Net Zero Energy for Commercial Buildingsdelawareenergyconference.org/Data/Sites/44/media/... · Positive Cash Flow $428,183 Total of ECMs - Lighting, VFDs, IAQ, CHW, RTUs, ET, Geothermal

Net Zero Energy for Commercial Buildings

2 Source: www.epa.gov

3 Source: www.epa.gov

4

Totals Original After Savings % Savings

Energy Cost $897,235 $153,318 $743,917 83%

kWh 5,612,551 2,604,951 3,007,600 55%

PV PPA $/kWh $0.13 $0.06 $0.07 55%

kWh $ $338,644 $151,087 $187,556 55%

Therms 157,469 4,635 152,834 98%

Therm $ $124,401 $2,231 122,170 98%

$/ft2 $2.10 $0.36 $1.74 62%

Site EUI 84.9 25.4 59.4 70%

Energy Star Rating 35 99 64 283%

GHG Emissions (tons) 8,231 2,468 5,763 70%

$3,810,000 Payback (yrs) 5.1

Positive Cash Flow

$428,183

Total of ECMs - Lighting, VFDs, IAQ, CHW, RTUs, ET, Geothermal & PV

Yearly P&I

Cash Flow

Simple Payback

$315,734

Energy Savings

$743,917

Construction Cost

The Path To Net Zero First, maximize energy conservation measures

(ECMs).

Lighting Leads the Way (LEDs)

Variable Speed Everything (VFDs)

Reduced Ventilation with Improved Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Central Chilled Water Plant (CHW)

Water Cooled instead of Air Cooled

Effectiv Touches

Then, add right size renewable energy alternatives (REAs).

Geothermal (GHX)

Photovoltaic (PV)5

Why Now? Technology

Standards/Codes

Experience/Know-How

Analytical Engineering

Costs

Interest Rates

6

Why Now?Technology

LEDs – reliable, long life, controllable.

VFDs – variable speed everything.

MAG Chillers – no oil, frictionless, variable speed.

Condensing Boilers – 95% Efficient.

Air Cleaners – Better IAQ with less Ventilation.

7

Why Now?Standards/Codes

More specific to building use.

More accurate/mature.

Safe and Efficient.

Not as biased/influenced by lobbying.

ASHRAE 90.1.

6.5.6.1 Exhaust Air Energy Recovery.

Exception #10 – Systems expected to operate less than 20 hours per week at the outdoor air percentage covered by table 6.5.6.1-1.

8

Why Now?Experience/Know-How

We have done this many times.

The frontier is now familiar to us.

ASHRAE Journal July 2017

Technical Feature Article is Zero Net Energy (ZNE) Buildings

9

Why Now?Analytical Engineering

Big Data instead of Modeling

Contemporaneous Feedback instead of “Rules of Thumb”

Controlling to Discharge Air Temperature (Open Loop) instead of actual Room Temperature (Closed Loop)

Trend Tons and MBH

Have an Engineering Attitude of Right Sizing instead of that of being Risk Adverse

“What if it is not big enough?”10

HVAC Industry Design StandardsConventional vs Effectiv Method

11

Conventional

400 SF

30 BTU

180F

15-20 CFM

MERV 9-10

Gyms- Cafés

Return

1,200 PPM

“Rule of Thumb”

Cooling – SF/Ton

Heating – BTU/SF

Boiler LHWT – F

Ventilation – CFM/Person

Filter – Efficiency/MERV

ERU Required

ATC Valve Location

DCV – CO2 PPM

Effectiv


12

Effectiv

800 SF

15 BTU

100-120F

0-5 CFM

Air Cleaners

Air Cleaners

ECM Motors

2,800 PPM

Conventional

400 SF

30 BTU

180F

15-20 CFM

MERV 9-10

Gyms- Cafés

Return

1,200 PPM

“Rule of Thumb”

Cooling – SF/Ton

Heating – BTU/SF

Boiler LHWT – F



ERU Required

ATC Valve Location

DCV – CO2 PPM

Local Elementary School-OAT vs Chiller Tons76,000SF/90 Tons = 844SF/TR

13 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

OA

Te

mp

. (F)

To

ns

Local Elementary School- OAT vs Boiler MBH650,000 BTUH/76,000SF = 8.5 BTUH/SF

14 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

OA

Te

mp

. (F)

BT

U/

H

Why Now?

Material/Equipment Costs

LED

VFD

Solar panels

15

Why Now?Labor Costs

Simpler systems

Better means and methods

No Triple Duty Valves or Circuit Setters

Less control valves

No welding – grooved/glued pipes

PEX/PVC/HDPE instead of steel or copper

Interest Rates

3% for 15 year16

Why Now?

Tipping point just flooded the canoe!

17

NetZeroGeo - Case StudyInvestment Grade Audit 425,000 SF High School

18

24%

19%

17%

13%

7%

6%5%

3%2% 1%

3%

Mech Cooling

Lighting

RTU Supply Fans

Boilers

RTU Exhaust Fans

Plug In Load

ERU - Mech Cooling

Large Pumps

Building Exhaust Fans

19

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

MechCooling

Lighting RTUSupply

Fans

Boilers RTUExhaust

Fans

Plug InLoad

ERU -Mech

Cooling

LargePumps

BuildingExhaust

Fans

ERU - Fans Other

$2

16

,16

5

$1

70

,839

$1

48

,58

2

$1

19

,08

4

$6

2,2

02

$5

3,3

43

$4

3,2

19

$2

6,7

54 $19,668

$10,144

$2

7,2

36

Before After Savings % Savings

Energy Cost $897,235 - - -

kWh 5,928,253 - - -

Therms 160,205 - - -

- Payback (yrs) -


Energy Cost $897,235 - - -

$/ft2 $2.10 - - -

Site EUI 84.9 - - -

Energy Star Rating 35 - - -

GHG Emissions (tons) 8,231 - - -

- Payback (yrs) -

Current Energy Usage

Construction Cost

Total Before ECMs

Construction Cost

Lighting Still Leads the Way2 year pay back – 45 Year Life

20

T-8 - Lighting Facts Per Bulb

Estimated Yearly Energy Cost $3.85Based on 3 hrs./day, 11¢/kWh

LifeBased on 3 hrs./day21.9 years

Light AppearanceWarmCool 4100 K

Energy Used32 watts

Cost - $1.53/bulb

LED - Lighting Facts Per Bulb

Estimated Yearly Energy Cost $1.81Based on 3 hrs./day, 11¢/kWh

LifeBased on 3 hrs./day45.7 years

Light AppearanceWarmCool 4000 K

Energy Used15 watts

Cost $5.79/Bulb

21

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

MechCooling

Lighting RTUSupply

Fans

Boilers RTUExhaust

Fans

Plug InLoad

ERU -Mech

Cooling

LargePumps

BuildingExhaust

Fans

ERU - Fans Other

$2

16

,16

5

$8

2,0

03

$1

48

,582

$1

19

,084

$6

2,2

02

$5

3,3

43

$4

3,2

19

$2

6,7

54

$1

9,6

68 $10,144

$2

7,2

36

$8

8,8

36

LED Before After Savings % Savings

Energy Cost $170,839 $82,003 $88,836 52%

kWh 1,314,144 630,789 683,355 52%

$357,750 Payback (yrs) 4.0


Energy Cost $897,235 $808,399 $88,836 10%

$/ft2 $2.10 $1.89 $0.21 10%

Site EUI 84.9 79.4 5.5 6%


GHG Emissions (tons) 8,231 7,702 530 6%

$357,750 Payback (yrs) 4.0Construction Cost

ECM - Convert From Fluorescent to LED Lighting

Construction Cost

Total of ECMs - Lighting Only

Variable Speed Everything

1

2𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =

1

2𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 50% 𝐺𝑃𝑀 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝐹𝑀

𝐸2

𝐸1= (

𝑆2

𝑆1)3=

1

2x1

2x1

2=

1

8= 12.5%

Which means reducing the speed of any Fan or Pump by 50% reduces the energy consumption by 87.5%

22

Effectiv MethodVariable Speed Everything!!

Primary Variable Speed Pumping Only

Half Speed = 87% Energy Savings

Variable Speed ECM Fan Motors

Variable Speed Chillers

Condensing Boilers

Direct Drive Exhaust Fans with Variable Speed

Fewer Control Devices – Less is More

Simpler SOO – Closed Loop Feedback

23

24

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

MechCooling

Lighting RTUSupply

Fans

Boilers RTUExhaust

Fans

Plug InLoad

ERU -Mech

Cooling

LargePumps

BuildingExhaust

Fans

ERU - Fans Other

$2

16

,16

5

$8

2,0

03

$7

6,0

74 $

11

9,0

84

$3

1,8

48

$5

3,3

43

$4

3,2

19

$13,698

$1

9,6

68 $10,144

$2

7,2

36

$8

8,8

36

$7

2,5

08

$3

0,3

55

$13,056

VFDs Before After Savings % Savings

Energy Cost $237,538 $121,619 $115,919 49%

kWh 1,827,215 935,534 891,681 49%

$387,450 Payback (yrs) 3.3


Energy Cost $897,235 $692,480 $204,755 23%

$/ft2 $2.10 $1.62 $0.48 23%

Site EUI 84.9 72.3 12.6 15%



$745,200 Payback (yrs) 3.6

ECM - Variable Frequency Drives

Construction Cost

Total of ECMs - Lighting & VFDs

Construction Cost

25

Typical Classroom Ventilation Requirements The Effectiv Difference

1,000 Square Foot Classroom

30 People

Using Conventional ASHRAE 62.1 Ventilation Rate Method

15 CFM per Person

450 CFM per Classroom

Using Eutychus IAQ Method with Air Cleaners 5 CFM per Person

150 CFM per Classroom

67% reduction in Ventilation requirements

26

Benefits of this Eutychus IAQ Method

67% reduction in Maximum Ventilation Requirements

30% reduction in the size of Chiller

30% reduction in the size of Boiler

30% reduction in building kW demand

30% reduction in building kWh

50% reduction NG MCF

Indoor Air Quality ends up being superior to the Outside Air Quality!!

Sets Building Design up for Cost Effectiv Renewables!

27

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

MechCooling

Lighting RTUSupply

Fans

Boilers RTUExhaust

Fans

Plug InLoad

ERU -Mech

Cooling

LargePumps

BuildingExhaust

Fans

ERU - Fans Other

$1

68

,608

$8

2,0

03

$7

6,0

74

$9

5,2

67

$3

1,8

48

$5

3,3

43

$8,641 $13,698$2,459 $1,268

$2

7,2

36

$4

7,5

56

$8

8,8

36

$7

2,5

08

$2

3,8

17

$3

0,3

55

$3

4,5

78 $13,056

$17,210

$8,876

IAQ Before After Savings % Savings

Energy Cost $378,467 $272,516 $105,951 28%

kWh 2,211,578 1,363,456 848,122 38%

Therms 150,739 120,591 30,148 20%

$253,638 Payback (yrs) 2.4


Energy Cost $897,235 $560,443 $336,791 38%

$/ft2 $2.10 $1.31 $0.79 38%

Site EUI 84.9 58.6 26.3 31%



$998,838 Payback (yrs) 3.0

ECM - Indoor Air Quality Reduces Mechanical Cooling and Boiler MBH

Construction Cost

Total of ECMs - Lighting, VFDs, & IAQ

Construction Cost

28

Central Chilled Water Plant Original Air Cooled Rooftop Units

1,600 Installed Tons

60 Compressors - Consuming 1,100 kW

192 Condenser Fans – Consuming 160 kW

24 Supply Air Fans – 625 HP consuming 500 kW

24 Return Air Fans – 305 HP consuming 245 kW

Total Connected kW for Cooling – 2,000

New Central CHW Plant with new RTAHUs 800 Installed Tons

4 Compressors – Consuming 480 kW

4 Cooling Tower Fans – Consuming 48 kW

2 CWPs – Consuming 50 kW

24 Supply Air Fans – 366 kW

Total Connected kW for Cooling – 944 kW

Connected kW Savings – 1 MegaWatt

29

30

31

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

MechCooling

Lighting RTUSupply

Fans

Boilers RTUExhaust

Fans

Plug InLoad

ERU -Mech

Cooling

LargePumps

BuildingExhaust

Fans

ERU - Fans Other

$6

2,4

68

$8

2,0

03

$7

6,0

74

$9

5,2

67

$3

1,8

48

$5

3,3

43

$8,641 $13,698$2,459 $1,268

$2

7,2

36

$1

53

,69

7

$8

8,8

36

$7

2,5

08

$2

3,8

17

$3

0,3

55

$3

4,5

78 $13,056

$17,210

$8,876

CHW Before After Savings % Savings

Energy Cost $259,383 $188,275 $71,109 27%

kWh 1,995,257 546,991 1,448,266 73%

$985,000 Payback (yrs) 13.9


Energy Cost $897,235 $454,303 $442,932 49%

$/ft2 $2.10 $1.06 $1.04 49%

Site EUI 84.9 52.0 32.8 39%



$1,983,838 Payback (yrs) 4.5

ECM - Chilled Water

Construction Cost

Total of ECMs - Lighting, VFDs, IAQ, & CHW

Construction Cost

32

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

MechCooling

Lighting RTUSupply

Fans

Boilers RTUExhaust

Fans

Plug InLoad

ERU -Mech

Cooling

LargePumps

BuildingExhaust

Fans

ERU - Fans Other

$6

2,4

68

$8

2,0

03

$7

6,0

74

$9

5,2

67

$7,775

$5

3,3

43

$8,641 $13,698$2,459 $1,268

$2

7,2

36

$1

53

,69

7

$8

8,8

36

$7

2,5

08

$2

3,8

17

$5

4,4

27

$3

4,5

78

$13,056$17,210

$8,876

RTUs Before After Savings % Savings

Energy Cost $92,015 $11,502 $80,513 88%

kWh 707,805 88,476 619,329 88%

$837,000 Payback (yrs) 10.4


Energy Cost $897,235 $430,231 $467,004 52%

$/ft2 $2.10 $1.01 $1.09 52%

Site EUI 84.9 50.6 34.3 40%



$2,820,838 Payback (yrs) 6.0

ECM - New Roof Top Units

Construction Cost

Total of ECMs - Lighting, VFDs, IAQ, CHW, & RTUs

Construction Cost

33

Effectiv Touches

Walk in Box to DHW Heat Recovery

Optimize Kitchen Make Up Air System

Use Tiny DHW Recirc Pumps

Total Approach Method for Chiller Heat Rejection

Audit and Mange Phantom Energy

Direct Drive all Fans – No Belt Loss

Develop and Impliment a District Wide Energy Policy

Commission

Verify Savings

34

$0

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

MechCooling

Lighting RTUSupply

Fans

Boilers RTUExhaust

Fans

Plug InLoad

ERU -Mech

Cooling

LargePumps

BuildingExhaust

Fans

ERU - Fans Other

$6

2,4

68

$8

2,0

03

$7

6,0

74

$9

5,2

67

$7,775

$4

3,7

41

$8,641 $13,698$2,459 $1,268 $

20

,69

9

$1

53

,69

7

$8

8,8

36

$7

2,5

08

$2

3,8

17

$5

4,4

27

$9,602

$3

4,5

78

$13,056$17,210

$8,876

$6,537

Effectiv Touches Before After Savings % Savings

Energy Cost $80,579 $64,440 $16,138 20%

kWh 619,836 438,169 181,667 29%

$79,110 Payback (yrs) 4.9


Energy Cost $897,235 $414,092 $483,142 54%

$/ft2 $2.10 $0.97 $1.13 54%

Site EUI 84.9 49.6 35.3 42%



$2,899,948 Payback (yrs) 6.0

ECM - Effectiv Touches

Construction Cost

Total of ECMs - Lighting, VFDs, IAQ, CHW, RTUs, & ET

Construction Cost

35

Only after all ECMs are complete do we size the Geothermal and PV Renewable Energy

Alternatives

http://www.mapleleaflife.com/files/2012/06/OlympicViewgeothermal.jpg



36

Effectiv

800 SF

15 BTU

100-120F

0-5 CFM

Air Cleaners

Air Cleaners

ECM Motors

2,800 PPM

Conventional

400 SF

30 BTU

180F

15-20 CFM

MERV 9-10

Gyms- Cafés

Return

1,200 PPM

“Rule of Thumb”

Cooling – SF/Ton

Heating – BTU/SF

Boiler LHWT – F



ERU Required

ATC Valve Location

DCV – CO2 PPM

37

Effectiv Geothermal Field is 50% Smaller



38

Conventional Geothermal Systems haveComplicated Water Source Heat Pumps in each

Classrooms and every Room of Assembly

39

Effectiv Geothermal Compressors, Refrigerant and Technology

all in One Room

40

Effectiv Geothermal Creates a functioning “In School” STEM Laboratory

41

Effectiv Geothermal Systems-More Equipment Lives Inside

Most New HVAC Units will NOT be located on the Roof……

…and will be located Indoors for better access and for improved curb appeal.

42

Effectiv Geothermal System Benefits

Sustainable – Will last for the life of the School

Renewable – Uses the Earth to aid Heating and Cooling

Cleaner World – Reduces District’s Impact on Global Climate Change

Cleaner Community - No Local Green House Gas Emissions

Quiet – No Outside Equipment to Emit Noise

Simple - Eliminates the need for Distributed WSHPs

Longer Life – 25 to 30 year equipment

Reduced Maintenance – All compressors in one room

Low Cost – Approaches Conventional HVAC System Costs after Incentives

43

119.9 38.8

111.9 59.7

523.8 202

Total Pump kW

Concord Elementary School - kW and Motor Reduction

Motor Quantity

Before301

Motor Quantity

After134

Total Cooling kW Total Cooling kW

Total kW Before 755.6 Total kW After 300.5

Before After

Total Fan kW Total Fan kW

Total Pump kW

44

Effectiv Geothermal System Quickest Path to Net Zero

All Electric Building

Ultimate in Energy Conservation

Prepares Way for PV or other on Site Generation

Net Zero reduces Demand on the Grid

Without the use of Fossil Fuels

Smallest Energy Resilience Cost

Fastest Path to Net Zero

45

$0

$20,000

$40,000

$60,000

$80,000

$100,000

$120,000

$140,000

$160,000

$180,000

MechCooling

Lighting RTUSupply

Fans

Boilers RTUExhaust

Fans

Plug InLoad

ERU -Mech

Cooling

LargePumps

BuildingExhaust

Fans

ERU - Fans Other

$1

16

,651

$8

2,0

03

$8

3,8

49.

02

$4,635

$4

3,7

41

$13,698$2,459

$2

0,6

99

$5

4,1

83

$8

8,8

36

$6

4,7

33

$1

14

,44

9

$6

2,2

02

$9,602

$4

3,2

19

$13,056

$17,210

$10,144

$6,537

Geothermal Before After Savings % Savings

Energy Cost $159,900 $118,881 $41,019 26%

kWh 480,522 897,313 -416,791 -87%

kWh Cost $62,468 $116,651 -$54,183 -87%

Therms 123,332 2,824 120,508 98%

Therms Cost $97,432 $2,231 $95,202 98%

Energy Cost $159,900 $118,881 $41,019 26%

$810,000 Payback (yrs) 19.7


Energy Cost $897,235 $342,305 $554,930 62%

kWh 5,612,551 2,604,951 3,007,600 54%

Therms 157,469 4,635 152,834 97%

$/ft2 $2.10 $0.80 $1.30 62%

Site EUI 84.9 25.4 59.4 70%



$3,810,000 Payback (yrs) 6.9

ECM - Effectiv Geothermal

Construction Cost

Total of ECMs - Lighting, VFDs, IAQ, CHW, RTUs, ET, & Geothermal

Construction Cost

46

Now we Size the PV!

47

Energy Use Intensity (EUI)

48

Energy Use Intensity

Maximum Technical Potential for a K-12 School in ASHRAE Climate Zone 4A is 22

Effectiv Geothermal has an EUI of 25.4

49

50

51


Energy Cost $897,235 $153,318 $743,917 83%

kWh 5,612,551 2,604,951 3,007,600 55%

PV PPA $/kWh $0.13 $0.06 $0.07 55%

kWh $ $338,644 $151,087 $187,556 55%

Therms 157,469 4,635 152,834 98%

Therm $ $124,401 $2,231 122,170 98%

$/ft2 $2.10 $0.36 $1.74 62%

Site EUI 84.9 25.4 59.4 70%



$3,810,000 Payback (yrs) 5.1

Positive Cash Flow

$428,183

Total of ECMs - Lighting, VFDs, IAQ, CHW, RTUs, ET, Geothermal & PV

Yearly P&I

Cash Flow

Simple Payback

$315,734

Energy Savings

$743,917

Construction Cost

Effectiv’s Innovative Energy Conservation Engineering results in:

52

50% More Efficient

Smaller Chillers, Boilers, Pumps

Need less Controls

Simpler to Operate

Lower Maintenance Requirements

Last 25 vs 15 Years

Smaller Footprint

Reduces Carbon Footprint

Set us up for Lower Renewable Energy Costs

ECMs + Renewables = Net Zero

After Applying ECMs

Electric demand was reduced by 55%

Natural Gas demand was essentially eliminated

Adding Renewables

PV cells supply the remaining electric demand

All energy used is now produced on site so this is now a Net Zero Building

53

Net Zero Geo

“The Time is Here.”

Presented by: Bob McGreevy, PE CEM

Documents

Net Zero Energy for Commercial Buildingsdelawareenergyconference.org/Data/Sites/44/media/... · Positive Cash Flow $428,183 Total of ECMs - Lighting, VFDs, IAQ, CHW, RTUs, ET, Geothermal