New Imperialism(1800-1914)

0What is Imperialism?

0Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.

4 Major forms of Imperial Rule:0Colonies = A country or territory governed internally by a foreign

power. 0 Direct Rule = Officials from the imperial nation are actually present in, and

rule the colony themselves. - French0 Indirect Rule = Use of local rulers to manage the colonies. Encouraged the

education of local leaders so colony could eventually run itself. - British0Protectorates

0 Country with it’s own government, but under the control of an outside power.

0Sphere of Influence0 Region claimed by imperial nation for exclusive investment or trading

privileges.0Economic Imperialism

0 An independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests

Task

0Write a 4-5 person conversation about imperialism.0Must include the following:

0 Definition of imperialism0 Justification for imperialism – give specific reasons0 Outrage against imperialism – give specific reasons0 Prediction of what imperialism will do to our global

community.

Causes:0Industrial Revolution:

0Need for raw materials0Need for foreign markets

0Nationalism:0Build pride in the ‘Mother Country’

0Balance of Power:0 Once the race for colonies began, nations were compelled to enter the

race for fear of being left in the dust.

0Humanitarian:0Missionaries – Spread of Christianity0Social Darwinism – “White Man’s Burden”

Reasons Given vs. Actual Reasons

0 “White Man’s Burden”0Desire to make the world

a better place0Duty to spread

Christianity0Wish to civilize lesser

races0Responsibility to spread

medicinal knowledge/aid

0Desire to obtain more land

0Need for raw materials0Convenience of cheap

labor0$$$$0Nationalism0Glory0Need for strategic trade

and market ports

Western Advantages Vs. Nonwestern Disadvantages

0Strong economies0Well organized

governments0Powerful military0Superior technology and

weaponry0New medicines

0 Older civilizations already in decline: Ottoman in Middle East, Mughal India, Qing China.

0 In West Africa, the slave trade and local wars left kingdoms and city-states weakened = unable to resist the Imperialists.

Extent of Colonialism (1939)

****** Great Britain France Belgium NetherlandsGermany (1914)

Area in Square Miles 94,000 212,600 11,800 13,200 210,000

Population 45,500,100 42,000,000 8,300,000 8,500,000 67,500,000

Area of Colonies 13,100,000 4,300,000 940,000 790,000 1,100,000

Population of Colonies

470,000,000 65,000,000 13,000,000 66,000,000 13,000,000

SOURCE: Mary Evelyn Townsend, European Colonial Expansion Since 1871 (Chicago: J.P. Lippincott Company, 1941), p. 19 http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pol116/colonies.htm

Africa0“The Dark Continent”0800-1000 different

language groups, and 2000 cultural groups

0Diverse geography = diverse cultures

0Great Rift Valley Home to the world’s oldest artifacts and human remains.

Early African Empires(Review!)

0Ghana & Mali = Gold and Salt Trade

0Mansa Musa = Pilgrimage to Mecca

0Songhai = Timbuktu, Trade, University

Transatlantic Slave Trade0Africans, Americans,

Arabs, Europeans involved in slave trade

0Middle Passage = 50 million dead

0Result = African tradition and culture undermined, racism promoted

0Left many empires and city-states weakened and vulnerable to Imperialist conquests

The Scramble for Africa(1850-1914)

0From the 1500s – 1800s, European traders sold African slaves and traded along the coast

0 In the 1870s, the Belgian King Leopold sent emissaries to establish trade with native Africans in the Congo. This single act began a flurry of imperialistic activity as the other nations of Europe, including: France, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Germany, Italy, and Portugal.

0Christian missionaries tried to convert African people and replace native culture with their own

0“White Man’s Burden”

The Partition of Africa0 In ____ King Leopold of Belgium forms a trading

company in the Congo, and soon other European nations join the quest for land

01884 Berlin Conference – meeting to set up rules for colonizing Africa. (No Africans were invited)

The Berlin Conference3 Major Accomplishments:

1) Any sovereign power which wanted to claim any territory should inform the other powers “in order to ... make good any claim of their own.”

2) Any such annexation should be validated by effective occupation.

3) Treaties with African rulers were to be considered a valid title to sovereignty.

Within 20 years of the Berlin Conference the entire continent, with the exception of Liberia and

Ethiopia, was partitioned among the European powers.

Percentage of Africa Controlled by European

Countries in 1913

Effects:Positives

0 Population growth due to European medicines and improved nutrition = increase in life span.

0 Improved transportation and communication systems

0 Small percentage of population benefits from improved education and economic opportunities

0 Nationalism – United against foreign (Western) nations

Negatives

0 New boundary lines – “Scramble for Africa”

0Tribes divided/combined – Berlin Conference

0Traditions lost, cultures disregarded

0Resulting tribal clashes continue into present

0 Taxes – Africans forced to pay0 Exploitation of colonies and

people = Workers subjected to long hours, low pay, mistreatment (human rights violations)

0 Best land taken by Europeans

0 Africans become economically dependent on European nations

0 Africans treated as inferiors = racism promoted

0 Tribalism

Tribalism = Feelings of loyalty to individual tribes

Because European nation carved Africa up without regard for traditional tribal boundaries, Africa still suffers from tribalism.

Modern African nations often contain several different tribes that harbor ill feelings towards one another.

Inter-tribal conflict is common in Africa, often leading to civil wars and power struggles within national governments.

The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire