UNCLASSIFIED

AD NUMBER

AD081859

NEW LIMITATION CHANGE

TOApproved for public release, distributionunlimited

FROMDistribution authorized to U.S. Gov't.agencies and their contractors;Administrative/Operational Use; Jun 1955.Other requests shall be referred to theWright Air Development Center,Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433.

AUTHORITY

AFAL ltr, 27 Dec 1979

THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED

Armed Services T echnical Information Agency0.

by 0

DOCUMENT SERVICE CENTERKNOTT 211LOCI1469 AYTINg 2, OHIO &T

This docu~ment in the property of the Ukmited &atesCwvernment. It is furnished for the du-ktiom of the contract and m-

shall be returned when no longeiv req'dired, or upon 0recall by ASTIA to the followin addrets:

Azuaed Services Technical Information Agency, LDocumnent Service Center,mKnOMt Dildiag, Iaytom 2, Ohio.

NGTICX* VEIN OOVEUIEWI OR OMlR DSAWMA SPURIMATIWE OR OTHER DATAX1I12M 70M ANY PURPOS OTHRTAN IN C 0IECTIO wrrx A DZ1DIITELY RELATEDG0V3XMEWI PRWURZMZ31T OPIMAT2, TEE M & aoYwxWmr THREBY INCURSNo RE8PWOU11"Y, NOR ANY OSIJOTIOK *ETOU ANID THE FACT THAT THEGOVERNMENT MAY H1AVE VOSLMULATED, 7UEr oS IN ANY WAY SUPPLIED '.1hESAID DRAWIN(U SPSCIIICATIOWS OS OTHE DATA IN NMT TO 83 REGARDED BYIMPiXATUIM OR 0=H"=U AS IN ANY UMMOE UACDING THE BOWEZR OR ANY OTHERPR38050 COR OATR05, OS COSIVYDI ANY R3UTS OS PIRKMON TO MANUFACRTURE,USA ORI SLL ANY PATENE WVnM'IM TEO~ MAY IN ANT WAY 89 RELATED THERETO.

PILE FABRICS FOR INSULATION

V,'AD(; TECIINICAL REPORT 54-374

%

PILE FABRICS FOil INSU?•TiON

CHARLES W. •NG

MATERIALS LA.F•RATU•

lUNg l:,k•

WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER

AIR [•ESEARCtl AND DEVELOPMENT COM\IAND

UNITED STATES AIR •'Oi•CE

WRIGHT-PATIERSON AIR FORCE BASE, 01110

"lr,•e•" ! ttr,¢ Ib Pr•. "¢,, •"tlr4•:tl'-. 7.

!}i:'

• . ,

. _ r

T7is reyort was preaed by the Textiles Brauch ard waz inLht,4•-der froject lio. 7320, A.Ir Force Textile )Mterial s", Task No. 73202,"Air Force Clothing Textile Materials", formerla O No. 612-13, "AirForce Clothiug Textile Materials", and was administered uner thedirection of the Materials laboratory, Directorate of Research, WrightAir Development Center, with Lt C. I. Long and Lt R. M. ElU.e actingas project en4gineers. WorL was initiate. as & part of the. woolcoourwvation ;o•am establiased by eHaWuarters, USAI. 4Ateia~lsdisussd herein were develcped ty Goodall Sanford. Inc.. PrincetonKn1tting Mills. andi Geore W. or Corp. under USAF coatracts A? 33(600)-15961. A, 33K6•0.-941• , and A '3(616)-17, reipectivl"y. Test datapresmeted are based upon tests cc-aucted at Materials laboratory,Directorate of Research, Wright Ai. Development Center.

7.-dC ro o.,'. cov, s k:r.-. from 1-x-t :? to AL4_ust 17-4

THD aTh17

ftie to a report on pile fabric* md from wynz~ttic fibers. cotton,wod arnd nmrou blends thereof. Tbore wwe tbret tecktdi.a employed

I tbo construction of the pile fabrics dovelo*.' udre this project:(1) woven cut ple fabrics b* Goodall Safrd. Luc.. (2) Inserte pile.knitte fabrics by Ge.rge W. Barg Corportion and (3) mqp,,d and/orbruhd pUle. knitted fLlics by riTnceton Laitting Mlle, Inc. All theimplor developed were ca.-asd to tb. standard wool pile fabric age

according to reqmuiroamts of AF pecification K-L-C-663. hch ua-4!ew toeted for .mxth and cc•rsusion chmractoristics to determize theeffect. If QV, Of varying t~hICK0843u. . mands, and coAtructiona. It wasobee"Yed that the type fiber hba littl.- eect on the w~rzth of a pilefabric; however, Olon. Dacron aw 4uel ocsistant,, ap~ sligh•i•better. Reoslts show that vossibly a dou.ble thic1neas of a rel-tivyelthin pile fabric should daserve consderation. Alsocludid In thisreport are tiw results of a qtt4y on the AUstbemtca; relati•nship betwemthe wrath of a fabric ara the pktric&l rroqertiee of the fabric.

A .P report ha- '-an reviewed and is ,ffroved.

FOR THE COWAS:

H. a. WaI1C39

Ae-ical DL--octorMateri.als a Ik-GratcryDirectorate of Research

S . ...... ... .. m • .... .. . ... A. .. . ..... 0 1 II ... i iT -

IF

I PflZ?A3RIXOF SlBULA2ICS. . .. . .1

III 4ACITCMOYCQCA . 1 0 a. * .. *.. 7

ITX .&L2.1AT N .l . .W.C.A.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

V AP.PflW 1 . . . 17

IIV TH 54-.3714

\&

Figure •

1 nrml Conductance ',*at"r .2 Compreese•l it, Toter ............... 9

Conductance Versus Degree of Foros±' OurveSCoaq ression Carver for Saxt-1 'U Z! tx t

SCu'esel e•on -ves for San1: 46i, ,a Ad 4cg. '9Cowssl'on urves for iami1.es 470, 4i72 wa L74. "

7 Coa as.s'zio Curves for •Sa ase 476, 471 and L60. :.l5 Clo=r=esor. ý;urves for umples l4, 494 s.l 4 do. 229 Copriession Ourve, for SallJeea t n1., 3 &n, i . 23

10 Coapresaion Curves for SaRaIies IA:S, H L,

11 Comression Curves for Sanx '4, M, .hU.5 and Y1.0 2-12 Compression Curve. for 5e" 4Lsu L. 2 and 34. ......1 Compression • r•v•t for Javp.s1s 3, 5 and S..2714 Compression Curves for . ., . .~ . .... 2815 Pcrosity~ersusL Thicmmess Curve* for Sazles (3 2

lo, Poosity Versus Thicness Curves lor Sauples t, 7.

17 I.roatl Veror Thi.k•tms rmves for Sw.c= a 3-. 6.

198 oost Vrw.s TU c~aee Cur-.;. I :eT Saar~'4*~

472 479oetl andu 490iz8• . a'e . . ... .. . ... , 319 Fro*ty ersu TI!=9s 0rw# for Sm~eiw,. 1, 2.34., 41 76. 492 arw14d66... .. .. .. .. .. .... 3

aD kroal~r VrsusThidra~s Ow-res fcx Stzn;.Iva K1.L.

21 Froesty Vearua. lMULmees Curve. for S•- ;le ?,aU5 and XL&. .. .. ..... . ............ 35

Z' korosLt~y Versus MTh±es Curves for ~mieHSig sadJGJ .o ... ... .................. 36

%seft towartth Ratio. Bar Graph ... .. .. ..... 37

... .. ... *j

Co~reeaility.IBr a pb... ........ 39

sXTIh 514-,174

LIST OF TIAb_'S

Tazl e

I. w"Vel cul. 1 ila Fab;-ics ..............

2 K~te-lsre 1ile 7.abrice . .

3 inl~tted salx Napp-d 1kile Fabrirc~ ............

~4 Canplete Physicn1 Properties of -aiples 1 and VIL 10

Sihysical Properties of Thift.ý-er "Fabri-: ..... .. .. . ...

0 Correlatior z~uat~ion Terns. .... ......... ......... -

SN Tit.DU (,,¶T IUN

Thin pro.iject was a rervit of the wool conservation proa•.m.Ourrentl;.- a wool Pile fabric with a woven cotton base cloth iq b)inrused extonsive!.v. b*- th,_ ..,r Force as an insulation fabric in flightraments, cold weath:.;- rear, etc. Tr.e objective of this investiga-tion was to develop an insulation fabric of synthetic fibers or fibersot!:or than wool, that would be equal to or an improvement over the pres-ently iced wool rilo fabric. First attempts included the developmentof a honeycomb weave fabric. This tyme fabric contains a considerable=un.nt of air .pace which is a reruirement of a pood insulating fabric;

however, for po- r warmth an increase in thickness would be recessarywhich, in turn, wou d increase the weij;ht to the extent that this typefabric would rot be oractical. Consideration w;s al-o given to afreize type fabric which, in many cases, also oreients a weight prob-lem. Pile fabrics, on the other harn, can be Iip~t weirht, of requiredthickness, and low cost.

' Th 'h Q.-174 vii

I-LIS VABRMCi Me 1211=1C

Althab the taemc requirement of an Inmilati=o fabric is to prouacepro•er wwmth for the vearer, there are othmr rsquireua&Lts that maust betakm into cons laratiou. ?eby are wearability, tendency to %a&t0 afterblr4 ccqressed. abrina&rp to ±mdering w= sembility.

Because the i•mlation fabric 1s eplaved between 1#4re of otherfabrics, tnere is no requiremet for abraviou resistae•; hoever, it isrequired to hae god vj-rability. Weararim ity is & pcwal requiremetwhch incL.4es p•a4rica.l propertioe uot usualy cAlled out as a 3J3finitersqeiir•A-nt In didtiom to the basic rqu•rements. An lnmiaati f!aricthat has good ur properties will exhibit nearly the am su asicalproportles. after Leitr' Lt into serveo fof I roloaged .enogtb of tiu-,as it initiaLly exhibited.

To e to •sidarid '.- eorrla:L-ai the suitability of a pile fabric isthe tand.aq to "mat' or 'tat" after being compressed. It voidd 'ue verywxdaeir.ble for a pile fabric to rozain at the compressed tnice•as aftera iUni I& reaieved. "he thid:crus, end consequently the poroalty (parcent air). which amr the Leteomii•.j wrmth properties of a fabric, wouldbe reiucad. Therefore, the fabric should be resilient, or shauld returntW the oriaIal thicicess after 'Wing comprwessd.

Mtiwen ehrinkag* in cloming and good se•sbility are obvious require-ments. jo prownte wthich elic the us* of &AZ Instlation ftabric will belmax'ared. iUle others wAy be dry cleaned. ih seembil~ty dch-teristtcsof tV inulation fabric shold not noecsoitate the use of arir equLpstotbr tbm czwmtiomal trpes used Jn fabrication of clothia&

So rcmaltA of tests c-miuctod on all & a1rics are g.om In oblee 1.2 and 3. Coqmpeesion vormu tht oess *rie. *U poroit•y vrsus thick.-ness curve are prereled in A£ppwr, l. I to urtiVr lustrste mthOwnihrmacteristic of .ecki factic. Ficares 23. 14' La. ?I of A~pp&tix I afebar graphs whIcA sho the weip~t-to-mrsth ratio. no loaa pareslty, mndo.mpressibAlity. resective*4. for each fabric.

Wovo, ,cut pile, fabri.@.; X f••'r imf••..

?hese fabrics were c•nstrmted like the stwauarl wool pile fabricdescribe. in 4oftlfi~utiu MJL.G-5563. TMe weihts and ticlmeoses of allof thisie *..4,.js w@2e namriy the seaw. rangiug ir. th1ineaea from .?tQ Inchto .M inch, atd in lttt from 15.75 ounaes por square vmzd to 4lS.86*"was p ~ar " zd..

Alnotaree of thes fabrics are that they casess Co<4 ocpressao• amreeilience 1wopersit. 2iL~ok can to neld t, a rimiuam ±e !a@ theconstruction. arA trte will be ao fabrization •roblm.

WAx -3 rM-3714

~~~~~~1 NcJ~ 4r\0 I- C

V-44

-'40

W2P 0Ln4W Pv3

cr)

e54

,Zi - ,4%.o Cr% a% %D W CN%ý~4 (%i tC'-

*2. ''~ ~ 0% C)

'034

5j*b*

v 41 0 0 41 4

~~c¶~~t 0~ cW -4

459449409P49t-- v-4 _4-

.4,q.4%d- t-.2 *1

.iI C .u

WADC :R

'oil .4 N 4 .4 r4 .4 Cu Cuq

. 4 -

piti

141

WmAX TR5-1 3

u.. N N CU CU N* CU-*.

if\ 0 *ý C

0i

If, I-

-.. 4

~0

-6 -4

'¶4)0~ It0

0

AA A A

14 1 14 4 ý -4 4 4 4 -4 4 r

N pe -ýr J. 0 r- w J

DiamV at~ages of this type of fabric iure that reo.rljy all of themamplm %,re &am heavy or kheavia.r tb" trm wcol control sair;Ie ai-.' t. rporosities wwre keneral2y low wi-i.h cont~ributes to ttw h.iti wivjht-to--warmth ratio. 'Al cost of this type fabric would be Pomesuat biggherthan a similar knitted fi~bric.

L-Atq Lt "Ej4_lo farc a-atrr Georr_ W. borg Ocrp.

These fatri.. a ~rs sale by insorting the pile from " s~liver form.into the bas. fabric whlld on &be axz.1tting anch2.s. Th anchine yallethe fibers into the base fabri. &ad ar'r t'mi so they can .ut beesiely pulled outt. Tbs th1lcnessee and uoijgits o~f these saqies owerall nasrl~y the sasezoot for )r& 9 &W 11.10 whic& were CQQaidq!aL'$)y"Ightor and not #A~te "s thiL.

Advantages of tWe typ. of fabrit; ar* high porositlies. lcw con~buc-%safe. and relatively low cost.

Disiedventoges include high weight am' therefore bi& weight-to-warathratio. ML. 9 and IC 10 being ll1ttr weight bad lower weto~t-to-warvthratice; however, the coayreseibility of those fabrics ww hieh. Also thedirat in linmdering me high.

Knitted. uasyped Pile fabric; *hmzfactwure: Princeton KnittingVill,_Ia. Lao,______

Mme fabrics were knitted with a terry loop on the face wh~tch we*nopped to give a swmoth pil, effsect. These fabrics wore light weight andnt vw7 tbick.

Advaataosm of this tyje. fabric are light weight, high porosity,pod stroenth. and low cost.

DioMadantsa awe not m~statn. 'I4.g

One fabric of this knitted. inserted pile type. MC 10. and ow of theknitted nopped pile tnte, go. Is ware considered to 1possess the Westqualities of the samples suisitted. qaifflciant yardage of the 6knAojlswas requsetod of tho contractor for further test and eval~uation. Completeplyaloal I~roj art lee of these sa.;uyles are presented in Table 24. Considera-tion heasbeengiventoa double thickues of SmqploNo. 1. Threis asomtat greater wareh obtained from a do.ablo thica~ese of a fabric than& sin~gle fabric of the own total thickness.* In this asee the totaltalib would be losa then tOat of the standard smaple. tQe thicknessslightly owee, and the werath afforded would be (greater. The porosity isM&g .'onogb for proper warath, as shown in Table 3. and yet. low enoughto aliainate any inrilation loss due to convectice air currents. Thedisedwtutap of this particu.lr material Is flaibility. 'Ac a fabricmade of lzlon is very fuvmohle.

0 Avmeia WolSod book. Second MUitiom, 19W.. p. 162.

5".3~ M~74 5

12n

Tablo 4

C (7L!" F: -Y: "AL F -. t AN 1).. N ~DL

Prcpaa tles go.1 I be10

'Eeaking strength~ - lbe/in

lor"52.0 35.0bursting etrvm&%h - Res

Sall burst 96.14 6o. cp

ThxtCIesa - ins .3M .2724

M Extra~ctable mtt - %1.19 0.7140

2W1Lkca in 1aam1.riog

Wslee ~1.21 73Coarses .3.3 +1.71

2127 -%

Coqwawe 3.92 19.a1

2dftmn atar 'uading ins.1000F .315 .8217 .180 .274

Comwesoib~ity -%rin153.76 &0

Aftt IOM? lamdawlz4 55.142 59.57

Attar 21227 1mUn.ring 55.66 145.25

ift1gt to wrath ratio 17.76 114.35

=4Oc ussi instea of WI

eA M 4-.7 6

MOM-..

It ctn ',e coccltea. trit 1wittatic pile fut±rics are equaLl'y as warm aswool pile fabrics au4 "t most ;aues cau 'oe mae ligýitcr. In the event timttL, Iresent m.&pI4 of wool we to becnPi crAtical or that the Aeoxndi forwoo exceeded the availability. a suitable gmthŽetic pile fabric uoul beJprodýze.a economAcalLy to replace the predimy used wool pile fabric.Favemer, It wold not be avantagee•us to atlliie syntlb-tics uul-is m=C& acondition should arise, because of the fl.mmbility characteristic* of oAch

mthetic fabrics. 3eneral4,e qthxtLi 1;ile fabrics will molt or bu=wary rupI•t1. in contrast to wool pile forircs which aeither e9lt norexhibit a faet rate of -uirt.

DLiSi CS 0 Twi =11UM

The apparatus used was a Central Scieatific •Co% r -thel conductance"vice, Figav 1. This device does not take into considwatico- t•e unitthid•imse of the teat saple, bat ratbar the total thic~Leees. Wm t•mapl o ad been poeltioned for test it maspresee to a premuAre of 23gum per square Inch. by uen of the lItn- rheostat, tba 0avanometer waethen adjstedal slighty above full scale reading As beat we transmittedthroih the fabric, the saluv.oisete needle deflected dowwaft until itreachad thr full snale inrk, at which time the test was started. Galvano%-eta" a&_..ng wre takwu In La im te of 5 almates for 3D e-natee edi~coreda.

Sh FalvaJwcwte" retw ings %are plotted an a saonlog cae. T ;ide.egaanet tl-c" on the rectaglar scale, I axis. fros this *urve theC04t.al 3iAentific Coqwv teeter pyve the c=.uctanoe c•rrepoedinZ tothe an4se of depression. The conductince represents tV mate of "ttrassaleda withoutt oonsi4aration of fabric thloa.s. if the owawtancsIs maltiplied b the sample weight in mances per square lard, the resaltis the wialt-to-warwth ratio, which s def inLed a the we: ht of theMaterial, nceseax '.: prouaucs a conductance of 1.00.

0CE SSMILf A)U POFSITf

Ck'preeA.bllity - The apjramas used was a €ylindrich, glass tube 1.5iq hes in dtLaiter with a fixed rule attacbed, wbich wae Unmated in17100 inches. See Figwe 2. For each test, five ample tIcdmoese, 1.5Inches in diainter were placed in n gad-uated cylinder. Thin piece. ofpaper of the sa isaeter a the semples were placed betwee each amp•eto prevent then fro internaehing at the plane of c¢ntact. [nown weI6htewere applied in Increments of 16 grame er eqae inch from 0 oeei to aload of 17 grame per square inch froem wiich the col"ireson curves, inApenix I were plotted.

SiAW 11 5~4-j7I47

S• .•0..PM,

F GURE I

CENTRAL SCIENTIFIC COMiPANY -THERMAL CONDUCTANCE TE-STER

PLUG

.4- ~ SAMdPLE

Pb4LGSJTAT

-GAL VANO0MET ER

u u54'-3714

FIGURE 2

COMPRESSIBILITY TESTER

C,YLIN'!£t. GLA3•S TUB(r

JUL~LY

FL--4RAQUATED INCH RULE

WAXC 'I 5~4_769

^, 5" 'K.

S coqreseibility was eeraeined as followes:

a. i Covrvesibility x (no 1oa.1 tnic:nes - full loai th.c.nese) X 100

It is to be noted that the above thic.mbss Is bead on ote e,•.•ethicwzies8. Thes tld-ckzese t•akaz from the sct. during test wa reduced bythe thAWcne* of the eparatrsr sl diIvided by 5, the muiber of saxpleetested.

? porosity, pdrcbet air by volume. wa calculated for each fabricthikem obtained in later mation of ccmpreseibility. Porosty versuasthiamese cuvase wre lotted and at-e prosented !a Apebiixy I. Mporosity we ctla"ated as followe:

tDf

c. i a =AA--%

"NWe: .00339 cowtets ounces per square yard to grams per square oeatiaste; r = parcint, fibar tw voliamv - fabric weight In ounces per square yardt a fabric thidmieess In euitimetwersD) x fiber density In gras per cubic catiueter2 = porositq - peremt air by volums

In 'aterminJrj the compreeslbility by the above outllned metbod thereis am esrce of error that could mery pcessbly affect the resualts. The

mples tmi to spread out as weight is aplied o0 top of thou. Thisranges the surfaoo aronr= the crauferesca of the • amples to be pressed

a ast th walls of the 2.;ee cW11sier. %bich e"arts a frictional forceagsiint doszwra iivsmnt as &:litional welgts are applied. This susrceof error is svtdiet; howsr. it Is smil.

CTL1f. ICU 07 OX•."Td.,•

The total wareth of a fabric Is d•teauinid by the heat tranmiseioeprW~rtiee of ttat fabric. A "waeri fabric acts as an Inaulator, andtherefore resists the tranaeseais of heat.

iotal inaulation woald be a perfect a For practical applicti@ms,dea• air sace is tb'% best in•as tor9 or from a teatile uta-o4oint, thefabric with th i nAgaet poroeity. The percent air in a fabric by velume Iscallel porosity. Over a wide range of iIe fabrics, i napped.inserted. an.1 cut pile, the resAlts of ern tests show tvmt the porositiesof thes fabrics, unlosited, are in ez,4see of * and oees then 9. ResAltapresinte in TaUbles 1. 2 and 3 show that tne porosities are all nearly the

W~AXI TR tL-37l4 10

- . -I

gp*. It has also been established that the type of ziber has v617 littleeffect on the thoral insul tion of & fabric. The little effect which Lightbe hu to the type of fiber is either too small to neasure or aikal byother factors which hav* a s.h Creator effect. Therofore. the most1.-)rtant properties of "a amA tlag jile fabric are ti*e co:nr-s• o:•resistance of the fabric i•nd the tendency of th fabric to return to itsori*-inatl thicima.s after repeated cycles of loadi.g and unloading, aassming"that the Wntial tkcimess oa be cz-trolleu.

7her' to a definite relationship betw•tn the wrmth of a fabric and itsdgree of porosity (porosity x thickness). ?be most practical moasu-remntof wrat-c is t7 doter'aiatiou of the tnarmal conductance, G. whi.h isdoaý.id as the amount of heat to pass throug a given indlux of certain aresover a definite length of tim with i givui temperature difference (caloriesper second per square centimeter, per l10. Toaerature iiffoermtie.i). Theaeaaqptioa Ul1 be mode that the conductance of & fabric is proportional toth, daree of porosity of tb fabric. That is%

(a) C' I tF

where t is the fabric thickness in centimeters and k is the Wrosit of thefabric. T.eoretically, if the thiickress is increased the conductance willdecrsse. Lieviee, if the poroelty is inmremaed, the Conductance willdocrepie aaJ. therefore

(b) G' a b

Wre b Is an equation constent. There will alwas be a cetain amount ofair in a fabric, and i will be greater than 0. Keeping this in mind, let talroch 0. and C' will Vyroach infiaity. Then let t aoa A 1.•nfit andC' will coach 0. Theoretically. than, equation (b) satifies theco-UtIAona of a rectangulzar rperbla., the .e•ataion of whic is

(c) :, .

wee1 C', ka b. an x tiF.

If both sides of equation (b) are maltiplies b7 tP, then

(d, b a G' Pt

t nma be •asared dirw.*tl In centimetrs. k ma be determined fromequations tb) and (c) free the discassion of test motboda. To daterndn

. y analytical measiurmte v re wAs an a Central &geotitfo Coqpartherma conductance device with fabrics of different structure. weight andthiciss. Frau these toot results an sverea b' w determined fromeqLtion (d). ia 15 fabrico the &vara4 b wa 1.54 and therefore.

(0) ,' L

"MAD TR 5"43714

÷V

S... I I I II I I III IIII III II I II H I I I I I ... ... .... . . . . . . . ... .. .

The UAL: bou.t law for azv material1 states that C1 K; ., r Ki hthermal crom,1-ctivit, rf trL.; mterwa in ca~l/ccmm ~ 'C. If ýj of ais mi.tipliei by the porositf, percact air, In the fabric, the reau'it, the~tizores1 condctivity of air. &AiZ '.erefore Lara 1.54 -b.

Actual tests !,mve bean com±iacted to detetrmine the c=nuct~nc2 of 4iir ontte Cenitral Scientific Coimpay tneromal conductan~ce Jevine witt, & masduredair spaece of 1 ca. 1bd corduct~ane of air wo toun~i to to 1.~47 cia./c~t/sec/

Cw., be1 1I talitb basic tpat law, C=-L1 thO trA--aa.lcmi-activity of air

%a data in lihbl 5 give the ptqsicai properties of 15 fabrics testedwhich includle the cnon~ctances ot-tainad by test C and the calculated onoa-.ztance obtai' .4 from equation (w), C'. Table 6 gives the umuwrical coeff I-cleat of m-rs-r,.at.on b..oed at a perfect correlation factor of 1.0.

fte o1aloxasted condIuct- c, 0', appears to correlate quite wall with theoaai4t~ance, C. obtained by test. F1.Cure 3 snows tte roltitionship of Laet~ostad coni wtace to the A*iere of porosit. Boweyer, thera u.re soru.-alsourzea of error possible to alfoct the results. £zan~1es are m.chine error,error in reading tbe mchine, inaocisat. loadin and alight vari.ation inrvAo ciAditicas. Probably the most Ilkaly source of error in calculating ~'Ois ts4&in tto soz~1e thickness. As jprevimalai, stsite4. C mia based on afabr' thiwneeea correspondiing to a load of 23 g/ i',sand that thicknesswas ot actually recorded. Since it mee nocessAry to kcnow this thicxnaasto colctUlats 0' so both C' and C' wou.2d be based on the same thickneiio, thetbic~cise coireepooihiio to a load of 23 ip/1.n' was taken froma cwres.3lonon-nee samllar to those in Appaniiiz 1.

fron the t& ia Mable 6, the results s~jhwv hure is better correlatxiobotwoon'W and. C' in the ranp uf higtic porosities. Mils cat to *4lained&w to thai fact that equation (*) does niot take in. consutarstion the tharivalokprtctaristtce oZ the f thron material. In the raneey of hi~har porositieswiui, for iax&,;1# d t fi'ber IV volw&u.e tkw a~a&t of fizoor h~as ar, axtrae~lyasia effect an hoat tranumission. Bowsvsr. in the case of felt wbere thereis 2f$ fiber. tbhe beat transission ia affectidt and equation (e) aces nota~ppy with as great a deffie of accuraq. If the lhalting factor* of*quation (a) are tatem to the satrems wers k' approaches 0. the conIacwt~azcewou~ld incorese to mr. infinte maximna which in no caste wmalo ever be true.All muterials exhibit some resist&=*c to "ot transmis3inn. In a nonporousmataria the beat transialsion charaictaristics ýAw not ýe based on th- vnki~tof air, butanothetherma.lprtpetieesof tho uaterial. in theoa"eoffabrics It woul be highly coap1iuAtted to consider the of: act of the fibrousma~terW~ In 4storiainiiag cnductance. In such owne, factors roquiringconsideration wixtl~ be owductivity of the fibrous vaterit"l, area of fiberin contact with t)--- source of heat. azl.1,he arrangemnst of the floors.Still, equotion (9) willi hold true with a neglibie Aegree of error for(aotric~s with poruaities in *=oosu of abolat 34'.

WADC R 54-74 1

I ~ 7'-o j' j' cu fQ . NJ -j 4 ý4 (XI

I..r,

.~ -.4 . .I .~ . . * . ' . . J . -. . 4 . .

Sa,, P4 ou

.4 1 .4 ý 4 e

4 I

Ef 0

j4 4 ý4 - -4

13U

8g I rl

able 6

~~4~i~atitio k K 4 iX

3.0 3. X2.20 U01.6,

2 1.73 1.63 2. 2.t, 2.82

3 6.76 r).97 4.50 3.60 40.40

4 .2 2.F4 5.;3 6.43 5.-85 2.5 2.76 8.35 7. W 7.976 3.79 3.80 1L1.1r5 1..4 iL.5 9

7 2.83 2.406 8.Co 6.03 6.96

8 2.46 2.37 6.03 5.61 5.83

9 3.11 3.35 9.& 11.20 10.41

10 3.26 3.69 10.61 13.60 12.02

11 2.514 2.42 6.45 5.85 6.14

12 1.73 1.87 2.99 3.50 3.2313 1.64 1.87 2.69 3.50 3.07

14 1..5 1.5. 2.50 2.50 2.4

15 3.29 2.-3 10.50 5.E5 7.83

ToW 43.431 42.07 146.27 1.53 51.23

X1 = Cal.o-ated co•alctacee c'; which is to be estimated

X2 - Canct~aftfs by test C

N - ]sR of ammaroats

, Coefficiest of Carrelaticn

* the valu frm Twale 6 are oustitutu in the follwing equatio.,

V NZXE 1(TXI-CZXXE2 I:X t

•k mofflcient of oorrelatim,

e, t -97 7S14

I/I/

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'3 �a, q - CI�Lzc�c1Noc2

BI BLIOGRAP•Y

ener H. The i *enic Properties of Cloth Textiles SerluiReport No. 10, The .enman W'oolen and 4orsted Industry in ,orld-Par a, Prt II, Section J, vr,. 4ý-92

Von 4erpen - Mauerebe;-per., Thermal Qualities of 4ool, AmericanWool Handbook. Second Mdition, PP. 158-168

WADC TR 54-374 16

APPENDiX I

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