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Nature inspired developments with fiber based materials
IFAI, Dallas, USA October 15-18 2018 – Thomas Stegmaier, Götz Gresser
German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research
• Europe‘s largest textile research center
• Founded in 1921, foundation under public law
• 3 research centers, 1 production company (ITVP)
• Application oriented research from molecule to product on 25,000 m2
• Research with industrial pilot facilities, focus on technical textiles and life sciences
• Connected to University of Stuttgart and Reutlingen University by 3 chairs and 2 professorships
2
German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research
• Employees: approx. 300
• Turnover: approx. 27 Mio. € (12 Mio. € public, 15 Mio. € industry)
• Industry: 31% Baden-Württemberg
(without ITVP) 51% national
18% international
49% small and medium-sized enterprises
Application oriented research from molecule to product
Key figures 2017
3
German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research
4
Architecture and Construction
Health and Care
Mobility
Energy and Environment
Production Technologies
Clothing and Home Textiles
Research fields Application fields
High Performance
Fibers and Yarns
Functionalized
Textiles and
Finishing
Lightweight Design
and Fiber
Composites
Medical
Technologies
Smart Textiles
Textile 4.0
Content
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Definitions, basics of Bionics
Bionic networks
Textile materials
Self cleaning textile surfaces
- certified textiles „inspired by nature“
Aerosol separation
- fog harvesting
Hydrodynamic potentials
- not wetting, reduction of friction
Oleodynamics
- easy handling of oil
Solar thermal energy
- polar bear: archetype for flexible solar collectors
Bionics / Biomimetics combines biology and technology with the goal of solving technical problems by means
of abstraction, transfer and application of knowledge of biological research, and merges life sciences with
technical disciplines.
(BIOKON international)
Definition of Bionics / Biomimetic
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Bionics / Biomimetic
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Biology and Technics =
Bionics
first Jack E. Steel 1960 used
English spoken countries:
Biology and mimesis =
mimesis (griechisch): mimik
Bionics: Transfer of knowledge from biology to technical
applications
• Learning from principles in biological constructions in the creation
• Identification of functional mechanism
• Engineering in transfer into technical feasibles
• no direct transfer, but creative thinking
What is Bionics / Biomimetics?
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Market Pull (Top down Prozess in Bionics)
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Starting point:
Demands of markets / technoloy,
needs of industry
quick; low innovation degree
result: improved product
Biological knowledge
Biology driven (bottom up Process in Bionics)
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Slow, higher innovation degree Starting point:
biological knowledge
result: new product
Demands of market / technology,
Needs of industry
Biomimetic Associations and Networks
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
national or regional Biomimetic Associations
international Biomimetic Associations
International Bionic Network
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Historic examples
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier Quelle: Dean Harder 2006
Historic examples
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
source: Dean Harder 2006
Extreme lightweight materials
6. Oktober 2018
First functioning
ornithopters source: Festo Projects 2011
• Bionics
• a highly innovative science
• jumps over frontiers of traditional thinking
• effects inspiring
(technical use of proofed technologies in nature)
• but:
will and cannnot replace traditional engineering
• high potential for sustainable developments
(material- and energy savings, recycling, lifetime)
What can be delivered by bionic R&D?
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Famous example: Velcro fastener
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
photo: Tigerente.
source: de.wikipedia
Biological archetype: Große Klette (Arctium lappa)
6. Oktober 2018
Famous example: Velcro fastener
6. Oktober 2018
George de Mestral (1907–90)
• 1941 A hunting trip
• 1951 Patented velour (loops) and crochet (hooks)
• Established Velcro Industries
• 1959 First Velcro fastener on the market
• 3000 empls., $260 million
above: frieze band
below: Hook tape
source:
Alexander Klink
source: Plant
Biomechanics Group
Freiburg
Technology:
greater raw materials
treatment functional smaller units
assembly product
Nature:
atoms/molecules
growing complex systemes
advantages:
• optimal material efficiency
• small energy demand
Potentials fiber-based materials: from micro- to macro structures
photos: above: Florian Schott; right: Glenn McKechnie;
left: Solaris2006
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalworking
photo left: IKAI. source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeine_Esche;
photo right: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneckenhaus 6. Oktober 2018
Potentials fiber-based materials: from micro- to macrostructure
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier 20 / Folienzahl
Fiber and textile technologies
• Single fiber
step processes
greater parts
• advantages:
low waste,
small energy consumption
photos: left: Begonia. source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baumwolle;
oben right: Rieter AG
photos: right: NASA: source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISS-
Expedition_13;
right: Tadeusz Rudzki. Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retractable_roof
Potentials fiber-based materials: hairy surfaces
6. Oktober 2018
Hairs in nature: leaves: upper and down side, feet and head of insects, gasget- and slippering elements,
feathers of birds, fur of animals, spiderweb, ...
Fiber and textile technology:
fiber processing, fiber assembly and finishing/coating
Best base for bionic developments
photos: Süße Wolfsmilch (Euphorbia dulcis): Kurt Stüber.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsmilch; spider web: Stebra.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinnennetz
Left:Gefieder männlicher Silberfasan: 4028mdk09.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/
Weißstirn-Weißspanner: Olaf Leillinger.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanner_%28Schmetterling%29
right: Epidermis mit Trichom der Acker-Schmalwand: Heiti Paves.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/
Fibers in composites:
in living nature: in technology
Potentials of fiber-based materials: fibers in composites
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Bambus: Manfred
Heyde
http://de.wikipedia.org
/wiki/Bambusgewächs
e
others:
Plant Biomechanics
Group Freiburg
ceramic composite (right): MT Aerospace AG, Augsburg.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keramischer_Faserverbundwerkstoff
Glider: DG Flugzeugbau.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dg800.jpg
nano-scaled fibers, additives, gradual transfer, high strength
materials, functional surfaces, organic and anorganic elements
high attractive R+D items
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Self cleaning
More examples in nature
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier Tropaeolum majus (Kapuzinerkresse)
cooperation with biologists:
• NEES Institute at University in Bonn, Germany
cooperation with industry:
• chemical industry,
• textile producers,
• users
Nano structured superhydrophobic surface
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
The structural levels of a fabric with a hydrophobic nanoparticle coating
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
• hydrophobic micro- and
nano-rough surface
• non wettable
(super hydrophobic)
• water droplets roll off
• adhesion of particles is
higher to water than to
surface
Self cleaning effect
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
6. Oktober 2018
Self cleaning
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Nano structured superhydrophobic surface
6. Oktober 2018
sprinkling sprinkling
Self-cleaning surfaces: Denkendorf quality mark
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
low roll-off
angle
micro
&
nano
rough
self-
cleaning
non-wetting
certified products: awnings
6. Oktober 2018
Schmitz-Werke
GmbH + Co. KG Product: Sunsilk SNC
Emsdetten
Technical development:
From 2005: nano-structured coating, initially still with a relatively thick layer of coating and restricted functionality
Coating process refined during a 3-year Ministry of Education and Research project (incorporating plasma-technology)
2011: introduction of a PET fiber yarn variant together with the new coating technology
The SNC coating's share of total sales of awning fabric (approx. 2 million m²/year):
2005 to 2011: approx. 30%
from 2011: approx. 60%
2015: approx. 80%
Product guarantee: 5 years
Innovative coating – Schmitz Nano Clean (SNC)
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Source: Schmitz-Werke GmbH + Co. KG
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Hydrodynamic potentials
Superhydrophobic Interfaces
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
water strider water ouzel water hunt spider water shrew
Analysed structure functions
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier 36 / Folienzahl Quelle : Nees-Institut, Bonn
Superhydrophobic interfaces
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Superhydrophobic
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Yoshiaki kodama et. al
Air retained by very fine covering of hairs
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
The yarn count of extremely fine filaments
Fine hairy structures strong beading
effect
Fiber flocking:
flock length
variation
Hairs on the hairs:
Separation of
filaments from the
gas phase
Reduced friction using a non-wettable textile-covered hull
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
10% reduction
(at low speeds and shallow immersion depth)
Source: Rivers & Tides
Boat hull sheathed in textile
Development Center for Ship Technology
and Transport Systems (DST), Duisburg
Micro structured surface with special geometries:
Self renewable low friction surface:
- catching small air bubbles by coalescence
- self renewable surface with thin layer of air bubbles:
reduction of friction
Outgassing process:
- disolving solved air in water
- after complete filling of cavities discharge bigger air
bubbles
- easy physical separation of big air bubbles
- new outgassing processes for liquid/gas and liquid/liquid
mixtures
New: Self renewable air containg surfaces, potential for self-outgassing materials
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
water flow 1,5 m/sec
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Fog harvesting
Biological models
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Black beetle in Namib desert
Onymacris unguicularis
Harvesting fog from the desert beetle
Spider web with mist Stipagrostis sabulicola
Aims: Separation of water droplets in air by new
3D nets
• water for dry regions
• for drinking water
• for irrigation
• robust systems
• withstanding high wind speed
• UV durable
• using micro- and nanostructures
• using new textile constructions for the third dimension
• using knowledge from filtration (coalescence)
• Project partners:
Fog Harvesting
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Scientific work at the ITV Denkendorf
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Fog generation and test of harvesting efficiency of innovative textile nets
Water aerosol size distribution
6. Oktober 2018
Fog Harvesting: results
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
gained water:
Namib: up to 3 l/m²d
S-Africa: up to 55 l/m²d
Desert beetle: archeteype for new irrigation systems
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
architectural vision – water tower for irrigation
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Fog harvesters – current state of development
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
DITF Fog Harvesting net (FogHa-TiN)
Product in market: CloudFisher
Application: Water harvesting from fog
Textilien: Spacer warp knitting
• The ‘FogHa-Tin’ product is available
Fog Harvesting – Textiles inspired by Nature
• Collaboration with
Nextrusion (Monofilaments),
Essedea (3D warp knitting),
Water Foundation (marketing CloudFisher)
• Harvesting costs: €2-4/m³ of water
• Currently: large-scale field trials in several coastal countries
• Set up of a big fog harvesting plant in Marokko
Fog harvesters – current state of development
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Task: to dehumidify the extracted air
• Air extracted from the drying process after
cleaning the machinery parts is saturated with
water
• The extracted air is discharged into the workshop
• It must not adversely affect people working in the
area (clean air, working environment)
• Development of a sustainable dehumidification
system (heat recovery, elimination of odorous
substances)
Fog harvesters – industrial dehumidification
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
MAFAC, Alpirsbach, Germany:
Systems for cleaning
machinery parts
Source: J. Schwarz: Presentation given at the 'Fiber-based Materials for Energy and
Environment' Colloquium, Denkendorf, 20 May 2015
Fog harvesters – industrial dehumidification
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Source: J. Schwarz: Presentation 'Fiber-based Materials for Energy and Environment' Colloquium, Denkendorf, 20 May 2015
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Oleodynamic
Oil transport and removal systems for
• accidents and disasters on land and see
• production tools, fuel and lubricant
(especially low viscous) in production of different industries
• cleaning cloth and floor cloth
• industrial washing units
Oleodynamik: New ways for the handling with oil
6. Oktober 2018
Nature's role model: oil bees
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
They collect oil from blossoms and carry it in hair sacks (scopae) their
rear legs.
The oil provides nutrition for the larvae and is used to impregnate the
brood cells.
Characteristics of the carrying structure (scopa)
• Rapid oil absorption
• Loss-free storage
• No residues left after discharging
• Re-usability
• Extremely favourable 'own weight to carrying capacity'
ratio
6. Oktober 2018
Oleodynamic - Analysis of bionic models
6. Oktober 2018
Oil charge in
Scopae
source: INRES
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Nonwovens of PP (OilSep_TIN)
Oleodynamic – Technical transfer
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
source: INRES
Increase of oil concentration from 10 % to 89 % by using OilSep_TIN (Typ 3636)
Oleodynamic – Laboratory tests on foulard
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Results
oil concentration
(before)
10% (200ml oil/
1800ml water)
oil concentration
(after)
89% (168ml oil/
20ml water)
separated oil in the drip-try with a small amount of water
and cleaned water
at end of experiment
concentrated oil.
Manta ray and Mobula
Nutrition by cross-flow filtration
OilManta – Biomimetic approaches
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
farm4.static.flickr.com/3922/15046905659_f2952afd40_m.jpg http://s57.photobucket.com/user/tablechair_2006/media/Manta
RayNautilusLiveaboard.jpg.html
Filtration mechanism
• Inflow of water and particles
OilManta – Analysis of bionic models
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Cross-Flow-Mechanism
• Micro filtration on filter
• Macro filtration on belly of skate
Lamellae coalescer of PP Plates and OilSepTIN for oil separation in water flow
• Optimization through bionic inspiration
• Transmission filter element (cartilage framework) and absorbent tissue
OilManta – Technical transfer & Lab tests
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
source: E.W. Misty Paig-Tran, Thomas
Kleinteich, and Adam P. Summers; The
Filter Pads and Filtration Mechanisms of
the Devil Rays: Variation at Macro and
Microscopic Scales
• oil addition in the water flow
• oil absorption in OilSepTIN
• no penetration with water
ca. 80% oil separation*
*oil addition: 30 ml
6. Oktober 2018
Oil absorption and save body
OilManta – Technical transfer & Lab tests
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
OilManta – field test & future…
Absorption
area
Schott walls textile-grid
Trawl board
A
B
C D
Inflow area
Smoothing area
Oil take up
area
6. Oktober 2018 A. Krebs
• Prototyp
• Functional tests on the river Elbe
• Aim for serial production
• Certification / TÜV
OilManta – status quo and outview
6. Oktober 2018 A. Krebs
• OilManta – target group
• Voluntary fire brigades
• Professional fire brigades
• Plant fire brigades
• OilManta – demand and potential
• waters
• Case of damage
• Equipment density
OilManta – market potential
6. Oktober 2018 A. Krebs
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
3-D textiles for solar thermal applications
Natural archetype: Fur and skin of the polar bear
Technical relevant characteristics:
dense heat insulated fur with colourless hairs
black epidermis with absorber function
=> heat losses only through eyes and mouth
Polar bear
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) black skin of polar bear limited heat losses PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
black skin
yellowish fur
fat layer sun radiation: transfer to skin
Heat insulation
Infrared blocking
Polar bear fur - solar functions
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Application examples – flat collectors
6. Oktober 2018
With selective coating (IR reflexion)
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
outer skin
radiation permeable insulation
heat transporting layer for air
sun radiation
absorber: heated up
by radiation
inner
insulation
insulation thermo chemical storage ventilation
Energy concept of Polar Bear Pavilion
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Upscaling in several steps
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Results of experimental tests
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Preliminary work – solar active Polar Bear Pavilion with seasonal energy storage system
Data
• Ground floor: 121m²
• hight: 5,14m
• 5 air collectors with
each 7,3m² on south
side
• Silica gel storage with
each 60kg in mobile
container
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Solar thermal energy generation in winter, January 2013
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Polar Bear Pavilion completed installation – fully digitalised and controlled
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
results of experiments
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Findings in long term test 2013-2018
Solar collector
• Air temperature rises up to 150°C
• Solar thermal efficiency with piping:
ca. 51 %
Saisonal energy storage with Silica gel
• Charge and discharge efficiency: ca. 70-74%
• During storage of energy: no technical losses
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
System: Energy
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Legend:
1 Spacer fabric
2 Top layer
3 Top layer
4 Pile threads
5 (Upper coating on the side facing towards the light)
7 Cavity
8 Coating on the side facing away from the light (light
absorbent, flexible)
Innovative façade system for solar-thermal power generation
PCM storage: PCM in knitting with monofilaments
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Side view, in bended situation
PCM-
knitting
collector PCM-
knitting
collector
Isolation
Scheme for collector (foil and textile) in storage
PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Demonstrator – knitting
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Te
mp
era
tur
[°C
]
Zeit [min]
Charging and discharging with PCM in knitting
T_KA
T_Umgebung
T_SA
Te
mp
era
ture
[°C
]
Time [min]
Integration in glas facade source: Gerhard Weber and Lukas Eisenhut:
From nature inspired: Textile based collecor with decentral longtime
storage. Journal „Fassade -Technik und Architektur“ 6/2017
http://flippingbook.verlagsanstalt-handwerk.de/die-
fassade/2017/fassade_0617fb/files/assets/basic-html/page-26.html
Self – x characteristics:
- Self-repairing
- Self-adaptation
- Self-orientation
- Self-.....
The future for bionic research
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Radiation properties:
- transmission, reflection,
absorption in the near and
medium infrared
and many more applications
Future is textile
Thank you very much for your attention!
Dr. Thomas Stegmaier
Tel.: +49 (0)7 11/93 40-0
Fax: +49 (0)7 11/93 40-297
www.ditf.de
Körschtalstrasse 26
D-73770 Denkendorf
6. Oktober 2018 PD Dr. Thomas Stegmaier