Watt steam engineTheWatt steam engine(alternatively known as theBoulton and Watt steam engine) was the first type ofsteam engineto make use of steam at a pressure just aboveatmosphericto drive the piston helped by apartial vacuum. Improving on the design of the 1712Newcomen engine, the Watt steam engine, developed sporadically from 1763 to 1775, was the next great step in the development of the steam engine.Watt's two most important improvements were the separate condenser and rotary motion.[1][2]The separate condenser, located external to the cylinder, condensed steam without cooling the piston and cylinder walls as did the internal spray in Newcomen's engine, more than doubling Watt's engine's efficiency.[3]Rotary motion was more suitable for industrial power than the oscillating beam of Newcomen's engine.Raman spectroscopyRaman spectroscopyis aspectroscopictechnique used to observe vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system.[1]Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry to provide a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified.It relies oninelastic scattering, orRaman scattering, ofmonochromaticlight, usually from alaserin thevisible,near infrared, ornear ultravioletrange. The laser light interacts with molecular vibrations,phononsor other excitations in the system, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. The shift in energy gives information about the vibrational modes in the system.Infrared spectroscopyyields similar, but complementary, information.