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Navigational Audits
Leedham Marine Consultants Ltd
Successful Navigational Audits
Industry Best Practice
Navigational Audits
Navigational Audits
Why we need them?
What makes a Successful Navigation Audit?
What are the benefits?
Navigational Audits
Navigational Audits
Why we need them?
S.S. Torrey Canyon (1967)
Amoco Cadiz (1978)
Exxon Valdez (1989)
Sea Empress 1996
Norwegian Dream - 1999
Reina 1 - 2012
More…
OVIT - 2012
And more…
Navigational Audits
Why do we need them?
50% of Swedish Club’s H&M claims arose due to
navigational incidents:
Collisions, Contacts or GroundingsCollisions, Contacts or Groundings
This figure has remained steady over recent years,
despite improved technology and the widespread
implementation of
Safety Management SystemsSafety Management Systems
Navigational Audits
Swedish Club Findings:
• Lack of situational awareness
• Poor lookout
• Complacency
Navigational Audits
Isn’t SIRE enough?
SIRE inspection Chapter 4 (Navigation)
Sire Inspection:
• Arbitrary sample of subjects within the field
• Many of the most important subjects cannot be
verified in port
• Pass Standard
• Some guidance which is not consistent with
Best Practice
Navigational Audits
Reasons for (External) Navigation Audits
TMSA Stage 4 compliance requires
External Navigation Audits
Navigational Audits
Reasons for (External) Navigation Audits
TMSA Stage 4 compliance requires
External Navigation Audits
TMSA Stipulates for
� Master’s navigational audits (stage 1)
� Internal navigational audits (stage 2)
� External navigational audits (stage 4)
� Audit reports analysed and improvement
actions implemented across fleet (stage 4)
� Development of KPIs and trend analysis; the
continuous improvement cycle
Navigational Audits
Reasons for (External) Navigation Audits
TMSA Stage 4 compliance requires
External Navigation Audits
Benchmark our internal audits
Cold Eyes Review
(Industry Best Practice)
Navigational Audits
Navigation Auditing - Current Status
� Master’s Audits� Tick-box exercise only. Issues include:
� Time/resource
� Motivation (Understanding importance, procedures, etc)
� Competence
� Superintendent (Company Internal) Audits� Random. Issues include:
� Competence
� Understanding of procedures
� External Audits� Variable Quality
� Lack of defined Standards
� Lack of defined Competences
Navigational Audits
Requirements for effective navigation audits;
Specialist Assessor
• Extra Master
• Class 1 Deck +
• Credibility
Promotion of “Best Practice”
• Deep subject knowledge
• Teaching ability
• Empathy with the Seafarer
Navigational Audits
Navigational Safety has 4 key elements:
Equipment
Systems
Competence
Human Element
What are we looking for in a Navigation Audit?
Navigational Safety
Equipment
Navigational Equipment
Navigational Controls
Publications / Information
Navigational Safety
Systems
ICS Bridge Procedures
Company Navigational Procedures
Checklists
Navigational Safety
Competence
Navigation Skills and Knowledge
Equipment familiarity
Collreg Knowledge
Bridge Procedures Knowledge
Navigational Safety
Human Factors
Professional Standards
Motivation and Attitude
Morale
Safety Culture
Organisation
Teamwork
Navigational Safety
The Successful Navigation Audit
Watchkeeping Standards
Collision Avoidance
Position Monitoring
Passage Planning
Bridge Teamwork
Navigation with the Pilot on board
Charts & Publications
General / Policy
Navigational Assessments
Policy and General
Are ICS Bridge Procedures followed?
Are Company Bridge Procedures followed?
Are Collision Regulations followed?
If not... WHY?
Navigational Assessments
What are the problem areas?
Education
•Variable standards at colleges around the world
•Lack of effective mentoring on board
•Quality of Mentors
Navigational Assessments
What are the problem areas?
Education
Communications
• Internal: Use of English (or other common language)
on the bridge with multinational crews
• External: English Fluency
Navigational Assessments
What are the problem areas?
Education
Communications
Inter-Personal Skills
• Cultural Differences
• Personalities
•Styles of Leadership
•Assertiveness
Navigational Assessments
What are the problem areas?
Education
Communications
Inter-personal Skills
Variable Standards
• Training / Education
• Master’s Influence / Leadership
• Attitude / motivation
Navigational Assessments
What are the problem areas?
Education
Communications
Inter-personal Skills
Variable Standards
Attitude and Motivation
• Reward
• Shared values
• Peer pressure
• Audit / review
• Sensure
• Fatigue
Navigational Assessments
What are the problem areas?
Education
Communications
Inter-personal Skills
Variable Standards
Attitude and Motivation
Complacency
• Over-reliance on electronic systems
• Failure to follow procedures
• Failure to cross check
• Poor or little use made of checklists
Navigational Assessments
What are the problem areas?
Education
Communications
Inter-personal Skills
Variable Standards
Attitude and Motivation
Complacency
• Familiarity / “experience”
• Perception of Risk
• Failure to understand consequences
• Attitude / motivation
• Lack of Audit / review
Navigational Assessments
What are the problem areas?
Education
Communications
Inter-personal Skills
Variable Standards
Attitude and Motivation
Complacency
Compliance
• Perception of value of procedures
• Shared values and peer pressure
• Lack of Audit / Review
Navigational Assessments
What are the problem areas?
Education
Communications
Inter-personal Skills
Variable Standards
Attitude and Motivation
Complacency
Compliance
Fatigue
Company Procedures
Checklists
Navigational Assessments
Benefits of Navigation Audits
Understanding what actually goes on, on the bridge
Gives the opportunity to:
•Initiate corrective action
•Benchmark internal ISM audits
•Benchmark ships and fleet
against industry Best Practice*
Compliance with TMSA stage 4
Navigational Assessments
Additional Benefits of
Navigation Assessments
Corrective on-board Training
Enhanced Training for Officers
Navigational Assessments
Additional Benefits of
Navigation Assessments
Enhanced Training for Officers
•One-to One
•Group Sessions
•Subject to Time
Navigational Assessments
Additional Benefits of
Navigation Assessments
Enhanced Training for Officers
Passage planning
Collision Avoidance
ECDIS and Position Monitoring
Bridge Teamwork
Working with Pilots
Navigational Assessments
Additional Benefits of
Navigation Assessments
Corrective on-board Training
Enhanced Training for Officers
Improved Navigational Safety
Reduction of Navigational Incidents
Navigational Assessments
Navigation Audits
…into the future?
Involvement of OCIMF?
International Chamber of Shipping?
Intertanko?
Navigational Assessments
Additional Benefits of
Navigation Assessments
Corrective on-board Training
Enhanced Training for Officers
Improved Navigational Safety
Reduction of Navigational Incidents