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NEUROSCIENCE AS AN INTEGRATED DISCIPLINE
BASIC NEUROSCIENCES• NEUROCHEMISTRY• MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY• NEUROCYTOLOGY• CELLULAR NEUROPHYSIOLOGY• NEUROHISTOLOGY• NEUROPHARMACOLOGY (NEUROTOXICOLOGY, NEUROTERATOLOGY)• NEUROANATOMY (CONNECTIONAL, CHEMICAL, COMPARATIVE)• DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY• ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY• NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY• BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE (PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY)• NEROETHOLOGY• PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY (BEHAVIORAL PHARMACOLOGY)• “COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE” (IMAGING)• EVOLUTIONARY NEUROBIOLOGY
CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES
• NEUROLOGY• NEURORADIOLOGY• NEUROSURGERY• NEUROPSYCHOLOGY• PSYCHIATRY• NEUROREHABILATION• NEUROPATHOLOGY • NEURAL ENGINERING
WHY ARE THERE SO MANY NEUROSCIENCES
• DIFFERENT THINGS STUDIES– NORMAL STRUCTURE – NORMAL FUNCTION – ABNORMAL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION – EVOLUTION (OF STRUCTURE OR
FUNCTION)
• DIFFERENT LEVELS EXAMINED
RULES OF LIFE
EMERGENCE
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• MOLECULES• CELLS• LOCAL CIRCUITS (NUCLEI)• “BRAIN”
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The neuron - all neurons - are very polarized. They receive inputs in the dendrites and transmit information to the axon terminals
NEURONAL CLASSIFICATIONS
• NUMBER OF DENDRITES• SHAPE OF CELL BODY & DENDRITES• PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF SPINES• AXONAL MORPHOLOGY• CHEMICAL IDENTITY
NEUROPIL
From Peters, Palay & Webster (1976).
The cell biology of different neuronal compartments also vary substantially.
For example, the soma and dendrites contain the Golgi apparatus, but not the axons.
This simple fact has implications for signaling, and neurodegenerative disorders
The complex neuronal structure is underpinned by three different filamentous proteins.
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The vertebrate adaptation of myelination has very profound implications for signaling and scaling in
the nervous system
Even when represented simply, neuronal structure may be very complex