NATIONAL INSTITUTEOF OCEANOGRAPHY

GOA-INDIA

1974

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research)

DONA PAULA, GOA

I N D I A

c o n t e n t s

1. general introduction

2. research activities

2.1 physical oceanography

2.2 chemical oceanography

2..3 geological oceanography

2.4 biological oceanography

2.5 oceanographic instrumentation

2.6 data, publications & information

2.7 sponsored projects

3. administrative set up

3.1 executive committee

3.2 scientific advisory committee to the executive committee

3.3 budget

3.4 scientific & technical staff

4. library

5. awards, honours, membership of various committees

6. deputations

7. meetings, exhibitions, seminars and symposia

8. coiloquia and special lectures

9. radio talks

10. publications

10.1 publications of the institute

10.2 papers published by the staff

10.3 feature articles and reviews

10.4 reports prepared by the staff

I

general introduction

The National Institute of Oceano-graphy is engaged in the studies of theseas around India (Indian Ocean) witha view to making proper and judicioususe of its resources. The multidisci-plinary studies are organized by six Divi-sions at the Headquarters of the Institutein Goa and at its Regional Centres atCochin and Bombay. In all, 54 projectswere under investigation and 4 sponsoredprojects were completed during thecourse of the year.

From December 1973 to May 1974,the Institute made full use of the INSDarshak Expedition of northern ArabianSea, organized by the Naval Hydrogra-phic Office, Dehra Dun. During thecruises, an integrated study of physical,chemical, biological and geological fea-tures of the north-western Indian Ocean,upto the Persian Gulf, was made.

The Institute also participated in theIndo - Soviet Monsoon ExperimentsMONEX-I of 1973 for carrying outoceanographic studies relevant to thesouth-west monsoon. The data arebeing processed.

At the request of Goa Government,surveys were made and reports submittedon 'Seaweed resources of Goa', 'Feasi-bility of Anjadiv Island as a touristresort' and 'Feasibility of Siridao beachfor tourist resort'. Surveys were con-

ducted to find out the areas suitablefor swimming, surfing, boating, etc., atthe Sinquerim beach (Goa) at therequest of M/s India Resort Hotels Ltd.,Bombay. The hydrographic survey ofthe nearshore region of the sea nearLoliem (Goa) is being undertaken at therequest of Goa Government. Similarstudies are being conducted off Velsaofor the location of a suitable point inthe sea for the discharge of effluentsfrom the Zuari-Agro Chemicals.

Intensive efforts are being made todevelop sensors/transducers and electro-nic instruments for measuring oceano-graphic parameters. The R & D workin this direction has been acceleratedand all efforts are being made to developa full-fledged workshop for the main-tenance and calibration of oceanographicinstruments.

Further efforts have been made todevelop an efficient system for the pro-cessing and dissemination of oceano-graphic data and information. Physicaland chemical data for about 1500 sta-tions were transferred to punch cardsand processing of biological oceanogra-phic data has been initiated. Queriesfrom users of oceanographic data andinformation were attended to and specialarticles were published with a view tocommunicating oceanographic knowledgeto its users.

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The research vessel, "Gaveshani" of Similarly, the residential colony has alsothe Institute is likely to be ready for been fully occupied by the staff.trial runs in August, 1975. Once the shipis commissioned the activities of the All efforts are being made to lookInstitute will multiply several folds. into the oceanographic problems of

applied nature. Priorities have been setThe first phase of laboratory buildings and projects have been drawn according

is nearing completion and the building to national needs to make the best usehas been occupied part by part and all of the resources devoted to the Insti-rented buildings have been released. tute.

—Director

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2

research activities

2.1

physical oceanography2.11 Land sea interaction and

coastal zone management1. Beach studies along the Kerala

coast2. Siltatipn in Cochin Harbour3. Hydrography and circulation in

the Velsao Bay (Goa)4. Littoral and rip currents5. Aguada sand bar6. Beach sediment along the Goa

coast7. Stability of the beaches of

Bombay

2.12 Waves1. Wave characteristics along the

Goa coast2. Swell Atlas for the Arabian Sea3. Fabrication of Energy Oscillator

2.13 General1. Physical oceanographic studies

in the northern Indian Ocean2. Oceanographic studies under

'MONEX'3. Oceanographic studies around

Lakshadwecp

During the year under report, a sponsored project for studies on the shore-line and the adjoining sea at Loliem, Goa, was taken up at the request of theGovernment of Goa. Daman and Diu, to examine the environmental feasibilityof setting up an Atomic Power Plant at Loliem. The hydrographic survey ofMahi Sagar estuary, taken up at the request of the Gujarat Government has beencompleted and final report is being prepared. Studies on the hydrography andcirculation in the Velsao Bay, taken up at the request of the Government of Goa,Daman and Diu, and studies on beach and nearshore environment at Sinquerim,Goa, sponsored by Indian Resort Hotels Limited, Bombay, have been continued.

Scientists of the Division participated in the oceanographic cruises on boardINS Darshak in the northern Arabian Sea during December 1973-May 1974 andcarried out investigations on temperature and salinity structures using a salinity-tempcrature-depth profiling system and light transmission properties of the seausing a submarine photometer.

This Division has been chosen by the National Working Group for GlobalAtmospheric Research Programme (GARP) as the centre for analysis of theoceanographic data collected during the Indo-Soviet Monsoon Experiment(MONEX-I). Several organizations in the country dealing with oceanographysent their scientists to NIO to participate in the analysis of MONEX data.

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Physical oceanographic studies in the waters around the Lakshadweep groupof islands have been started in September 1974 in order to understand the oceano-graphic factors responsible for the problem of erosion on some of these islands.

The new programmes started during the year under report are (i) shoreprotection through wave energy utilization, (ii) preparation of a wave and swellatlas for the Arabian Sea, (iii) physical oceanographic studies of the Arabian Seaand Bay of Bengal using the data collected during previous years, and (iv) develop-ment of Ocean Data Telemetering System.

conditions prevailed along all thesebeaches during 1974. At Purakkad, thewidth of the beach varied between 70 mand 115 m. The foreshore slope of thebeach was quite stable for a long time.At Punnapra, the width of the beachincreased from 40 m in '73 to '60 m in '74.However, due to severe wave action,the foreshore slope remained very steep.The beach at Thumboli, which wasslightly eroded during the South-Westmonsoon period of 1973, did not showmuch recovery during the year 1974,probably due to weak littoral transport.The Narakkal beach profiles showedsigns of slight accretion during the post-monsoon period. The Soudi beach waseroded very much at the beginning ofthe year and the width of the beach wasreduced from 85 m to 45 m. However,during and after the south-west monsoonseason, the beach showed some signsof accretion.Setting the STD recorder before lowering into

the sea

2.11 Land sea interaction andcoastal zone management

I. Beach studies along theKerala coast

The studies on the stability of diffe-rent beaches along the Kerala coastwere continued during the year. Beachprofile measurements were made atPurakkad, Punnapra, Thumboli, Soudiand Narakkal beaches, once in eachseason. A study of the beach profilesshowed that a general trend of stable

To study the pattern of long shoresediment transport between Thumboliand Thottappilly, the second sampling ofthe beach material at half mile intervalwas done during the South-West mon-soon period. Preliminary studies on thegrain-size distribution indicated a gra-dual decrease in the grain size of thebeach sand from Thumboli to Thotta-ppilly, suggesting sediment transportfrom north to south along this coastline.

2. Siltation in Cochin harbour

Siltation in the outer channel of theCochin harbour area was studied using

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the bathymetric data collected beforeand after dredging the outer channel,over a period of six years. These studiesindicated a maximum amount of siltdeposition in the region between 8000and 19000 ft from the harbour mouth andthe minimum deposition in the regionbetween 1000 and 5000 ft from the har-bour mouth. Statistical analysis of thedata showed that there was no signi-ficant difference either in the annualvariation of the silt amount near theentrance channel and the adjoining seaor in the siltation of the northern andsouthern regions of the channel.

The studies indicated that the pre-sent practice of dumping the dredgedmaterial to the north of the channelabout 8 km off the coast is fairly rea-sonable as the dumped material is notlikely to find its way back to the channel.

3. Hydrography and circulationin the Velsao Bay (Goa)

This project was undertaken at therequest of the Government of Goa,Daman and Diu and aims at studyingthe hydrography and circulation patternin the Velsao Bay, to locate a suitableregion in the sea off Velsao for the dis-charge of effluents from the Zuari AgroChemicals fertilizer plant located atVelsao. Observations carried out at 4stations located at distances of 0 5 km,1 km, 2 km and 3 km from the shoreshowed that the circulation in the regionupto a distance of about 2 km from theshore is highly influenced by the tides.

4. Littoral and rip currentsStudies on the littoral and rip cur-

rents, which are dangerous to swimmers,along the Calangute beach, Goa, usingfluorescent material (Rhodamine 'B' dye)

Operating submarine photometer

have revealed a predominant northwardflow along the beach during the fairweather season and a persistent zone ofrip currents about 2 km south of Baga(opposite the Calangute Tourist Hotel).During the pre-monsoon and monsoonmonths, littoral currents were found tobe directed northward in some placesand southward in other places alongthe beach leading to numerous converg-ing currents near the beach. The gene-ral pattern of these currents and thechanges in their regimes, which have abearing on the pattern of sedimentdistribution and sediment transport inthe area, were also examined.

5. Aguada sand bar

The data collected so far on the sur-face drift during the different stages ofthe tide using surface floats and thesediment distribution pattern in and

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around the Aguada bar have been pro-cessed and studied. These studies haveindicated that a higher wave activityand the large amount of sediment-ladenriver discharge during the southwestmonsoon season lead to a general shal-lowing up of the area adjoining the barresulting in obstruction to navigation.The circulation pattern during the fairweather season suggested a gradualbuilding up of the bar through yorticesin the water movement in the bay nearthe mouth of the river.

6. Beach sediments along theGoa coast

Studies on the grain size parametersand environmental conditions of depo-sition of the beach and the dune sedi-ments along the Calangute beach re-vealed significant differences in the grainsize parameters of the sediments fromthe different environments. The grainsize parameters were found to be usefulnot only in differentiating beach anddune sediments but also in delineatingthe beach into backshore and foreshore.

The areal distribution of mean grainsize of the sediments from the Colvabeach revealed the occurrence of distinctgroups of sediments along this beach.At the extreme ends, sediments havingmean grain size in coarser end of finesand class were encountered. This zoneis about 0.25 km on either side of thebeach (which is about 30 km long).These sediments gradually grade intomedium sand class and the extent ofthis zone is about 1.5 km on the sou-thern side and 3 km on the northernside. This is followed by sediments withmean grain size in the coarser end offine sand class and the extent of thiszone is about 3 km in the north and

5 km in the south. Then the sedi-ments with mean grain size values fallingin the finer end of fine sand class occupythe remaining portion of the beach fore-shcre. The mean grain sizes of thesediments of the berm are in medium tofine sand class while those of the dunesediments are in fine sand class.

7. Stability of the beaches ofBombay

During the course of the year, perio-dic observations were made at severalbeaches on the west coast of Bombayand these indicate that Juhu andVersova beaches have a tendency toget eroded whereas Madh and Manoribeaches are fairly stable. Further studieson the stability of Bombay beaches arein progress

2.12 Waves

1. Wave characteristics alongthe Goa coast

Wave records obtained off Calangute,with an OSPOS wave recorder fromNovember 1973 to May 1974, wereanalysed for basic wave parameters.During the period of observation, signi-ficant wave heights were found to varybetween 10 and 75 cm. For about 90%of the time, the zero-crossing· periodsranged between 5 and 8 seconds. Wavesof periods upto 14 seconds were alsorecorded. The energy spectrum obtainedwas rather narrow and it was concen-trated between 0.12 Hz and 0.20 Hz.The direction of these waves, as deter-mined from visual observations, wasfound to be WNW during the periodNovember to March and SW duringthe month of May.

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2. Swell Atlas for the ArabianSea

A swell atlas for the Arabian Sea isbeing prepared using all the availabledata on the sea conditions for the period1968 to 1973. The entire regions hasbeen divided into 21 five degree squaresand the percentage occurrence of wavesin a particular direction, their periodand height were presented in the formof rose diagrams for each month andfor each square. It is hoped that thework for the entire Arabian Sea andBay of Bengal will be completed soon.

3. Fabrication of Energy Oscil-lator

An instrument which dissipates thewave energy and at the same time workslike an oscillator is being fabricated asa part of the project on shore protectionthrough energy utilization from the sea.

2.13 General

1. Physical oceanographic studiesin the northern Indian Ocean

Preliminary investigations on the phy-sical oceanographic data collected onboard INS Darshak in the ArabianSea during December 1973 to May 1974showed that the thermocline slopes upsouthwards. The salinity structure re-vealed the presence of Persian Gulfwater at a depth of about 300 m in thenorthern Arabian Sea. Investigationson the light transmission properties inthe sea indicated that the depth of 1%light energy varied between 10 m in thenearshore regions to about 50 m in theoffshore regions. Particulate matter,both living and inert, was found to in-fluence the extinction coefficient of the

waters. Off Oman and Okha, regionsof relatively high attenuation were notedand the concentration of suspendedorganic matter appeared to be mainlyresponsible for the high attenuation. Inthe Gulf of Cambay and nearby areas,transparency seemed to be greatly influ-enced by the bottom material which isstirred up by strong currents.

2. Oceanographic studies under'MONEX'

Preliminary studies on the physicaloceanographic data collected on boardthe U. S. S. R. and Indian ships duringthe Indo-Soviet Monsoon Experiment(MONEX-I) indicated a considerablemixing of various water masses in. theArabian Sea. The Red Sea water couldbe traced only at a few stations atdepths ranging between 500 m and700 m. The Indian Ocean EquatorialWater was found to be the major watermass below the depth of 150 m in thesouthern region. The influence of up-welling near the Somali coast could beinferred even at 400-500 km off thecoast. The thermal structure showeddeepening of the thermocline from about25 m in May to about 45 m in July alongthe 67° E meridian and also a down-slope southward in July.

3. Oceanographic studies aroundLakshadweep

Coastal erosion is a serious problemon Kavaratti Island (Lakshadweep). Itis reported that the removal of the coralmaterial from the protective coral reefhas interfered with the balance of forcesand resulted in severe erosion of someparts of the island. With a view to

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Scene of erosion at Kavaratti Island, Lakshadweep showing the stumps of the fallencoconut palms

study the extent of erosion taking placeand assess the causes, preliminary workwas initiated by measuring the beachprofiles and sampling of beach material.

A detailed study with observations oncurrents, waves, wind, rainfall, etc., isbeing undertaken.

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2.2

chemical oceanography2.21 Composition of marine and

estuarine waters1. Chemical characteristics of the

northern Arabian Sea2. Carbohydrates in the coastal and

estuarine waters around Goa3. Urea concentrations in the coas-

tal waters of Goa4. Zinc and manganese in the sea

water and marine organisms ofthe Goa coast

5. Seasonal variations in the phy-sico - chemical characteristics inZuari estuary

6. Calcium phosphate saturation insea water

7. Calcium and magnesium in seawater around Goa coast

8. Calcium carbonate precipitationfrom the sea and estuarine waters

2.22 Marine Pollution1. Off Bombay2. Off Velsao (Goa)

2.23 Marine Fouling1. Fouler settlement in relation to

flood and ebb tides

2.24 Desalination1. Use of different forms of carbon

to promote the rate of evapora-tion by solar radiation

During ihe year 1974, research programmes in Chemical Oceanography weremainly concerned with the ( 1 ) distribution and interrelationship of inorganic andorganic components of the inshore and estuarine waters around Goa and the coastal,offshore and deep sea regions of the northern Arabian Sea and (ii) chemical aspectsof marine pollution and fouling.

During this year two new programmes (i) chemistry of pharmacologicallyactive extractives from marine flora and fauna and (ii) desalination process of seawater were initiated. The progress of this Division can be summarized as follows :

2.21 Composition of marineand estuarine water

1. Chemical characteristics of thenorthern Arabian Sea

The Division participated in theoceanographic expedition of INS Dar-shak in the northern Arabian Sea. Theareas covered were north of 20°N lati-tude as well as north-eastern pans offPakistan and Indian coasts, down toapproximately 17°15'N. In all, 200

stations were covered during the fivecruises. Along the Indian coast, stationswere occupied near the coast extendingup to the continental slope to a maxi-mum depth of 3000 m.

The chemical parameters studiedwere 1) dissolved oxygen, 2) pH, 3) alka-linity, 4) inorganic phosphate, 5) totalphosphorus, 6) ammonia, 7) nitrite-nitro-gen, 8) nitrate-nitrogen, and 9) trace me-tals. Estimations for all parametersexcept for total phosphorus and trace

metals were carried out on board theship itself, immediately after the collec-tion of the samples.

The surface oxyen values varied bet-ween 10% super saturation to 10% undersaturation. The oxygen concentrationdecreased from January to April.

The oxygen discontinuity layer wasfound to begin from 75-100 m and wasassociated with the thermal discontinuitylayer. There were two oxygen minima(0.5 ml/1) present in certain parts of theArabian Sea. The first minimum was

observed around 100 m extending downto a depth of about 400 m. The secondminimum was found between 800 and1500 m depth.

At a few stations the oxygen concen-tration in this layer was very low almostapproaching the limit of the accuracy ofthe analytical method used (0.05 ml/1).From this it is apparent that there existsa layer in the Arabian Sea with little orno oxygen in it.

The first oxygen minimum layer isperhaps due to the decomposition ofunconsumed organic matter, becauseorganic productivity in this part of theArabian Sea is very high. The deeperoxygen and minimum probably appearsto be due to the effect of water masses.The phosphate concentrations variedbetween 0.20-4.6 μg at/1. The phosphatemaximum was found between 800 and1200 m. The relationship between theapparent oxygen utilization (a. o. u.)and the inorganic phosphate in theupper 0-150 m layer showed a ratio ofoxygen consumption to phosphateregeneration to 286 : 1 by atoms. Therelationship in deeper layer (200-3000 m)was 306 : 1 by atoms.

In the upper 0-150 m layer, theorganic phosphorus fraction varied from40 to 70% of the total phosphorus. In thedeeper layers, the organic fraction wasvery low and varied between 7 and 25%of the total phosphorus concentration.

Concentration of nitrate in this partof the Arabian Sea was lower (0.22μgat/1) than in the other regions. Thenitrate concentrations in the surfacelayers were also low. There was no clearindication of a nitrate maximum layer.The relationship between nitrate andphosphate, calculated for the layer 0-150m, give an atomic ratio of 6.4: 1. Fordeeper waters the N : P ratio was 17 : 1by atoms.

The distribution of nitrite in thenorthern Arabian Sea showed the pre-sence of nitrite in the upper 75 m exceptat a few stations. The variation being0-3.2 μg at/1; the nitrite level alwaysshowed a maxima, invariably associatedwith the oxygen minimum. A secondarynitrite maximum has also been observedat some places between 200 and 500 mdepth. This is more pronounced alongthe Indian coast between 17° and 22°Nlatitude.

The second nitrite maximum wasassociated with very low oxygen levels(0.5 ml/l); the first nitrite maximumobserved was probably due to the processof denitrification, i.e., reducing nitrateto nitrite. The second nitrite maximumwhich was found associated with lowoxygen concentrations has been attribu-ted also to the process of nitrification.

The low oxygen concentration pre-sent here does not seem to be responsiblefor the nitrite maximum, but it isprobably due to nitrification.

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Ammonia occurred in low concentra-tions. High ammonia values were obser-ved only at the surface layers. Thevalues varied between 0-8 μg at/1. Inthe first oxygen minimum layer, theammonia was found to be low and itwas combined with low concentrationsof nitrate, while nitrite was absent.Lower down at the second minimumlevel, nitrate hai a maximum whileammonia was very low.

The chemical data from MONEX(1973) and Meteor ( 1964-65) cruisesduring the monsoon period were alsoprocessed and analysed similar to INSDarshak data.

2. Carbohydrates in the coastaland estuarine waters aroundGoa

Carbohydrates are highly reactiveand unstable components of organicmatter in sea water and they are of greatimportance for several biological andbiochemical reactions occurring in theaquatic system. The studies on carbohy-drates were undertaken to understandits temporal and regional changes indissolved and particulate fractions incoastal and estuarine waters and theirrelation with biological productivity.

The concentrations of particulatecarbohydrate in the estuarine region(Zuari) varied between 0.14 to 0.8 mgglucose/1 in the surface waters and 0.14to 1.1 mg glucose/1 in bottom waters.Dissolved carbohydrates were muchhigher than paniculate fractions. Surfacevalues ranged between 1.62 and 8.0 mgglucose/1 and the bottom values rangedbetween 1.7 and 5.6 mg glucose/1. Thebottom values of both forms of car-bohydrates were higher during the

monsoon whereas surface values werehigher during postmonsoon period. Inthe coastal waters of Goa, the dissolvedcarbohydrates were very high at thesurface during the post monsoon period(13.82 to 29.4 mg glucose/l) as compa-red to those of estuarine waters. Thepaniculate carbohydrates ranged bet-ween 0.28 to 0.46 mg glucose/1. Ingeneral, the surface concentrations werehigher than those of bottom waters.The high concentrations of dissolvedcarbohydrate observed in the post-mon-soon period seem to be related to a grea-ter phytoplankton growth.

3. Urea concentrations in coastal

waters of Goa

Urea concentrations were determinedat some locations in the nearshore watersalong the coast. The levels showed widevariations (0.12 to 3μg at urea - N/l).It was also observed that higher valueswere closely related to terrestrial dischar-ges at particular locations.

4. Zinc and manganese in the seawater and in marine organismsof Goa coast

Estimations of the biologically activetrace metals, zinc and manganese in seawater and marine organisms were under-taken to determine their distribution inplace and time. The concentrations ofzinc in the offshore waters showed somevariations with location. The valuesranged between 36 to 45 μg/1. In thenearshore waters, the variations wereeven greater between 18 to 68 μg/1. Themanganese content in coastal waterswas very high than those of the naturallevels and ranged from 95 to 165 μg/1.These features were attributed to theeffect of ore bearing nature of the coastal

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terrain. Concentrations of both zinc andmanganese progressively increased nearthe shore.

Analysis of some seaweeds andbivalves for zinc and manganese showedtheir varying capacities to concentratethese elements. In the seaweeds, theconcentration of zinc was from 180to 400 μg/g and manganese from 120 to200μg/g. Bivalves concentrated the twoelements to a great extent than marineplants. Zinc concentration ranged from2000 to 3000 μg/g level while manganesefrom 265 to 850 μg/g in the bivalves.

5. Seasonal variation of physico-chemical characteristics inZuari estuary

The study of physico-chemical cha-racteristics in the Zuari estuary showedmarked changes during the period June1974 to January 1975. Both the physical

parameters studied, viz., temperature andsalinity registered a gradual fall fromJune to August and attained minimumvalues of 25.4°C and 13%o respectively.Thereafter the two parameters followeddifferent patterns.

Temperature was maximum in Octo-ber-November (27°C) followed by arapid decrease leading to a secondminimum (23°C) in January. Salinity onthe other hand first increased rapidlyto 31.2%o in September and thereafterrecorded a gradual increase upto Januaryreaching a value of 34%o.

Nutrients showed interesting varia-tions in their concentrations for the sameperiod. In general, nitrite, nitrate,ammonia and inorganic phosphate sho-wed high concentrations at the onset ofmonsoon followed by a rapid decreasefrom July to November. Nitrate showedhigh values in July (8.0 μg at N/l)

followed by a steep fall reaching itsminimum (0.2 μg at N/l) in Novemberand then a slight increase thereafter.Nitrite on the other hand showed adecrease from 1.7 μg at N/l in June toa minimum 0.1 μg at N/l in November.Ammonia showed two distinct maxima,its concentration rose from 2.3 μg at N/lin June to 3.4 μg at N/l in July followedby a steep fall in August, when itreached a minimum (0.6 μg at N/l)thereafter it increased slowly to 1.2 μgat N/l in October followed by a gradualfall leading to a second minimum (0.5 μgat N/l) in January. Most of theinorganic nitrogen occurred in the formof nitrate. Inorganic phosphate showedlittle changes. It decreased graduallyfrom 2.1 μg at P/l in June to a minimumof 0.4 μg at P/l in October and there-after it increased to 0.8 μg at P/l inNovember and remained more or lessconstant upto January.

The observed variations in the nut-rient concentrations are attributed toland discharge during the onset of themonsoon and subsequent utilization bythe phytoplankton and regenerationduring rest of the period.

6. Calcium phosphate saturation

in sea water

The study involved the estimation ofpH, salinity, temperature, redox poten-tial, alkalinity, calcium, phosphate, etc.To determine the degree of saturation ofsea water with calcium phosphate, itbecomes necessary to know the solubilityproduct, i.e., the concentration and theactivity coefficients of calcium and phos-phateions in sea water.

The solubility product is generallyinfluenced by biological a c t i v i t i e s ,hydrogen ion concentration (pH), tempe-

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rature, salinity, alkalinity, etc. Thehydrogen ion concentration is the majorfactor affecting the solubility. Samplesfrom Sinquerim and Calangute areaswhen analysed were found to be undersaturated with respect to calcium phos-phate. T h e solubility product was2.272 x 10 - 2 0 . The under saturation wasrelated to low phosphate and low pH.The samples collected at greater depthsfrom Aguada and Verem were found tobe super saturated. The solubilityproduct being 7 .931x10 - 1 9 . Thegreater degree of saturation observedhere was related to high phosphate andhigh pH. The high pH causes a largefraction of inorganic phosphate to bepresent in the form of PO4.

7. Calcium and magnesium con-tents of seawater around Goacoast

During the post monsoon period nosignificant differences in the concentra-tion of both the metals were recorded.The concentration of calcium varied from0.9x10 - 2 to 0.1x10-2 moles/1 and thatof magnesium from 5.4 to 5.6 x l0-2

moles/1.

8. Calcium carbonate precipi-tation from the sea and estua-rine waters

Samples collected from the Zuariestuary during high tides were analysedfor calcium carbonate. The degree ofsaturation was determined from pH,alkalinity and saturometric measure-ments. The estuarine water was foundto be supersaturated with calcium car-bonate. The degree of saturation rangedbetween 250 and 300%. A few sampleswere also collected from Velsao, Calan-gute, Baga and Vagator beaches. Thedegree of saturation in these samples

was about 300%. Calcium showed littlevariation and its values were nearer to1.06 x l0- 2 gm at/l. The degree ofsaturation varied with temperature andsalinity.

2.22 Marine Pollution

1. Off BombayObservations at three locations off

Bombay were repeated during eachcruise of INS Darshak to determinethe short term changes in some parame-ters as indices of pollution from the city.Apart from dissolved oxygen and nutri-ents, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)was also measured at several depths,from stations close to Bombay. The rateof organic matter decomposition wasmost intense between 5 and 15 metresbelow which the rate became somewhatslow. As the region is well aerated, noappreciable depletion of oxygen in thewater column could be observed. Thedifferences between BOD5 and BOD2

were not significant indicating a veryfast rate of decomposition of organicpollutants. The quantity of phosphatesin the inshore waters off Bombay hasincreased over a period of years, butdue to the effect of tides and exchangeof water, the situation has not yetbecome alarming.

2. Off Velsao (Goa)

Regular monitoring of chemical cons-tituents was undertaken in the nearshorewaters of Velsao beach (near Panaji)where a fertilizer factory uses arsenic inits manufacturing process and dischargeseffluents into the sea. Observations weremade on temperature, salinity, pH, redoxpotential, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity,phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia

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and inorganic arsenic. A considerableincrease in the phosphorus and nitrogencompounds of seawater was recorded inthe vicinity of the fertilizer factory. Thevariation in phosphate-P was from 3 to9 μg at/1, nitrite-N from 4 to 32 μg at/1,nitrate-N from 6 to 900 μg at/1 andammonia-N from 3 to 184 μg at/1.Inorganic arsenic concentrations rangedfrom 3 to 150 μg/1. All the values werefar greater than those occurring normallyin coastal waters. High concentrationsof nitrite and nitrate are believed to bethe oxidation products of ammonia whichis the major constituent of the effluents.

2.23 Marine Fouling

1. Fouler settlement in relationto flood and ebb tides

In view of the great economic im-portance of antifouling measures, aproject was planned to understand thephysico-chemical factors responsible forsettlement and growth of marine foulers.As a part of the project investigationswere conducted in the estuarine watersof river Zuari on the effect of currentstrength on settlement and growth offoulers.

It was observed that the intensity offouler settlement on surfaces facingflood tide (velocity - 2.1 km/hr) wasfour times greater than on the surfacesfacing the ebb tide flow (velocity 2.2-3.6km/hr). Accordingly, separate testpanels with four coats of a commercialantifouling paint on their surfaces facingthe flood tide and with two coats on theopposite surface facing the ebb tide,were exposed, for a period of sixmonths (January 74 to July 74). Nogrowth was observed on either side of

the test panels whereas the controlpanel with two coats on either sideshowed substantial growth on the sur-face exposed to flood tide.

The results of the above observationssuggest that substantial economy ofpaints can be effected on structures sub-jected to strong water flow.

2. Effect of Cashewnut shellliquid as antifouling surfacecoating for wooden crafts

Cashewnut shell liquid is a cheapand locally available byproduct fromcashew industry. The liquid is widelyused as surface coating on the woodenfishing boats. A field study was con-ducted to know its effective period as anantifouler. The results showed that theliquid is effective for 1.5 months only.Afterwards, the surface needs drying andapplying more coats of the liquid at re-gular intervals to keep it fit.

2.24 Desalination

1. Use of different forms of car-bon to promote the rate ofevaporation by solar radia-tion

The use of solar still for the conver-sion of seawater and brackish waterinto fresh water is a well known techni-que. Black surfaces of the water traysused inside the stills are reported togive a better yield of freshwater. Toimprove its heat absorption further, astudy on the use of different forms ofcarbon (lamp black, carbon and gra-phite) to promote the evaporation rate,was conducted. Preliminary resultsshowed that carbon and lamp black im-prove the rate of evaporation when usedin suspension than when used as linedcoating.

14

2.3

geological oceanography

2..31 Regional geology, petroleumand mineral prospects of thewestern continental margin ofIndia

2.32 Elemental geochemistry ofthe sediments of the westerncontinental margin of India

2.33 Sediments of the western con-tinental margin of India

2.34 Foraminiferal distribution andtheir ecology along centralwest coast of India

2.35 Seismic and magnetic studies

During the year the Geological Oceanography Division was engaged in thestudy of the echo-sounding data, geochemical, sedimentological and palaeonto-logical aspects of the sediment and rock samples collected during the oceano-graphic expedition of INS Darshak on the north-eastern Arabian Sea. In addi-tion to the expedition samples, progress was also made in the investigations onmineralogy and geochemistry of the samples of the Deep Sea Drilling Projectobtained from the various sites of the Arabian Sea.

Noteworthy accomplishment of these investigations are (a) delineation ofthe depth of the shelf-break (range 120-183 metres) of the north-western conti-nental shelf, (b) characterisation of the shelf into smooth, uneven and ruggedtopography, (c) determination of placer deposits off Ratnagiri containing as muchas 18-19 kg/ton of ilmenite, (d) occurrence of iron rich sediments in the innershelf as compared to the outer shelf, (e) chronological similarities between thesea-level fluctuations during Holocene and the global Holocene sea-level changes,(f) size distribution and grain attributes of skeletal and non-skeletal carbonatecomponents which indicate that the inner shelf, outer-shelf and upper continentalslope have distinctive sediment facies, (g) occurrence of reworked upper-Creta-ceous coccoliths in the slope sediments and (h) determination of the suspendedsediment load in the western shelf waters which seems to be largely governed bythe river discharge and in parts due to high organic productivity.

The analyses of the Deep Sea Drilling Project from sites 219 and 220samples resulted in the palaeo-environmental reconstruction of the stratigraphichistory of the basin of deposition.

2.31 Regional geology petro-leum and mineral pros-pects of the western con-tinental margin of India

The study of echograms from thenorth-western continental shelf indi-

cated that the shelf break occurs at120-183 m and the slope extends to adepths of 2500-3000 m. The shelf ischaracterized by smooth, uneven andrugged topography which, owe theirnature to the influence of the Indus and

15

Cambay rivers and due to the relict sedi-ments respectively.

The onshore placers of Ratnagiri,Morgim and Chapora (Goa) were in-vestigated for their mineralogy and itwas found that the Ratnagiri placers onthe beach and the adjacent shallowwaters (10 m depth) contain 18 kg/tonto 90 kg/ton of ilmenite. The Chaporaand Morgim beach-sands also show ahigh ilmenite content.

Investigations of DSDP site 219 ledto the identification of volcanic sedi-ments possibly related to the last phaseof Deccan Trap volcanic activity. Theoccurrence of phosphoritic concretionsindicated that though upwelling existedin the area from Paleocene onwards,the conditions for the formation of pho-sphorite were only favourable when thesite was at shelf edge. Studies on heavymineralogy as well as of clay mineralconstituents have also been completed.

The geochemical analysis of samplesfrom sites 219, 220 and 222 indicatesthat from site 219, iron, manganese,titanium show the maximum value instratigraphic unit 5, lowest in stratigra-phic units 2, 3 and 4 and intermediatevalues in unit 1. The iron and manga-nese are detrital, with very little con-tribution from the carbonate phase.

2.32 Elemental Geochemistryof the sediments of thewestern continental mar-gin of India

The study of partition patterns ofiron in the sediments from the northwestern continental shelf indicates thatiron in the total sample analysis occursin highest concentrations in the innershelf due to its association with the non-

lithogenous fractions. The inferencesderived from the studies of partitionpatterns of iron are (i) that the bulkof the iron is of detrital origin, (ii) thatthe soluble iron supplied from land isremoved from the waters and fixed inthe sediments through flocculation ofiron oxide, (iii) that the non-lithogenouscarbonate phase does not contain appre-ciable iron.

2.33 Sediments of the westerncontinental margin ofIndia

The conclusions regarding the originof the algal and oolitic rocks found onthe outer continental shelf off Bombayand southwards have been arrived at onthe basis of echo-sounding, petrographyof the dredge samples, radiocarbondating and from the study of the asso-ciated carbonate sediments. These areparts of the ridge system formed duringthe Holocene transgression.

Further studies on the size distribu-tion, grain attributes (shape, size, colour,degree of fragmentation, and their re-lative proportions) of the skeletal andnon-skeletal components have shownthat the inner shelf, outer shelf and theupper continental slope have distinctivesediment facies.

Scanning electron microscopic studyof calcareous nanno fossils taken fromthe cores of the western continentalslope has shown the presence of someupper-cretaceous re-worked coccolithsand also the presence of Neogene dis-coasters in Holocene sediments.

Sixty five water samples of 7 litreseach collected at 37 stations from the

16

surface and bottom were anlysed forsuspended matter. The results indicatethat the north-western continental shelfcan be divided into three zones (i) Gulfof Cambay zone including a narrow beltalong the coast from Daman to Ratna-giri which gave the highest values, (ii) azone north of the Indus and (iii) a zonealong the Kutch-Kathiawar coast.

Higher concentration of suspendedmatter in the north-west shelf watershave been attributed to the influenceof river-borne matter whereas the highvalue in the outer shelf is probably dueto higher productivity.

2.34 Foraminiferal distribu-tion and their ecologyalong central west coastof India

Over 200 samples were collected fromthe beach and intertidal regions fromKarwar to Ratnagiri along the centralwest coast of India. A detailed investiga-tion of all the samples is underway.However, a preliminary study indicatedthat the distribution of foraminifera iscontrolled by the nature of the substrate,grain size and mineralogy of the sedi-ment. It was observed that the fora-minifera decreased in numbers whenthe substrate is very fine and clayeywhile in medium sized sandy sedimentwhich is exposed more to the sea, theirnumbers increase. Miliolids, Rotalids,Nonions were found to be abundant,while a few planktonic species like G.ruber, G. sacculifer and Globorotaliamenardii also occurred.

2.35 Seismic and magneticstudies

Continuous seismic profile and totalmagnetic field data were collected alonga profile, 500 km long, off Quilon, co-vering the continental shelf, slope andthe deep sea. The data were recordedon board R/V Chain - the oceanogr-phic vessel of the Woods Hole Oceano-graphic Institution, at the request of theInstitute. The significant features identi-fied from these data include a terraceimmediately after the shelf edge andtwo basement Highs in the deep sea. Adetailed study of these data has led tothe conclusion that the ancient Indianshield extends further west into theArabian Sea and has undergone majorfaulting and subsidence.

Aeromagnetic data recorded by 'Pro-ject Magnet' were obtained along fourprofiles across the Bay of Bengal cover-ing the area between 5ºN and 20ºNThe data were digitized for each kilo-metre and the total magnetic field ano-malies were computed. The anomaliesindicate that the Indira and Indirani fra-cture zones, identified to the south ofequator, continue northward upto 5ºN.Computation of depth to the basementshow that the magnetic basement ismore than 10 km deep. Over the Goda-vari graben area, the depth is morethan 20 km. In the central Bay ofBengal, the basement layer shows seve-ral anticlinal features.

A method to classify the thicknessand temperature gradients of the layersin the potential layer of the bathyther-

17

mogram was developed to simplify the been applied to several bathythermo-plotting of sound ray paths. By this grams, and the horizontal range thusmethod it has become possible to mini- obtained at the bottom of the potentialmize the layers in the potential layer to layer is mostly in agreement with thethree or less, irrespective of the number horizontal range obtained by drawingof layers that are originally present in the ray paths for the original structurethe bathythermogram. The method has of the bathythermogram.

18

2.4

biological oceanography

2.41 Marine ecology and producti-vity

1. Ecology of Mandovi and Zuariestuarine systems

2. Ecology of mangroves3. Ecology a n d production of

Karwar and Vengurla Bays withreference to fish trawlinggrounds

4. Ecology and productivity ofsandy beaches

5. Ecology, systematics and zoo-geography of zooplankton

6. Ecological studies on the envi-ronmental preference, species-association, abundance a n ddiversity

7. Experimental studies on secon-dary production

2.42 Bioenergetics and marineaquaculture

1. Environmental physiology inrelation to culture

2. Bioenergetics, systems analysisand biodegradation

3. Coastal aquaculture

2.43 General

1. Biochemical taxonomy2. Investigations on board INS

Darshak3. Pollution Studies

The results of the investigations of the Biological Oceanography Division ofNIO at Dona Paula, Goa and its regional centres at Cochin and Bombay arereported here. The Institute proposes to carry out investigations in the field ofcoastal aquaculture on a large scale. The results of preliminary steps taken inthis direction are given here. Studies on pollution and the protection of marineenvironment is another aspect which is receiving special attention of the Institute.

2.31 Marine ecology andproductivity

1. Ecology of Mandovi and Zuariestuarine systems

Primary production: Investigationswere undertaken in the estuarine com-plex of Goa at the primary level of thefood chain in relation to environmentalconditions. Detailed data for the mon-

soon months are available now. Theseshow that the rate of primary produc-tion was highest in the Cumbarjuacanal, followed by Zuari and minimumwas in the Mandovi estuary, whilechlorophyll and cell counts were high inthe Zuari estuary. This indicates thatthe algal crop in Cumbarjua largelyconsists of nannoplankton and ultra-plankton.

19

Orda mangrove of Goa - mangroves are potential areas for aquaculture

Secondary production : Studies weremade at Seven stations in the Man-dovi Estuary, at three stations in theCumbarjua canal, and at four stationsin the Zuari estuary. The highest zoo-plankton biomass (wet weight) of 108g 1000 m3 was found in Zuari followedby 67 g in Cumbarjua and 55 g in Man-dovi. The biomass was maximum inthe monsoon (June-September) l04g/1000 m3, followed by premonsoon(February-May) 66 g and post monsoon(October-January) 48 g.

2, Ecology of mangroves

Detailed investigations from Ratna-giri to Mangalore showed that mangro-ve swamps are more productive thanfringed mangroves. Strong wave action,rapid currents and rocky and sandybottoms are probably unfavourable forthe growth of mangroves.

Preliminary studies on primary pro-duction suggest that nannoplankton are

responsible for 90% of the productionin the mangrove as measured by 14Cfixation. Productivity in mangroves isalmost twice that of the coastal waters.Species diversity in the mangrove faunais also much greater as compared toinshore waters. At Galgibag estuary inGoa, a bloom of Navicula sp. occurredduring February 1974. Seasonal chan-ges were more pronounced in the fring-ed mangroves than in swamps.

3. Ecology and production ofKarwar and Vengurla Bayswith reference to fish trawl-ing grounds

Studies were started in 1973 andcompleted in 1974. These revealedthat (i) Karwar Bay has more estuarineinfluence than the Vengurla Bay andaccordingly, the latter is more produc-tive than the former. Results on thefood and feeding habits of demersalfishes in relation to benthic standingrevealed the dominance of carnivores in

20

Vengurla Bay and of detritus-feeders inKarwar Bay.

4. Ecology and productivity ofsandy beaches

Four beaches namely Sinquerim,Bogmalo, Velsao and Dias were studied.The first three were marine beaches andthe last one was an estuarine beach.Ecological parameters such as soil tem-perature, water table fluctuations,water temperature, salinity, oxygen,sand grain size, organic carbon andbeach profiles were studied. Qualita-tive and quantitative analyses of macro-fauna inhabiting the intertidal zone werealso carried out. In both the estuarineand marine beaches, the production ofmacrofauna was at its highest during thepremonsoon period, when the ecologicalconditions at these beaches were moststable, followed by the post monsoonand monsoon seasons, when the produc-tion of the estuarine beach was compa-ratively lower than that of the marinebeach due to the fluctuations of theecological factors. Spawning and lar-val recruitment of the major groups ofanimals took place during the premon-soon period.

5. Ecology, systematics andzoogeography of zooplankton

This is the main project of theIndian Ocean Biological Centre. Thezooplankton material for this studyconsists of nearly 2000 samples collect-ed from all over the Indian Oceanduring the International Indian OceanExpedition (1960-65) and 3000 samplescollected by the Pelagic Fishery Projectof UNDP and the IOBC in the coastal

waters οff the west coast of India andthe backwaters since 1969. Analysis ofthese samples have been in progress forthe last few years and results are beingreported every year. This year alsoextremely valuable information on thevarious zooplanktonic groups in theIndian Ocean were obtained.

Studies revealed that Hydromedusaein the Indian Ocean are particularlyconcentrated off the Somali coast andwest coast of India, regions well knownfor upwelling systems. The scyphome-dusae, on the other hand, show maxi-mum concentration off Bombay andCalcutta coasts, for reasons unknownto us for the present.

The polychaetes have been studiedfrom all the HOE stations in detail.In all, 32 species belonging to 3 familieswere found from the Indian Ocean.Three new species were recorded. Thedistribution of polychaetes shows theirabundance particularly off the EastAfrican and Saudi Arabian coasts, andalso in the Bay of Bengal. One of theremarkable results of the IIOE work onzooplankton is that some groups likeOstracoda and Amphipoda show pat-tterns of distribution highly significantfor locating shoaling fishes. Thesegroups generally occur away from theupwelling systems and it is quite possi-ble that large shoals of sardines andmackerels may also be found near suchgroups. The study of ostracods ofsouthwest coast of India showed theoccurrence of 14 species. Their verti-cal distribution in relation to thermo-cline showed that while some speciesmove across the discontinuity layer,

21

others do not cross this layer duringtheir vertical movements. A new spe-cies of ostracod, has been recorded fromthe Malacca Strait.

Work on copepods during the yearwas directed towards studying theecology of various species. For studyingthe distribution of Pleuromamma indica,the data collected from the upper 200 mand from other depths deeper downthe Indian Ocean were analysed. Inaddition to the area at the mouthof the Gulf of Oman, this speciesis also found from t h e Bay ofBengal. Attempts were made to studythe integumental organs in the genusGaussia (Copepoda) on the theory thatnumber and arrangement of these or-gans have taxonomic significance. Whileanalysing copepods belonging to thefamily Scolicithricidae, a number ofspecimens (males and females) belong-ing to the genus Scottocalauns wereobtained. On comparing these IIOEspecimens with the published descrip-tions of other species of Scottocalanus,good agreement was found with Scotto-calanus securifrons (T. Scott, 1893) andalso with Scolecithrix cuneifrons Willey,1918. Based on this, a paper was pre-pared assigning the IIOE specimens tothe older Scottocalanus securifrons withan account on its distribution and redes-cription. Scolecithricella tropica Gricewas also reported for the first time fromthe Indian Ocean.

Acartidae is widely distributed bothin the offshore and inshore waters ofthe Indian Ocean. The Cochin back-waters harbour nearly 11 species of thefamily. Statistical analysis of the

co-existence of various species in theArabian Sea showed that Acartia danaand A. negligens formed an inseparablecombination, while other species showedno such relationships. A new speciesAcartia bowmani was described from theArabian Sea."

Among the family Corycaedae, thegenus Urocorycaes reveals three distinctpatterns of distribution in the IndianOcean. In general, the northern Ara-bian Sea and the southern sub-tropicalgyre of the Indian Ocean are eithersparsely populated by or almost devoidof Urocorycaeus spp.

The harpacticoid copepoda havebeen sorted out from a representativeselections of stations spread over theentire Indian Ocean. The IIOE collec-tions form the source material. Thepreparation of distribution maps for thegroup as a whole and for the individualspecies is progressing. Along with themapping of the geographical areas ofoccurrence, the numerical abundance atdifferent stations is being studied, andthe associated ecological parameters(salinity, temperature, and dissolvedoxygen) are being examined.

Further work on amphipods relatesto the families Oxycephalidae, Anchy-lomeridae and Paraphronimidae. It wasnoted that the juveniles of the oxyce-phalids are miniature adults, contraryto the earlier view. Paraphronimidaeis represented in the Indian Ocean bythree species.

Work on the Decapoda of the IndianOcean is continuing. A systematic re-vision of the penaeid prawns of India,

22

based on collections made earlier hasbeen made. The manuscript on taxo-nomy and distribution of penaeidprawns of India along with seven platesis ready for publication.

The Phyllosoma are the unique look-ing pelagic larvae of the lobsters. Ofthe total of 84 larval specimens presentin the zooplankton collections of IIOE,51 belong to the Palinuridae and 33 toScyllaridae. The larval series of Pali-nuridae contain phyllosoma stages ofmost of the commercially importantspiny lobsters of the Indian Ocean reg-ion. The larval stages of some of thespecies like Panulirus polyphagus andPuerulus sewelli are being described forthe first time. The species with themaximum number of larval specimensin the collections is Panulirus versicolor.A detailed account on this is now readyfor publication. The paucity of larvaein the samples from near the coastalareas of India and Shri Lanka is a strangefeature noticed in the distribution of thelarvae.

The Aristaeinae are represented inabout 1500 samples and their analysisis not complete. The analysis of thesamples carried out till now have reveal-ed that the larvae of a species, probablyA. semidentatus of the Genus Aristeus arethe most abundant group of Aristaeinaerepresented in the Indian Ocean. Lar-vae, and in a few cases adults also, offive species belonging to 3 genera haveso far been separated. The group So-lenocerinae is fairly well representeddoes not present such new informationon larval studies. Five species and pro-bably a variety is represented in thelarval collection. The group Pandalidaehave been analysed completely and the

species representation of two generahave been thoroughly studied and resultspublished.

Larvae of the sub-family Penaeinaehave been analysed and grouped undernine genera. Studies on larval stagesof Penaeopsis and Funchalia have beencompleted. The early post-larval stagesof Funchalia from the Indian Oceanhave been described. These descriptionsare considered an important contributionto our knowledge of decapod larvae.Distribution charts of different speciesof chaetognaths in the Indian Ocean areunder preparation. The IIOE collec-tion include 19 species of which 15 areepiplanktonic, 3 mesoplanktonic and onebathyplanktonic.

The species composition clearlyindicates the identity of the Indo-Pacific chaetognath fauna. Endemismseldom occurs among chaetognaths andSagitta bombayensis is an example forthis. This species is restricted to thecoastal waters of India and has not sofar been recorded elsewhere. Of the 4genera represented in the collections,the genus Sagitta is the most widely dis-tributed group showing the maximumspecies diversity. In almost all thesamples analysed different maturitystages of the common species were no-ticed suggesting that breeding is conti-nuous in these tropical waters. Depen-dant on the prevailing monsoon, thereis a shift in the maximum population ofchaetognaths towards the east duringthe southwest monsoon and to the westduring the northeast monsoon period.The northwestern part of the ArabianSea sustains the maximum density forthis group. Further investigations indi-cate that chaetognaths, which occupythe tertiary level in the food chain, need

23

more time for their development and sothe places of their maximum abundanceappear at a greater distance from thecentres of upwelling.

Detailed study of the family-wisedistribution of fish larvae of the IIOEcollections showed that about 83% of thelarval population belonged to the deepsea and bathypelagic fishes in the Ara-bian Sea. Myctophids and gonostomidsform the major resources of the oceaniczone. But in spite of the dominance ofthese two families, there are fairlylarge resources of thunnids, scombero-morids, gempulids coryphaenids, labrids,synodontids, trichiurids and engraulidsin the offshore waters as is evidencedby the distribution of their larvae.

Studies on the seasonal fluctuationsin the distribution of eggs and larvae offlat fishes in relation to hydrographicalparameters in the Cochin Backwatershave been made. The eggs and larvaewere found to occur in the estuary duringthe premonsoon period but not duringthe SW monsoon period. However,during the south-west monsoon period,larvae belonging to very early stageswere found at the marine end (Fairwaybuoy) of the estuary. The continued orprolonged existence of very low salinityappears to restrict the distribution offlat fish larvae. In the post-monsoonperiod also the eggs and larvae were notfound in regions of very low salinity.Larvae of 5 species of fiat fishes wereobtained in the collections taken fromthe estuary. From the data it is seenthat each species has a spawning time ofits own in this estuary.

The striking feature in the distribu-tion of phoronid and brachiopod larvae

in the Indian Ocean is their discontinu-ous distribution. The larvae of Phoro-nida prefer relatively low salinity waterswhile the brachiopod larvae have a hightolerance to changes in salinity. Anassessment of the quantitative distribu-tion of copelates, salps and doliolids inthe Indian Ocean indicates that thenorthwestern part sustains the maxi-mum density for these pelagic tunicates.

The IOBC maintains nearly 3000zooplankton samples collected systema-tically by the UNDP Pelagic FisheryProject during the last 3 years. Thesesamples constitute one of the largest andbest made in the coastal waters of thepeninsular India and cover an area ofgreat fishery potential. Their studywould be important in assessing thedistribution and potential of India'swest coast pelagic fisheries. So far,1000 samples have been analysed.Based on the biomass data supplied byIOBC, a report was prepared by thePelagic Fishery Project. Preliminaryresults indicate that a fairly dense beltof plankton occurs all along the westcoast during Aug.-Sept. in offshoreareas, about 14 km from the shore, andthat the occurrence of shoals of macke-rels, oil sardines, etc., coincides with thehigh density of zooplankton.

6. Ecological studies on theenvironmental preferences,species association, abundanceand diversity

To study the effect of different hy-drological factors influencing the varia-tion in the abundance of copelata popula-tion, multiple regression analysis wasemployed. The coefficient of correlation

24

between the abundance of copelata witheach of the factors, salinity, temperature,oxygen and oxygen temperature werecalculated and tested for significance.All correlations were worked out bytaking the maximum values reported inthe IIOE data. It was found that tem-perature was not having any significantcorrelation with abundance, while oxygenand temperature showed a significantcorrelation. To study the coexistence ofthe species of euthecosomes over space,correlation matrices were constructed.It was found that the species group inwhich the maximum number of speciescoexisting seem to be in the southAfrican Sea. The spatial and seasonalvariations of the zooplankton organismsof the backwaters from Cochin toAlleppey were found to be controlledchiefly by salinity. Higher abundanceof most of the groups and species wereduring the high saline pre-monsoonalperiod. Statistical analysis of the datacollected showed that in most groups,the mean abundance varied significantlyover months. Certain groups showedvery high significance while others werejust significant.

7. Experimental studies onsecondary production

Animals which largely feed on prima-ry producers are collectively known assecondary producers. It is well knownthat a major portion of the organicproduction in the sea comprises of pri-mary and secondary producers and onlya small percentage of this is reaching thetertiary level of production and becomesuseful to man in the form of fish, crus-taceans, molluscs, etc.

The aim of this project is to collectmore information on secondary produ-cers, their life history, growth rates,biochemical changes, etc. and to attemptmassculture of some of them, so thatthey could be used as food for maricul-ture experiments and may ultimatelyhelp in marine farming of harvestableanimals.

An efficient circulation system ofseawater for maintaining the cultures ofzooplankton in the laboratory has beendeveloped. A constant temperatureroom is under construction for experi-mental work. Several attempts weremade to locate hardy planktonic animals,capable of withstanding laboratoryconditions during different experiments.Amphipods, shrimp larvae, copepods,cladocerans, polychaetes, etc., are someof the groups being tried for culturework.

2.42 Bioenergetics and marineaquaculture

1. Environmental physiology inrelation to culture

The major questions in aquacultureat present are whether the growth rate ofthe cultivable animals could be improvedand generation time reduced so thatmaximum output could be achieved.Agriculturists have greatly succeeded inintroducing special crops with all theabove characteristics and it is hopedthat a similar development will beintroduced in aquaculture also. For this,a knowledge of the factors governingtheir growth, reproduction and survivalis essential.

Attempts were made in this directionby trying to grow some of the economi-

25

cally important prawns in the laboratory.The following three aspects of environ-mental physiology are under study inrespect of prawrs, Penaeus indicusand Metapenaeus dobsoni as these two are

possible physiological changes. Hencethe effect of salinity on the growth ofpost-larvae and the larger juveniles mayvary, as these require different salinityoptima in spite of the fact that they live

Aquaria for studying the influence of the environmental factors on prawns

commercially important and quite abun-dant in the backwaters of Kerala.Studies are being carried out in simpleaquaria specially designed for thispurpose.

( i ) Studies on growth in relation tosalinity: Penaeus indicus spends itsearly life in the backwater where it isexposed to wide diurnal and seasonalchanges in salinity but later on it mig-rates into the sea as adult. Clearly itsphysiological requirements are differentfrom backwaters to the sea and as theygrow in the backwater, they graduallydevelop stenohalinity along with other

in extreme euryhaline conditions. Diffe-rent sized individuals of Penaeus indicuswere, therefore, exposed to three diffe-rent salinities.

The results showed striking diffe-rences in the salinity preferences ofpost-larvae and larger juveniles. Thepost-larvae recorded faster growth inlow saline waters, which decreased withincreasing salinity. The reverse trendwas noticed with larger prawns, andtheir salinity optima were found to behigher. Thus it appears that the salinitypreferences gradually increase with theirstay in backwater.

26

(ii) Effect of food on the growth rate:Post larvae of Metapenaeus dobsoni ofnearly equal weights were given differentamounts of food in specially designedaquaria provided with biological filters.The results showed that much highergrowth rate is attained in the laboratorythan those obtained in natural conditionsand that food plays an important role incontrolling the growth. Other impor-tant factors including the role of hor-mones will shortly be taken up in detailwith a view to obtain larger prawns in areasonably short period.

(iii) Conversion efficiency in relationto asymptotic size : Preliminary experi-ments were done to know whetherspecies with a larger asymptotic size willexhibit a greater food conversionefficiency. Results seem to indicatethat they possess a higher efficiency.Detailed work is in progress to confirmthis hypothesis.

2. Bioenergetics, system analysisand biodegradation

Aquatic systems are highly complex.Since a knowledge of some of these

systems involves the study of manyanimals and plants against a backgroundof changing environmental conditions, itcan be best studied on individual species,to begin with and on its growth, deve-lopment and feeding habits etc.

( i ) Life history of a copepod : Aharpacticoid copepod (Nitocra sp.)occurring in the Cochin Backwater wascultured in the laboratory on a diet ofdetritus supplemented with phytc-plankton. Its life cycle was found toinclude six naupliar and five copipoditestages. Development from egg to adulttook place within 17-19 days. The cul-ture is being maintained in the labora-tory for the past nine months.

(ii) Studies on the oyster. Crassostreasp. : Ecological studies on the oyster

Crassostrea sp. is also in progress.Estimation of its production in theestuary, spawning and growth, biochemi-stry of the flesh are some of the impor-tant parameters being studied.

(iii) Ecological studies on 'AfricanPayal' in Kerala Backwaters : There has

'African paya', Salvinia sp. in Cochin Backwaters. Picture shows the obstruction caused tothe water transport.

27

been a phenomenal increase in theabundance of freshwater weeds, parti-cularly Salvinia sp. in the backwaters ofKerala, in recent years and this hasposed a serious problem both for navi-gation and fisheries. Besides, it ishampering agricultural operations.

Under a new project at the RegionalCentre, Cochin, studies on the ecolo-gical aspects of this w e e d wastaken up in 1974. Regular monthlysampling of the floating weed showedthat 11 categories of organisms belon-ging to 5 phyla inhabit the weed mat.Copepods, mainly harpacticoids andcyclopods were numerically the mostabundant (over 32,000 per sq. metre).Bivalves and amphipods contributed tothe bulk of the biomass and polychaetes,ostracods and gastropods are the otherdominant groups. A comparison of theabundance of the fauna of the levelbottom with that of the weed mat wasmade. The decaying weed mat and theassociated detritus seem to provide anattractive feeding environment, thoughtemporary, for some of the organisms.

(iv) Biodegradation studies: A ge-neral study of the bacterial flora of theCochin Backwater has been taken up asalso degradation rates of plankton,weeds and oil.

Quantitative and qualitative studiesof the bacteria of the infesting weedSalvinia sp. in the Cochin Backwatershave yielded interesting results. Averagetotal aerobic bacterial count rangedbetween 200-260 per g weed. So far,15 strains were isolated and of these 2were found to be gram positive. Thesegrew very fast in the culture mediumand produced yellow pigmentation.Most of the gram negative strainsbelonged to Pseudomonas spp.

Bacterial strains capable of decompo-sing oil (crude and octane 93) wereisolated from the Cochin Backwatersusing oil - sea water agar medium.Degradation of oil was done in thelaboratory using an isolated bacterialstrain. Complete degradation of oiltook place in 15-20 days, and the finalproduct was not extractable in benzene.

3. Coastal aquaculture

Baseline information of the ecology,growth and breeding behaviour of cul-tivable molluscs, has been collected.Studies on the ecology and growth ofclams and mussels in estuaries, baysand coves in Goa, Vengurla and Karwarrevealed that in Meretrix casta thegrowth rate was 2-3.5 mm/month,whereas, in Paphia malabarica, thegrowth rate was 5 mm/month. Salinityand suspended organic matter are thelimiting factors. The annual yield of aclam (P. malabarica) bed at Verem wasestimated to be 1 tonne of meat/ha.The growth studies on mussel (Mytilusviridis) showed the rate of 7.3-8 mm/month under natural conditions and8.6 mm/month under culture conditions.

Studies on the life cycle of a peacrab(Pinnotheres vicajii) which heavilyinfest the commercially important clam,Paphia malabarica, have been completed.The results indicate that a prolongedinfestation adversely affects the normalgrowth of the clam meat.

Work on the raft culture of greenmussels and rope culture of seaweedshave been initiated.

Studies on the seasonal changes inthe caloric content and biochemicalconstituents of edible fishes and moll-

28

uses have been undertaken to evaluatethe efficiency of food conversion. Thefindings are important for obtainingmaximum yield in aquaculture pro-grammes.

Rearing experiments

Three important species of copepodswere reared and these are being main-tained in the laboratory. Mass scaleculture of 4 species of phytoplankton isalso being attempted.

In the waters of Bombay, anassessment of biological resources wasinitiated. Observations were made at anumber of stations around Bombay andat Murud Janjira on Konkan coast tostudy the distribution and ecology ofmarine fauna. After assessing theecological conditions and the behaviourof nearshore marine forms, it is intendedto culture the marine forms like oysters,edible marine bivalves and prawns inthe laboratory. Initial experiments onthis have been conducted and a gastropodsnail (Cerithium morus Lamarck) wasbred and reared until its metamorphosiswas completed in the laboratory.

2.43 General

Biochemical taxonomy : Serologicaland electrophoretic studies on greymullets from the estuaries of Goa,revealed significant differences in totalsolids and protein in Mugil cephalus (13.2and 9.1 g/l00ml) and M. parsia (12.6 and8.2 g/100 ml). Electrophoretric studieson the eye lenses of Sardinella fimbriataand S. longiceps did not show signifi-cant differences. Electrophoretic studieson the eyelens protein of the mackerelsaround Goa waters during February-

April, 1974, revealed 2 populations inthe mackerel stock.

Haemoglobin studies on the cat-fishTachysurus caelatus proved the existenceof two distinct populations based onhaemoglobin polymorphisms in thecat-fish stock. Racial studies involvingmorphometry and meristic characters onthe fiat fish Brachiurus orientalis fromMandovi and Zuari estuaries are inprogress.

Cytogenetical studies on 17 species ofcalanoids have helped to establish thecytotaxonomical relationship on the intra-and inter-generic levels.

Two species of closely resemblingcopepods, viz., Acartia clausi and A.longiremis received from St. Mary Bay,Canada, were studied cytogeneticallyand their specific identtiy was establi-shed.

2. INS Darshak Investigations

Biological investigations carried outduring the INS Darshak Expeditioncan be summarized as follows :-

Primary productivity :- The studiesincluded (a) rate of carbon assimilationusing 14C at 59 stations (b) estimationof pigments (chlorophyll a, b, c andcarotonoids) as 80 stations and (c) phyto-plankton cell counts at 80 stations fromfive standard depths.

The area between Lat. 24° 01' and17°30'N, Long, 73° and 60.51'E wascovered during the Expedition. Duringthe second cruise, the variations in sur-face chlorophyll a and carotenoids were0.12 to 1.90 mg/m3 and 0.19 to 2.56MSPU/m3 respectively. Further work isin progress.

29

Zooplankton: During five cruises,the zooplankton samples were collectedusing vertical hauls of the Indian OceanStandard Net, from 185 stations. Themaximum depth was 200 m. Detailedqualitative analysis is in progress.

A new location between 65 and 69º Eand 21 and 24ºN with high zooplanktonbiomas of 0.6 ml/m3 was observed.Ostracods dominated the night collec-tions. Gradual increase in zooplanktonbiomass from January to April, wasnoticed in the Gulf of Cambay and alsoaround 24º N and 60º E.

Benthos: Qualitative distribution ofmacrobenthos (81 stations) of the north-eastern Arabian Shelf (between Lat.24 and 16ºN and Long. 74 and 66ºE)was studied for the depth range of20-140 m. The benthic fauna was richwith average, value of 7 g/m2. Benthicbiomass distribution showed a gradualdecrease with increasing depth. A north-south decline in the biomass was alsoobserved. Nine different faunal groups,constituting the bottom populations,showed patchy distribution in relationto depth and area. Polychaetes andbivalves were the dominant organisms.The abundance of sestonophages on theinner shelf and those of detritophages onthe middle and outer shelf, indicates therichness of food material. It was observ-ed that the nature of substratum, dissol-ved oxygen content and richness ofsuspended organic matter played animportant role in the distribution of thefauna.

3. Pollution studies

Around Bombay : As an extension ofthe sponsored project on the disposal of

sewage and industrial effluents fromBombay City, monitoring of some pollu-tants around Bombay City was under-taken. Studies included the determina-tion of some parameters like ammoniaconcentrations and other pollutants.Chemical composition of the effluentswas also determined and possible waysof minimizing their effect were suggested.Periodic observations were made at 5stations located on the western part ofBombay, 3 stations in the harbour regionand 7 stations in the Thana creek.

Preliminary findings indicates thatammonia is the main toxic substance onthe west coast of Bombay having itssource in the domestic sewage releasedin the area. In the Thana creek, on theother hand, it was mainly the industrialeffluent which was responsible for thepollution. As expected, pollution due topetroleum products was observed inThana and harbour regions. Bioassaytests on the effluent have also beenconducted.

At the request of MaharashtraWater Pollution Board, another investi-gation on pollution in the Thana creeckand Bombay harbour area were startedfrom December 1974 in collaborationwith the Indian Navy, the NationalEnvironmental Engineering ResearchInstitute, Nagpur and the MaharashtraWater Pollution Control Board. Prelimi-nary findings have indicated that theThana creek is deficient in dissolvedoxygen because of the discharge of theindustrial effluents.

Oil pollution

(i) Tar ball deposition : Studies onthe magnitude of tar ball deposition onthe beaches along the central west

30

Damaged oil tanker TRANSHURON lying abondoned onthe northern tip of Kiltan Atoll. The shalloness of the areawhere it ran a ground is clearly indicated by the breaking waves.

coast of India (17°-13°N) showed variedintensities of deposition at different tidallevels. Observations made during 1974revealed that the tar ball depositionis maximum at the high tide Jevel andthe maximum average value was 196.29g/m-2 .

Thin layer chromatography studiesrevealed that the composition of tarballs is similar to that of crude oilalthough the former has less volatilecomponents which get evaporated whenthe crude oil gets degraded in the sea.

(ii) Laccadivt oilspill: On September26, 1974, an oil tanker SS Transhuronchartered by the United States Navy,ran aground at Kiltan Island at about73ºE and 11°30'N. It was carryingabout 18,000 tonnes of furnace fuel oil.

As a result of the rupture of tanks,about 3,500 tonnes of oil leaked. Thespilled oil was seen in the sea adjoiningthe island, in the lagoon and along theintertidal area of the sandy beach.Considerable mortality of marine animalswas reported. Studies are being conti-nued on the effects of the spilled oil onthe ecology of the region.

(iii) Pollution studies in Cochin back-waters : The project was started witha view to monitor the present statusof pollution in the Cochin Backwaters.Preliminary work has already yieldedinteresting results. Organic pollution toa considerable extent exists in the CochinBackwaters and the extent of pollutionin some of the areas is well above thetolerance level of the estuarine fauna.Control operations are necessary.

31

2.5

oceanographic instrumentation

Research and developmental workin marine instrumentation began in 1972.The following main programmes weretaken up:

1. Development of marine electronicsystem with special reference tooceanographic data acquisition thro-ugh telemetry and digital instru-mentation.

2. Maintenance and calibration ofoeeanographic instruments availableat the Institute.

3. Development of workshop facilitiesfor R & D programmes.

The progress made in these threeareas is given below :

1. In marine electronic systems, theorganizational work has been completedand literature survey has been done.Work has been initiated to develop anInductive salinometer / Electromagneticcurrent meter, a Multichannel FMbuoy telemetering system and a turbiditymeter. The results of this work willlead to self sufficiency and import subs-titution of several oceanographic instru-ments very soon.

2. In the field of maintenance andcalibration of oceanographic equipment,several instruments such as power sup-plies, current-flow meter, STD meter,pH meter, Densitometer, Xerographicmachine, etc. were serviced and repaired.Two power supplies were fabricated foruse in the Institute. Servicing of Oscil-loscopes and power supplies for Post-graduate Education and Research Centreand Goa Medical College, Panaji werealso carried out.

3. The organization of the work-shop was speeded up during the year.New machinery such as HMT PrecisionLathe, HMT Universal Milling Machineand other working materials were ac-quired during the year. About 125 jobsof varying nature were undertaken andcompleted. Some of the works comple-ted include fabrication of instrumentchassis, handwinch, secchi disc, displace-ment transducers, vane float assemblyand anchors for samplers. Repairs ofgauges, vane samplers, binoculars, gasregulators, etc. have also been carriedout in this workshop.

New staff recruited during the yearhas joined and several new programmeshave been initiated.

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2.6

data, publications & information

The activities of the Planning andData Division have been four-foldduring the course of the year:

(i) Planning,(ii) Publications,

(iii) Information, and(iv) Processing utilization of oceano-

graphic data.

The Division played an importantrole in the formulation of the projectsof the Institute and compiled them inthe form of a booklet "Projects 1975"of NIO. Further efforts are underway tomonitor, evaluate and cost the variousprojects. These efforts will help theInstitute in exercising the necessarycontrol over the different types of acti-vities and shall give the scientific staffa right direction. An analysis, based onwell known principles of management,of SWOT was made in respect of thethe Institute and the findings were sentto the CSlR.

The Publications and InformationSection of the Division compiles, pro-cesses and publishes the different typesof information of the Institute. A not-able contribution in this direction hasbeen the introduction of new format forMahasagar, the Bulletin of the NationalInstitute of Oceinography. The newformat will pre-dominantly include re-search papers and short notes, thusproviding an effective and efficient

medium for the publication of scientificfindings in the field of oceanography.The Annual Report for the year 1973has already been published in 1974.

The information relating to the acti-vities of the Institute was attended toin three different ways. Firstly, byattending to the visiting parties fromdifferent parts of the country. In all,30 parties of students/trainees from pro-fessional and academic institutions wereattended to and they were informedabout the organizational structure,research activities, findings and theirutility, etc. of the Institute. About 800visitors were directly benefitted withthis type of service. The second typeof information work was attended tothrough postal and telephonic communi-cations. A large number of letters fromdifferent organizations and individualswere replied. Lastly, mass media suchas newspapers, scientific periodicals,radio, etc. were also used with a view toinforming people about oceanographyand the activities of the Institute. Inall, 10 news releases were issued to thenews agencies for their coverage throughthe new spapers.

Monthly Summaries to the Cabinetwere compiled and sent regularly to thePublications and Information Directo-rate of the C. S. I. R. for their onwardtransmission to the Cabinet. In all, 1l

33

different items showing the findings ofthe Institute were sent during the year.

In the field of oceanographic datautilization, efforts were made to developefficient system for processing and dis-semination of oceanographic data. Phy-sical and chemical data for about 1,500stations were transferred to the punchcards. Processing of biological oceano-graphic data was initiated during the

34

year. The activities in this field willgrow at a faster rate soon after R. V.Gaveshani is commissioned for regularcruises in the sea.

Oceanographic data collected duringINS Darshak Expedition 1973-74 wereprocessed and these were submitted inthe form of a data report to the IndianNavy.

2.7

sponsored projects

2.71 Shoreline and adjoining sea at Loliem (Goa)

2.72 Beach and nearshore environment at Sinquerim (Goa)

2.73 Survey of Mahisagar Estuary (Gujarat)

2.74 Bathymetric and hydrographic survey off Tarapur (Maharashtra)

2.75 ZAC sponsored project (Goa)

2.71 Shoreline and adjoiningsea at Loliem (Goa)

This project, sponsored by theGovernment of Goa, Daman & Diu,aims at obtaining information on thehydrography, currents, waves, bathy-metry, suspended sediments, bottomsediments, shoreline stability, etc., inconnection with possible selection ofLoliem as the site for setting up anatomic power station. Monthly obser-vations are being carried out on theabove parameters. The studies con-ducted so far have shown that the beachat Loliem is highly unstable, the bottomtopography of the sea adjoining Loliemhas a seasonal slope of about 1.5 m/kmand the circulation in the region is in-fluenced by the tides.

2.72 Beach and nearshore en-vironment at Sinquerirm(Goa)

This project is sponsored by theIndian Resort Hotels Ltd., Bombay, inconnection with the construction of abeach resort hotel near Sinquerim. Aphotographic method was attempted tobring out wave refraction and diffractionpatterns in the study area and it wasfound useful in locating submerged rockoutcrops in and around the proposedsalt water swimming pool. Beach pro-files for different months at the differentportions of Sinquerim beach revealedthat the region is fairly stable.

2.73 Survey of MahisagarEstuary (Gujarat)

The project was undertaken at the

35

During the year under review, investigations under five sponsored projectswere carried out. All the five projects were undertaken at the request of variousgovernment and private agencies.

Beach at Loliem with 2 m thick sand cover in January.

Beach erosion at Loliem during the south west monsoon exposing these ockysubstratum.

36

Semi-enclosed beach at Sinquerim proposed to be developed intoa salt-water swimming pool

request of the Government of Gujarat.The hydrographic survey was conductedfor locating a suitable site for the dis-charge of industrial wastes from theindustries near Baroda City. It wasconcluded from the survey that it wouldbe desirable to treat the industrialwastes before they are discharged intothe estuary as the volume of wateravailable during the low tide is not veryhigh and the ecology of the area is likelyto be affected adversely.

2.74 Bathymetric and hydro-graphic survey offTarapur (Maharashtra)

This project was carried out at therequest of the Tarapur Atomic PowerAuthority, Bombay. The aim of theproject was to investigate the possibi-lities of constructing a submarine pipe-line to discharge warm water from theAtomic Power Plant after cooling the A v i ew o f t he B e a c h Reso r t H o t e l s near the

reactor which may also be slightly radio Sinquerim Bay

37

active. But the rich biota of zooplank-ton and fishery observed in the areasuggested no appreciable ill effect on themarine environment in the region offTarapur. Further, the bathymetricsurvey indicated a very rough bottomwhich would not facilitate constructionof a submarine pipeline. The projectwas, therefore, postponed and thereport on ths collected data will besubmitted to the TAPA during February1975.

2.75 ZAC sponsored project(Goa)

This project sponsored by the Zuari

Agro-Chemical factory in Goa was star-ted from February 1974. The effectsof Urea, Ammonia and their decompo-sition products on the marine life arebeing studied under this project. Studieson the effects of urea on the growth ofmarine algae have been completed andat present toxicity bioassay studies ofurea and ammonia on fishes are in pro-gress. One paper on the toxic effectsof urea on two species of fishes has beensent for publication. In addition to thesestudies, observations on the hydrogra-phic parameters of Velsao beach arealso being carried out.

38

3

administrative set-up3.1 Executive Committee

1. Dr. S. Z. Qasim,Director,National Institute of Oceanography,Panaji (Goa).

2. Commodore F. L. Fraser,AVSM, MIS,

Chief Hydrographer to theGovernment of India,Naval Hydrographic Office,Dehra Dun.

3. Prof. B. G. Deshpande,Head of the Department ofGeology, Poona University,Poona.

4. Shri P. K. Eapen,Head, Fisheries Division,Tata Oil Mills Co. Ltd.,H & C Lane, Karuvelipady,Cochin-5.

5. Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari,Head, Physical OceanographyDivision,National Institute of Oceanography,Panaji (Goa).

6. Dr. T. S. S. Rao,Officer-in-charge,Regional Centre of NIO,Cochin-18.

7. Dr. S. N. Dwivedi,Head, Biological OceanographyDivision,

National Institute of Oceanography,Panaji (Goa).

Chairman

Member

"

"

"

"

"

39

8. Shri T. S. Bawa,Administrative Officer,National Institute of Oceanography,Panaji (Goa).

9. Accounts Officer,National Institute of Oceanography,Panaji (Goa).

3.2 Scientific AdvisoryCommittee to theExecutive Committee

1. Shri K. A. Varugis,Managing Director,Zuari Agro Chemicals,Zuari Nagar (Goa).

2. Prof. D. B. Wagh,Director,Bombay University Post-Graduate Centre,Panaji (Goa).

3. Shri R. P. Rai,Director of Industries & Mines,Government of Goa, Daman & Diu,Panaji (Goa).

4. Shri P. K. Eapen,Head, Fisheries Division,Tata Oil Mills Co. Ltd.,H & C. Lane, Karuvelipady,Cochin-5.

5. Prof. B. N. Ghosh,Head, Department of Chemistry,Bombay University Post-Graduate Centre,Panaji (Goa).

6. Prof. R. L. Mehrotra,Principal,Government College ofEngineering,Farmagudi, Ponda (Goa).

Member

"

3.3 Budget

The budget of the Institute for theyear 1973-74 is given below :

Budget Sanctioned Actual(Final grant (Rs.Rs. in lakhs) in

lakhs)

1. Recurring 31.880 31.9362. Capital 58.665 59.480

Total 90.545 91.416

3.4 Scientific and TechnicalStaff

DirectorDr. S. Z. Qasim

A Divisions at theHeadquarters

1. Physical OceanographyDivision

Head of the DivisionDr. V. V. R. Varadachari

ScientistsDr. J. S. SastryShri L. V. Gangadhara RaoShri C. S MurtyDr. G. S. SharmaShri T. K. SivadasShri P. K. DasShri M. J. VarkeyShri P. G. KurupShri C. K. Gopinathan

40

Senior Scientific AssistantsShri Thomas CherianShri K. K. Varma

Junior Scientific AssistantsShri P. S. JosephShri G. NarayanaswamyShri V. Kesava DasShri V. Ramesh BabuShri A. Balachandran

Senior Research FellowShri M. Yeerayya

Junior Research FellowsShri N. BahuleyanShri K. Gurunadha RaoMiss Shubha SathyendranathShri Albert D. GouveiaShri Gerald Delaney

Geophysics Unit

ScientistShri T. C. S. Rao

Senior Scientific AssistantShri D. Gopala Rao

Junior Scientific AssistantShri G. C. Bhattacharya

2. Chemical OceanographyDivisionScientistsShri C. V. Gangadhara Reddy(Officer-in-charge)Dr. R. Sen GuptaShri S. P. AnandShri V. N. SankaranarayananShri S, Y. S. Singbal

Senior Scientific AssistantsShri S. N. D'SouzaMiss SolimabiDr. M. D. Zingade

Senior Research FellowsShri S. B. KamatShri S. P. Fondekar

Junior Research Fellows

Miss S. S. NaikShri M. D. Rajagopal

Shri S. W. A. Naqvi

3. Geological OceanographyDivisionHead of the DivisionShri H. N. Siddiquie

ScientistsDr. M. G. AnanthaPadmanabha SettyShri P. S. N. MurtyShri R. R. NairShri Madhusudana Rao Ch.

Senior Scientific AssistantsShri R. M. KidwaiShri M. V. S. N. GuptaShri B. G. WagleDr. V. NarayananShri F. AlmeidaShri N. H. HashimiShri Victor RajamanickamShri A. Narendranath

4. Biological OceanographyDivisionHead of the DivisionDr. S. N. Dwivedi (on deputa-tion to CIFE, Bombay)

Scientists

Dr. K. Radhakrishna (Officer--in-charge)Dr. A. H. ParulekarShri R. M. S. BhargavaDr. M. SakthivelDr. A. G. UntawaleShri V. P. DevassyDr. (Miss) Aditi PantDr. (Miss) Sumitra

VijayaraghavanDr. N. G. K. Karanth

41

Shri S. C. GoswamiShri P. M. A. Bhattathiri

Senior Scientific AssistantsShri S. A. H. AbidiShri R. A. SelvakumarShri K. Kameswara RaoShri S. A. NairShri P. G. JacobJunior Scientific AssistantsShri C. T. AchuthanKuttyShri V. M. Abdul HakkimShri N. B. BhosleShri S. N. HarkantraPool OfficersDr. (Mrs.) Usha GoswamiDr. S. KrishnanRetired ScientistShri K. Virabhadra RaoJunior Research FellowsMrs. KrishnakumariShri X. N. VerlencarMiss P. A. LokabharathiShri Z. A. AnsariShri M. V. Mohideen WafarShri T. BalasubrainanianMiss Clazy Lucia D'SilvaMiss Shantha Nair

5. Planning and Data DivisionScientistsDr. V. S. Bhatt(Officer-in-charge)Shri D. Panakala Rao

Senior Scientific AssistantShri M. K. AntonyJunior Technical AssistantsShri P. VenugopalShri S. P. Sharma(Proof Reader)

6. Instrumentation DivisionScientistsShri P. E. Sankaranarayanan(Officer-in-charge)

Dr. B. A. E. Desa

Senior Scientific Assistant

Shri K. K. M. Rafique

Senior Technical AssistantShri S. Ranganathan

Junior Technical AssistantShri Md. WahidullahShri V. M. Date

Junior Scientific AssistantMrs. Vani B. Peshwe

B. Regional Centre of NIO,Cochin

Officer-in-chargeDr. T. S. S. Rao

1. Indian Ocean BiologicalCentre

Scientists

Dr. M. J. GeorgeDr. R. V. UnnithanShri H. Krishna IyerDr. P. SivadasShri P. Gopala MenonShri K. J. PeterDr. M. Saraswathy

Senior Scientific Assistants

Shri P. N. AravindakshanShri Jacob GeorgeDr. George PeterShri V. T. PaulinoseDr. (Mrs.) Vijayalakshmi R.

NairShri T. BalachandranSmt. C. B. Lalithambika DeviShri P. S GoreShri T. C. GopalakrishnanDr. V. SanthakumariShri K. K. Chandrasekharan

Nair

42

Junior Scientific AssistantsSnH. P. P. Meenakshi

KunjammaSint. Rosamma StephenShri P. HaiidasShri P. N. Nair

Pool Officer

Dr. Mrs. Saramma AbrahamRetired ScientistShri L. R. Kasturirangan

Senior Research FellowShri M. Madhupratap

Junior Research FellowsShri E. V. RadhakrishnanShri Simon JohnShri Varkey BabyShri Prasad ThomasShri M. VijayanMiss K. N. RemaniMiss Grace Mathew

2. Physical Oceanography UnitScientistsShri V. S. Rama RajuShri P; Udayavarma Thirupad

3. Biological OceanographyUnit

ScientistsDr. M. KrishnankuttyShri B. M. PanikkarShri U. K. Gopalan

Junior Research FellowShri S. R. Sreekumaran Nair

C. Regional Centre of NIO,Bombay

ScientistsDr. B. N. Desai(Officer-in-charge)Dr. A. B. Wagh

Senior Scientific AssistantsShri V. JosantoShri R. KasinathanShri K. Govindan

Junior Scientific AssistantsShri M. M. SabnisMiss Saramma U.

PanampunnayilShri M. D. George

Junior Research FellowShri A. A. Shaikh

4. Library

During the year 1974, the Headquar-ters Library was shifted to the newpremises of the Library Block. About600 items including books and technicalreports were added during the year.Journal subscription rose to a total of200 and about 50 journals were receivedas gift or on exchange basis.

Additional facility provided duringthe year was the inclusion of a microfilmreader and the purchase of a number ofmicrofilm copies of books and reprints.

Inter-Library Loan facilities wereextensively used by the Scientists of theInstitute. Books and journals on loanwere also sent to the other libraries aswell as to the Regional Centres atBombay and Cochin.

The Library was also the recepientof £ 1000 worth of books and journals asgift from the British Council under theODM Book Programme.

5. Awards, Honours,Memberships of variousCommittees.

Dr. S. Z. Qasim, was awardedPadmashri by the President of India on

43

26th January, 1974 for his outstandingcontribution in the development ofMarine Sciences in India.

was awarded Rafi Ahmad KidwaiMemorial Award by the Indian Councilof Agricultural Research in July 1974.

served as

— Member, Board of Governors,Indian Institute of Technology,Bombay.

— Member, Board of Governors,Institute of Science, Bombay.

— Member, Governing Body of theIndian Council of AgriculturalResearch.

— Member, Indian National Com-mission for Cooperation withUNESCO.

— Member, National Committee onEnvironment Planning & Coope-ration.

— Chairman, State R & D Commit-tee for Small Scale Industries.

Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari waselected 'Fellow of the Indian Academyof Sciences' effective from 1st January.1974.

Dr. M. G. Anantha PadmanabhaSetty served as

— Member of Study Group No. 2 ofWorking Group No. 10 onInternational Geodynamics Pro-ject.

— Member of Executive Council ofIndian Society of Earth Scientists.

— Member of Executive Council ofMicropalaeontological Society ofIndia.

— Sessional Chairman : IV IndianColloquim on Micropalaeontolo-gy and Stratigraphy, Dehra Dun.

Dr. B. N. Desai, served as

— Member of NCST Committee onOeanographic Instruments.

— Member of Indian StandardsInstitution's Committee CDC26:3:1.

— Member of Advisory Panel forGovernment of Gujarat PlanningCommission.

— Member of Advisory Committeeon Science a n d Technology,Government of Maharashtra.

— Departmental Member on DeepSea Fishing Advisory Committee.

Shri P. E. Sankaranarayanan hasbeen nominated by the Mysore Universityas an expert member of the syllabusdrafting committee for the new B. E.degree course in Instrumentation.

Shri T. C. S. Rao was awarded a'Certificate of Merit' to the paper entitled'Crustal Features of the Ocean Bottomoff Kathiawir Coast' by Indian Societyof Earthquake Technology, Roorkee.

Shri George Peter was awarded Ph.D. degree by Kerala University for thethesis entitled 'Studies on the PelagicPolychaetes of the Indian Ocean'.

6. Deputations

Dr. S. Z. Qasim attended the meet-ing of the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme at Nairobi (Kenya) as oneof the delegate from India from 10th to20th February, 1974.

44

— attended the UNESCO AdvisoryPanel for the International BiologicalCentres at Singapore from 2nd to 6thMarch, 1974.

— attended the meeting of the SeniorAdvisory Group at the UNEP Head-quarters at Nairobi (Kenya) from 2nd to6th September, 1974.

— visited the various oceanographiclaboratories in France and attended theSecond International Colloquia on theExploitation of Oceans at Bordeaux from22nd September to 5th October, 1974.

Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari partici-pated in the programme on 'Managementof Research' organized by the Adminis-trative Staff College of India, Hydera-bad from 22nd to 30th November, 1974.

Dr. T. S. S. Rao, Officer-in-charge,Regional Centre of NIO, Cochin, wason extra-ordinary leave from July 1973to June, 1974 to participate as a VisitingProfessor in the Multinational Projecton Marine Sciences of the OAS RegionalScientific and Technological Develop-ment Programme at Cumana, Venezuela,South America.

Dr. S. N. Dwivedi, Head, BiologicalOceanography Division, joined asDirector, Central Institute of FisheriesEducation, Bombay on deputation fromNIO.

Dr. V. S. Bhatt, attended the Work-shop and Training Course for Scientistsin the field of Industrial Liaison, Infor-mation and Extension from December 23to 28 at SITRA, Coimbatore.

Shri C. S. Murty was deputed forparticipation in the course on 'Hydraulic

Dredging' organized by the CentralWater and Power Research Station,Khadakwasla, Poona, from 30th Dec.1974 to 11th January, 1975.

The deputation of Shri S. A. H.Abidi, SSA, to Tanzania Governmentas Fisheries Officer has been extendedupto June 1975.

Dr. V. Santhakumari, SSA, was ondeputation from 29.3.74 to 10.6.74 toattend the International Training Pro-gramme in Marine Science conducted bythe Duke University, Marine Laboratory,Beaufort, North Carolina, U.S.A.

Shri T. C. Gopalakrishnan, SSA,was on deputation for 9 months from9.10.73 to work at the SmithsonianInstitution, Division of Crustacea, Wa-shington D.C., U.S.A. under UNESCORegular Programme Fellowship in Mari-ne Sciences (Planktology).

Shri B. G. Wagle, SSA, Was deputedto Indian Institute of Photo Interpreta-tion, Dehra Dun for training in air-photointerpretation for geomorphology.

Shri K. Kerala Varma, SSA, wasdeputed for participation in RANOSP(Radiological North Sea Programme)on board German Research Vessel F. S.'Meteor' from 21.10.74 to 21.11.74under UNESCO Shipboard TrainingFellowship.

Shri S. Ayyappan Nair, SSA, wasawarded a Soviet Research Fellowshipfor two years for training in USSR inFisheries Management and Fish Culture.He proceeded to USSR in the first weekof December 1974.

Shri K. K. M. Rafique, SSA, hasbeen deputed for higher training inWorkshop Technology to Norway.

45

Shri Abraham Pylee, Senior Labora-tory Assistant, attended the WinterSchool in 'Coastal Engineering, HarbourPlanning and Design' organized by theDepartment of Applied Mechanical andHydraulics, Karnataka Regional Enginee-ring College, Suratkal from 2.12.74 to28.12 1974.

Shri K. S. Purushan, Senior Labora-tory Assistant has underwent training inBiochemical analysis at Central Instituteof Fisheries Technology, Cochin from2.1.74 to 16.1.74.

Shri K. S. Purushan, S .L .A. , S.R. Sreekumaran Nair, J. R. F., SimonJohn, J . R . F . and V. Baby, J . R . F .participated in the Summer Institute inCoastal Aquaculture at C . M . F . R . I . ,Cochin organized by I .C.A.R. , from10.6.74 to 9.7.74.

Shri E. V. Radhakrishnan, J .R .F .went for training in Microbiology atCentral. Institute of Fisheries Techno-logy, Cochin from 16.7.74 to 20.8.74.

Shri M. Vijayan, J . R . F . and MissK. N. Remani, J . R . F . underwenttraining in chemical analysis at CentralInstitute of Fisheries Technology, Cochinfrom 4.10.74 to 20.10.74.

Shri A. J. Pires and P.H.M. Bashirwere deputed to the IBM World TradeCorporation Bombay for attending the'A-1 IBM Basic Machine Course' from29.9.74 to 6.11.74.

7. Meetings, Exhibitions, Semi-nars and Symposia

Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari participatedin the Seminar on Coastal Dynamics atVisakhapatnam on 29th September 1974

and presented a paper entitled, 'Coastaldynamics and coastal zone management'.

— participated in the annual meetingof the Indian Academy of Sciences atNew Delhi in November 1974.

Shri H. N. Siddiquie attended Seminaron Solid Earth Geophysics at theNational Geophysical Research Institute,Hyderabad from 27th to 28th Dec. 1974.

— participated in the progress meet-ing of R. V. Gaveshani at Garden ReachWorkshop on 15th Jan. 1975.

Dr. J. S. Sastri participated in theSeminar on Coastal Dynamics atVisakhapatnam on 29th September, 1974and presented a paper entitled, 'A mathe-matical model for the evaluation of thewarm water jet characteristics'.

Dr. M. G. Anantha Padmanabha Setiyattended the symposium on AntarcticBiology (SCAR & IUBS) WashingtonD. C. from 26-28 August, 1974.

— participated in IVth Indian Collo-quium on Micropaleontology and Strati-graphy, Dehra Dun from Dec. 29-31,1974.

Shri S. P. Sharma attended theRefresher Seminar on InformationService to Business and Industry spon-sored by DRTC and INSDOC at Ban-galore from 2-9 December, 1974.

The Biological Oceanography Divi-sion participated in Fisheries exhibition(Sept. 1974) at Panjim organized by theFederation of Fisheries Cooperatives ofGoa.

The Institute participated in theexhibition of Exposition 1974 held atPanjim from November 1974 to Jan. 1975.

46

The Regional Centre of NIO, Cochinparticipated in the Science Exhibition ofthe Central School. Cochin-20 from7th to 8th December, 1974.

A symposium on preliminary results of

the investigations carried out during INSDarshak expedition, 1973-74 was held on12th August, 1974 at the Chemistry Hallof the NIO at Goa in which scientists ofthe NIO participated.

8. Colloquia and Special LecturesColloquia (in Goa)

Speaker Subject Date1. Dr. S. Z. Qasim Marine Science capabilities in different

regions of the world . 19.4.742. Dr. J. L. Bose Organic marine chemicals of importance 5.7.743. Dr. N. Natarajan Recent Researches in Porto Novo 15.7.744. Shri L. V. G. Rao Temperature and Salinity structures in the

Arabian Sea — a preliminary assessmentfrom the records of STD profiling system 15 7.74

5. Shri M. J. Varkey Light penetration characteristics of a fewselected locations in the Arabian Sea 12.8.74

6. Dr. S. Z. Qasim Highlights of oceanographic activities inFrance 31.10 74

7. Dr. C. S. Mason Ocean Engineering and Instrumentation inthe Bedford Institute 21.11.74

8. Dr. D. R. Sikka Air-Sea interaction studies under Globalmeteorological experiments 7.12.74

9. Dr. Oscar E. Weser Deep Sea Drilling Project 10.12.74

Colloquia (in Cochin)

Speaker Subject Date

1. Mr. J. A. Bartle (i) On the existence of subspecies ofplanktonic organisms-their differentia-tion, ecological significances and impli-cations for sample design 5.3.74

(ii) The distribution of oceanic sea-birdsespecially with respect to their food 6.3.74

2. Prof. J. E. G. Raymont Some aspects of the Biochemistry ofzooplankton 9.4.74

3. Dr. Marta Vannucci Sorting Centres 10.9.74

Special Lectures

1. Dr. B. N. Desai, Officer-in-charge, NIO, Bombay, delivered speciallectures to Post-graduate classes 1974-75 of South Gujarat University on

47

Fisheries Biology and Biological Oceanography.delivered lectures to the trainees of Central Institute of Fisheries

Education, Bombay,2. Dr. A. B. Wagh, Scientist, NIO, Bombay, delivered lectures on Marine

Zoology to post-graduate students of Bombay University in the academicyear 1974-75.

gave lectures to the trainees of Central Institute of FisheriesEducation, Bombay.

3. Shri P. E. Sankaranarayanan Scientist, NIO, Goa delivered a series ofsix lectures on oceanographic instrumentation systems at the ElectricalEngineering Department, Karnataka Regional College, Surathkal, Manga-lore (Dec. 1974).

9. Radio Talks

Speaker Date Subject

Dr. S. Z. Qasim 19-3-1974 OceanographyDr. S. Z. Qasim 4-7-1974 Minerals from the Sea

48

10

publications

10.1 Publications of the Institute

1. Annual Report 1973

1. Quarterly bulletin of the Institute, Mahasagar, Vol 6, Nos. 3-4.

10.2 Papers published by staff

Achuthankutty, C. T. and R. A. Selvakumar, 1974. Net for samplingmicro and macro zooplankton. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr.,7 (3 & 4): 208-215.

Ansari, Z. A., 1974. Macrobenthic production in Vembanad lake. Maha-sagar-Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7 (3 & 4): 204-207.

Ansari, Z. A. and M. D. Rajagopal, 1974. Distribution οf mud phosphatesin the Cochin Backwater. Mahasagar-Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7(3 & 4): 149-155.

Antony, M. K., D. Panakala Rao and V. N. Sankaranarayanan, 1974.Studies on the monsoonal flow of the Mandovi estuary. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7 (1 & 2): 69-72.

Balachandran, T., 1974. Dowicil '100' - a fixative-cum-preservative forzooplankton. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7 (1 & 2) 107-109.

Balachandran, T., 1974. On fixation and preservation of gelatinous plank-ton. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7 (1 & 2) : 111-117.

Balachandran, T., 1974. A note on fixation and preservation of calcareouszooplankton. Curr. Sci., 43(5): 153-154.

Balachandran, T., 1974. On methods of collection, handling and storage ofzooplankton in tropics. Curr. Sci., 43(5): 154-155.

Balachandran, T. 1974. Phenoxetol as a good sorting medium-cum-preser-vative for zooplankton in the Tropics. Curr. Sci., 43(12): 380-381.

49

Balasubramanian, T., 1974. Seasonal variations in chlorophyll-a of sometropical environments. Mahasagar-Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7(3&4): 216-222.

Balasubramanian, T. and M. V. M. Wafar, 1974. Primary productivity ofsome fringing reefs of south-east India. Mahasagar-Bull. natn. Inst.Oceanogr., 7 (3 & 4): 165-174.

Bhargava, R. M. S. and S. N. Dwivedi, 1974. Diurnal variation in phyto-plankton pigments in Zuari estuary, Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., 3(2) :142-145.

Chandrasekharan Nair, K. K., Jacob George and T. S. S. Rao, 1973.Distribution and relative abundance of Paraphronimidae in the IndianOcean. Indian J. mar. Sci., 2(2) : 116-121.

Devassy, V. P., 1974. Observations on the bloom of a diatom Fragilariaoceanica Cleve. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7 (1 & 2) :101-105.

Devassy, V. P. and P. M. A. Bhattathiri, 1974. Phytoplankton ecologyof the Cochin backwaters. Indian J. mar. Sci., 3(1) : 46-50.

D'Silva, C. and X. N. Verlencar, 1974. Toxicity bioassay of urea on twofishes. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7 (3 & 4) : 171-182.

Dwivedi, S. N., 1974. Multiuses of the coastal zone and marine environmentalong the west coast of India. Colloque International sur Eexploitationdes Oceans, Bordeaux (France) 5, Bx Ca 114, 1-22.

Dwivedi, S.N., B.N. Desai, A . H . Parulekar, V. Josanto and M.D.George, 1974. Oil pollution along Gujarat coast and its possible source.Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7(1 & 2): 91-94.

Dwivedi, S. N. and M. R. Menezes, 1974. A note on the morphometryand ecology of Brachirus orientalis (Bloch and Schneider) in the estu-aries of Goa. Geobios, 1 : 80-83.

Dwivedi, S. N. and A. H. Parulekar, 1974. Oil pollution of beachesalong Indian coasts. Proc. I0C-WM0 Symp. & Workshop on MarinePollution Monitoring (Petroleum), Washington, D. C, 101-105.

Dwivedi, S. N., A. H. Parulekar, S. C. Goswami, and A. G. Untawale,1974. The ecology of mangrove swamps of the Mandovi estuary, Goa.International Symp. Biol. & Management of Mangroves, Univ. of Hawaii,Honolulu: 112-119.

50

Fondekar, S.P. and C.V.G. Reddy, 1974. Arsenic content in the coa-stal and estuarine waters around Goa. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst.Oceanogr., 7(1 & 2): 27-32.

George Peter, 1974. On a new species of Lopadorhynchus (Pelagic poly-chaeta) from the Indian Ocean. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr.,7(1 & 2) : 95-96.

George Peter, 1974. Distribution of pelagic polychaetes in the north-westAustralian sea during Winter. Indian J. mar. Sci., 3;2) : 180-181.

Gopalakrishnan, T . C . , 1974. A review of the Copepod Scqttocalanussecurifrons (T. Scott) and a note on its synonym Scolecithrix cuneifronsWilley (Calanoida; Scolecithricidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,87(26): 273-282.

Gopalakrishnan, T . C , 1974. A note on the occurrence of Scolecithricellatropica Grice ( Calanoida : Scolecithricidae) in the Indian Ocean-a newrecord. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7(1 & 2): 97-98.

Gopinathan, C. K. and S. Z. Qasirn, 1974. Mud banks of Kerala: theirformation and characteristics. Indian J. mar. Sci., 3(2): 105-114·

Gore, P. S., 1974. Bacteria in the inshore environment at Karwar andVengurla. Fish. Tech., 11(1): 34-42.

Goswami, S. C. and S. Y. S. Singbal, 1974. Ecology of Mandovi-Zuari-estuaries - Plankton community in relation to hydrographic conditionsduring monsoon months, 1972. Indian J. mar. Sci., 3(1): 51-57.

Goswami, Usha and S. C. Goswami, 1974. Cytotaxonomical studies onsome calanoid copepods. Nucleus, 17: 109-113.

Hashimi, N. H., 1974. Selenite crystals in the sediments off Saurashtracoast. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst Oceanogr., 7 (3 & 4): 195-199.

Jacob, P. G. and S. Z. Qasim, 1974. Mud of a mud bank in Kerala,south-west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci. 3(2): 115-119.

Krishna Kumari, L. and K. Virabhadra Rao, 1974. Life cycle of thepea crab, Pinnotheres vicajii Chhapgar, infesting the clam, Paphiamalabarica. Indian J. mar. Sci., 3(2): 165-l72.

Lalithambika Devi, C.B. and K. P. Balakrishnan, 1974. Larvae of someflat fishes from a tropical estuary. Proc. of the symp. on Early LifeHistroy of Fish held at Oben, Scotland : 677-684.

51

Murthy, P. S. N. and M. Veerayya, 1974. Studies on the sediments ofVembanad Lake, Kerala State. Part III - Distribution and interpre-tation of bottom sediments. Indian J. mar. Sci., 3(1): 16-27.

Nair, R. R., 1974. Holocene sea levels on the western continental shelf ofIndia. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 79(B): 197-203.

Nair, Vijayalakshmi R., 1974. Discontinuity in the larval distribution ofphoronida and brachiopoda in the Indian Ocean. Curr. Sci., 43(21):676-678. . .

Nair, Vijayalakshmi, R. and H. Krishna Iyer, 1974. Quantitative distri-bution of copelates, salps and doliolids (Pelagic tunicates) in IndianOcean. Indian J. mar. Sci., 3(2) : 150-154.

Parulekar, A. H. 1974. Studies on the intertidal ecology of Anjidiv Island.Proc. Indian natl. Sci. Acad., 9B: 611-630.

Parulekar, A. H. and S. N. Dwivedi, 1974. Benthic studies in Goa estu-aries. Part I - Standing crop and faunal distribution in relation tobottom salinity and substratum in the estuary of Mandovi river. IndianJ. mar. Sci., 3(1): 46-51.

Paulinose, V.T., 1974. Decapod crustacea from the International IndianOcean Expedition : The species of Funchalia (Penaeidae) and theirpost-larvae. J. nat. Hist., 8: 433-443.

Peter, K. J., 1974. An appraisal of the larval fishes of the Arabian sea.Seafood Export J,. 6(6): 47-49.

Peter, K. J., 1974. Seasonal variation of Ichthyoplankton in the ArabianSea in relation to Monsoon. The early life history of fish. J. H. S.Blaxter (Ed ), Springer-Verlag, Oben, Scotland.

Purushan, K. S. and T. S. S. Rao, 1974. Studies on upwelling off thesouth-west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 3(1) : 82-84.

Purushan, K. S., T. Balachandra Menon and M. Sakthivel, 1974. Zoo-plankton abundance off the Kerala Coast during February and April1970. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7 (3 & 4) : 156-164.

Qasim, S. Z., 1974. Ocean research in India. Colloque International surl'exploitation des Oceans, Bordeaux (France). 5, Bx Po 7, 1-3.

Qasim, S. Z. 1974. Conditions for the protection of marine environment.Colloque International, sur l'exploitation des Oceans, Bordeaux (France).5, Bx Ca 310, 1-15.

52

Qasim, S. Z., and D. C. V. Easterson, 1974. Energy conversion in theshrimp, Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricus), fed on detritus. Indian J.mar. Sci., 3(2) : 131-134.

Qasim, S. Z., P. N. Nair and P. Sivadas, 1974. Oil spill in the Laeca-dives from the oil tanker 'Transhuron'. Mahasagar—Bull natn. Inst.Oeeanogr., 7(1 & 2): 83-89.

Qasim, S. Z., Sumitra Vijayaraghavan, K. J. Joseph and V. K. Balachandran,1974. Contribution of microplankton and nannoplankton in thewaters of a tropical estuary. Indian J. mar. Sci., 3(2)146-149.

Rajagopal, M. D., 1974. On assimilation and regeneration of phosphorusin two different environments. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oeeanogr.,7(3 & 4): 142-148.

Rao, Ch. M., P. S. N. Murty and C. V. G. Reddy, 1974. Partitionpatterns of copper in the sediments of the western continental shelf ofIndia. Indian J. mar. Sci., 3(1): 12-15.

Rao, D. Gopala and T. C. S. Rao, 1974. Textual characteristics of sedi-ments of Mormugao Bay, central west coast of India. Indian J. mar.Sci., 3(2) : 93-98.

Rao. K. Kameswara, 1974. Ecology of Mandovi and Zuari estuaries :Distribution of foraminiferal assemblages. Indian J. mar. Sci., 3(1) :61-66.

Rao, K. Kameshwara, 1974. The comparative toxicities of organophospho-rus and carbamate pesticides. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oeeanogr.,7 (1 & 2) : 79-82.

Rao, L. V. G., Thomas Cherian, K. K. Varma and V. V. R. Varadachari,1974. Hydrographical features of the inner shelf waters along thecentral west coast of India during winter, spring and summer. Maha-sagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oeeanogr., 7(1 & 2): 15-26.

Sakthivel, M. 1974. A new species of Cresseis (Gastropoda, mollusca) fromthe Laccadive seas. Curr. Sci., 43:619-620.

Sakthivel, M. and P. Haridas, 1974. Synchronisation in the occurrenceof Trichodesmium bloom and swarming of Cresseis acicula Rang (Ptero-poda) and Penilia avirostris Dana (Cladocera) in the area off Cochin.Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oeeanogr., 7(1 & 2): 61-67.

Sankaranarayanan, P. E., 1974. A wide band Sanky phase shifter for phasesensitive detectors. Int. J. Electronics, 36(1): 35-40

53

Sankaranarayanan, P. E., 1974. Constant amplitude ramp generation withoperational amplifiers. Electronic Engg., 46 (559): 19.

Santhakumari, V. and N. Balakrishnan Nair, 1974. The commensalicciliates of Nausitora hedleyi: Survival in seawater in relation to infec-tivity. J. mar. biol. Ass. India, 14(2): 872-875.

Saraswathy, M. and N. Balakrishnan Nair, 1974. The influence of sali-nity on tropical estuarine shipworm Nausitora hedleyi Schepman. Hydro-biologia, 44: 397-412.

Sen Gupta, R. and V. N. Sankaranaraynan, 1974. Pollution studies offBombay. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst Oceanogr., 7(1 & 2): 73-78.

Simon John, 1974. A note on the abnormality in a crab larva. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7(1 & 2) : 99-100.

Srivastava, P. S. and P. G. Kurup, 1974. An experimental study for thedetermination of frictional resistance on a model boat under differentmud concentrations. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7 (3 & 4) :183-188.

Sumitra Vijayaraghavan, K. J. Joseph and V. K. Balachandran, 1974.Preliminary studies on nannoplankton productivity. Mahasagar — Bull.natn. Inst Oceanogr., 7(1 & 2): 125-129.

Swamy, A. S. R. and Ch. Madhusudana Rao, 1974. Boron in the moderndeltaic sediments of the Krishna river and its offshore region, eastcoast of India. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7 (3 & 4) :182—194.

Thomas Cherian, L. V. Gangadhara Rao and K. K. Varma, 1974. Hydro-graphy and suspended sediment load of the oceanic and estuarine watersadjoining Mormugao Harbour during early summer. Indian J. mar. Sci.,3(2): 99-104.

Untawale, A. G. and S. Ayyappan Nair, 1974. Ecology of sand dunevegetation in relation to beach stability at Miramar, Goa. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7(1 & 2) : 41-51.

Varadachari, V. V. R., C. S. Murty and V. N. Sankaranarayanan, 1974.Physical characteristics of waters and water mass off the west coast ofIndia during late spring. Indian J. mar. Sci., 3(1): 1-4.

Veerayya, M. and P. S. N. Murty, 1974. Studies on the sediments ofVembanad Lake, Kerala State, Part III - Distribution and interpreta-tion of bottom sediments. Indian J. mar. Sci., 3.(1): 16-27.

54

Wafar, M. V. M., 1974. Nematocysts in four species of corals. Mahasagar—Bull. nain. Inst. Oceanogr., 7(1 & 2): 119-123.

Wagle, B. G. and F. Almeida, 1974. A mega-porphyritic dolerite intru-sion at San Pedra, Goa, Curr. Sci., 43(12): 378-380

10.3 Popular articles and reviews

Alagarswami, K. and S. Z. Qasim, 1974. What are pearls and how arethese produced? Seafood Export J., 6(1) : 1-10.

Bhargava, R. M. S., 1974. Proceedings of the Symposium on Living Resour-ces of the Seas around India, CMFRI, Cochin (India). Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7(1 & 2): 132-133 (Book review).

Bhatt, V.S., 1974. World Fisheries - Alarms and new hopes. SeafoodExport J., 6( 2 ) : 13-19.

Bhatt, V. S., 1974. Future World Fisheries : Exploitation at the lowertrophic level. Fisheries and Sea Wealth, 1(1): 21-25.

Bhatt, V. S. 1974. Fishes of Kuwait by Batsuzo Kuronuma and YoshitakaAbe, 1972. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7(1 & 2): 131-132(Book Review)

George, M. J., 1974. International Indian Ocean Expedition PlanktonAtlases of the Indian Ocean. Seafood Export J., 6(1): 109-113.

Gopalan, U. K., 1971. Seafood from human waste. Seafood Export J.,6(5) : 33-36,

Jacob, P. G., 1974. Fish silage - a valuable product from fish waste andtrash fish. Seafood Export J., 6(12): 39-42.

Kurup, P. G., 1974. Indian Ocean. Vijnana Kairali, 5(10) : 1094-95.(Book review in Malayalam).

Narayana Swamy, G., 1974. The Call of Neptune. Harpa Goesa. 6: 29-30.

Narayana Swamy, G., 1974. The Tides ( in Malayalam ) Sastragati, 38:37-43.

Parulekar, A. H., 1974. Aquaculture-the farming and husbandry of fresh-water and marine organisms. By John. E. Bardach, John H. Ryther andWilliam O. Mclariney. Wiley Interscience. Mahasagar—Bull, natnInst. Oceanogr., 7 (3 & 4) : 226-228. (Book Review).

55

Sen Gupta, R., 1974. Marine Chemistry. Edward D. Goldberg (Ed.)The Sea, Volume 5 : Wiley Inter Science. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst.Oceanogr., 7 (3 & 4) : 223-225 (Book Review).

Thomas Cherian, 1974. The quest within the blue. Horpa Goesa, 5(10) :1094-1095.

Thomas Cherian, 1974. Fresh water from Iceberg (in Malayalam). VijnanaKairali, 6(5): 422-425.

Wafar, M. V. M. 1974. Proceedings of the Symposium on Corals andCoral Reefs (Mukundan, C. and C. S. Gopinadha Pillai (Eds.). Maha-sagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 7(1 & 2): 134-136. (Book review).

56

10.4 Reports prepared by the staff

Sl. No. Contributors Report

1 A. H. Parulekar, A.G.Untawale, Feasibility report on AnjidivSurendra Kumar and S. N. Dwivedi Island for developing as a

tourist resort.

2 S.N. Dwivedi, R.M. Dhawan and Feasibility report for the deve-V.K. Dhargalkar lopment of Sinquerim beach

as a tourist resort.

3 S.N. Dwivedi, P.S. Gore, R.M.S. Feasibility report on the deve-Bhargava and S.R. Rajguru lopment of a tourist resort at

Siridao beach, Goa.

4 S.Z. Qasim and V.V.R. Varada- National report for India onchari research activities in Physical

Oceanography (1971-74).

5 Planning & Data Division

6 V. S. Bhatt

7 H.N. Siddiquie, R.B.Whitmarch,O.E. Weser and D.A. Ross.

Year Sponsored by

1974 Govt. of Goa, Daman & Diu.

1974 Indian Resort Hotels, Bombay.

1974 M/s V. S. Dempo & Sons andGovt. of Goa, Daman & Diu.

1974 National Institute of Oceano-graphy, India.

Initial Report and Data File of 1973-74INS Darshak OceanographicExpedition.

Status report of Industrial Liaison, 1974Information and Extension Services.

Initial Reports of the Deep Sea 1974Drilling Project, Vol.23 (Colombo,Ceylon to Djibouti, F. T. A. I.)National Science FoundationU. S. Govt. Printing Office,1180 pp.

National Science Foundation,National Ocean Sediment CoringProgramme, U.S.A.

Sl. No. Contributors

8 H.N. Siddiquie and T.K. Mallick

9 M.G. Anantha Padmanabha Setty

Report Year

Report on the investigation of 1973the calcareous sand deposits inthe lagoons of the Laccadives.Rep. Geol. Surv. Ind., 30 pp.

Summary of the contributions 1974to Indian Micropalaeontologyand Stratigraphy by the NationalInstitute of Oceanography (CSIR).

Sponsored by

national institute of oceanography

its divisions, units and regional centres

The various divisions, units and regional centres of the National Instituteof Oceanography are given below :

A. Headquarters TelephoneNumber

National Institute of Oceanography

Post N.I.O. Dona Paula,

Goa

1. Physical Oceanography Division 2923

2. Chemical Oceanography Division 2923

3. Geological Oceanographic Division 2923

4. Biological Oceanography Division 2923

5. Data and Documentation Division 2923

6. Instrumentation Division 2923

B. Regional Centre of the NIO, Cochin

1. Indian Ocean Biological Centre 33306P. B. No. 1913, Pullepady Cross Road 31814Ernakulam, Cochin-682018.

2. Physical Oceanography Unit —do—

3. Biological Oceanography Unit — do—

C. Regional Centre of the NIO Bombay

1st Floor, Sea-Shell Building 573773 OCEANOLOGY

Seven Bungalows, Varsova " BOMBAY

Bombay—400061.

TelegraphicAddress

OCEANOLOGYPANJIM

—do—

—do—

—do—

—do—

—do—__

OCEANOLOGY

COCHIN

—do—

- d o —