NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED

J. KLINKERT F.lnrt.Nav., F.R.Met.S.

Exfra Master

G. W. WHITE Extra Master

LONDON

ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL

C O N T E N T S

Preface Conversion Tables

SECTION 1 Mensuration and Hydrostatic Pressure

List of Formulae Miscellaneous Examples Simpson's First Rule Simpson's Second Rule Simpson's Third Rule Mixed Simpson's Rules Trapezoidal Rule Centroids of Curvilinear Figures Liquid Pressure Stresses in Double Bottom Tank TPI, FWA, and Coefficients of Fineness Wetted Surface Area

Examples for Exercise, Nos. 1 to 34

SECTION 2 Transverse and Longitodinal Stability

Transverse Stability Ship KGs Ship KMs Angle of List Weight Suspended from Derrick Free Surface Effects Shift of Grain Inclining Experiments Trim and Change of Trim Flooded Compartments

vi NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED

Permeability Drydocking and Grounding Increase of Draught Due to Heel True Mean Draught Statical Stability Cross Curves of Stability Dynamical Stability Metacentric Diagram Hydrostatic Curves

Examples for Exercise, Nos. 35 to 103

SECTION 3 Ship Performance: Speed, Fuel, Slip and Horsepower

Fuel Consumption Voyage Diversion Engine Horsepower Slip of the Propellor Pumping of Liquid Flow of Liquid through a Pipe Flow of Liquid through a Screw Lift Valve

Examples for Exercise, Nos. 104 to 131

SECTION 4 Voyage Programmes: Loadlines, Chartering, etc.

Loadlines and Tonnage Limiting Factor River Port Allowances Timber Loadlines Laytime, Demurrage, Despatch and Freight Reversible and Averaged Laytime

Examples for Exercise, Nos. 132 to 141

SECTION 5 Voyage and Wage Accounts: Currency Exchange

Currency Conversion Calculation of Wages and Salaries Lengths of Engagements

CONTENTS

Wages at Different Rates Owner's Account Current

Examples for Exercise, Nos. 142 to 166

SECTION 6 Cargo Assessments: Bulk Oil and General Cargoes

Bulk Liquid Cargoes Weight, Volume and Specific Gravity of Oil Specific Gravity Correction Coefficient Fresh Water Standards API Gravity General Cargoes Measurement Tonnage Broken Stowage 'Tween Deck Cargoes Grain Feeders Mixed Cargoes Draught Marks and Loadlines

Examples for Exercise, Nos. 167 to 182

SECTION 7 Cargo Equipment: Stress Calculations

Strengths of Rope, Wire and Chain The Use of Tackles Analysis of Stresses in Lifting Gear

Demck Stresses Sheer Legs Tripod Girder Union Purchase Rig

Examples for Exercise, Nos. 183 to 201

SECTION 8 Elementary Electricity and Magnetism

I Electrical Units Resistances in Series, Parallel and Mixed

viii NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED

The Electric Circuit The Heating Effect of an Electric Current Groups of Cells Capacitance of a Condenser Groups of Condensers Multiple Plate Condenser The Time Constant Ammeter and Voltmeter Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

Examples for Exercise, Nos. 202 to 234

Force Between Isolated Magnetic Poles Magnetic Moment; Intensity of Magnetisation Elements of the Earth's Magnetic Field Moment of the Couple Acting on a Magnet Force Exerted by a Bar Magnet The Neutral Point Deviation and Directive Force The Oscillating Magnetic Needle Further Arrangements of Poles and Magnets The Accuracy of Derived Formulae

Examples for Exercise, Nos. 235 to 265

SECTION 9 Magnetic Compass Deviation

Changes of Deviation with Latitude Coefficient Permanent B Distance of Correctors from Compass Coefficient Permanent C Maximum Deviation due to Permanent Magnetism Coefficient Induced B Coefficient Induced C Maximum Deviation due to Coefficients Induced B and C The Flinders Bar Slewed The Separation of Coefficients Permanent and Induced B The Separation of the parts of Coefficients B and C Coefficient D Coefficient E The Cumulative Effects of Coefficients D and E Heeling Error

CONTENTS

The Separation of Permanent and Induced Heeling Error Force gH Deviation Analysis Compass Comparisons Coefficient Lambda The Correction of Heeling Error with the Ship Upright

(Coefficient Mu) The Deflector Methods of Adjustment Coefficient A Miscellaneous Calculations

Examples for Exercise, Nos. 266 to 335

SECTION 10 Gyro Compass

Course, Latitude and Speed Error Error in the Approximate Formula for Speed Err01 Damping Error Combined Errors Performance Tests

Examples for Exercise, Nos. 336 to 343

SECTION 11 Meteorological Assessments

Geostrophic Wind Speed Estimates Air Density Geostrophic Wind Scale Effects of Surface Friction Thermal Wind Component The Tephigram Water Vapour Content and Dew Point Relative Humidity Air Soundings, Path and Environment Curves Potential Instability Cloud Limits Orographic Cloud Turbulence Cloud Estimates of Layer Thickness Apparent and True Wind Velocity

X NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED

Tropical Storm Avoidance Navigation Movement of Systems and Fronts Extrapolated Temperature Conversions

Examples for Exercise, Nos. 344 to 362

SECTION 12 Marine Radar Navigation

Relative Motion; Plotting Information; Radar Report Tme and Relative Plotting Radar Plotting Terms Altering Course to Increase the Minimum Approach Estimating Current Velocity; Radar Navigation Altering Speed to Increase the Minimum Approach Stopping Own Ship Radar Range and Second Trace Echo

Examples for Exercise, Nos. 363 to 377

Answers to Exercises

Appendix: The Use of Metric Units