Neumonik for BH

8/4/2019 Neumonik for BH

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Solubility in water Solubility in water

Soluble salt

except insolube salt

except

NO3 - ,

Na+ , K+ , NH4+

Cl -Hg + , Ag+ , Pb2 +

SO4 2- Ba2+ , Ca2+ , Pb2+

CO32-

NH4+ ,Na +, K +

NO ANAK

MAP

PCB

ANAK

NO3- - NO

Na+ - NA

K+ - K

NH4+ - A

Ca2 + - C

Hg + - M

Ag+

- A Pb2 + - P

Ba 2+ - B



State whether each salt is soluble or insoluble in water

Salt/compound Solubility in water

Cu(NO3)2

MgCl2

ZnSO4

(NH4)2CO3

ZnCO3

PbCl2NH4Cl

soluble

soluble

soluble

soluble

insoluble

insoluble

soluble



Name a salt which have the same solubility in water aspowdered copper(II) sulphate.

[ 1 mark ]

Q13

GO TO

SO4 2-

Ba2+ , Ca2+ , Pb2+

PCB

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+1 Na+

Nak Hafal Kimia Agak Liat

H+ K+ Ag+ Li+

+2 Ba2+

CuBa CakaPb Mgapa ZnFe

Ca2+ Cu2+ Mg2+ Zn2+ Fe2+

Al3+

Fetrah Alam

Fe3+ +3

Pb2+





-1 OH -

OH NO Baru Clear Fikiran I

NO3 - I - F - Br - Cl -

-2 SO42-

SOS Contact Osama

S2- CO32- O2-



Table shows the positive and negative ions in three solution

Q4

Name of solution Positive ion Negative ion

Copper(II)sulphate

Cu2+ SO42-

Sodium chloride Na+ Cl -

Lead(II) nitrate Pb2+ NO3 -

(a) Write the formula for copper(II) sulphate,sodium chloride and lead(II) nitrate.

Copper(II) sulphate Cu 2+ + SO42- CuSO4

Lead(II) bromide Pb 2++ Br- Br- PbBr2





Meth-

Eth-

Prop-

But-

Pent-

Hept-

Engkau Pergi

Buat

Pedih

Hamba

CARBON COMPOUNDS

Mengapa

Hex- Hati

n = 1

n = 2

n = 3

n = 4

n = 5

n =7

n = 6

Alkane : - ane CnH2n+1

Alkene : - ene CnH2n

Alkohol : - ol CnH2n+1OH



CH3

Ι CH3 – CH – CH – CH2 – CH – CH3

Ι Ι

CH3 CH3

What is the IUPAC name for this alkane ?

1. 2,3,5 – trimethylhexane

2. 2,4,5 - trimethylhexane

[ 1 mark ]

Q17

√1

2 3 5



H H H H H Ι ι ι ι ι H — C — C = C — C — C — H

Ι ι ι H H H

i. Name the homologous series for the hydrocarbongiven above.

ii. Give the IUPAC name for the above compound.

[ 2 marks ]

Q18

ii. Pent -

i. alkene

2

2 - ene



H H H H H Ι

ι

ι

ι

ι H — C — C = C — C — C — H

Ι ι ι H H — C — H H

Ι

H — C — H

Ι

Hi. Name the homologous series for the hydrocarbon

given above.ii. Give the IUPAC name for the above compound.

[ 2 marks ]

Q19

ii.

i. alkene

24

4 - methyl hex- 2 - ene



20



1

H

Hajat Hendak Lihat

Bedah Balas Cinta

2

He

3Li

4Be 5B 6C

H ydrogen Helium Lithium

Berilium Boron Carbon



7

N

Nanti Orang Fikir

NeatNak

Mgorat

8

O9

F

10Ne 11Na 12Mg

Nitrogen O xygen Flourin

Neon Natrium /Sodium

Mgnesium



13

Al

Alamak Si Pendi

Siap Clewang Arku

14

Si15

P

16S 17Cl 18 Ar

Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus

Sulphur Chlorine Argon



19K

K ena Cabut

20Ca

K alium /Pottasium Calsium



Elements Electrons arrangement

W 2.8.1

X 2.8.2

Y 2.8.7

Explain, based on the electrons

arrangement, how the bonds are formedbetween

i. W and Y, and [ 5 marks ]

ii. X and Y [ 7 marks ]

The above table shows the electronsarrangement for the elements W, X and Y

Go to

QUESTION 1

Na

Mg

Cl

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Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+

Mg2+ Ca2+

Fe2+ Fe3+ Cu2+

CATION

PZAL

MgC

NH4+



CATION SOLUTION

Percipitates Colourless /unchanges

Coloured

White

Green

Brown

Blue

Add / put in NaOH SOLUTION

Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+

Mg2+ Ca2+

Fe2+

Fe3+

Cu2+

NH4+

PZAL

MgC



Cation Solution

Percipitates Colourless/unchanged

Coloured

White

Green

Brown

Blue

To add / put in NH3 SOLUTION

Pb2+

Zn2+

Al3+ Mg2+

Ca2+

Fe2+

Fe3+

Cu2+

NH4+

Zn

MAP



White

Dissolved/soluble inexcess NaOH solution

Undissolved / notsoluble

In excess NaOHsolution

To add/ put in EXCESS NaOH solution

PZAL MgC

Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+

Mg2+ Ca2+

Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+ Mg2+ Ca2+



Reagent: NaOH (aq)

Precipitate:

White

PZAL

MgC

Reagent: Excess NaOH (aq)

Precipitate:

WhiteMgC

Colourless / soluble:

PZAL



White

DISSOLVED/ SOLUBLEin excess NH3 solution

UNDISSOLVED / INSOLUBLE in excess

NH3 solution

To add / put in EXCESS NH3 SOLUTION

Zn MAP

Pb2+

Zn2+

Al3+ Mg2+

Pb2+ Zn2+ Al3+ Mg2+



Reagent: NH3 (aq)

Precipitate:

White

Zn

MAP

Reagent: Excess NH3 (aq)

Precipitate:

WhiteMAP

Colourless / solube :

Zn



Compound J Gas K[Brown colour

and acidified]+

Gas L[Colourless]

+Solid M

Heat

Dissolved in

water

Colourless Jsolution

Whiteprecipitate R

Reaction II

+ Na 2 SO 4 (aq)

Whiteprecipitate QDissolved in

excesssodium

hydroxidesolution

Reaction I

+ NaOH (aq)

Q14

Figure 3

Pb 2+ Zn 2+ Al 3+ Pb 2+



Test Observation

Sodium hydroxide solution isslowly added until excess.

White precipitate formed. The white precipitate dissolve in

excess sodium hydroxidesolution.

A few drops of sulphuric acidis added.

White precipitate formed.

The table above shows the observations made for a test conductedon a colorless solution. Among the ions below, which ion will

probably exist in the solution?

A Al3+ B Mg2+ C Pb2+ D Zn2+

Q12

Pb 2+

Zn 2+

Al 3+

PbSO4





CO32-

Cl - SO4

2- NO3

-

ANIONS



Cl - SO4

2-

Nothing

NO3 -

No Clue So

MNEUMONIC

NO3 -

Whiteprecipitate

Brownring



Clue

Anion test

Reagent

NO3 -

No

Cl -

So

Reagent

Clue

Cl-

SO42-

Reagent

NO3 -

So

SO42-

Hati

Agong

Balik

Haji Fetrah

Harta

Hendak H+

Ag+

Ba2+

H+

H+

Fe2+

H+

Nothing

Anion test Anion test



Anion:

Cl-

Reagent:

Clue

NO NO3 -

H + NO3 -

Ag +

1. HNO3

2. AgNO3NO3 -

Observation: White precipitate

H + Hati

Agong



Anion:

SO

Reagent:

SO4 2-

Clue Cl-

Ba 2+ Cl -

H+

1. BaCl2

2. HCl Cl -

Observation: White precipitate

Ba2+

H+

Balik

Haji



Anion:

NO3-

Reagent:

Nothing

SO SO4 2-

H + SO4 2-

Fe2+

1. Dilute H2SO4

2. FeSO4SO4 2-

Observation: Brown ring

H + SO4 2- 3. Concentrated H2SO4

H +

Fe2+

H +

Hendak

Fetrah

Harta



Solution Y

Colourlesssolution andgas bubbles

released

WhitePrecipitate

WhitePrecipitate

Added with

diluteNitric acid

Added withSilver nitrate

solution

Added withBarium chloride

solution

State the ions present in solution Y:[Nyatakan ion yang hadir dalam larutan Y:

Q11



(e) You were given with copper(II) nitrate solution.(i) Describe briefly how you would test for the

presence of nitrate ion in the solution.

[ 3 points ]

Q10e GO TO GO TO

uji NO 3 - guna SO4

2-

Hendak

H

+

H2SO4

Fetrah Fe2+ FeSO4

Harta H+ H2SO4

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CHEMISTRY CONCEPTS



OBSERVATION

TYPE OF PRODUCT OBSERVATION

Chlorine gas, Cl 2

Greenish-yellow/ yellow

gas bubbles released

Bromine gas, Br 2Brown gas bubbles released

Oxygen gas, O 2Colourless gas bubbles released

Hydrogen gas, H 2Colourless gas bubbles released

Almost all metals

(except copper metal) Grey solids formed

Copper metal Brown solid formed



CONFIRMATION TESTS OF GASES

Type of gases Confirmation test

H2

When a lighten wooden splinter isplaced near the mouth of the test tube,a ―POP‖ sound is hear

O2

When a glowing wooden splinter isplaced near the mouth of the test tube,the glowing splinter lights up

Cl2Changes moist blue litmus paper tored and then bleach it.



Copper rod

Porous pot

copper(II) sulphatesolution 1.0 mol dm -3

magnesium sulphatesolution 1.0 mol dm -3

CHEMICAL CELL

Magnesium rod



VOLTAIC CELL

Change of energy:Chemical energy Electrical energy

Apparatus setup :voltmeter or ammeter/galvanometerNegative electrode/terminal:Type of reaction : OxidationHalf equation : Metal atom metal ionPositive electrode/terminal:Type of reaction : Reduction

Half equation : Metal ion metal atom.

Half equation (-) Terminal: Mg Mg 2+ + 2e (Oxidation)

Electrons flow through the external circuit from (-) to (+) terminal.(+) Terminal: Cu2+ + 2e Cu (Reduction)

* Magnesium electrode/ terminal is the negatif terminal because it is higherthan copper inthe electrochemical series.

OH OH

Appendix 1



CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

OF CARBON COMPOUNDS

HIDROGENATION

H2

Ni, 180 oC

HYDRATION (+H2O)

H3PO4 , 300 oC, 60 atm

Ethane

C C

H

H

H

HEthene

OH

C CH

OH

H H

H O7

K2

Cr2

Decolourise acidified potassium manganate(VII)

CO2 + H2O

BURNING

(+ O2)

S u b s t i t u t i o n r e a c t i o n s

C I 2 ,

U . V

H

HH

H

C C

CI CI

P O L Y M E R I Z A T I O N

3 0 0 o C ,

1 2 0 0 a t m

H

HH

H

C C

BrBr n

H

H

H

C C

H

DEHYDRATION (-H20)

H

HH

H

C C

H CI

H+

H

HH

H

C C

H H

HOH C C

H

C C

H H H

O HH

OXIDATION

H+KMn04

O7K2 Cr2

H

ESTERIFICATION

+ H2SO4 con.,

heatedGLUCOSE

N e u t r a l i z a t i o n

+ N a O H

salt + H 20

C C

H ONa

O

H

Hsodium ethanoate

OH

C C

H OH

Ethanoic

acid

C a r b o n a t e d m e t a l

e g : C u C O 3

salt + H2

salt + CO2 + H2

C C

H OMg

OH

H

Magnesium Ethanoate

C C

H OCu

OH

H

Cuprum(II) Ethanoate

H

HH

H

C C

H OHEthanol

Decolourisation of bromine water

polythene

chloroethane



REDOX CELL

Potassium iodidesolution 1.0 mol dm -3

Bromine water

Carbon electrode Carbon electrode

Sulphuric acid / Potassium chloridesolution/ Potassiumnitrate solution



Negative electrode/anode :Half equation :2I- I2 + 2e (Oxidation)

Observation: Coulorless solution turns yellow . Iodine gas evolved

Positive electrode/cathode:

Half equation:Br2 + 2e 2Br- (Reduction)

Observation: Brown colour of bromine water decolourised.

Observation : Galvanometer indicator deflects.The function of dilute sulphuric acid :Salt bridge / allows the ions to flow through it.



ELECTROLYSIS

Anode Cathode

Electrolyte



ElectrolytesIons

presence

Products

Anode(+) Cathode (-)

Conc.hydrochloric acid H+, OH-, Cl - Chlorinegas

Hydrogengas

Dilute sulphuric acidH+, OH-, SO4

2- Oxygengas

Hydrogengas

Copper(II) sulphatesolution

Cu 2+ , H+,OH-, SO4

2-

Oxygengas

Copperdeposited

Sodium chloride solution0.01 mol dm -3 / conc.

Na+ , Cl - H+, OH-,

Chlorinegas

Hydrogengas

Copper chloride solution0.1 mol dm -3 / conc.

Cu2+ , Cl - ,

H+, OH-

Chlorinegas

Copperdeposited

Hydrochloric acid 0.001 mol dm-3 / dilute H+, OH-, Cl - Oxygengas Hydrogengas

K + Na + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Al 3+ Zn 2+ Fe 2+

Sn 2+

Pb 2+

H + Cu 2+ Hg 2+ Au +

F -

SO 4 2-

NO 3 -

Cl - Br - I - OH -

Cation Anion

ELECTROLYTE – Substances that can conduct electricity when theyare in molten state or aqueous solution and undergo chemical changes.



Process - chemical compounds in molten or aqueous state that can bebroken down into its constituent elements by passing throughelectricity through it

Electrical energy (EE) Chemical energy (CE)Apparatus setup : Power source presence

Anode (+) Type of reaction : Oxidation Negative ions are selectively discharged by releasing/donating electrons

thus forming gas molecules.2Cl - Cl 2 + 2eObservation: Yellow gas released

Cathode (-)Types of reaction : Reduction Positive ions( Copper/hydrogen ions ) accept electrons to form copper/

hydrogen gas.2H+ + 2 e H2

Pemerhatian : Colourless gas released/gas bubbles released

Loss of electrons and gain of electrons occurRedox reaction



IONIC BOND

Physical properties of ionic compounds

1. Can be electrolysed when in molten or aqueous state.2. Contain free moving ions.

Na+ Cl-

2.8 2.8

+ -



Metal atom ( Group 1, 2 dan 3 ) combines with non-metal atom (Group15,16dan 17)

Proton no. of Proton no. of Formulae of themetal atoms non-metal atoms compound formed

11 ( 2.8.1) 17 ( 2.8.7 ) NaCl19 ( 2.8.8.1 ) KCl

12 ( 2.8.2) MgCl220 (2.8. 8.2) 17 ( 2.8.7 ) CaCl2

1. Electrons arrangement of X atom is 2.8.1 and Y atom is 2.8.7 respectively.2. X atom donates one electron to achieve the octet electron arrangement

// stable electron arrangement forming a positive ion X+.3. Y atom accept one electron to achieve the stable octet electron

arrangement forming a negative ion Y- .4. Both ions are attracted to each other due to the existence of a

strong electrostatic between the oppositely-charged ion.



COVALENT BOND

Non-metal atom combines with non-metal atom. ( Group14,15 ,16 and 17 ) which have a valence electron of 4,5,6 and 7.Group 14 Group 16 Group 17 Formula

6 ( 2.4 ) 17 (2.8.7 ) CCl4

6 ( 2.4 ) 8 (2.6. ) CO2

1. Electron arrangement of X atom is 2.4 and the electron arrangement of Y atom is 2.8.7.2. Each X atom contributes four electrons for sharing to achieve the stable electronarrangement.

3. Each Y atom contributes one electron for sharing to achieve the stableelectron arrangement.

4. Four Y atoms will share electrons with one X atom to form acovalent bond.

Carbontetrachloride

molecule,CCl4



RATE OF REACTION

The rate of change in concentration against time.Graph : Volume of gas evolved (cm 3) against time (s)P- Labeled axes with their units.S- Consistence scalesT –All coordinates transferred correctly.L – Smooth curve/line.

Time (s)

Total volume of gas (cm 3 )

Guide lines for graph plotting.

P - √ S - √

T - √

L - √

The rate of change in concentration against time.Graph : Volume of gas evolved (cm 3) against time (s)



Calculation of therate of reaction:

a. Average rate of reaction

= total volume of gas liberatedtime takenb. Average rate of reaction for the third minute

= V t3 - V t2t 3 - t 2

1.Figure of a functioning apparatus setup2.Label :acid, water and zinc/calsiumcarbonate.



c. The instantaneous rate of reaction

i. Within the range of 0.01 / 0.0001 cm3

s-1

ii. Calculation is showniii. Tangent in the graph is shown.iv. Correct unit is used.

Tangen = y2 - y1

X2 - x1



Collision theory :

1.Effect of surface area.

The smaller the size of a fixed mass of solid reactant,the bigger the total surface area exposed to collision.

The frequency of collision increases The frequency of effective collision increases

Rate of reaction increases.

2.Effect of temperature

The higher the temperature,

The higher the kinetic energy of the reacting particles.The particles move faster

The frequency of collision increases The frequency of effective collision increases Rate of reaction increases.



3. Effect of concentration

The higher the concentration of a reactant,

The higher the number of particles per unit volume,


4. Effect of catalyst

Catalyst lowers the activation energy.More particles are able to achieve the lower activationenergy




Different between chemical and ionic equation

Chemical equation:

CaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

Ionic equation:

Ca 2+/CO32- + 2 H+ / Cl - Ca2+/2Cl- + 2H2O+ CO2

CO3 2- + 2H+ H2O + CO2



PROCESS CONTACT PROCESS HABER PROCESS OTSWALD PROCESS

Reactants

Sulphur dioxide and

oxygen (dry air )

Nitrogen and

hydrogen Ammonia and oxygen

Products Sulphuric acid

Ammonia

For manufacturingammoniumfertilisers

Nitric acid

Condition Temperature: 450-600 0 C

Temperature:400 – 550 0C

Pressure: 200 atm

Temperature: 800-900 0 C

Catalyst Vanadium(V) oxide iron Platinum

Chemical equation 2SO2 + O2 2SO3

SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7

H2S2O7 + H2SO4 2H2SO4

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

∆H = -180 kJmol-1

4NH3 + 5O2 4N0 +6H2O

2NO + O2 2NO2

4NO2 + O2 + 2H20 4HNO3

SAPONIFICATION



SAPONIFICATION( Preparation of soap )

Bunsen burner

Tripod stand

Beaker Sodium hydroxidesolution +Palm oil

When palm oil reacts with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, sodiumpalmitate is formed (soap).

1. 10 cm3 of palm oil is poured into a beaker.2. 50 cm3 sodium hydroxide solution is added.3. The mixture is heated and stirred.4. Mixture is lead to boil.5. Solid sodium chloride is added.6. Then, the mixture is cooled.7. Products is filtered.

8. The precipitate is washed with little water.

Hydrolyzing fats or oils (esters) under alkaline conditions.



CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP

Ionization of sodium palmitate soap in water:

CH3(CH2)14COONa(p)

CH3(CH2)14COO- (ak)Palmitate ion(soap) + Na+(ak)

water

Grease

clothes



NATURAL RUBBER

Coagulation process of latex

Natural rubber is a natural polymer which is produced through the additionpolymerization process undergone by its monomer, isoprene molecules( 2-methylbuta-1,3 –diene )

polymerization

Isoprene molecule Latex polymer

2-methylbut-1,3-diene



1. Rubber particle is made up of long-chain rubber molecules enclosed by a2. Protein membrane which is3. Negatively charged.

4. The rubber particles repulse each other .5. When acid is added, the hydrogen ions neutralize the negative charges.6. This enables the particles to collide with one another resulting in the

breakage of the protein membrane.7. The rubber molecules entangle with one another and thus causing

coagulation.

rubber particlesNegative charges

Protein membrane

Protein membrane

Coagulation of latex



Vulcanization of natural rubber

1.Two equal size strips is cut from a rubber sheets.2. One strip of the rubber sheet is dipped into the solution of disulphur

dichloride, S2Cl2 in metyylbenzene for five minutes3. Both the vulcanized and unvulcanized strips are hangged as shown above.4. The initial length of both rubber strips are measured.5. A 10 g weight is hangged to the end of each rubber strip.6. The weights are removed.

7. The length of both rubber strips are measured.8. Steps 4 to 7 are repeated with an increasing weights until one of the strips

snapped// 9. Steps 4 to 7 are repeated with different weights.

Retortstand

Rubber strip

clip

weight



1. Vulcanized rubber is harder and stronger.2. Vulcanized rubber is more elastic.

3. Vulcanized rubber can withstand higher temperature.due to;the presence of cross-linkages of sulphur atoms between the rubbermolcules prevent the rubber molecules from slipping.

COMPARING THE PROPERTIES OFVULCANIZED AND UNVULCANIZED RUBBER.



FERMENTATION

( Ethanol preparation)

1.Dissolve some glucose in water and put it in a beaker.2.Add some yeast into the glucose solution.3.Stopper the beaker.

4.Leave it for 1 day or afew days.5.Filter the mixture.6.Distill the filtrate to a temperature of 75-80 0 C and collect the distillate.

Glucose ethanol

Mixture solutions offermentation



DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOL( Preparation of alkenes)

1.Soak the glass wool with ethanol

2.Insert it into the boiling tube.3.Insert some pieces of porcelain into the boiling tube.4.Heat the porcelain strongly.5.Then, slowly heat the glass wool.6.Collect the gas evolve through water displacement

method.

Ethanol ethanoic acidCH3CH2OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O@ Acidified Potassium mangganate(VII) +etanol.Heat.Purple colour of acidified potassiummangganate(VII) decolourised.

MnO4- Mn2+

porcelain

Glass wool +ethanol

Boiling tube

Strong

heat



FOOD ADDITIVES EXAMPLE FUNCTION

AntioxidantsAscorbic acid,

citric acid, sorbicacid

Preventing oxidation thatcauses rancid fats and

brown fruits.

Stabilizers lecithin Prevent an emulsion fromseparating out.

Thickeners Jelly, starch Thicken foods.

Dyes

Sunset yellow,tartrazine,

indigo caramine

Add or restore the colourin food in order to

enhance its visual appeal.



FOOD ADDITIVES EXAMPLE FUNCTION

Preservativessodium nitrite,acid benzoik,

sulphur dioxide

Slow down or prevent thegrowth of

microorganisms.

Flavourings

Monosodiumglutamate,

aspartame,

pentyl ethanoate

Improve the taste of food

and restore taste loss.



OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

[REDOX]

DEFINITION



DEFINITION

OXIDATION :

Reactions involving the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen.

GAIN OF OXYGEN @ LOSS OF HYDROGEN

OXIDIZING AGENT (OXIDANT):

Substance that causes oxidation.

REDUCTION:

Reaction involving the loss of oxygen or the gain of hydrogen.

LOSS OF OXYGENT @ GAIN OF OXYGEN

REDUCING AGENT:Substance that causes reduction



Bromine waterFeSO4 solution

Sulphuric acid[Fe

2+

Fe3+

+ e ]

[Br2 + 2e 2Br - ]

Observation :Change of colour ofthe solution:green yellow

observation :Brown colour ofsolution colourless

Ionic equation:

2Fe2+ + Br2 2Fe3+ + 2Br -

Oxidizing agent : Bromin, Br2

Reducing agent : ferum (III) ion, Fe3+





Organic compound that contain only carbonand hydrogen. [Sebatian yang mengandungi karbon dan hydrogen sahaja]

Compounds with the same molecular formulae

but different structural formulae [sebatian yang mempunyai formula molekul yang sama tetapi formula struktur yang berlainan]

isomers

hydrocarbon



The formula that gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in thecompound

[Formula yang menunjukkan nisbah paling ringkas bilangan atom setiap jenis unsur dalam suatu sebatian.]

A process whereby compounds in molten oraqueous state are broken down into theirconstituent elements by passing electricitythrough them

[Proses dimana suatu sebatian diurai oleh

arus elektrik dalam keadaan lebur atau larutan berai

Electrolysis

Empirical formula



It is reduced in the redox reduction

[Bahan yang mengalami penurunan]

It is oxidized in the redox reduction

[Bahan yang mengalami pengoksidaan]

It is reduced in the redox reduction

[Bahan yang mengalami penurunan]

It is oxidized in the redox reduction

[Bahan yang mengalami pengoksidaan]

A chemical reaction that released heat[Tindakbalas kimia yang mebebaskan haba]

Oxidation agent

Reducing agent

Exothermicreaction



A chemical reaction that absorbs heat

[Tindak balas yang menyerap haba]

The energy changes when 1 mole of waterformed from the neutralization between 1

mole of hydrogen ions, H+

from an acidand 1 mole of hydroxide ions, OH - from analkali

[Haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol ion hydrogen meneutralkan 1 mol ion hidroksida .]

Heat ofneutralization

Endothermicreaction



The temperature at which a solid changesinto liquid at a particular pressure

[Suhu dimana pepejal berubah menjadi cecair pada tekanan piawai]

Chemical substance which Ionise

completely in water and produce highconcentration of hydroxide ions. [Bahan yang terurai lengkap menghasilkan kepeketan ion hidroksida yang tinggi dalam air.]

Strong alkali

Melting point



Chemical substance which Ionise

completely in water and produce highconcentration of hydrogen ions. [Bahan yang terurai lengkap menghasilkan kepekatan ion hidrogen yang tinggi dalam air].

Chemical substance which ionises partially in water and produce hydroxide ions

[Bahan yang terurai separa untuk menghasilkan ion hidroksida dalam air]

Weak alkali

Strong acid



Chemical substance which ionises

partially in water and produce hydrogenions

[Bahan yang terurai separa untuk menghasilkan ion hidrogen dalam air.]

The changes in quantity of reactants andreaction products with time

[Perubahan kuantiti bahan atau hasil terhadap masa]

rate ofreaction

Weak acid



An ionic compound formed from replacinghydrogen ions in an acid with metal or

ammonium ions. [Sebatian yang terhasil daripada menggantikan ion hydrogen dalam sesuatu asid oleh ion logam atai ion ammonium]

The minimum energy the collidingreactant particles must have beforecollision between them can result inchemical reaction.

[Tenaga minimum yang diperlukan bagi

bahan tindak balas untuk bertindak balas.]

Salts

Activationenergy



The hydrolysis of an ester when the catalystis an alkali. [Proses membuat sabun daripada hidrolisis ester]

Reaction that involves in transferring

electron or involves in changing oxidationnumber [Tindak balas yang melibatkan pemindahan elektron atau tindak balas yang melibatkan

perubahan nombor pengoksidaan.]

Saponification

Redox



Organic compound that contain only

carbon and hydrogen and contain doubleor triple bonds between carbon atoms. [Sebatian yang mengandungi karbon dan hidrogen sahaja dan terdapat ikatan ganda dua antara atom karbon]

A reaction that involves the exchange ofions to produce insoluble salts. [Tindak balas yang melibatkan pertukaran ion untuk menghasilkan garam yang tidak

larut.]

Unsaturatedhydrocarbons

Double dissociationreactions /precipitationreactions



Natural rubber becomes more elastic and

stronger after treat it with sulphur [Proses menukarkan getah kepada bahan yang kuat dengan menambahkan sulfur.]

The energy change when 1 mole of metalis displaced from salt solution by a moreelectropositive metal [Haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1 mol logam disesarkan garamnya oleh logam

yang lebih elektropositif]

The Heat ofdisplacement

vulcanization



A process of combining monomers to form along chain of molecules

[Proses penggabungan beberapa monomer

menjadi molekul besa

Long chains of molecules from combination

of two or more small molecules known asmonomers

[Molekul berantai panjang yang terbentuk daripada penggabungan dua atau lebih molekul kecil dipanggil monomer]

Polymerisation

Polymers

