Native American Cultures SS8H1 The student will evaluate the
development of Native American cultures and impact of European
exploration and settlement on Native American cultures in Georgia.
(a, b, c)
Slide 2
Evolution of Native Cultures Through archaeological study we
have pieced together the development of native cultures that
inhabited Georgia prior to European contact. Early people are
identified by cultural periods based on their hunting, eating, and
group behavior. Paleo, Archaic, Woodland and Mississippian
Slide 3
Paleo Indians Earliest people (paleolithic age) Lived until
about 10,000 years ago, prior to 8000 B.C. People lived in groups
of 25-50 people Nomadic hunters that followed herds Used wooden
spears and Clovis points Diet included bison, mammoths, ground
sloths and mastodons
Slide 4
Atlatl-Sling type tool which helped natives throw spears more
accurately Arrow or spear Atlatl Photo by Catherine Hackney
Slide 5
Archaic Period These natives lived about 8000 B.C. to about
1000 B.C. Hunted smaller game like deer, bear, turkey, rabbit, and
fish Used smaller spears, stone points; invented choppers, drills
and other tools from deer antlers; and fish hooks from animal bones
Moved during the different seasons to collect berries, nuts and
fruit Less nomadic and began to save seeds for cultivation of
plants and trees
Slide 6
Photo by Catherine Hackney
Slide 7
Woodland Indian Period About 1000 B.C. to about 1000 A.D.
Tribes developed, several hundred families banding together. Began
to build houses or large huts Created the bow and arrow for better
hunting Created pottery for storage of food Diet included: squash,
wild greens, sunflowers, berries, nuts, fish and game Traded among
different tribes Burial mounds suggest religious ceremonies
Slide 8
Etowah Indian Mounds Historic Site Georgia Department of
Natural Resources Cartersville, GA
Slide 9
Mississippian Period Culture started around 700 A.D. until
around 1600. Known as Temple Mound period, lived in villages of
several thousand families with guard towers and palisades People
grew most of their food, corn (maize), beans, pumpkins, squash and
tobacco Religious people with beads, tattoos, and headdresses Photo
by Catherine Hackney
Slide 10
European Contact
Slide 11
Colonization in the New World The Spanish were the first to
settle and explore Georgia De Sotos soldiers kept journals of their
exploration and contact with native people Brought diseases that
killed more than of the native people Created missions along the
barrier islands
Slide 12
Slide 13
Spain (1540-1600) Wants to colonize Southeast: God: convert
Indians to Christianity Gold: find riches and return to Europe
Glory: keep rival European powers from claiming the land. (not
necessarily in that order) St. Augustine: first settlement
(military purpose) protect the gold!
Slide 14
Spanish Missions in Georgia http://georgia info.galileo.us
g.edu/mission s.htm
Slide 15
Spanish Missions Spain: Did not want to have civilians colonize
the land: sent missionaries and soldiers (key to Spanish
colonization) Missions: church outposts/barrier islands Franciscans
(Friars): missionaries Georgias coast divided into two provinces:
Guale (Wal-ee) north barrier islands Mocama: southern islands (down
to St. Marys)
Slide 16
Ruins of supposed Spanish mission, Georgia
Slide 17
Guale and Mocama Guale: (1566) Pedro Menendez builds mission on
St. Catherines Island: not entirely successful Mocama (1580s):
spread work along GA coast Juanillo Rebellion (1597): revolt at
Guale Friars deny Juanillo position of Chief Revolt hurts Spanish
colonization efforts
Slide 18
Explorers Photo by Catherine Hackney
Slide 19
French (1560s) Had explored Canada and Northern territory Goal:
Trade Trade Trade 1560s: Huguenots (French Protestants) settle
along the St. Johns create Charles Fort: first European fort in the
New World (fails due to famine & hardships)
Slide 20
Church at Jamestown, VA Photo 2010 by Catherine Hackney
Slide 21
England (1600s) Wants to claim territory in the New World Wants
to settle permanent colonies King James I issues a charter: legal
document creates Virginia Company 1607: Jamestown: first permanent
English settlement in America 1600s-1700s: England colonizes the
East Coast
Slide 22
Englands desire to compete with other countries (France and
Spain) for power and glory MERCANTILISM-Favorable balance of trade
(export more than import) -England now had a place to grow RAW
MATERIALS to create goods for trade with other countries -Bring
gold and silver into the country = strong military -England had
laws to regulated this trade philosophy
Slide 23
Tobacco becomes a major cash crop
Slide 24
Freedom from Religious persecution Refuge for reformers Where
they could practice their religion without harassment
Slide 25
Jamestown
Slide 26
Jamestown photos by Catherine Hackney
Slide 27
Review Georgia native peoples- Paleo, Archaic, Woodland and
Mississippian European Colonization- Spain, France, England St.
Augustine is oldest Spanish settlement Jamestown is oldest English
settlement in North America