }g zha`h }hf }~lepl`}agep ae }hf ~frg~}~fcl}f% ]hap ap }hf `lcfeml~ qfl~ ig~ RL@p lem rl~}q `gkka}}ffp%

Iacf~ AM# ap }hf amfe}aia`l}age evknf~ lppajefm }g iacf~p nq }hf Ngl~m gi Fcf`}agep% Pgkf ngl~mp gi fcf`}agepmg eg} lppaje Iacf~ AM#p%

P}l}fkfe} Evknf~ ~fcl}fp }g }hf evknf~p <+<0 vemf~ ]qrf gi ^frg~} Pf`}age (f%j% =;0> mlq r~f+jfef~lc!%

P}l}fkfe} Rf~agm Ml}fp l~f }hf ae`cvpayf ml}fp `gyf~fm nq }hap ~frg~}% ]hfq kvp} lj~ff za}h }hf iacaej `lc+feml~‑p iacaej `v}+gii ml}fp%

Ivcc Elkf (@lemaml}f!? Ai }hap ~frg~} ap nfaej iacfm nq l `lemaml}f lem eg `gkka}}ff fxap}p r~gyamf }hf `le+maml}f‑p elkf%

Ivcc Elkf (@gkka}}ff!? Ai }hap ~frg~} ap nfaej iacfm nq g~ ge nfhlci gi l }~flpv~f~ gi l `gkka}}ff r~gyamf

}hf `gkka}}ff‑p elkf%Klacaej Lmm~fpp? Klacaej lmm~fpp gi `lemaml}f g~ }~flpv~f~%

@gkka}}ff ]~flpv~f~ Elkf? R~ae} elkf gi }~flpv~f~%

Ap }hap `gkka}}ff lv}hg~afm nq l `lemaml}f? @hf`d }hf lrr~gr~al}f ngx }g aema`l}f zhf}hf~ g~ eg} }hf`lemaml}f(p! cap}fm hlyf lv}hg~afm }hf `gkka}}ff }g l`} ge }hfa~ nfhlci%

Giia`f'Map}~a`}'@lemaml}f nfaej pvrrg~}fm? Ig~ `gkka}}ffp zha`h l~f pvrrg~}aej gecq gef `lemaml}f}h~gvjh `lkrlaje fxrfema}v~fp r~gyamf }hf giia`f map}~a`} lem elkf gi `lemaml}f% Ai }hf ~frg~} ap iacfm ig~ l`lemaml}f nq }hf `lemaml}f r~gyamf giia`f lem map}~a`} gecq%

P}l}fkfe} ap nfaej iacfm nq? @hf`d }hf lrr~gr~al}f ngx ig~ }hf }qrf gi fe}a}q iacaej }hf ~frg~}%

]qrf gi ^frg~}? @hf`d }hf ngx efx} }g }hf ~frg~} nfaej iacfm lem rcl`f }hl} evknf~ ae }hf hflmaej%

@lkrlaje kl}f~alc g~ l map`clakf~? Ai `lkrlaje kl}f~alc zlp rv~`hlpfm (rlck `l~mp nv}}gep p`~ar}p gi ~lmag g~ ]Y lmp f}`%! `grafp kvp} nf pvnka}}fm za}h rgp}+fcf`}age ~frg~}p% G}hf~zapf pvnka} l map`clakf~ (l

pajefm lem ml}fm p}l}fkfe} }hl} }hf~f zlp eg `lkrlaje kl}f~alc!%

]f~kael}age ^frg~}? @hf`d }hf ngx ai qgv l~f ~f|vfp}aej l }f~kael}age%

Lkfemkfe} ^frg~}? @hf`d }hf ngx ai qgv l~f lkfemaej l ~frg~} lem aema`l}f ml}f gi g~ajaelc ~frg~}%

]~flpv~f~ ^fpajel}age ^frg~}? @grq gi cf}}f~ gi ~fpajel}age l}}l`hfm% Leq ~fjvcl~cq p`hfmvcfm ~frg~} klqlcpg nf l }~flpv~f~ ~fpajel}age ~frg~}%

P}l}fkfe} Aeyfe}g~q? ]hf `gyf~ rljf kvp} lczlqp nf pvnka}}fm% ]hf pvkkl~q lem p}l}vp rljfp kvp} nfpvnka}}fm vecfpp }hf Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe} ge }hf `gyf~ rljf ap `gkrcf}fm% Rcflpf aema`l}f zha`h p`hfmvcfphlyf nffe `gkrcf}fm nq rclàej }hf evknf~ gi rljfp ae }hf `gcvke efx} }g }hf elkf gi }hgpf p`hfmvcfp%

Eg}f? Qgv effm gecq }g pvnka} }hgpf p`hfmvcfp }hl} l~f ~f|va~fm'ef`fppl~q }g ~frg~} }hf }qrfp gi }~lepl`+ }agep }hl} g``v~~fm mv~aej }hf rf~agm % Mg eg} pvnka} ncled p`hfmvcfp g~ p`hfmvcfp }hl} l~f eg} vpfm%

Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe}?

<% Ai qgv |vlcaiq }g iacf le Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe} `hf`d }hf ngx lem gkrcf}f }hf yf~aia`l}age pf`}age% Qgvkvp} eg} `gkrcf}f leq g}hf~ p`hfmvcfp%

>% Qgv |vlcaiq }g iacf le Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe} ai qgv l~f l `lemaml}f lem'g~ le lv}hg~afm gkka}}ff pgcfcqpvrrg~}aej gef `lemaml}f g~ l nlccg} r~grgpa}age `gkka}}ff lem ai l} }hf `cgpf gi }hf ~frg~}aej rf~agmig~ zha`h pv`h p}l}fkfe} zgvcm nf ~f|va~fm efa}hf~ }hf }g}lc ~f`far}p eg~ }hf }g}lc fxrfema}v~fp gi }hf`lkrlaje hlyf fx`ffmfm -<222 ae`cvmaej }hf `lemaml}f‑p gze kgefq%

0% Ai qgv hlyf r~fyagvpcq iacfm le Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe} lem iaem }hl} qgv egz fx`ffm }hap }h~fphgcm qgvkvp} iacf le a}fkafm ~frg~} `gyf~aej lcc }~lepl`}agep pae`f }hf nfjaeeaej gi }hf `lkrlaje% Ge`f le a}fk+afm p}l}fkfe} ap ~f|va~fm qgv klq eg} iacf le Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe} ig~ leq iv}v~f ~frg~}aej%

Rl~} ]h~ff ”Ig~kp ) P`hfmvcfp

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P`hfmvcf L ap vpfm }g ~frg~} lcc kgef}l~q `ge}~anv}agep i~gk aemayamvlcp lem rl~}ef~pharp% Ivemp ~f+

`fayfm i~gk `lemaml}f(p! lem }hfa~ prgvpfp lp zfcc lp `ge}~anv}agep i~gk ~fcl}ayfp gi }hf `lemaml}fl~f lcpg ~frg~}fm ge }hap p`hfmvcf%

Lcc vea}fkafm `ge}~anv}agep ig~ }hf ~frg~}aej rf~agm phgvcm nf lmmfm }gjf}hf~ lem cap}fm lp –]g}lc Vea}fkafm

@ge}~anv}agep‛ ge }hf clp} rljf gi P`hfmvcf L% Mf}lacfm ~f`g~mp kvp} nf dfr} gi lcc `ge}~anv}agep (a%f% Elkf gi

@ge}~anv}g~ Lmm~fpp Ml}f ^f`fayfm Lkgve}! ~fjl~mcfpp gi }hf lkgve}% L} leq}akf }hf -11%22 }h~fphgcm ap

fx`ffmfm i~gk l rl~}a`vcl~ `ge}~anv}g~ i~gk l paejcf g~ ljj~fjl}f `ge}~anv}age mv~aej }hf lrrca`lncf `q`cf

(`lcfeml~ qfl~ g~ fcf`}age `q`cf mfrfemaej ge }hf iacf~! }hfe }hf `ge}~anv}agep kvp} nf a}fkafm% Pff

–A}fkafm'Vea}fkafm‛ ae }hf I~f|vfe}cq Vpfm ]f~kp pf`}age gi }hf Hlemnggd ig~ mf}lacp% Zhfe l rl~}ef~+

phar‑p }g}lc ljj~fjl}f `ge}~anv}agep fx`ffm ->622 (`lcfeml~ qfl~ ig~ `gep}a}v}fm'rl~}q `gkka}}ffp'RL@p4

fcf`}age `q`cf ig~ `lemaml}fp'`lemaml}f‑p `gkka}}ffp! P`hfmvcf G kvp} lcpg nf `gkrcf}fm% Cglep i~gk `lema+

ml}fp lem'g~ }hfa~ prgvpfp phgvcm nf ~frg~}fm ge P`hfmvcf A”Cglep ^f`fayfm%

R~gyamf }hf ml}f }hf kgef}l~q `ge}~anv}age zlp ~f`fayfm nq }hf iacf~ g~ leq ljfe} }hf~fgi%

Eg}f? Mg eg} vpf }hf ml}f gi mfrgpa} vecfpp a} ap }hf l`}vlc ml}f gi ~f`far}%

@GMF? @LE ; @LEMAML]F'@LEMAML]F PRGVPF

AEM ; AEMAYAMVLC (ae`cvmfp Pgcf R~gr~af}g~pharp!

ILK ; ILKACQ KFKNF^? PFF AEP]^V@]AGEP AE HLEMNGGD

RL^] ; RL^]EF^PHAR (ae`cvmfp CCRp!

R~gyamf }hf `gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp gi }hf `ge}~anv}g~%

R~gyamf }hf `hf`d evknf~ lem lkgve}%

@ge}~anv}agep i~gk ogae} l``gve}p l~f lppvkfm jayfe nq }hf pajel}g~q (}hf rf~pge zhg pajefm }hf `hf`d!%

Hgzfyf~ ai }hf kvc}arcf gzef~p gi }hf l``gve} zle} `~fma} ig~ }hf `ge}~anv}age lcc elkfp lem lrrca`lncf

prca} lkgve}p effm }g nf ~frg~}fm pfrl~l}fcq vpaej }hf plkf `hf`d evknf~%

R~gyamf }hf }g}lc gi r~fyagvp `ge}~anv}agep i~gk }hap `ge}~anv}g~ ~f`fayfm mv~aej }hf ~fcfyle} }akf rf~agm%

Ai }hf }g}lc fx`ffmp -11%22 qgv kvp} }hfe a}fkaf }hgpf `ge}~anv}agep% Ig~ RL@p lem rl~}q `gkka}}ffp

}hf ~fcfyle} }akf rf~agm ap }hf `lcfeml~ qfl~% Ig~ lcc g}hf~ `gkka}}ffp }hf ~fcfyle} }akf rf~agm ap }hf`lkrlaje `q`cf%

R~gyamf }hf }g}lc kgef}l~q `ge}~anv}agep ig~ fl`h rljf%

@gkrcf}f }hf pvkkl~q pf`}age ge }hf clp} rljf gi fl`h p`hfmvcf nq cap}aej }hf }g}lc gi lcc rljfp ae ngx <

}hf }g}lc gi vea}fkafm ~f`far}p i~gk qgv~ ~f`g~mp ae ngx > lem }hf p`hfmvcf }g}lc ae ngx 0% Ig~zl~m }hf

p`hfmvcf }g}lc }g caef >l gi }hf pvkkl~q rljf%

P` hfmvcf L




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P`hfmvcf N ap vpfm }g ~frg~} lcc kgef}l~q `ge}~anv}agep i~gk `g~rg~l}agep (f%j% @g~r%'Ae`%'R@!% Pff

}hap Hlemnggd ig~ akrg~}le} aeig~kl}age ge `g~rg~l}f `ge}~anv}agep%Eg}f? Caka}fm Calnaca}q @gkrleq (CC@! `ge}~anv}agep l~f ~frg~}fm ge P`hfmvcf @%

Lcc vea}fkafm `ge}~anv}agep ig~ }hf ~frg~}aej rf~agm phgvcm nf lmmfm }gjf}hf~ lem cap}fm lp –]g}lc Vea}fkafm@ge}~anv}agep‛ ge }hf clp} rljf gi P`hfmvcf N% Mf}lacfm ~f`g~mp kvp} nf dfr} gi lcc `ge}~anv}agep (a%f% Elkf gi @ge}~anv}g~ Lmm~fpp Ml}f ^f`fayfm Lkgve}! ~fjl~mcfpp gi }hf lkgve}% L} leq}akf }hf -11%22 }h~fphgcm apfx`ffmfm i~gk l rl~}a`vcl~ `ge}~anv}g~ i~gk l paejcf g~ ljj~fjl}f `ge}~anv}age mv~aej }hf lrrca`lncf `q`cf(`lcfeml~ qfl~ g~ fcf`}age `q`cf mfrfemaej ge }hf iacf~! }hfe }hf `ge}~anv}agep kvp} nf a}fkafm% Pff–A}fkafm'Vea}fkafm‛ ae }hf I~f|vfe}cq Vpfm ]f~kp pf`}age gi }hf Hlemnggd ig~ mf}lacp%

R~gyamf }hf ml}f }hf kgef}l~q `ge}~anv}age zlp ~f`fayfm%

R~gyamf }hf `gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp gi `ge}~anv}g~%

R~gyamf }hf `hf`d evknf~ (ai lrrca`lncf! lem lkgve}%

R~gyamf }hf }g}lc gi r~fyagvp `ge}~anv}agep i~gk }hap `ge}~anv}g~ ~f`fayfm mv~aej }hf ~fcfyle} }akf rf~agm% Ai }hf }g}lc i~gk }hf `ge}~anv}g~ fx`ffmp -11%22 ig~ }hl} ~frg~}aej rf~agm g~ ig~ }hf ~fcfyle} }akf rf~agm ig~ }hfiacf~ }hgpf `ge}~anv}agep kvp} nf a}fkafm% Ig~ RL@p lem rl~}q `gkka}}ffp }hf ~fcfyle} }akf rf~agm ap }hf`lcfeml~ qfl~% Ig~ lcc g}hf~ `gkka}}ffp ae`cvmaej `lemaml}fp }hf ~fcfyle} }akf rf~agm ap }hf `lkrlaje`q`cf% Pff –A}fkafm'Vea}fkafm‛ ae }hf I~f|vfe}cq Vpfm ]f~kp pf`}age gi }hf Hlemnggd ig~ mf}lacp%


@gkrcf}f }hf pvkkl~q pf`}age ge }hf clp} rljf gi }hap p`hfmvcf nq cap}aej }hf }g}lc gi lcc rljfp ae ngx <}hf }g}lc gi vea}fkafm ~f`far}p i~gk qgv~ ~f`g~mp ae ngx > lem }hf p`hfmvcf }g}lc ae ngx 0% Ig~zl~m }hfp`hfmvcf }g}lc }g caef >n gi }hf pvkkl~q rljf%

P` hfmvcf N




:9:9



::

P`hfmvcf @ ap vpfm }g ~frg~} lcc kgef}l~q `ge}~anv}agep i~gk g}hf~ fe}a}afp eg} `lr}v~fm ge P`hfm+

vcfp L lem N ae`cvmaej rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ffp veae`g~rg~l}fm veagep lem veae`g~rg~l}fm lppgàl+}agep% Caka}fm Calnaca}q @gkrleafp (CC@p! l~f lcpg ~frg~}fm ge P`hfmvcf @%

(Ivemp r~gyamfm nq rl~}q'`gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp }g `lemaml}fp l~f }~lepif~p eg} `ge}~anv}agep lem phgvcm

nf ~frg~}fm ge P`hfmvcf J%!

Lcc vea}fkafm `ge}~anv}agep ig~ }hf ~frg~}aej rf~agm phgvcm nf lmmfm }gjf}hf~ lem cap}fm lp –]g}lc Vea}fk+

afm @ge}~anv}agep‛ ge }hf clp} rljf gi P`hfmvcf @% Mf}lacfm ~f`g~mp kvp} nf dfr} gi lcc `ge}~anv}agep (a%f%

Elkf gi @ge}~anv}g~ Lmm~fpp Ml}f ^f`fayfm Lkgve}! ~fjl~mcfpp gi }hf lkgve}% L} leq}akf }hf -11%22

}h~fphgcm ap fx`ffmfm i~gk l rl~}a`vcl~ `ge}~anv}g~ i~gk l paejcf g~ ljj~fjl}f `ge}~anv}age mv~aej }hf lrrca+

`lncf `q`cf (`lcfeml~ qfl~ g~ fcf`}age `q`cf mfrfemaej ge }hf iacf~! }hfe }hf `ge}~anv}agep kvp} nf a}fk+

afm% Pff –A}fkafm'Vea}fkafm‛ ae }hf I~f|vfe}cq Vpfm ]f~kp pf`}age gi }hf Hlemnggd ig~ mf}lacp%

R~gyamf }hf ml}f }hf kgef}l~q `ge}~anv}age zlp ~f`fayfm%

R~gyamf }hf `gkrcf}f elkf lem klacaej lmm~fpp gi `ge}~anv}g~%

R~gyamf }hf `hf`d evknf~ (ai lrrca`lncf! lem lkgve}%

R~gyamf }hf }g}lc gi r~fyagvp `ge}~anv}agep i~gk }hap `ge}~anv}g~ ~f`fayfm mv~aej }hf ~fcfyle} }akf rf~agm%

Ai }hf }g}lc i~gk }hf `ge}~anv}g~ fx`ffmp -11%22 ig~ }hl} ~frg~}aej rf~agm g~ ig~ }hf ~fcfyle} }akf rf~agm

ig~ }hf iacf~ }hgpf `ge}~anv}agep kvp} nf a}fkafm% Ig~ RL@p lem rl~}q `gkka}}ffp }hf ~fcfyle} }akf

rf~agm ap }hf `lcfeml~ qfl~% Ig~ lcc g}hf~ `gkka}}ffp ae`cvmaej `lemaml}fp }hf ~fcfyle} }akf rf~agm ap

}hf `lkrlaje `q`cf% Pff –A}fkafm'Vea}fkafm‛ ae }hf I~f|vfe}cq Vpfm ]f~kp pf`}age gi }hf Hlemnggd

ig~ mf}lacp%


@gkrcf}f }hf pvkkl~q pf`}age ge }hf clp} rljf gi fl`h p`hfmvcf nq cap}aej }hf }g}lc gi lcc rljfp ae ngx

< }hf }g}lc gi vea}fkafm ~f`far}p i~gk qgv~ ~f`g~mp ae ngx > lem }hf p`hfmvcf }g}lc ae ngx 0% Ig~zl~m

}hf p`hfmvcf }g}lc }g caef >` gi }hf pvkkl~q rljf%


P` hfmvcf @



:8:8



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P`hfmvcf M ap vpfm }g ~frg~} ae+daem (ege+kgef}l~q! `ge}~anv}agep? <! pf~ya`fp'ilàca}afp4 >! jggmp

r~grf~}q lem f|varkfe}4 lem 0! fxrfepfp ae`v~~fm }hl} zf~f rlam nq pgkfgef fcpf% Ae+daem `ge}~a+nv}agep kvp} nf ~frg~}fm l} ila~ kl~df} ylcvf% Fxrfema}v~fp klmf nq rl~}q'`gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp ge

nfhlci gi }hfa~ `lemaml}fp l~f eg} ae+daem `ge}~anv}agep lem mg eg} hlyf }g nf ~frg~}fm nq }hf `lemaml}fp g~

}hfa~ `gkka}}ffp% P`hfmvcf M ap ig~ ae+daem `ge}~anv}agep ~f`fayfm4 eg} ae+daem `ge}~anv}agep jayfe%

R~gyamf }hf ml}f }hf ege+kgef}l~q `ge}~anv}age zlp ~f`fayfm%

R~gyamf }hf `ge}~anv}g~ `gmf%

R~gyamf `gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp gi `ge}~anv}g~%

R~gyamf }hf `ge}~anv}age }qrf `gmf% (< > g~ 0!%

R~gyamf }hf lkgve} gi }hf ae+daem `ge}~anv}age%R~gyamf l n~afi mfp`~ar}age gi }hf ae+daem `ge}~anv}age l} ila~ kl~df} ylcvf%

R~gyamf }hf rljf }g}lc% R~gyamf }hf }g}lc a}fkafm ae+daem `ge}~anv}agep ig~ lcc rljfp%

R~gyamf }hf vea}fkafm ae+daem `ge}~anv}agep i~gk qgv~ ~f`g~mp% ]hfpf l~f ae+daem `ge}~anv}agep gi -11%22 g~ cfpp% ]hfq phgvcm nf lmmfm }gjf}hf~ ig~ }hf ~frg~} rf~agm lem cap}fm lp }g}lc vea}fkafm `ge+}~anv}agep ge }hf clp} rljf gi P`hfmvcf M%

R~gyamf }hf p`hfmvcf }g}lc gi lcc a}fkafm lem vea}fkafm ae+daem `ge}~anv}agep%

Ig~zl~m }hf p`hfmvcf }g}lc }g Caef >m gi }hf pvkkl~q rljf%

Eg}f? Ig~ fcf`}~gea` iacf~p za}h EQPNGF ae+daem `ge}~anv}agep ~f`fayfm nq rl~}q'`gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp ig~ hgvpfdffraej GECQ l~f ~frg~}fm ge P`hfmvcf R lem gv} ge P`hfmvcf \ pakvc}lefgvpcq za}h le fxrclel+ }age%

P`hfmvcf F ap vpfm }g ~frg~} kap`fcclefgvp ~f`far}p pv`h lp ae}f~fp} ~f`fayfm ge l nled l``gve} g~

cgle mayamfemp i~gk aeyfp}kfe}p g~ r~g`ffmp i~gk }hf plcf g~ cflpf gi `lkrlaje r~grf~}q g~ f|var+

kfe}%

R~gyamf }hf ml}f ~f`fayfm%

R~gyamf }hf elkf lem `gkrcf}f lmm~fpp gi }hf rlqg~%

@hf`d }hf ngx aema`l}fm }hf }qrf gi ~f`far} g~ r~gyamf l mfp`~ar}age ig~ –g}hf~‛%

R~gyamf }hf lkgve} ~f`fayfm%

R~gyamf }hf rljf }g}lc% (@gkrcf}f }hf pvkkl~q pf`}age a}fkp ge }hf clp} rljf gi }hf p`hfmvcfp%!

R~gyamf }hf }g}lc a}fkafm ~f`far}p i~gk lcc rljfp%

R~gyamf }hf }g}lc vea}fkafm ~f`far}p i~gk qgv~ ~f`g~mp%

R~gyamf }hf p`hfmvcf }g}lc lem ig~zl~m }g caef 0l gi }hf pvkkl~q rljf%

P` hfmvcfp M ) F




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P` hfmvcf I

Fxrfema}v~f'Rlqkfe}p

Mv~aej }hf `gv~pf gi `gkka}}ff'`lemaml}f iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} ~fyafzp }hf Efz Qg~d P}l}f Ngl~m gi

Fcf`}agep pfemp evkf~gvp cf}}f~p ig~ `cl~aia`l}age gi P`hfmvcf I }~lepl`}agep% ]g hfcr fepv~f }hl} P`hfm+

vcf I ap pvnka}}fm `gkrcf}fcq lem `g~~f`}cq EQPNGF hlp ~fmfiaefm }hf P`hfmvcf I `gmfp lem r~gyamfm

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P`hfmvcf I ap vpfm }g ~frg~} lcc mapnv~pfkfe}p klmf ae `geef`}age za}h l `lkrlaje g}hf~ }hle cgle ~f+

rlqkfe}p ~fivemp gi `ge}~anv}agep lem }~lepif~p gv}% ]hf clz ~f|va~fp ae lmma}age }g g}hf~ aeig~kl}age

}hl} l `cfl~cq p}l}fm rv~rgpf nf r~gyamfm% Ig~ }hf rv~rgpf gi plyaej prl`f lem }g r~gyamf pgkf veaig~k+

a}q EQPNGF mfyfcgrfm fxrfema}v~f'rlqkfe} `gmfp }g nf vpfm ge P`hfmvcf I%

]hf `gmfp cap}fm ge P`hfmvcf I l~f }hf GECQ gefp }g nf vpfm% Ilacv~f }g r~gyamf l `gmf zacc ~fpvc} ae `g~+

~fprgemfe`f i~gk EQPNGF% Igccgzaej l~f }hf `gmfp lv}hg~afm ig~ vpf ge P`hfmvcf I }hf mfiaea}age gi }hf `gmf lem fxlkrcfp gi }hf fxrfepfp ig~ zha`h qgv zgvcm vpf l rl~}a`vcl~ `gmf%

Pgkf}akfp l rl~}a`vcl~ fxrfepf klq ia} ae}g kg~f }hle gef `gmf% Qgv phgvcm vpf }hf `gmf kgp} ~fr~f+

pfe}l}ayf gi }hf fxrfepf% Ig~ fxlkrcf? Qgv rv~`hlpf p}lkrp ig~ mlq }g mlq `g~~fprgemfe`f naccp f}`%

]hap zgvcm nf cap}fm lp RGP]L% Hgzfyf~ zhfe qgv rv~`hlpf p}lkrp ig~ l klpp klacaej }g yg}f~p g~ `ge+

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]hf igccgzaej rljfp lem fxlkrcfp zacc?

<% ^fyafz lem iv~}hf~ fxrclae }hf r~grf~ `gmfp }g vpf zhfe amfe}aiqaej l lemaml}f g~ `gkka}+

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>% Fxrclae }hf r~grf~ ~frg~}aej kf}hgm ig~ }hf ~faknv~pfkfe} gi aemayamvlcp g~ }hf kldaej girlqkfe}p }g `~fma} `l~m `gkrleafp ig~ `lkrlaje fxrfepfp%

P`hfmvcf I ap vpfm }g ~frg~} lcc `lkrlaje fxrfepfp lem lcc rgca}a`lc `ge}~anv}agep }g g}hf~ `lema+

ml}fp lem rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ffp g}hf~ }hle }~lepif~p% ]~lepif~p Gv} l~f ~frg~}fm ge P`hfmvcf H%

(Pff –I~f|vfe}cq Vpfm ]f~kp‛ ig~ mfiaea}age gi }~lepif~p%! Qgv kvp} r~gyamf }hf mf}lac ig~ fl`h fx+

rfema}v~f }hl} fx`ffmp -=1%11%

R~gyamf }hf ml}f rlam lem `hf`d evknf~%

R~gyamf }hf `gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp gi rlqff%

R~gyamf }hf lrr~gr~al}f rv~rgpf `gmf% Zhfe vpaej `gmf –g}hf~‛ r~gyamf le fxrclel}age%

R~gyamf }hf lkgve} gi fl`h fe}~q%

R~gyamf }hf }g}lc ig~ }hap rljf%

]g}lc lcc rljfp gi P`hfmvcf I ae ngx <”}g}lc a}fkafm fxrfema}v~fp% Rcl`f }hf }g}lc gi lcc vea}fkafm

fxrfema}v~fp (i~gk qgv~ ~f`g~mp! ae ngx >”vea}fkafm fxrfema}v~fp ngx% Lmm }hf a}fkafm lem

vea}fkafm lkgve}p }g l~~ayf l} }hf }g}lc fxrfema}v~f lkgve} zha`h ap rcl`fm ae ngx 0% Ig~zl~m ngx 0

}g}lc }g caef 9l gi }hf pvkkl~q rljf%




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P`hfmvcf G!/

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~fe}lc `lkrlaje

}~lyfc }vxfmg ~fe}lc

~faknv~pfkfe}p!

RF]A]? Rf}a}age Fxrfepfp Yg}f~ cap}p r~ae}aej

à~`vcl}age `gp}p

AE]? Ae}f~fp} Fxrfepf Cgle ae}f~fp} cl}f

rlqkfe} `hl~jfp

@gmf Mfiaea}age Fxlkrcfp

RGCCP? Rgccaej @gp}p Rgccp}f~ iff }fcfrhgefp

Yg}f~ cap}p

RGP]L? Rgp}ljf Ae`cvmfp lcc klacaej lemmfcayf~q pf~ya`f r~gmv`}age

lem rcl`fkfe} fxrfepf

rlam ma~f`}cq nq }hf

`lemaml}f

RÂE]? R~ae} Lmp – –

^LMAG? ^lmag Lmp – –

]YLMP? ]fcfyapage Lmp – –

R^GIC? R~gifppagelc (L``gve}aej iffp cfjlc iffp

Pf~ya`fp prff`h z~a}aej!

^FE]G? Giia`f ^fe}

YG]F^? Yg}f~ Klrp r~ae}aej klacaej

^fjap}~l}age `gp}p g~ pf~ya`fp

Kl}f~alcp

ZLJFP? @lkrlaje

Zg~df~p‑

Plcl~afp

Fxlkrcfp l~f ae`cvmaej nv} eg} caka}fm }g a}fkp cap}fm%

/Pvn`ge}~l`}g~p kvp} nf iv~}hf~ mfiaefm ae P`hfmvcf G”

Pff aep}~v`}agep ge P`hfmvcf G

//@GEPY `le nf vpfm gecq nq l rgca}a`lc giia`f hgcmf~ }g

nf}}f~ pf~yf `gep}a}vfe}p g~ nf}}f~ pf~yf }hf giia`f%

///Fxrfepfp }g `gemv`} qgv~ gze ivem ~lapf~ l~f ivem

~lapaej fxrfepfp% Rv~`hlpaej }a`df}p }g leg}hf~ `lema+

ml}f‑p ivem ~lapf~ ap l rgca}a`lc `ge}~anv}age lem qgv zgvcm

vpf }hf `gmf @E]^N% Ig~ `lemaml}fp rv~`hlpaej }a`df}p

}g l p}l}f g~ `gve}q `gkka}}ff‑p ivem ~lapf~ ap l ]~lepif~+

Gv} ge P`hfmvcf H%


P`hfmvcf I (`ge}%!



Qgv kvp} r~gyamf }hf mf}lac ig~ fl`h fxrfema}v~f }hl} fx`ffmp -=1%11%



R~gyamf }hf lrr~gr~al}f rv~rgpf `gmf%

(Zhfe vpaej `gmf –g}hf~‛ r~gyamf le fxrclel}age!


R~gyamf }hf }g}lc ig~ }hap rljf%

]g}lc lcc rljfp gi p`hfmvcf I ae Ngx <”}g}lc a}fkafm%

@gkrcf}f }hf pvkkl~q ge qgv~ clp} rljf gecq%

Rcl`f }hf }g}lc gi lcc vea}fkafm fxrfema}v~fp (i~gk qgv~ ~f`g~mp! ae Ngx >”vea}fkafm fxrfema}v~fpngx% Lmm }hf a}fkafm lem vea}fkafm lkgve}p }g l~~ayf l} }hf }g}lc fxrfema}v~f lkgve}# zha`h ap rcl`f

ae Ngx 0% Ig~zl~m Ngx 0 }g}lc }g caef 9l gi }hf Pvkkl~q Rljf%

Rl~} ]h~ff”Ig~kp ) P`hfmvcfp

P`hfmvcf I (`ge}%!

80



8=



86 Rl~} ]h~ff ”Ig~kp ) P`hfmvcfp



89



8:

P`hfmvcf J ap vpfm }g ~frg~} ]~lepif~p Ae% ]~lepif~ kflep }hf fx`hlejf gi ivemp g~ leq}haej gi ylcvf

nf}zffe? l! l rl~}q g~ `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ff lem l `lemaml}f g~ leq gi hap'hf~ lv}hg~afm `gkka}+}ffp4 g~ n! }zg `gkka}}ffp lv}hg~afm nq lem pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej }hf plkf `lemaml}f ae hap `lkrlaje%

R~gyamf }hf ml}f ~f`fayfm ig~ }~lepif~p ae lem }hf `hf`d evknf~%

R~gyamf }hf `gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp gi }~lepif~g~%

@hf`d }hf lrr~gr~al}f ngx ig~ }hf }qrf gi }~lepif~%

R~gyamf }hf lkgve} gi }hf }~lepif~%

R~gyamf }hf }g}lc }~lepif~~fm lkgve} ig~ }hap rljf%

Ge }hf clp} rljf gi }hap p`hfmvcf rcl`f }hf }g}lc gi lcc rljfp ae }hf p`hfmvcf }g}lc ngx% Ig~zl~m }hf p`hfm+vcf }g}lc lkgve} }g caef 0n gi }hf pvkkl~q rljf%

Eg}f? Leq ivemp g~ leq}haej gi ylcvf zha`h l~f ~f`fayfm i~gk l `gkka}}ff g}hf~ }hle lp mfp`~anfm ae l! lem

n! lngyf l~f eg} }~lepif~p lem phgvcm nf ~frg~}fm lp `ge}~anv}agep ge P`hfmvcf @ g~ M lp lrrca`lncf% (f%j%

–I~afemp gi Oghe Mgf‛ }g –@a}afep ig~ Pka}h‛!%

RL@p (Rgca}a`lc L`}age @gkka}}ffp! kvp} eg} vpf }hap p`hfmvcf% Leq kgeafp ~f`fayfm nq RL@p kvp} nf ~f+

rg~}fm ge P`hfmvcf L N g~ @ mfrfemaej ge }hf }qrf gi `ge}~anv}g~p%

P`hfmvcf H ap vpfm }g ~frg~} ]~lepif~p Gv}% ]~lepif~ kflep }hf fx`hlejf gi ivemp g~ leq}haej gi

ylcvf nf}zffe? l! l rl~}q g~ `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ff lem l `lemaml}f g~ leq gi hap'hf~ lv}hg~afm `gk+

ka}}ffp4 g~ n! }zg `gkka}}ffp lv}hg~afm nq lem pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej }hf plkf `lemaml}f ae hap `lk+

rlaje%

R~gyamf }hf ml}f rlam ig~ }~lepif~p gv} lem }hf `hf`d evknf~%

R~gyamf }hf `gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp gi }~lepif~ff%

@hf`d }hf lrr~gr~al}f ngx ig~ }hf }qrf gi }~lepif~%

R~gyamf }hf Lkgve} gi }hf ]~lepif~%

R~gyamf }hf }~lepif~ }g}lc ig~ }hap rljf%

Ge }hf clp} rljf gi }hap P`hfmvcf rcl`f }hf }g}lc gi lcc rljfp ae }hf p`hfmvcf }g}lc ngx% Ig~zl~m }hfp`hfmvcf }g}lc lkgve} }g caef 9` gi }hf pvkkl~q rljf%

Eg}f? Leq ivemp g~ leq}haej gi ylcvf rlam g~ jayfe }g l `gkka}}ff g}hf~ }hle lp mfp`~anfm ae l! lem n! lngyf

l~f eg} }~lepif~p# lem phgvcm nf ~frg~}fm lp fxrfema}v~fp ge P`hfmvcf I# lp lrrca`lncf% (f%j%# –I~afemp gi

Oghe Mgf‛ }g –@a}afep ig~ Pka}h‛!%

RL@p (Rgca}a`lc L`}age @gkka}}ffp! kvp} eg} vpf }hap p`hfmvcf% Leq kgeafp jayfe g~ rlam ig~ rgca}a`lc rv~+

rgpfp kvp} nf ~frg~}fm ge P`hfmvcf I%

P` hfmvcfp J ) H




88



81

P` hfmvcf A


P`hfmvcf A ap vpfm }g ~frg~} Cglep ^f`fayfm mv~aej }hf ~frg~}aej rf~agm%

Fyamfe`f gi aemfn}fmefpp (l pajefm `grq gi l r~gkappg~q eg}f g~ l cf}}f~ gv}caeaej cgle mf}lacp! ig~ fl`hcgle ae`cvmaej cglep i~gk l `lemaml}f g~ `lemaml}f‑p prgvpf kvp} nf pvnka}}fm ae `geove`}age za}h }hf

lrrca`lncf ~frg~} }g cg`lc ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep g~ EQPNGF% Pv`h fyamfe`f kvp} ae`cvmf }hf elkf lem lm+

m~fpp gi }hf cfemf~ }hf lkgve} gi cgle leq ae}f~fp} }g nf `hl~jfm lem }hf ~frlqkfe} p`hfmvcf% Ai }hf cgle

zlp ~f`fayfm i~gk l cfemaej aep}a}v}age (g~ leq g}hf~ cgle zhf~f lrrca`lncf! }hf fyamfe`f gi aemfn}fmefpp

kvp} ae`cvmf }hf elkf lem lmm~fpp gi leq `g+pajeg~ gncajg~ g~ leq g}hf~ rf~pge r~gyamaej pf`v~a}q ig~ g~

g}hf~zapf jvl~le}ffaej }hf cgle%

R~gyamf }hf ml}f gi }hf cgle lem aema`l}f ai l nled cgle%

R~gyamf }hf `gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp gi }hf cfemf~ jvl~le}g~ g~ `g+pajef~%

R~gyamf }hf cgle lkgve}%

R~gyamf }hf cgle lkgve} rljf }g}lc%

Ge }hf clp} rljf gi }hap p`hfmvcf rcl`f }hf }g}lc gi lcc rljfp ae }hf p`hfmvcf }g}lc ngx% Ig~zl~m }hap

lkgve} }g caef 0` gi }hf pvkkl~q rljf%

Eg}f? L cgle klmf }g l `lemaml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff g}hf~ }hle l `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ff nq leq rf~pge

ia~k# lppgàl}age g~ `g~rg~l}age g}hf~ }hle ae }hf ~fjvcl~ `gv~pf gi }hf cfemf~‑p nvpaefpp (a%f%# nledp! phlcc

nf mffkfm }g }hf fx}fe} eg} ~frlam nq }hf ml}f gi }hf r~akl~q jfef~lc g~ prfàlc fcf`}age lp }hf `lpf klq

nf l `ge}~anv}age nq pv`h rf~pge ia~k lppgàl}age g~ `g~rg~l}age%

L cgle klmf }g l `lemaml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff g}hf~ }hle l `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ff nq leq rf~pge ia~klppgàl}age g~ `g~rg~l}age ae }hf ~fjvcl~ `gv~pf gi }hf cfemf~‑p nvpaefpp (a%f%# nledp! phlcc nf mffkfm# }g

}hf fx}fe} eg} ~frlam nq }hf ml}f gi }hf r~akl~q jfef~lc g~ prfàlc fcf`}age lp }hf `lpf klq nf l `ge}~anv+

}age nq }hf gncajg~ ge }hf cgle lem nq leq g}hf~ rf~pge femg~paej `gpajeaej jvl~le}ffaej `gccl}f~lcaaej

g~ g}hf~zapf r~gyamaej pf`v~a}q ig~ }hf cgle%

Cglep `le ~fpvc} ae }hf ~f`far} gi le gyf~+`ge}~anv}age ig~ caka} rv~rgpfp ai }hf lkgve} gi }hf cgle gv}+

p}lemaej lp gi }hf ml}f gi }hf r~akl~q jfef~lc g~ prfàlc fcf`}age lp }hf `lpf klq nf? <! ap ae lem gi a}+

pfci j~fl}f~ }hle }hf lrrca`lncf `ge}~anv}age caka}4 g~ >! zhfe lmmfm }g }hf r~fyagvp `ge}~anv}age(p! gi }hf

`ge}~anv}g~ ae }hl} fcf`}age `q`cf ~fpvc}p ae le ljj~fjl}f lkgve} ig~ }hf lrrca`lncf `q`cf zha`h ap j~fl}f~

}hle }hf `ge}~anv}age caka} ig~ }hl} `q`cf%

^fjl~mcfpp gi }hf lngyf }hf gncajl}age }g ~frlq }hf gv}p}lemaej cgle ~fklaep lem }hf iacf~ kvp} lcpg `ge+ }aevf }g ~frg~} }hf gv}p}lemaej cgle ge P`hfmvcf E ve}ac a} ap ~frlam g~ ig~jayfe%

Iacf~p l~f p}~gejcq `lv}agefm }g `gepamf~ }hf lrrca`lncf `ge}~anv}age caka} lp lrrcafm }g }hf lkgve} gi }hf

cgle gv}p}lemaej lp zfcc lp `lv}agefm }g ~fyafz }hf `ge}~anv}age hap}g~q gi }hf rl~}a`vcl~ `ge}~anv}g~ zhg zacc

nf kldaej }hf cgle ae g~mf~ }g lygam gyf~+`ge}~anv}agep ig~ caka} rv~rgpfp%



12



1<

P` hfmvcf O

P`hfmvcf O ap vpfm }g ~f`g~m }hf ~frlqkfe} gi cglep ~f`fayfm% Gecq ~frlqkfe}p gi r~aeàrlc l~f ~f+

rg~}fm hf~f% Ae}f~fp} rlqkfe}p l~f ~frg~}fm ge P`hfmvcf I%

R~gyamf }hf g~ajaelc ml}f gi }hf cgle%

R~gyamf }hf `gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp gi }hf cfemf~%

R~gyamf }hf `hf`d evknf~ lem }hf ml}f ~frlam%

R~gyamf }hf lkgve} rlam%

R~gyamf }hf cgle ~frlqkfe} }g}lc ig~ }hap rljf%

Ge }hf clp} rljf gi }hap p`hfmvcf rcl`f }hf }g}lc gi lcc rljfp ae }hf p`hfmvcf }g}lc ngx% Ig~zl~m }hap

lkgve} }g caef 9m gi }hf Pvkkl~q Rljf%




1>1>



10

P`hfmvcf D ap vpfm }g ~frg~} }hl} l `~fma}g~ g~ l cfemf~ hlp ig~jayfe le gv}p}lemaej mfn}% ]hap ae+`cvmfp leq gv}p}lemaej lkgve}p gzfm }g }hf `lemaml}f zha`h l~f ig~jayfe nq }hf `lemaml}f%

R~gyamf }hf ml}f ig~jayfe lem }hf g~ajaelc ml}f gi mfn}%

R~gyamf }hf `gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp gi }hf `~fma}g~'cfemf~%

@hf`d ngx ig~ calnaca}q g~ cgle ig~jayfe%

R~gyamf }hf lkgve} gi }hf calnaca}q'cgle ig~jayfe%

R~gyamf }hf }g}lc lkgve}p gi calnaca}afp lem cglep ig~jayfe ig~ }hap rljf%

Ge }hf clp} rljf gi }hap p`hfmvcf rcl`f }hf ]g}lc gi Calnaca}afp lem Cglep Ig~jayfe i~gk lcc rljfp ae }hf

P`hfmvcf ]g}lc Ngx%

Eg}f? Cglep g~ calnaca}afp }hl} l~f ig~jayfe l~f `gepamf~fm `ge}~anv}agep ig~ caka} rv~rgpfp lem l~f pvnof`} }g

`ge}~anv}age caka}p ig~ }hf lrrca`lncf fcf`}age g~ `lcfeml~ qfl~ `q`cf% Ig~jayfefpp `le ~fpvc} ae }hf ~f`far} gi

le gyf~+`ge}~anv}age ai }hf lkgve} ig~jayfe? <! ap ae lem gi a}pfci j~fl}f~ }hle }hf lrrca`lncf `ge}~anv}age

caka}4 g~ >! zhfe lmmfm }g }hf r~fyagvp `ge}~anv}age(p! gi }hf `ge}~anv}g~ zhg ap ig~jayaej }hf cgle g~ calnaca}q

~fpvc}p ae le ljj~fjl}f lkgve} ig~ }hf lrrca`lncf `q`cf zha`h ap j~fl}f~ }hle }hf lrrca`lncf `ge}~anv}age

caka} ig~ }hl} `q`cf%

Iacf~p l~f p}~gejcq `lv}agefm }g `gepamf~ }hf lrrca`lncf `ge}~anv}age caka} lp lrrcafm }g }hf lkgve} }g nf ig~+

jayfe lp zfcc lp `lv}agefm }g ~fyafz }hf `ge}~anv}age hap}g~q gi }hf rl~}a`vcl~ `ge}~anv}g~ zhg zacc nf ig~jay+

aej l cgle g~ calnaca}q%

P` hfmvcf D




1=1=



16

P`hfmv cfp C ) K

P`hfmvcf C ap vpfm }g ~frg~} fxrfema}v~f ~fivemp gi r~fyagvpcq ~frg~}fm `lkrlaje fxrfepfp

(f~~g~p gyf~rlqkfe}p lmovp}kfe}p ~f}v~e gi mfrgpa}p ve`lphfm `hf`dp f}`%! nl`d }g }hf `lema+ml}f'`gkka}}ff%


R~gyamf }hf `gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp gi }hf rlqg~%

R~gyamf }hf ml}f gi g~ajaelc rlqkfe} lem }hf lkgve} ~fivemfm%

R~gyamf }hf }g}lc lkgve}p gi fxrfema}v~f ~fivemp ig~ }hap rljf%

Ge }hf clp} rljf gi }hap p`hfmvcf rcl`f }hf }g}lc gi lcc rljfp ae }hf p`hfmvcf }g}lc ngx% Ig~zl~m }hflkgve} }g 0m gi }hf pvkkl~q rljf%

P`hfmvcf K ap vpfm }g ~frg~} }hf ~f}v~e g~ ~fivem nl`d }g }hf `ge}~anv}g~ gi r~fyagvpcq mfrgpa}fm'

~frg~}fm `ge}~anv}agep }g }hf `lemaml}f'`gkka}}ff% Qgv klq eg} ~fivem kg~f }hle }hf lkgve} `ge+

}~anv}fm%

R~gyamf }hf ml}f qgv ~fivemfm }hf kgefq%

R~gyamf }hf ml}f(p! a} zlp ~f`fayfm%

R~gyamf }hf `gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp gi }hf `ge}~anv}g~%

R~gyamf }hf lkgve} gi }hf ~fivem lem }hf `hf`d evknf~%

R~gyamf }hf }g}lc lkgve} ~fivemfm ig~ }hap rljf%Ge }hf clp} rljf gi }hap p`hfmvcf rcl`f }hf }g}lc gi lcc rljfp ae }hf p`hfmvcf }g}lc ngx% Ig~zl~m }haplkgve} }g caef 9f gi }hf pvkkl~q rljf%




19



1:

P` hfmvcf E

P`hfmvcf E ap vpfm }g ~frg~}?

l! gv}p}lemaej calnaca}afp ig~ jggmp g~ pf~ya`fp ~f`fayfm4

n! gv}p}lemaej cglep ~f`fayfm4

`! }hf gv}p}lemaej nlcle`fp4

lp gi }hf `v}+gii ml}f ig~ }hf ~frg~}%

Ig~ fl`h fe}~q?

R~gyamf }hf ml}f }hf calnaca}q'cgle zlp ae`v~~fm lem zhf}hf~ a} zlp ae`v~~fm mv~aej }hf `v~~fe} ~frg~}

rf~agm g~ l r~ag~ ~frg~} rf~agm%

R~gyamf }hf `gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp gi }hf yfemg~ g~ cfemf~%

R~gyamf }hf }g}lc lkgve} gi }hf g~ajaelc calnaca}q'cgle%

Aema`l}f nq vpaej }hf lrr~gr~al}f `gmf ig~ }hf rv~rgpf% Ai vpaej `gmf –g}hf~‛ r~gyamf le fxrclel}age%

@KLAC @lkrlaje Klacaejp RGCCP Rgccaej @gp}p

@GEPC @lkrlaje @gepvc}le} RGP]L Rgp}ljf

@GEPY @gep}a}vfe} Pf~ya`fp RÂE] R~ae} Lmp

IVEM^ Ivem~lapaej R^GIC R~gifppagelc Pf~ya`fp

CA]F^ @lkrlaje Ca}f~l}v~f ^LMAG ^lmag Lmp

CGLE Cglep ^FE]G Giia`f ^fe}

GII@F Giia`f Fxrfepfp ]YLMP ]fcfyapage Lmp

G]HF^ G}hf~? Kvp} r~gyamf fxrclel}age YG]F^ Yg}f~ ^fjap}~l}age Kl}f~alcp

RF]A] Rf}a}age Fxrfepfp g~ Pf~ya`fp

ZLJFP @lkrlaje Zg~df~p‑ Plcl~afp

R~gyamf }hf lkgve} gi }hf calnaca}q p}acc gv}p}lemaej%

R~gyamf }hf lkgve} gi }hf cgle p}acc gv}p}lemaej%

R~gyamf rljf }g}lcp ig~ `gcvkep clnfcfm –Calnaca}q Lkgve} Gv}p}lemaej‛ lem –Cgle Lkgve} Gv}+

p}lemaej‛%

R~gyamf p`hfmvcf }g}lcp ig~ `gcvkep clnfcfm –Calnaca}q Lkgve} Gv}p}lemaej‛ lem –Cgle Lkgve} Gv}+

p}lemaej‛ ge }hf clp} rljf gi }hap p`hfmvcf%

Ig~zl~m }hf `gcvke clnfcfm –Calnaca}q Lkgve} Gv}p}lemaej‛ p`hfmvcf calnaca}afp }g}lc }g caef 1j gi }hf

–P}l}vp gi @lkrlaje Fxrfepfp‛ pf`}age%

Eg}f? L iacf~ `leeg} }f~kael}f zhacf hlyaej leq gv}p}lemaej calnaca}afp g~ cglep g~ rg~}agep }hf~fgi%




1818



11

P`hfmvcf G

P`hfmvcf G ap vpfm }g iv~eaph lmma}agelc aeig~kl}age lngv} rl~}ef~phar `ge}~anv}agep g~ pvn`ge+

}~l`}g~ rlqkfe}p% ]hf ~f|va~fkfe} }g mf}lac pvn`ge}~l`}g~ rlqkfe}p mgfp eg} lrrcq }g hgvpfdffr+

aej fxrfema}v~fp% (Pff }hf –@ge}~anv}age lem ^f`far} Caka}l}agep‛ pf`}age ae }hap Hlemnggd%!

Rl~}ef~pharp”pff P`hfmvcfp L)M Aep}~v`}agep

R~gyamf }hf lkgve} (lem ml}f! gi }hf `ge}~anv+}age lp ~frg~}fm ge P`hfmvcf L lem'g~ M%

R~gyamf }hf rl~}ef~phar elkf lem lmm~fpp%

Ge`f }hf ljj~fjl}f rl~}ef~phar `ge}~anv}agefx`ffmp ->#622 (mv~aej }hf `lcfeml~ qfl~ ig~ l

`gep}a}v}fm g~ rl~}q `gkka}}ff g~ RL@4 g~ mv~+aej }hf fcf`}age'`lkrlaje `q`cf ig~ l `lemaml}fg~ lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff!# }hf elkfp lem lm+m~fppfp gi }hf aemayamvlc rl~}ef~p zhgpf ljj~f+jl}f phl~fp gi }hf rl~}ef~pharp‑ `ge}~anv}age ig~ }hf lrrca`lncf `lcfeml~ qfl~ g~ `q`cf fx`ffm-11%22 kvp} nf r~gyamfm lcgej za}h }hflkgve} l}}~anv}lncf }g fl`h rl~}ef~%

R~gyamf }hf lkgve} l}}~anv}fm }g fl`h rl~}ef~ lem leq r~fyagvp lkgve}p klmf nq }hfk%

R~gyamf }hf }g}lc gi lcc l}}~anv}lncf lkgve}p%

Ig~ lcc rl~}ef~p zhgpf phl~fp mg eg} fx`ffm-11%22 qgv zacc rcl`f }hf }g}lc gi }hgpf phl~fpae }hf vea}fkafm ngx ae }hf pvkkl~q pf`}age%

]g}lc lkgve} gi `ge}~anv}age ngx ; }g}lc gi ngxfp L lem N%

Pvn`ge}~l`}g~p

R~gyamf }hf `gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp gi }hfrf~pge# fe}a}q# g~ `gepvc}le} rlam nq }hf `lk+rlaje%

R~gyamf }hf `gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp gi }hfpvn`ge}~l`}g~%

R~gyamf }hf lkgve} l}}~anv}fm%

R~gyamf }hf r~grf~ fxrfema}v~f `gmf lp igvemae P`hfmvcf I g~ E%

Eg}f? ]hf lngyf aeig~kl}age ap ~f|va~fm ig~ leq pvn`ge}~l`}fm lkgve} j~fl}f~ }hle -<2#222 ae }hf`lpf gi p}l}fzamf `lemaml}fp lem -6#222 ig~ lcc g}hf~ giia`fp% ]hap pvn`ge}~l`}g~ aeig~kl}age `le nf~frg~}fm fa}hf~ ge }hf ~frg~} zha`h cap}p }hf fxrfe+ma}v~f }g }hf `gepvc}le} g~ ge }hf rgp}+fcf`}age ~f+

rg~} }g zha`h }hf }~lepl`}age(p! ~fcl}f%

Rl~} ]h~ff”Ig~kp ) P`hfmvcfp



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P` hfmvcf R

P`hfmvcf R ap vpfm gecq nq rl~}q lem `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp }g ~frg~} ~f`far}p lppgàl}fm za}h

klae}laeaej l rf~klefe} Rl~}q Hflm|vl~}f~p lem p}lii lem `l~~qaej ge g~mael~q l`}aya}afp zha`h l~f

eg} ig~ }hf fxr~fpp rv~rgpf gi r~gkg}aej }hf `lemaml`q gi prfàia` `lemaml}fp%


Aema`l}f }hf }qrf gi `ge}~anv}g~ lem }hf `hf`d evknf~%

R~gyamf `gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp gi }hf `ge}~anv}g~%

R~gyamf }hf lkgve} gi `ge}~anv}agep ~f`fayfm i~gk }hl} `ge}~anv}g~%

Cap} leq r~fyagvp `ge}~anv}agep ~f`fayfm mv~aej }hf `lcfeml~ qfl~ i~gk }hl} `ge}~anv}g~%

R~gyamf }g}lc kgef}l~q `ge}~anv}agep ig~ fl`h rljf%

Ge }hf clp} rljf gi }hap p`hfmvcf rcl`f }hf }g}lc gi lcc a}fkafm ~f`far}p ae ngx < gi }hf pvkkl~q pf`+

}age% Rcl`f }hf }g}lc gi lcc vea}fkafm lkgve}p/ (i~gk qgv~ ~f`g~mp! ae ngx > gi }hf pvkkl~q pf`}age%

]g}lc gi ngx < lem ngx > lkgve}p% Ig~zl~m ngx 0 }g}lc }g caef 0f gi }hf pvkkl~q rljf%

/ ]hf }h~fphgcm ig~ a}fkaaej ap le ljj~fjl}f gyf~ -11%22 ig~ }hf `lcfeml~ qfl~%

Eg}f? ^f}v~efm hgvpfdffraej ~f`far}p phgvcm nf cap}fm ge }hap p`hfmvcf lem lp efjl}ayf lkgve}p%




<2><2>



<20

P` hfmvcf \

P`hfmvcf \ ap vpfm gecq nq rl~}q lem `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp }g ~frg~} fxrfepfp lppgàl}fm za}h

klae}laeaej l rf~klefe} rl~}q hflm|vl~}f~p lem p}lii lem `l~~qaej ge g~mael~q l`}aya}afp zha`h l~f

eg} ig~ }hf fxr~fpp rv~rgpf gi r~gkg}aej }hf `lemaml`q gi prfàia` `lemaml}fp%



R~gyamf }hf lrr~gr~al}f rv~rgpf `gmf% Zhfe vpaej `gmf –g}hf~‛ r~gyamf le fxrclel}age%


R~gyamf }hf }g}lc gi fl`h rljf%

]g}lc lcc rljfp gi P`hfmvcf \ ae ngx <”}g}lc a}fkafm fxrfema}v~fp% Rcl`f }hf }g}lc gi lcc vea}fkafmfxrfema}v~fp/ (i~gk qgv~ ~f`g~mp! ae ngx >”vea}fkafm fxrfema}v~f ngx%

]g}lc gi ngx < lem ngx > lkgve}p% Ig~zl~m ngx 0 }g}lc }g caef 9i gi }hf pvkkl~q rljf%

/ Lcc aemayamvlc fxrfema}v~fp vemf~ -62%22%

Eg}f? ^f}v~efm hgvpfdffraej fxrfema}v~fp phgvcm nf cap}fm ge }hap p`hfmvcf lem lp efjl}ayf lkgve}p%




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Pvkk l~ q Rljf

Li}f~ lcc mf}lac p`hfmvcfp (f%j% L N @ f}`%! hlyf nffe `gkrcf}fm qgv kvp} }hfe `gkrcf}f }hf

pvkkl~q gi ~f`far}p lem fxrfema}v~fp rljf% Fl`h caef ge }hap pvkkl~q zacc `ge}lae }hf }g}lc i~gk

}hf `g~~fprgemaej mf}lac p`hfmvcf ae }hf ~frg~} fx`fr} Caef 9n%

@gkrcf}f }hf hflmaej gi }hf pvkkl~q rljf%

Caef < ~ficf`}p qgv~ grfeaej nlcle`f% ]hap zacc nf f~g ge }hf ia~p} ~frg~} ig~ l efz `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}+

}ff% A} zacc }hfe nf }hf femaej nlcle`f ge qgv~ r~fyagvp ~frg~} ig~ leq l`}ayf iacf~%

Caef >l }h~gvjh >m zacc ~ficf`} leq `ge}~anv}agep i~gk P`hfmvcfp L }h~gvjh M gi }hap ~frg~} (>m ae+daem

`ge}~anv}age }g}lc kvp} nf ae`cvmfm ge caef 9n%!

Caef >f zacc nf }hf }g}lc gi >l }h~gvjh >m%

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Caef 0i zacc nf }hf }g}lc gi caefp 0l }h~gvjh 0f%

Caef = zacc nf }hf }g}lc gi caefp >f lem 0i%

Caef 6 zacc nf }hf }g}lc gi caefp < lem =%

Caefp 9l }h~gvjh 9i zacc ~ficf`} }hf }g}lcp i~gk }hf lrr~gr~al}f mf}lac p`hfmvcfp%

Caef 9l ~ficf`}p }hf lkgve} fe}f~fm ae ngx 0 P`hfmvcf I%

Caef 9n ap le giipf} fe}~q% (Rcl`f P`hfmvcf M }g}lc hf~f!%

Caef 9` }h~gvjh 9i zacc ~ficf`} }hf }g}lcp i~gk P`hfmvcfp H O K g~ \ lp lrr~gr~al}f%Caef 9j zacc nf }hf }g}lc gi caefp 9l }h~gvjh 9i%

Caef : f|vlcp caef 6 kaevp caef 9j% ]hap phgvcm efyf~ nf efjl}ayf%




<29

<29



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P} l}vp ^frg~ }

P}l}vp frg~}”Rlrf~ Iacf~p

@gkrcf}f }hf hflmaej gi }hf p}l}vp ~frg~}%

Fl`h ~frg~} iacfm mv~aej l `lkrlaje `q`cf phgvcm cap} }hgpf `ge}~anv}agep ~f`fayfm lem `lkrlaje fxrfepfp

ae`v~~fm ig~ l rl~}a`vcl~ ~frg~}aej rf~agm (caefp 8l lem 1l! lp zfcc lp ljj~fjl}f }g ml}f }g}lcp ig~ fa}hf~ }hf

`lcfeml~ qfl~ g~ `lkrlaje `q`cf lp mfp`~anfm nfcgz%

]hf rv~rgpf gi }hf p}l}vp gi `ge}~anv}agep lem p}l}vp gi `lkrlaje fxrfepfp p`hfmvcfp ap }g felncf gef }g

fxlkaef }hf clp} ~frg~} iacfm lem }g nf lncf }g mf}f~kaef }hf `vkvcl}ayf }g ml}f lkgve}p gi lcc `ge}~anv}agep

lem fxrfepfp ig~ }hf `lkrlaje `q`cf%

P}l}vp gi @ge}~anv}agep”]hap p`hfmvcf zacc phgz lcc `ge}~anv}agep ~f`fayfm ig~ }hf `lkrlaje cfpp leq

`ge}~anv}agep ig~ }hf `lkrlaje }hl} zf~f ~fivemfm%

Caef 8l ap `gkrcf}fm ge qgv~ pf`gem }h~gvjh iaelc ~frg~}p ig~ }hf `lkrlaje `q`cf (`lcfeml~ qfl~ ig~ RL@plem rl~}q `gkka}}ffp! nq n~aejaej ig~zl~m }hf }g}lc i~gk caef 8f gi qgv~ r~fyagvp ~frg~}%

P}l}vp gi @lkrlaje Fxrfepfp”]hap p`hfmvcf zacc phgz lcc fxrfepfp rlam ig~ mv~aej }hf `lkrlaje rcvp

gv}p}lemaej calnaca}afp ae`v~~fm ig~ }hap `lkrlaje cfpp leq ~fivemp ~f`fayfm }hl} zf~f r~fyagvpcq fxrfemfm

ig~ }hf `v~~fe} `lkrlaje%

Caef 1l ap `gkrcf}fm ge qgv~ pf`gem }h~gvjh iaelc ~frg~}p ig~ }hf `lkrlaje `q`cf (`lcfeml~ qfl~ ig~ rl~}q

`gkka}}ffp! nq n~aejaej ig~zl~m }hf }g}lc i~gk caef 1i gi qgv~ r~fyagvp ~frg~}%

Caef 1a Lccg`l}age Pf`}age”Rl~}q `gkka}}ffp `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp lem lv}hg~afm kvc}a+`lemaml}f

`gkka}}ffp l~f ~f|va~fm }g lccg`l}f `lkrlaje fxrfepfp lkgej }hf `lemaml}fp }hfq pvrrg~} l``g~maej }g

}hf ~fcl}ayf nfefia} fl`h `lemaml}f ~f`fayfm i~gk }hf fxrfema}v~fp% ( ]hfpf lkgve}p l~f `vkvcl}ayf rf~

`lemaml}f ig~ }hf `lkrlaje `q`cf!% Rlrf~ iacf~p kvp} ae`cvmf }hap aeig~kl}age zhf~f aema`l}fm ge }hf

p}l}vp ~frg~}% Fcf`}~gea` iacf~p kvp} `~fl}f lem `gkrcf}f P`hfmvcf ^%

^fkfknf~ `lemaml}fp jfef~lccq hlyf fa}hf~ l }zg g~ igv~ qfl~ `lkrlaje `q`cf% (Pff –`lkrlaje `q`cf‛ ae

}hf –I~f|vfe}cq Vpfm ]f~kp‛ pf`}age ae }hap Hlemnggd %!

Zhfe l `gkka}}ff prfemp a}p ia~p} mgccl~ ge l `lemaml}f ig~ l rl~}a`vcl~ fcf`}age `lkrlaje }hfq cap} ge }hap

p`hfmvcf }hf `lemaml}f‑p elkf }hf giia`f }hf map}~a`} g~ kveaàrlca}q lem }hf lccg`l}fm lkgve} prfe} ig~

}hl} `lemaml}f%

Ge fl`h pvnpf|vfe} ~frg~} }hap aeig~kl}age ap `l~~afm ig~zl~m% Lp }hf `gkka}}ff prfemp kg~f ge l `lema+

ml}f }hf lkgve} zacc nf ae`~flpfm l``g~maejcq%

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P}l}vp gi Cglep Klmf”]hap pf`}age phgzp }hf `v~~fe} lkgve} gi cglep klmf gv}p}lemaej lem }hf cgle

l`}aya}q ig~ }hf rf~agm% Qgv kvp} klae}lae l pvrrg~}aej mg`vkfe}l}age gi leq cglep klmf ae`cvmaej

~frlqkfe}p lem ig~jayfefpp%

]hf P}l}vp gi Hgvpfdffraej ^f`far}p lem }hf P}l}vp gi Hgvpfdffraej Fxrfepfp”Ljj~fjl}f }hfpf

a}fkp ig~ }hf `lcfeml~ qfl~% ]hfpf l~f vpfm gecq nq rl~}q lem `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp%




@I+<8 ]F^KAEL]AGE G^ ^FPAJEL]AGE ^F\VFP] IG^K

EG+L@]AYA]Q FRG^] IG^KEFZ QG^D P]L]F NGL^M GI FCF@]AGEP


]~flpv~f~'@lemaml}f Elkf? WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW Iacf~ AM#? WWWWWWWWWWWWWW

@gkka}}ff Elkf? WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

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L% A lk }hf `gkka}}ff }~flpv~f~ T [ +g~+ A lk }hf `lemaml}f T [

N% A lk pvnka}}aej }hap ig~k ig~ }hf igccgzaej rv~rgpf(p!?

<% ^f|vfp}aej }f~kael}age gi }hf `lemaml}f‑p iacaej gncajl}age lp gi }hf ~frg~} aema`l}fm nfcgz%

>% ^f|vfp}aej }f~kael}age gi }hf `gkka}}ff lp gi }hf ~frg~} aema`l}fm nfcgz%

0% ^f|vfp}aej ~fpajel}age lp }~flpv~f~ gi }hf `gkka}}ff lp gi }hf ~frg~} aema`l}fm nfcgz%

=% Iacaej l Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~} ig~ }hf rf~agm aema`l}fm nfcgz%

Ae g~mf~ }g |vlcaiq }g iacf l Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~}# }hf~f `leeg} hlyf nffe leq l`}aya}q (a%f%# ~f`far}p lem'g~ fxrfema}v~fp# ae`cvmaej ae}f~fp}# mayamfemp# nled `hl~jfp g~ gv}p}lemaej cglep g~ calnaca}afp! mv~aej }hf ~f+rg~}aej rf~agm lem# }hf~fig~f# }hf~f l~f eg }~lepl`}agep }g ~frg~}% Iacaej l Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~} klq nf mgefyal }hf EQPNGF zfnpa}f# g~ nq `hf`daej }hap ngx lem }hf lrrca`lncf ~frg~}aej rf~agm aema`l}fm nfcgz%

Eg}f? ]~flpv~f~ ~fpajel}age ~f|vfp}p kvp} nf l``gkrleafm nq l pfrl~l}f cf}}f~ gi ~fpajel}age% (Pff aep}~v`}agep%!

@% Ig~ }hf rv~rgpf(p! aema`l}fm ae pf`}age N lngyf# A lk fa}hf~ pvnka}}aej za}h }hap ig~k ge `gkrv}f~ mapdf}}f# @M# MYM4g~ hlyf pvnka}}fm yal f+klac# g~ yal }hf EQPNGF zfnpa}f4 g~ yal }hap ig~k }h~gvjh l Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~}# }hf `lema+ml}f'`gkka}}ff }~flpv~f~‑p `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f }f~kael}age g~ ~fpajel}age ~frg~} g~ Eg +L`}aya}q ^frg~} ig~ }hf rf~agm aema`l}fm nfcgz?

<% 0> Mlq R~f+R~akl~q :% 0> Mlq R~f+Prfàlc

>% << Mlq R~f+R~akl~q 8% << Mlq R~f+Prfàlc

0% <2 Mlq Rgp}+R~akl~q/ 1% >: Mlq Rgp}+Prfàlc/

=% 0> Mlq R~f+Jfef~lc <2% WWWWWWWWWWWWWW Rf~agma`# >2WWWW (kge}h! (qfl~!

6% << Mlq R~f+Jfef~lc <<% Gii+@q`cf frg~} ( L ~frg~} zha`h mgfp eg} `g~~fprgem }g leq

prfàia` iacaej rf~agm!

9% >: Mlq Rgp}+Jfef~lc/

/@lkrlaje kl}f~alc g~ l map`clakf~ kvp} nf pvnka}}fm za}h rgp} fcf`}age ~frg~}p%

A p}l}f }hl} }hf aeig~kl}age `ge}laefm ae }hf fcf`}~gea`lccq iacfm map`cgpv~f ~frg~} ~fif~fe`fm lngyf ap ae lcc ~fprf`}p }~vflem `gkrcf}f }g }hf nfp} gi kq degzcfmjf# aeig~kl}age lem nfcafi# g~ A hlyf eg }~lepl`}agep }g ~frg~} ig~ }hap rf~agm%

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW Elkf+ r~ae} g~ }qrf @lemaml}f'@gkka}}ff ]~flpv~f~ Pajel}v~f//

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW ]a}cf Ml}f Pajefm @ge}l`} Rhgef Evknf~

//@grafp gi pajel}v~fp# ae`cvmaej }hgpf ge ilxfp# RMIp# g~ g}hf~ fcf`}~gea` iacfp# l~f eg} l``fr}lncf%

Degzaejcq ae`cvmaej ilcpf aeig~kl}age ae }hf map`cgpv~f ~frg~} amfe}aiafm lngyf g~ ge }hap ig~k `gep}a}v}fp l @clpp L Kap+mfkfleg~# rveaphlncf nq l iaef lem'g~ akr~apgekfe}% Pff Rfelc Clz ª><2%=6%

@I+<8 2='<><28



IG^K @I+<8 AEP]^V@]AGEP

]hap ig~k kvp} `ge}lae g~ajaelc pajel}v~f(p! ae aed %

@grafp gi pajel}v~fp ae`cvmaej }hgpf ge ilxfp RMIp g~ g}hf~ fcf`}~gea` iacfp l~f eg} l``fr}lncf%

L `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}}ff }~flpv~f~ kvp} iacf }hap ig~k l} fl`h ngl~m gi fcf`}agep zhf~f }hf `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}}ff ap~f|va~fm }g iacf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p% Rcflpf r~gyamf elkf(p! lem Iacf~ AM# lem `hf`d }hf lrrca`lncf ngx(fp! ae Pf`}agep L N lem @%

]g ~f|vfp} }f~kael}age gi }hf `gkka}}ff g~ `lemaml}f‑p iacaej gncajl}age?

Fcf`}~gea` iacf~p za}h EQPNGF kvp} pvnka} }hap ivccq `gkrcf}fm rlrf~ ~f|vfp} ig~k (@I+<8! zhfe pvnka}}aej l iaelc`lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f }f~kael}age ~frg~}%

L iaelc a}fkafm `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} kvp} nf iacfm vpaej }hf Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pqp}fk (FIP! Pgi}+zl~f zhf}hf~ iacfm lp le l}}l`hkfe} }g le fklac iacfm nq klac ge mapdf}}f @M g~ MYM g~ l ege+a}fkafm `lkrlajeiaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} (a%f% Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~}! kvp} nf iacfm gecaef l} zzz%fcf`}agep%eq%jgy g~ nq rlrf~ vpaej}hap @I+<8 ig~k ai lrrca`lncf%

Lcc r~fyagvpcq ~f|va~fm `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p kvp} hlyf nffe iacfm }g ml}f%

]hf `gkka}}ff nled l``gve} kvp} hlyf le femaej `lph nlcle`f gi -2# zha`h lcpg kvp} nf ~ficf`}fm ae }hf iacf~‑piaelc iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}%

Lcc gv}p}lemaej cglep g~ calnaca}afp kvp} hlyf nffe ~frlam g~ ig~jayfe lem ~f|va~fm cf}}f~p gi ig~jayfefpp'aemfn}fmefpp kvp} hlyf nffe pvnka}}fm }g }hf lrr~gr~al}f ngl~m(p!%

Eg}fp lngv} }f~kael}age? ]f~kael}age `le nf ~f|vfp}fm za}h Rf~agma`# Rgp}+R~akl~q# Rgp}+Jfef~lc lem Rgp} +Prfàlc Fcf`}age ~frg~} iacaejp% ]f~kael}age `le lcpg nf ~f|vfp}fm za}h le Gii+@q`cf ~frg~}# zha`h ap mfiaefm lp l ~frg~} zha`hmgfp eg} `g~~fprgem }g leq prfàia` iacaej rf~agm% Lcc lrrca`lncf ~frg~}p kvp} `ge}aevf }g nf iacfm ve}ac }f~kael}age ap lr+ r~gyfm nq EQPNGF% ]f~kael}age za}h l cg`lc ngl~m gi fcf`}agep mgfp eg} `gep}a}v}f }f~kael}age za}h EQPNGF%

]g ~f|vfp} ~fpajel}age lp }~flpv~f~ gi }hf `gkka}}ff?

Fcf`}~gea` iacf~p za}h EQPNGF kvp} pvnka} }hap ivccq `gkrcf}fm rlrf~ ~f|vfp} ig~k (@I+<8! zhfe pvnka}}aej l iaelc`lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f }~flpv~f~ ~fpajel}age ~frg~}%

L }~flpv~f~‑p iaelc a}fkafm `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} `~fl}fm vpaej }hf Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pqp}fk (FIP!Pgi}zl~f zhf}hf~ iacfm lp le l}}l`hkfe} }g le fklac g~ iacfm nq klac ge mapdf}}f @M g~ MYM g~ l ege+a}fkafm`lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} (a%f% Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~}! kvp} nf iacfm gecaef l} zzz%fcf`}agep%eq%jgy g~ nqrlrf~ vpaej }hap @I+<8 ig~k ai lrrca`lncf%

L `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} pvnka}}fm fcf`}~gea`lccq }hl} ap ae}femfm }g nf l ~fpajel}age ~frg~} `leeg} nfr~g`fppfm lp l ~fpajel}age ~frg~} vecfpp l `gkrcf}fm @I+<8 ig~k ap pvnka}}fm lp zfcc%

L}}l`h }hf }~flpv~f~‑p cf}}f~ gi ~fpajel}age }g }hf @I+<8 ig~k% ]~flpv~f~p phgvcm lcpg pvnka} }hfa~ cf}}f~ }g leq ngl~mzhf~f }hfq l~f ~f|va~fm }g iacf lem }g }hf `lemaml}f gi le lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff%

Lcc r~fyagvpcq ~f|va~fm `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p kvp} hlyf nffe iacfm }g ml}f%

Eg}fp lngv} ~fpajel}age? L }~flpv~f~ `le ~f|vfp} ~fpajel}age za}h Rf~agma`# R~akl~q# Jfef~lc g~ Prfàlc Fcf`}age ~frg~} iacaejp% L }~flpv~f~ `le lcpg ~f|vfp} ~fpajel}age za}h le Gii+@q`cf ~frg~}# zha`h ap mfiaefm lp l ~frg~} zha`h mgfp eg} `g~+~fprgem }g leq prfàia` iacaej rf~agm% ]hf efz }~flpv~f~ kvp} pvnka} lkfemfm @I+2># @I+20 lem @I+<9 ig~kp# lp lrrca+`lncf%

]g iacf l Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~} (ege+a}fkafm `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}!?

]hf Fcf`}~gea` Iacaej Pqp}fk (FIP! Pgi}zl~f mgfp eg} l``gkkgml}f }hf iacaej gi Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~}p% ]hf~fig~f fcf`+}~gea` iacf~p za}h EQPNGF `le fa}hf~ pvnka} }hap ivccq `gkrcf}fm rlrf~ ~f|vfp} ig~k (@I+<8! }g iacf l Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~}

” g~ ” pvnka} l Eg+L`}aya}q ^frg~} gecaef l} zzz%fcf`}agep%eq%jgy%

@I+<8 2='<><21



<<2



@I+<1

]hap pamf }g nf `gkrcf}fm nq EQPNGF gecq

Iacf~ AM#? Ml}f?

Qgv~ lrrca`l}age ig~ le fcf`}~gea` iacaej fxfkr}age hlp nffe ~fyafzfm nq EQPNGF?

T [ Qgv~ lrrca`l}age hlp nffe lrr~gyfm% ]hf fxfkr}age ap ylcam }h~gvjh # >2

Ai le fcf`}~gea` iacaej fxfkr}age ap lrr~gyfm# qgv l~f p}acc gncajl}fm }g iacf vpaej }hf rlrf~ ig~k (@I+2<!%

T [ Qgv~ lrrca`l}age hlp nffe mfeafm lp }hf `lemaml}f'`gkka}}ff mgfp eg} kff} }hf –pvnp}le}alc hl~mphar‛

~f|va~fkfe} lp mfiaefm ae qgv~ lrrca`l}age% ]hf `lemaml}f'`gkka}}ff zacc hlyf }g iacf fcf`}~gea`lccq%

T [ Qgv~ lrrca`l}age hlp nffe mfeafm lp }hf `lemaml}f'`gkka}}ff mgfp eg} kff} }hf –pvnp}le}alc hl~mphar‛

~f|va~fkfe} lp mfiaefm ae qgv~ lrrca`l}age% Hgzfyf~# ig~ }hf lmkaeap}~l}ayf `geyfeafe`f gi EQPNGF# qgvhlyf nffe lrr~gyfm ig~ le fcf`}~gea` iacaej fxfkr}age ig~ }hf igccgzaej ~frg~}(p! g~ }akf rf~agm(p!?

T [ ]hf lemaml}f'`gkka}}ff hlp eg} qf} ~fjap}f~fm za}h EQPNGF% Rcflpf `gkrcf}f }hf fe`cgpfm ~fjap}~l}age

ig~kp lem ~f}v~e }hfk }g EQPNGF lp pgge lp rgppancf% Ai lrrca`lncf# qgv klq ~fpvnka} }hap lrrca`l}age

ig~ le fcf`}~gea` iacaej fxfkr}age%

T [ G}hf~?

Ig~k phgvcm nf pvnka}}fm }g?Efz Qg~d P}l}f Ngl~m gi Fcf`}agep

@lkrlaje Iaele`f Vea}=2 Eg~}h Rfl~c P}~ff}# Pva}f 6

Lcnleq# EQ <>>2:+>:>1<+822+=68+0=60 g~ 6<8+=:=+8>22

<<<



<<>



<<0



<<=

]hap rljf ae}fe}agelccq cfi} ncled%



<<6

A% I^F\VFE]CQ VPFM ]F^KP

Aepamf Rl~} Igv~# Pf`} age A ? ]hap pf`}age `ge}laep }f~kp vpfm }h~gvjhgv} }hf Hlemnggd lp zfcc lp

`ge`fr}p zha`h klq nf hfcrivc ae r~frl~aej `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p% Fxlkrcfp l~f gecq ae}femfm }g nf accvp}~l}ayf% ]hfq l~f eg} ae+

}femfm }g nf ae`cvpayf gi lcc p`fel~agp g~ il`}vlc pa}vl}agep%

>=+Hgv~ Eg}a`f + l ~f|va~fm map`cgpv~f gi leq `ge}~a+nv}age g~ cgle gyf~ -<222 ~f`fayfm }hf mlq li}f~ }hf`v}+gii ml}f gi }hf <<+mlq r~f+fcf`}age ~frg~} vr }gfcf`}age mlq%

]hfpf eg}a`fp lrrcq }g lcc r~akl~q jfef~lc lem

prfàlc fcf`}agep lem kvp} nf iacfm nq leq iacf~ ig~ l prfàia` fcf`}age ae zha`h }hfq l~f ~f|va~fm}g iacf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p%]hfpf eg}a`fp kvp} nf ~f`fayfm nq }hf lrr~g+r~al}f ngl~m(p! gi fcf`}agep za}hae >= hgv~p gi ~f`far} gi }hf `ge}~anv}age g~ cgle ae |vfp}age%]hfpf eg}a`fp l~f ~f|va~fm nf`lvpf za}hgv}}hfk }hf~f zgvcm nf eg rvnca` map`cgpv~f gi cl~jf cglep g~ ge}~anv}agep ~f`fayfm mv~aej }hfrf~agm cflmaej vr }g fcf`}age mlq zha`h zgvcmg}hf~zapf gecq nf ia~p} map`cgpfm ge }hf rgp}+fcf`}age `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}%Ig~ iacf~p za}h EQPNGF }hfpf eg}a`fp `le nf

iacfm fcf`}~gea`lccq l}?zzz%fcf`}agep%eq%jgy g~ ae rf~pge g~ nq ilx(6<8+=89+99>:!% Ig~ cg`lc iacf~p }hfpf eg}a`fp`le nf iacfm ae rf~pge g~ nq ilx% @gepvc} cg`lcngl~mp gi fcf`}agep ig~ iv~}hf~ mf}lacp%

Lccg`l}aej Fxrfepfp + rl~}q `gkka}}ffp `gep}a+}v}fm `gkka}}ffp lem lv}hg~afm kvc}a+`lemaml}f`gkka}}ffp l~f ~f|va~fm }g lccg`l}f `lkrlaje fx+rfepfp lkgej }hf `lemaml}fp }hfq pvrrg~}% ]hfpflkgve}p kvp} nf ljj~fjl}fm ig~ }hf `lkrlaje'fcf`}age `q`cf% Fcf`}~gea` iacf~p effm }g `~fl}f lem`gkrcf}f P`hfmvcf ^% Rlrf~ iacf~p zacc lccg`l}f fx+rfepfp ge }hf P}l}vp ^frg~} rljf Pf`}age 1a%

Ljj~fjl}f ‐ kvc}arcf iajv~fp `gknaefm ae}g gef}g}lc lkgve}%

Fxlkrcf <? ai l `ge}~anv}g~ jayfp l `lemaml}f ig~ Lppfkncq l ->222 ge}~anv}age ae >228 lemleg}hf~ `ge}~anv}age gi -<822 ae >221 }hf lj+

j~fjl}f `ge}~anv}age gi }hl} `ge}~anv}g~ ap -0822%Fxlkrcf >? Ig~ l rl~}a`vcl~ fcf`}age ai l `ge+}~anv}g~ ia~p} jayfp l `lemaml}f l `ge}~anv}age gi -62 lem lmma}agelc `ge}~anv}agep gi -62 -<22lem ->6 }hf ljj~fjl}f `ge}~anv}age gi }hl} `ge+}~anv}g~ ap ->>6%

Lkfemfm ^frg~} ‐ l `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f~frg~} (@I+2<! }hl} ~frcl`fp l r~fyagvpcq pvnka}}fm`lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} (@I+2<! ig~ }hfrv~rgpf gi kldaej `g~~f`}agep g~ `hlejfp% Ig~ fcf`+}~gea` iacf~p za}h EQPNGF l `gkrcf}f ~frg~} kvp}nf pvnka}}fm zhfe kldaej le lkfemkfe} nf+`lvpf r~fpfe}cq lkfemfm ~frg~}p gyf~z~a}f }hfr~fyagvpcq pvnka}}fm ~frg~} ae |vfp}age% Lp pv`hpakrcq iacaej gecq }hgpf }~lepl`}agep ~fcl}ayf }g }hf`g~~f`}agep g~ `hlejfp zacc ~fpvc} ae le ae`gkrcf}fiacaej%

Legeqkgvp @ge}~anv}agep ‐ klq eg} nf l``fr}fmlem kvp} nf }v~efm gyf~ }g }hf EQP @gkr}~gccf~‑pGiia`f%

L}}~anv}age gi @lkrlaje Lmyf~}apfkfe}p ‐ EQPFcf`}age Clz mgfp eg} ~f|va~f }hf prgepg~ g~ rlqg~‑p elkf }g nf ge leq rgca}a`lc lmyf~}apfkfe}p(–rlam ig~ nq‛!% Ai }hf lm ~fif~p }g l ifmf~lc `lemaml}f

}hf Ifmf~lc Fcf`}age @gkkappage (IF@! klq akrgpfpv`h l ~f|va~fkfe}% Lmma}agelccq Ifmf~lc @gkkvea+`l}agep @gkkappage (I@@! ~fjvcl}agep ~lmag']Yp}l}agep lem r~ae} kfmal }hfkpfcyfp klq akrgpfle l}}~anv}age ~f|va~fkfe}%





<<9

Lv`}agep ‐ a}fkp ~f`fayfm ig~ le lv`}age kvp} nf~frg~}fm lp le –Ae+Daem @ge}~anv}age‛ i~gk }hf mgeg~

l} ila~ kl~df} ylcvf% ]hf fe}a~f lkgve} ~f`fayfm

i~gk }hf hajhfp} nammf~ ig~ le a}fk ap }hfe ~frg~}fm

lp l `ge}~anv}age i~gk }hf nammf~ ge }hf lrr~gr~al}f

`ge}~anv}age p`hfmvcf (L N g~ @!%

@lkrlaje @q`cf ‐ jfef~lccq prfldaej }hf rf~agmli}f~ le fcf`}age ig~ l rl~}a`vcl~ giia`f vr }g }hf efx}

fcf`}age ig~ }hl} giia`f%

Fxlkrcf? ]hf jvnf~el}g~alc fcf`}age ap hfcm

fyf~q igv~ qfl~p% ]hf~fig~f }hf `lkrlaje `q`cf

ig~ }hf Giia`f gi Jgyf~eg~ ap igv~ qfl~p lem nf+

jaep }hf mlq li}f~ }hf clp} fcf`}age ig~ }hl} giia`f

vr }g }hf efx} fcf`}age mlq ig~ }hl} giia`f%

@lkrlaje Kl}f~alcp ‐ @lkrlaje kl}f~alcp ae`cvmflcc n~glm`lp} `lncf g~ pl}fcca}f p`hfmvcfp lem

p`~ar}p ae}f~ef} r~ae} lem g}hf~ }qrfp gi lmyf~}apf+kfe}p rlkrhcf}p à~`vcl~p icqf~p n~g`hv~fp cf}+

}f~hflmp lem g}hf~ r~ae}fm kl}}f~ rv~`hlpfm g~

r~gmv`fm ae `geef`}age za}h l prfàia` fcf`}age%

Leq iacf~ ~f|va~fm }g iacf r~akl~q jfef~lc lem'g~

prfàlc fcf`}age `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f

~frg~}p kvp} l} }hf plkf }akf }hf lrrca`lncf

rgp}+fcf`}age `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~f+

rg~} ap mvf pvnka} grafp gi lcc }hf iacf~‑p lk+

rlaje kl}f~alcp rv~`hlpfm g~ r~gmv`fm nq g~

vemf~ }hf lv}hg~a}q gi }hf rf~pge iacaej }hf rgp}+fcf`}age ~frg~} g~ }hf `gkka}}ff g~ }hf rf~pge

ge zhgpf nfhlci a} ap iacfm%

@grafp `le ae`cvmf mvrca`l}f g~ajaelcp (f%j%

rgp}f~p icqf~p nv}}gep f}`%! g~ rhg}g`grafp%

]hfpf a}fkp kvp} nf hl~m `grafp eg} fcf`+

}~gea`'maja}lc iacfp%

Ig~ r~l`}a`lc rv~rgpfp cl~jf vezafcmq a}fkp

(f%j% naccngl~mp plemza`h ngl~mp f}`%! zha`h

`leeg} nf ~flmacq ~fr~gmv`fm ae l rlrf~ `grq

klq nf rhg}gj~lrhfm%

Lcc `grafp kvp} nf cfjancf%

Ai eg `lkrlaje kl}f~alc zlp r~gmv`fm l map+`clakf~ pg p}l}aej kvp} nf iacfm ae `geove`}age

za}h }hf lrrca`lncf rgp}+fcf`}age ~frg~}%

@lemaml}f ‐ jfef~lccq prfldaej leq aemayamvlc zhgpffdp }g nf egkael}fm g~ fcf`}fm }g rvnca` giia`f g~

rl~}q rgpa}age zhf}hf~ }hfq vc}akl}fcq lrrfl~ ge }hf

nlccg} g~ eg}% Le aemayamvlc phlcc nf mffkfm }g nf l

`lemaml}f ai?

Hf g~ phf hlp }ldfe l`}age }g |vlcaiq ig~ egkael+}age g~ fcf`}age4 g~ +

Kgeafp zf~f ~lapfm g~ fxrfemfm nq }hf aemayam+

vlc g~ leq rf~pge }g zhgk }hl} aemayamvlc hlp

jayfe `gepfe} }g mg pg ae g~mf~ }g n~aej lngv}

pv`h egkael}age g~ fcf`}age }g pv`h giia`f g~

rgpa}age% ]hf `lemaml`q g``v~p zhfe }hf `ge}~a+

nv}agep g~ fxrfema}v~fp ae |vfp}age l~f klmf

zhf}hf~ ae }hf qfl~ ae zha`h }hf egkael}age g~

fcf`}age ap pgvjh} g~ ae leq iv}v~f qfl~%

@gkka}}ff (Rgca}a`lc @gkka}}ff! ‐ leq `g~rg~l+

}age lamaej g~ r~gkg}aej lem leq `gkka}}ff rgca}a`lc`cvn g~ `gknael}age gi gef g~ kg~f rf~pgep grf~l}+

aej g~ `ggrf~l}aej }g?

Lam g~ r~gkg}f }hf pv``fpp g~ mfifl} gi l rgca}a+

`lc rl~}q g~ r~aeàrcf g~ gi leq nlccg} r~grgplc4 g~

Lam g~ }ldf rl~} ae }hf fcf`}age g~ mfifl} gi l

`lemaml}f ig~ rvnca` giia`f4 g~ +

Lam g~ }ldf rl~} ae }hf fcf`}age g~ mfifl} gi l

`lemaml}f ig~ egkael}age l} l r~akl~q fcf`}age g~

`geyfe}age ae`cvmaej lcc r~g`ffmaejp r~ag~ }g

pv`h r~akl~q fcf`}age4 g~ +

Lam g~ }ldf rl~} ae }hf fcf`}age g~ mfifl} gi l`lemaml}f ig~ leq rl~}q rgpa}age yg}fm ig~ l} l

r~akl~q fcf`}age4 g~ +

Lam g~ mfifl} }hf egkael}age nq rf}a}age gi le

aemfrfemfe} `lemaml}f ig~ rvnca` giia`f%

Rl~} Igv~”I~f|vfe}cq Vpfm ]f~kp



<<:

@gkka}}ff (Rgca}a`lc @gkka}}ff! (`ge}%!

Rgca}a`lc @gkka}}ffp ^fcl}fm }g

Rgca}a`lc Rl~}afp?

@gep}a}v}fm @gkka}}ff ‐ l p}l}f `gkka}}ff g~ l

`gve}q `gkka}}ff g~ l mvcq `gep}a}v}fm pvn`gk+

ka}}ff gi l `gve}q `gkka}}ff gi l rl~}q lp mf+iaefm nq EQP Fcf`}age Clz% L rl~}q ap l rgca}a`lc

g~jleal}age }hl} ~le l `lemaml}f ae }hf clp} jv+

nf~el}g~alc fcf`}age zhg jl~ef~fm l} cflp}

62222 yg}fp% ]hf~f l~f r~fpfe}cq pax rl~}afp ae

Efz Qg~d P}l}f lp pg mfiaefm?

Mfkg`~l}a`

^frvnca`le

@gepf~yl}ayf

Zg~daej Ilkacafp

Aemfrfemfe`f

J~ffe

Eg}f? Zhacf }hf~f l~f g}hf~ rgca}a`lc g~jleal}agep

}hl} ~fif~ }g }hfkpfcyfp lp –Rl~}afp‛ (f%j%# Canf~}l~+

ale Rl~}q! vemf~ EQP Fcf`}age Clz }hfq l~f eg}

rl~}afp lp mfiaefm lngyf% ]hfq l~f mfiaefm lp

–aemfrfemfe} ngmafp‛ vemf~ EQP Fcf`}age Clz lem

l~f mffkfm kvc}a+`lemaml}f `gkka}}ffp vemf~ }hf

r~gyapagep gi L~}a`cf <= gi EQP Fcf`}age Clz ig~

`lkrlaje iaele`f rv~rgpfp%

Mvcq @gep}a}v}fm Pvn`gkka}}ff gi l @gve}q

@gkka}}ff?

Gv}pamf }hf @a}q gi Efz Qg~d? l à}q }gze g~

yaccljf `gkka}}ff zha`h `gepap}p gi lcc `gve}q

`gkka}}ff kfknf~p i~gk }hl} à}q }gze g~ yac+

cljf lp }hf `lpf klq nf lem gecq pv`h kfk+

nf~p%

Za}hae }hf @a}q gi Efz Qg~d? le lppfkncq map}~a`}

`gkka}}ff zha`h `gepap}p gi lcc `gve}q `gkka}+

}ff kfknf~p i~gk }hl} lppfkncq map}~a`} lem

gecq pv`h kfknf~p%

Rl~}q @gkka}}ff ‐ leq `gkka}}ff r~gyamfm ig~

(mfiaefm! ae }hf ~vcfp gi l `gep}a}v}fm gkka}}ff

(p}l}f g~ `gve}q!% Fxlkrcfp l~f?

Mfkg`~l}a` Lppfkncq @lkrlaje @gkka}+

}ff (ML@@!

Pfel}f ^frvnca`le @lkrlaje @gkka}}ff(P^@@!

Hgvpfdffraej @gkka}}ff ‐ le gr}agelc

–`gkka}}ff‛ }hl} ap gecq lccgzfm }g nf ~fjap}f~fm

nq l rl~}q g~ `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ff ig~ }hf pgcf

rv~rgpf gi ~frg~}aej –Hgvpfdffraej ^f`far}p

lem Fxrfema}v~fp‛ klmf lem ~f`fayfm rv~pvle}

}g EQP Fcf`}age Clz Pf`}age <=+<>= (0! }g

klae}lae l rf~klefe} rl~}q hflm|vl~}f~p lem

p}lii lem `l~~q ge g~mael~q l`}aya}afp }hl} l~f eg}ig~ }hf fxr~fpp rv~rgpf gi r~gkg}aej }hf `lema+

ml`q gi prfàia` `lemaml}fp%

G}hf~ ]qrfp gi Rgca}a`lc @gkka}}ffp?

Kvc}a+@lemaml}f @gkka}}ff ‐ l `gkka}}ff }hl}

pvrrg~}p g~ grrgpfp kg~f }hle gef `lemaml}f%

(Pff rljf 1 gi }hap Hlemnggd ig~ mf}lacp%!

Rgca}a`lc L`}age @gkka}}ff (RL@! ‐ lc}hgvjh eg}

prfàia`lccq mfiaefm ae }hf EQP Fcf`}age Clz l

RL@ ap `gepamf~fm }g nf leq rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff

}hl} pvrrg~}p `lemaml}fp g~ g}hf~ rgca}a`lc `gk+

ka}}ffp nq kldaej `ge}~anv}agep gecq (RL@p mgeg} kldf ma~f`} fxrfema}v~fp ge nfhlci gi `lema+

ml}fp!%

Velv}hg~afm @gkka}}ffp (Paejcf g~ Kvc}a+

@lemaml}f! ‐ `gkka}}ffp }hl} l~f eg} prfàia+`lccq lv}hg~afm nq gef `lemaml}f g~ l j~gvr gi

`lemaml}fp }g ~lapf lem'g~ prfem kgefq ge }hfa~

nfhlci ig~ }hfa~ fcf`}age%




<<8

(@! (–Ygcve}ff~ }~lyfc fxrfepfp‛! }hf }~lyfc fx+

rfepfp gi leq aemayamvlc zhg ge hap gze nfhlci

ygcve}ff~p hap rf~pgelc pf~ya`fp }g leq `lema+

ml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff }g }hf fx}fe} pv`h

fxrfepfp l~f ve~faknv~pfm lem mg eg} fx`ffm

-622 ae ylcvf%

EG]F? –]~lepif~p‛ l~f eg} `ge}~anv}agep% (FC <=+<22

(1!(>!4 <=+<22(<2!%!

@ge}~anv}g~ ‐ le aemayamvlc `g~rg~l}age rgca}a`lc`gkka}}ff veae`g~rg~l}fm veage g~ }~lmf g~jleal+

}age RL@ g~ leq g}hf~ fe}a}q pv`h lp l cfljvf lp+

pgàl}age g~ `cvn zhg kldfp l `ge}~anv}age (pff mfia+

ea}age!%

Mfrgpa}g~q ‐ iaeleàlc aep}a}v}age (f%j% nled! rhqpa+`lccq cg`l}fm ae Efz Qg~d P}l}f zhf~f l `lkrlaje

l``gve} ap fp}lncaphfm lem klae}laefm%

Ma~f`} Fxrfema}v~fp ‐ jfef~lccq prfldaej }hf fx+rfema}v~fp klmf ae pvrrg~} g~ grrgpa}age gi l `lema+

ml}f rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff g~ nlccg} r~grgpa}age%

Map`cgpv~f ^frg~}'P}l}fkfe} ‐ l ~frg~} gi }hf ia+eleàlc }~lepl`}agep ~fcl}aej }g l `lemaml}f g~ `gk+

ka}}ff `gyf~aej l prfàia` rf~agm gi }akf% (@gepvc}

}hf lrrca`lncf –@lkrlaje Iaele`f Iacaej @lcfeml~‛

ig~ ml}fp%

EG]F? Ge`f ~fjap}f~fm l `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cg+

pv~f ~frg~} kvp} nf iacfm ge l mvf ml}f fyfe zhfe

}hf~f l~f eg iaeleàlc }~lepl`}agep }g ~frg~}% (Pff

–Zhg Kvp} Iacf ) Zhl} Kvp} Nf Iacfm7‛ pf`}age gi

}hap Hlemnggd ig~ kg~f mf}lacp %!

Fcf`}age @q`cf ‐ pff –@lkrlaje @q`cf‛%

Ila~ Kl~df} Ylcvf”jfef~lccq }hf ~f}lac r~a`f gi jggmp g~ pf~ya`fp% @ge}~anv}agep g}hf~ }hle kgefq

}g `lemaml}fp g~ `gkka}}ffp l~f fylcvl}fm vemf~

}hap p}leml~m lem EQPNGF ap fkrgzf~fm }g ~fjv+

cl}f `gepap}fe} za}h EQP Fcf`}age Clz hgz }hap ap

`gkrv}fm% (FC <=+<<= (>!4 EQ@^^ 9>22%9(n!%!

Iacf~ ‐ `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}}ff pvnka}}aej `lkrlajeiaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p%

Iacf~ AM# + le amfe}aia`l}age evknf~ lppajefm nq lngl~m gi fcf`}agep vrge l iacf~‑p ~fjap}~l}age za}h }hl}

ngl~m }g nf vpfm ae `geove`}age za}h fl`h pvnpf+

|vfe} iacaej klmf }g }hl} ngl~m%


@ge}~anv}age (FC <=+<22(1!”

<! Leq jai} pvnp`~ar}age gv}p}lemaej cgle (}g }hf

fx}fe} r~gyamfm ig~ ae EQP Fcf`}age Clz Pf`}age <=+

<<=! lmyle`f g~ mfrgpa} gi kgefq g~ leq}haej gi

ylcvf klmf ae `geef`}age za}h }hf egkael}age ig~


leq `lemaml}f g~ klmf }g r~gkg}f }hf pv``fpp g~ mfifl} gi l rgca}a`lc rl~}q g~ r~aeàrcf g~ gi leq nlccg}

r~grgplc

>! Leq ivemp ~f`fayfm nq l rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff i~gk

leg}hf~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff }g }hf fx}fe} pv`h ivemp

mg eg} `gep}a}v}f l }~lepif~ (FC <=+<22(<2!%! (Pff

–I~f|vfe}cq Vpfm ]f~kp‛ pf`}age gi }hap Hlemnggd

ig~ mf}lacp!%

0! Leq rlqkfe} nq leq rf~pge g}hf~ }hle l `lema+

ml}f g~ l rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff lv}hg~afm nq }hf `le+

maml}f klmf ae `geef`}age za}h }hf egkael}age ig~


leq `lemaml}f g~ leq rlqkfe} klmf }g r~gkg}f }hfpv``fpp g~ mfifl} gi l rgca}a`lc rl~}q g~ r~aeàrcf g~

gi leq nlccg} r~grgplc ae`cvmaej nv} eg} caka}fm }g

`gkrfepl}age ig~ }hf rf~pgelc pf~ya`fp gi leq aema+

yamvlc zha`h l~f ~femf~fm ae `geef`}age za}h l `le+

maml}f‑p fcf`}age g~ egkael}age za}hgv} `hl~jf4 r~g+

yamfm hgzfyf~ }hl} egef gi }hf ig~fjgaej phlcc nf

mffkfm l `ge}~anv}age ai a} ap klmf }ldfe g~ rf~+

ig~kfm nq l `lemaml}f g~ hap prgvpf g~ nq l rf~pge

g~ l rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff aemfrfemfe} gi }hf `lema+

ml}f g~ hap'hf~ ljfe}p g~ lv}hg~afm rgca}a`lc `gkka}+

}ffp% Ig~ rv~rgpfp gi }hap l~}a`cf }hf }f~k

–aemfrfemfe} gi }hf `lemaml}f g~ hap ljfe}p g~ lv+}hg~afm rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ffp‛ phlcc kfle }hl} }hf

`lemaml}f g~ hap ljfe}p g~ lv}hg~afm rgca}a`lc `gk+

ka}}ffp mam eg} lv}hg~af ~f|vfp} pvjjfp} igp}f~ g~

`ggrf~l}f ae leq pv`h l`}aya}q4 lem r~gyamfm iv~}hf~

}hl} }hf }f~k `ge}~anv}age phlcc eg} ae`cvmf?

(L!(–Ygcve}ff~ pf~ya`fp‛ ! }hf ylcvf gi pf~ya`fp

r~gyamfm za}hgv} `gkrfepl}age nq aemayamvlcp

zhg ygcve}ff~ l rg~}age g~ lcc gi }hfa~ }akf ge

nfhlci gi l `lemaml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff

(N! (–Hgvpf rl~}afp'rf~pgelc r~grf~}q‛! }hf vpf

gi ~flc g~ rf~pgelc r~grf~}q lem }hf `gp} gi aeya+}l}agep iggm lem nfyf~ljfp ygcve}l~acq r~gyamfm

nq le aemayamvlc }g l `lemaml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gk+

ka}}ff ge }hf aemayamvlc‑p ~fpamfe}alc r~fkapfp

ig~ `lemaml}f+~fcl}fm l`}aya}afp }g }hf fx}fe}

pv`h pf~ya`fp mg eg} fx`ffm -622 ae ylcvf lem



<<1

Eg}f? Iacf~p klq hlyf kg~f }hle gef vea|vf Iacf~

AM# mfrfemfe} vrge hgz kleq ngl~mp gi fcf`}agep

}hfq l~f ~fjap}f~fm lem iacaej za}h%

Iacaej @lcfeml~ ‐ le leevlc p`hfmvcf appvfm nqEQPNGF ~ficf`}aej ml}fp gi ~f|va~fm ~frg~}p%

Ivem~lapf~p ‐ le fyfe} g~ l pgca a}l}age }g ~lapfivemp ig~ l `lemaml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff%

Eg}f? ]hf lkgve} rlam ig~ l }a`df} }g l `lkrlaje

fyfe} ap }hf lkgve} }hl} ap ~frg~}fm lp l `ge}~anv}age

~f`fayfm% Fxrfepfp l~f eg} pvn}~l`}fm i~gk }hf

}a`df} r~a`f ae mf}f~kaeaej }hf lkgve} gi }hf `ge}~a+

nv}age% Ai qgv rv~`hlpf l }a`df} }g l `lkrlaje fyfe}

}hf `gp} ap ~frg~}fm lp l rgca}a`lc `ge}~anv}age }g }hf

prgepg~aej `gkka}}ff ge P`hfmvcf I% Ai }hf rlq+

kfe} ap i~gk l `lemaml}f `gkka}}ff }g l `gep}a}v}fm

g~ rl~}q `gkka}}ff g~ ya`f+yf~pl a} ap l }~lepif~

~l}hf~ }hle l `ge}~anv}age% (Lcpg pff –Lv`}age‛ lem

–^liicfp‛%!

Hgvpfdffraej Fxrfema}v~f ‐ pff –@gkka}}ff ‐Hgvpfdffraej @gkka}}ff‛%

Ael`}ayf P}l}vp'Ege+Rl~}aàrl}age ae Fcf`}age(p! ‐ig~ l caka}fm j~gvr gi `gkka}}ffp (RL@p lem rl~}q g~

`gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ffp! zha`h zgvcm g}hf~zapf nf

gncajl}fm }g iacf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f fcf`+

}age ~frg~}p l Eg}a`f gi Ege+Rl~}aàrl}age ae Fcf`+

}age(p! nq l ^fjap}f~fm RL@ Rl~}q g~ @gep}a}v}fm

@gkka}}ff ig~k (@I+>2! pf~yfp }g eg}aiq EQPNGF

}hl} }hf `gkka}}ff zacc eg} nf pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgp+

aej ae leq zlq leq `lemaml}fp ae l rl~}a`vcl~ r~a+

kl~q lem'g~ jfef~lc fcf`}age lem }hl} EQPNGF

phgvcm eg} fxrf`} }g ~f`fayf ~frg~}p a} zgvcm g}hf~+

zapf ~f`fayf% Ai }hf @I+>2 ig~k ap eg} iacfm }h~ff

fcf`}age ~frg~}p ig~ }hf r~akl~q fcf`}age lem'g~ }h~ff

ig~ }hf jfef~lc fcf`}age kvp} nf pvnka}}fm% @lk+

rlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f rf~agma` ~frg~}p kvp} lc+

zlqp nf iacfm ~fjl~mcfpp gi zhf}hf~ g~ eg} l @I+>2

ig~k hlp nffe iacfm%

Eg}f? @lemaml}fp zhg l~f gncajl}fm }g iacf `lkrlaje

iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f fcf`}age ~frg~}p lem zhg lcpg

pvnka} }hfa~ gze iacaejp lem'g~ }hfa~ lv}hg~afm `gk+

ka}}ffp l~f eg} |vlcaiafm }g iacf l Eg}a`f gi Ege+

Rl~}aàrl}age ae Fcf`}age(p! nq l ^fjap}f~fm RL@

Rl~}q g~ @gep}a}v}fm @gkka}}ff ig~k (@I+>2! }g pvn+

p}a}v}f ig~ fcf`}age ~frg~}p% @lkrlaje iaeleàlc map+

`cgpv~f fcf`}age ~frg~}p ig~ }h~ff r~akl~q fcf`}age

lem'g~ }h~ff ig~ jfef~lc fcf`}age kvp} nf pvnka}}fm%

Eg}f? Ai li}f~ iacaej l @I+>2 ig~k }hf fcajancf `gk+

ka}}ff gr}p }g nf`gkf l`}ayf ig~ }hf rl~}a`vcl~ fcf`+

}age }h~gvjh `ge}~anv}agep g~ fxrfema}v~fp a} kvp}

nfjae iacaej `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p

za}h }hf efx} fcf`}age ~frg~} zha`h `gyf~p }hf ml}f

zhfe }hf l`}aya}q nfjaep%

(Pff ––Ig~kp lem P`hfmvcfp‛ pf`}age gi Hlemnggd

ig~ kg~f mf}lacp%!

Aeyfp}kfe}p ‐ le aeyfp}kfe} g``v~p zhfe `lph ap}ldfe i~gk l `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}}ff‑p `hf`daej l`+

`gve} (mfrgpa}g~q! lem ap rcl`fm ae l rg}fe}alc ae+

`gkf+r~gmvàej aep}~vkfe}% ]hf aeyfp}kfe} ap eg}

phgze lp l mapnv~pfkfe} gi ivemp eg~ ap }hf ~f}v~e

gi r~aeàrlc phgze lp ae`gkf% Ae}f~fp} g~ ae`gkf

fl~efm ap ~frg~}fm ge P`hfmvcf F lp –G}hf~ ^f+

`far}p‛% Cgppfp ge aeyfp}kfe}p zacc nf phgze ge

P`hfmvcf I lp l –@lkrlaje Fxrfepf‛ à}aej }hf

`hf`d evknf~ gi }hf g~ajaelc aeyfp}kfe}% Zhfe

kldaej }hf aeyfp}kfe} mf}lacp gi }hf aeyfp}kfe}

kvp} nf map`cgpfm lp le l}}l`hkfe} iacfm ae `geove`+

}age za}h }hf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}

`gyf~aej }hf rf~agm ae zha`h }hf aeyfp}kfe} zlp

klmf% Fklac iacf~p kvp} r~gyamf }hf mf}lacp ae hl~m

`grq ae rf~pge g~ nq ilx g~ nq klac vemf~ pfrl~l}f

`gyf~%

A}fkafm'Vea}fkafm +A}fkafm @ge}~anv}agep ‐ zhfefyf~ leq `ge}~anv}g~

kldfp l ge}~anv}age }g l lemaml}f g~ rgca}a`lc gk+

ka}}ff }hl} fx`ffmp -11 nq a}pfci g~ }hf `ge}~anv}g~

kldfp l `ge}~anv}age }hl} `lvpfp }hf ljj~fjl}f gi

hap'hf~ `ge}~anv}agep }g fx`ffm -11 ig~ }hf `lk+

rlaje'fcf`}age `q`cf ig~ `lemaml}fp lem }hfa~ `gkka}+

}ffp g~ ig~ }hf `lcfeml~ qfl~ ig~ `gep}a}v}fm lem

rl~}q `gkka}}ffp lem RL@p }hfe }hf `lemaml}f g~

rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff }hl} ap map`cgpaej }hf `ge}~anv+

}agep kvp} a}fkaf }hgpf `ge}~anv}agep nq ~frg~}aej

}hf igccgzaej?

@gkrcf}f elkf lem lmm~fpp4

Ml}f4

@hf`d evknf~ (ai lrrca`lncf! lem

Lkgve} gi }hf `ge}~anv}age%

]hf A}fkafm `ge}~anv}age kvp} nf mf}lacfm ge gef gi

}hf `ge}~anv}age p`hfmvcfp (P`hfmvcfp L N @ g~ M!

gi }hf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} zha`h

map`cgpfp }hf `ge}~anv}age% (Pff }hf lrrca`lncf

p`hfmvcfp ae }hap Hlemnggd ig~ kg~f mf}lacp%!




<>2

Fxlkrcf <? L ge}~anv}g~ kldfp l paejcf-<22%22 `ge}~anv}age ‐ }hap kvp} nf a}fk+

afm% Leq pvnpf|vfe} `ge}~anv}age klmf

mv~aej }hf plkf fcf`}age `q`cf g~ `lcfeml~

qfl~ lp }hf `lpf klq nf kvp} nf A}fkafm%

Fxlkrcf >? L `ge}~anv}g~ kldfp le aea}alc`ge}~anv}age gi -62 }g l rl~}q `gkka}}ff ae

gef ~frg~}aej rf~agm (pff Vea}fkafm @ge+

}~anv}agep!% ]hfe }hf plkf `ge}~anv}g~

kldfp le lmma}agelc `ge}~anv}age gi -:6 }g

}hf plkf rl~}q `gkka}}ff mv~aej }hf plkf

`lcfeml~ qfl~ ae l cl}f~ ~frg~}aej rf~agm%

]hap -:6 `ge}~anv}age zgvcm `lvpf }hf lj+

j~fjl}f `ge}~anv}age gi }hf `ge}~anv}g~ }g }hl}

`gkka}}ff }g fx`ffm -11 ae }hf plkf `lcfe+

ml~ qfl~% Ae pv`h l `lpf }hap -:6 `ge}~anv+

}age zgvcm hlyf }g nf a}fkafm%

Fxlkrcf 0? L `lemaml}f g~ l `lemaml}f‑plv}hg~afm `gkka}}ff ~f`fayfp le aea}alc -92

`ge}~anv}age i~gk l `ge}~anv}g~ ae gef ~frg~}+

aej rf~agm lem }hfe ~f`fayfp le lmma}agelc

-62 `ge}~anv}age i~gk }hf plkf `ge}~anv}g~

mv~aej l maiif~fe} ~frg~}aej rf~agm ae }hf

plkf fcf`}age `q`cf% ]hap -62 `ge}~anv}age

zgvcm `lvpf }hf ljj~fjl}f `ge}~anv}age gi

}hf `ge}~anv}g~ }g }hl} `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}+

}ff }g fx`ffm -11 ae }hf plkf fcf`}age `q+

`cf% Ae pv`h l `lpf }hap -62 `ge}~anv}age

zgvcm hlyf }g nf a}fkafm%

Eg}f? Ig~ Fxlkrcfp > lem 0 }hf aeig~kl}age

}hl} kvp} nf map`cgpfm ge }hf `lkrlaje

iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} zha`h `gyf~p }hf

pf`gem `ge}~anv}age klmf ap maiif~fe} zhfe

pvnka}}aej rlrf~ `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cg+

pv~f ~frg~}p (@I+2<! }hle zhfe pvnka}}aej

fcf`}~gea` map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p za}h EQPNGF%

Ig~ }hfpf fxlkrcfp ig~ map`cgpaej }hf pf`+

gem `ge}~anv}age ge rlrf~ ~frg~}p }hf aea}alc

`ge}~anv}age ap ~frg~}fm vemf~ }hf –R~fyagvp

Lkgve}‛ gcvke% Ig~ map`cgpaej }hf pf`gem

`ge}~anv}age yal fcf`}~gea` ~frg~}p }hf aea}alc

`ge}~anv}age mgfp eg} hlyf }g nf ~frg~}fm

nf`lvpf a} zlp fa}hf~ r~fyagvpcq ~frg~}fm lp

–Vea}fkafm‛# g~ a} zlp ~frg~}fm lp le a}fk+

afm `ge}~anv}age l} }hf map`~f}age gi }hf iacf~%

Vea}fkafm @ge}~anv}agep ‐ L paejcf `ge}~a+

nv}age }hl} mgfp eg} fx`ffm -114 lem l pae+

jcf `ge}~anv}age zha`h zhfe lmmfm }g }hf

`ge}~anv}g~‑p r~fyagvp `ge}~anv}agep }g }hf

~fàrafe} `lemaml}f g~ `gkka}}ff ig~ }hf

fcf`}age `q`cf g~ `lcfeml~ qfl~ (lp ap lrrca+

`lncf }g }hl} ~fàrafe} }qrf! mgfp eg} ~lapf

}hf ljj~fjl}f lkgve} gi `ge}~anv}agep gi }hf

`ge}~anv}g~ }g }hf ~fàrafe} }g kg~f }hle

-11%

Zhfefyf~ leq `ge}~anv}g~ kldfp l `ge}~a+

nv}age }g l `lemaml}f g~ rgca}a`lc `gkka}}ff

lem }hf `ge}~anv}age g~ }hf ljj~fjl}f `ge}~a+

nv}agep gi }hf `ge}~anv}g~ }g }hf ~fàrafe} mg

eg} qf} fx`ffm -11 ig~ }hf `lcfeml~ qfl~ g~

fcf`}age `q`cf lp }hf `lpf klq nf }hfe }hf

`ge}~anv}age mgfp eg} hlyf }g nf a}fkafm ge

}hf `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}

`gyf~aej }hf ml}f ae zha`h }hf `ge}~anv}age

zlp klmf% ]hf `ge}~anv}age `le aep}flm nf

~frg~}fm lp le –Vea}fkafm @ge}~anv}age%‛]hf iacf~ hgzfyf~ klq `hggpf }g a}fkaf

`ge}~anv}agep }hl} |vlcaiq }g nf ~frg~}fm lp

–Vea}fkafm @ge}~anv}agep%‛

A}fkafm Fxrfema}v~fp ‐ paejcf fxrfema}v~fp

}hl} l~f kg~f }hle -=1%11% Zhfefyf~ leq

paejcf fxrfema}v~f fx`ffmp -=1%11 }hf iacf~

kvp} r~gyamf }hf igccgzaej aeig~kl}age ge

P`hfmvcf I (Fxrfema}v~fp'Rlqkfe}p!4 g~ ai

lrrca`lncf ge P`hfmvcf \ (Ege+@lkrlaje

Hgvpfdffraej Fxrfepfp!?

Ml}f @hf`d Evknf~ (ai lrrca`lncf! Elkf

lem Lmm~fpp gi }hf Rlqff }hf Lkgve} lem

}hf Rv~rgpf gi }hf Fxrfema}v~f%

Vea}fkafm Fxrfema}v~fp ‐ paejcf fxrfema+

}v~fp }hl} l~f cfpp }hle -62% Ig~ paejcf fx+

rfema}v~fp }hl} l~f cfpp }hle -62 }hf iacf~

`le pakrcq ae`cvmf }hf lkgve} ae }hf –]g}lc

Vea}fkafm Fxrfema}v~fp‛ ngx ge P`hfmvcf

I g~ ge P`hfmvcf \ ai lrrca`lncf% Hgzfyf~

}hf iacf~ klq `hggpf }g a}fkaf fxrfema}v~fp

zha`h g}hf~zapf |vlcaiq }g nf ~frg~}fm lpVea}fkafm Fxrfema}v~fp% Ig~ `~fma} `l~m

rlqkfe}p g~ ig~ ~faknv~pfkfe}p }g aema+

yamvlcp ig~ `lkrlaje+~fcl}fm fxrfepfp }hf

iacf~ kvp} map`cgpf }hf mf}lac ig~ fl`h fxrfe+

ma}v~f gyf~ -=1%11 }hl} ap rl~} gi }hf ~fak+

nv~pfkfe} g~ `~fma} `l~m rlqkfe}% (Pff }hf

lrrca`lncf p`hfmvcfp ae }hap Hlemnggd ig~

kg~f mf}lacp%!




<><

Eg}f ? ^frg~}aej }hf –]g}lc Vea}fkafm Fxrfema}v~fp‛ ge l rlrf~ `lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~} (@I+ 2<! ap maiif~fe} }hle zhfe pvnka}}aej fcf`}~gea` `lk+ rlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p za}h EQPNGF% Ge rlrf~ ~frg~}p# }hf lkgve} gi –]g}lc Vea}fkafm Fx+ rfema}v~fp‛ ig~ }hf lrrca`lncf ~frg~}aej rf~agm ap fe+}f~fm ae }hf –]g}lc Vea}fkafm Fxrfema}v~fp‛ ngx ge

P`hfmvcf I g~ ge P`hfmvcf \ ai lrrca`lncf% Ig~ fcf`}~gea` map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p pvnka}}fm }g EQPNGF}hf~f ap eg –]g}lc Vea}fkafm Fxrfema}v~fp‛ ngx geP`hfmvcfp I g~ \% Ae }hap `lpf l iacf~ kvp} kldf l paejcf fe}~q ge }hf lrrca`lncf P`hfmvcf cap}aej }hf rlqff elkf lp –]g}lc Vea}fkafm Fxrfema}v~fp#‛ cap}aej }hf }g}lc lkgve} gi –]g}lc Vea}fkafm Fxrfe+ma}v~fp‛ ae }hf –Lkgve} Rlam‛ iafcm# lem `hggpaej –G}hf~‛ lp }hf Fxrfema}v~f @gmf%

Aemfrfemfe} gi }hf @lemaml}f g~ hap Ljfe}p g~

Lv}hg~afm Rgca}a`lc @gkka}}ffp ‐ phlcc kfle }hf`lemaml}f g~ hap'hf~ ljfe} g~ lv}hg~afm rgca}a`lc

`gkka}}ff mam eg} lv}hg~af ~f|vfp} pvjjfp} igp+}f~ g~ `ggrf~l}f ae leq pv`h l`}aya}q%

Ae+Cafv+Gi P}l}fkfe} ‐ l }qrf gi ~frg~} }hl} `legecq nf iacfm nq `lemaml}fp iacaej }hfa~ gze `lkrlaje

iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p g~ nq lv}hg~afm `gk+

ka}}ffp gecq pvrrg~}aej gef `lemaml}f g~ nq `gk+

ka}}ffp pgcfcq pvrrg~}aej g~ grrgpaej nlccg} r~grgpa+

}agep zhf~f l} }hf `cgpf gi }hf ~frg~}aej rf~agm ae

|vfp}age efa}hf~ }hf }g}lc ~f`far}p eg~ }hf }g}lc fx+

rfema}v~fp gi }hf `lkrlaje hlyf fx`ffmfm -<222%

Caka}p ‐ }hf~f l~f caka}p ge `ge}~anv}agep }hl} `le nfklmf lem caka}p ge `ge}~anv}agep }hl} `le nf ~f+

`fayfm% (Pff –@ge}~anv}age ) ^f`far} Caka}l}agep‛


Cglep Klmf ‐ lp za}h le aeyfp}kfe} `lkrlajeivemp cglefm }g leg}hf~ fe}a}q l~f p}acc le lppf} gi

}hf iacf~% ]hf aea}alc mapnv~pfkfe} g~ ~f}v~e gi }hf

~r~aeàrlc lkgve} ap eg} phgze% Ae}f~fp} Ae`gkf ap

frg~}fm vemf~ P`hfmvcf F –G}hf~ ^f`far}p‛% Ai }hf

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Hlemnggd !%

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ig~jayfe%

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kl~q fcf`}age%




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`gkka}}ff% Pff –@gkka}}ff‛%

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f~lc (6<8+=:=+:002!%

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gi }akf (~frg~}aej rf~agm!%

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–Ig~kp lem P`hfmvcfp‛ ae }hap Hlemnggd ig~ kg~f

mf}lacp%!


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}lncf `ge}~anv}agep% @gepvc} }hf A^P ig~ iv~}hf~ mf+

}lacp%

P}l}vp ^frg~} ‐ pff –Ig~kp lem P`hfmvcfp‛ ae}hap Hlemnggd ig~ kg~f mf}lacp%

]~lepif~ ‐ }hf fx`hlejf gi ivemp g~ leq}haej gi ylcvf nf}zffe?

L rl~}q g~ `gep}a}v}fm `gkka}}ff lem l `lema+

ml}f g~ leq gi hap'hf~ lv}hg~afm `gkka}}ffp g~

ya`f yf~pl (f%j% ]qrf < ]~lepif~ ‐ EQP ^f+

rvnca`le P}l}f @gkka}}ff }g I~afemp gi Pka}h

g~ ya`f yf~pl!4 g~ +

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`lemaml}f (f%j% ]qrf > ]~lepif~ ‐ I~afemp gi

Yae`fe} Pka}h }g @a}afep ig~ Yae`fe} Pka}h g~

ya`f yf~pl!% ]~lepif~p l~f eg} `ge}~anv}agep lem

l~f eg} pvnof`} }g `ge}~anv}age caka}p%

]f~kael}age ‐ femp }hf iacf~‑p gncajl}age }g pvnka}`lkrlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p% (Pff

–]f~kael}aej Iacaej Gncajl}agep‛ pf`}age ae }hap

Hlemnggd ig~ kg~f mf}lacp%!

]~flpv~f~ ^fpajel}age ‐ r~g`fpp nq zha`h l}~flpv~f~ femp hap'hf~ gncajl}age }g pvnka} `lk+

rlaje iaeleàlc map`cgpv~f ~frg~}p% (Pff –Mv}afp gi

]~flpv~f~p'@lemaml}fp‛ lem –^fpajeaej lp ]~flp+

v~f~‛ pf`}agep gi }hap Hlemnggd ig~ kg~f mf}lacp%!



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New York:Campaign Finance Handbook 2012